Predictors of Treatment Success and Interventions in Increasing Treatment Success Rate in Drug-sensitive Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Predictors of Treatment Success and Interventions in Increasing Treatment Success Rate in Drug-sensitive Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Predictors of Treatment Success and Interventions in Increasing Treatment Success Rate in Drug-sensitive Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Mohammad Khairul Hassan, Norvie T. Jalani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5724909/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background This study aimed to synthesize evidence and estimate pooled treatment success rates for drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB), identify associated predictors, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines, examining literature from January 2018 to April 2023. Eligible studies reported on treatment success rates, patient-level predictors, or interventions. Random-effects models were employed to compute pooled effect sizes. Findings The pooled treatment success rate was 88%, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) benchmark of 85%. Significant predictors of treatment success included HIV-negative status, being a newly diagnosed case, receiving Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS), and the absence of smoking or alcohol use. Factors such as residence type (urban vs. rural), TB type (pulmonary vs. extrapulmonary), comorbidities (non-diabetic), and bacteriological confirmation did not show statistically significant associations with outcomes. Four interventions demonstrated statistically significant improvements in success rates: asynchronous video-observed therapy (aVOT), Medication Event Monitoring Systems (MEMS), patient support groups, and pharmaceutical care. The feasibility of some interventions, such as aVOT, may vary based on digital access and healthcare infrastructure. Conclusion A complex interplay of clinical, behavioral, and contextual factors influences TB treatment outcomes in LMICs. This study underscores the importance of implementing evidence-informed interventions tailored to local needs while considering the multifactorial nature of treatment success. TB treatment success predictors interventions low- and middle-income countries meta-analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Background According to the 2024 Global Tuberculosis Report, an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with tuberculosis (TB) in 2023, with over 87% of cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) struggling with fragile health infrastructures and inadequate resources 1 . The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that early diagnosis and effective treatment are essential to reducing the TB burden in these contexts 2 . The WHO's End TB Strategy aims to lower TB incidence and mortality through an integrated patient-centered care approach, with a core focus on improving treatment outcomes. Despite the known effectiveness of TB treatment when initiated promptly and adhered to consistently for a duration of six to nine months, challenges such as high default rates, treatment interruptions, and therapeutic non-adherence continue to hinder progress 3 . Furthermore, a lack of awareness about TB has been reported as a crucial factor contributing to poor outcomes 4,5 . To minimize TB transmission and reduce morbidity and mortality, it is critical to enhance the use of anti-TB medications, implement effective diagnostic strategies, and promote optimal adherence to treatment 6 . Teferi's systematic review focusing on Africa found that the pooled TB treatment success rate was 79% (95% CI: 76-82%), which falls below the WHO criterion of 85% for successful treatment 7 . Success rates tend to be lower in LMICs compared to high-income countries, where treatment outcomes often exceed 90% due to stronger health systems and better access to care. The WHO defines treatment success as either a patient being cured (bacteriologically confirmed negative at the end of treatment) or having completed the full course of therapy. Primary causes of unsuccessful treatment outcomes include treatment defaults (47%) and fatalities (48%) 7 . Additionally, patients with smear-negative pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) demonstrate poorer success rates compared to those with smear-positive PTB 8 . Several factors, including co-infection with HIV, residing in remote areas, and previous TB treatment, are significantly associated with poorer treatment outcomes. A global systematic review found that the success rate for drug-sensitive TB treatment was below the WHO criterion, reported at 80.1% (95% CI: 78.4-81.7) for adults and 84.8% (95% CI: 77.7-90.7) for children 8 . Positive indicators of treatment success included having a negative sputum smear after two months of treatment, abstaining from alcohol, being younger than 65, and being HIV-negative 9 . Alipanah et al. evaluated adherence-focused interventions across multiple countries. They found that strategies such as reminders, digital health tools, psychological support, and patient education significantly improved treatment adherence and outcomes 10 . Patient-centered, community-based Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) was associated with better results and adherence compared to self-administered therapy. Therefore, this study aims to build upon existing research by investigating predictors of treatment outcomes and interventions for drug-sensitive TB, with a particular emphasis on applicability in LMICs where the TB burden remains substantial. The findings are expected to enhance strategies for improving treatment outcomes through evidence-based interventions. Methods This study aimed to determine pooled estimates of treatment success rates, predictors, and interventions for drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB) in low- and middle-income countries. A pooled estimate is a summary measure created by statistically combining results from multiple studies to provide an overall effect size that reflects the collective evidence. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) standards, we employed a systematic review and meta-analysis design. Inclusion Criteria Participants The inclusion criteria for this study encompass participants who are currently undergoing therapy for either extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) or pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Specifically, the study focuses on individuals who do not have multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Furthermore, eligible patients must be residents of low- and middle-income countries, ensuring that the research addresses a population that is particularly relevant to the global burden of tuberculosis. This framework aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the treatment outcomes in diverse socioeconomic contexts. Research Designs The focus is on two primary categories: observational studies and interventional studies conducted between 2018 and 2023. This timeframe represents a critical phase in the implementation of the End TB strategy, capturing intensified global and national efforts towards 2025 and 2030 milestones. Observational studies include patient control studies and cohort studies, which aim to gather insights through naturalistic data collection without implementing interventions. In contrast, interventional studies encompass a range of methodologies such as pre-post studies, quasi-experimental designs, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and quasi-randomized trials. These studies are characterized by their structured approach to evaluating the effects of specific interventions on outcomes, enabling researchers to assess the efficacy and safety of various treatments or programs during this period. Outcomes Successful outcomes in treatment are defined as either a cure or the completion of the treatment course. Conversely, unsuccessful outcomes may include failure to follow up or transfer, death, or defaulting on treatment. When evaluating these outcomes, several patient-related factors must be considered. These factors include the patient's age, sex, co-morbidities such as diabetes or hypertension, the type of tuberculosis they have (whether pulmonary or extrapulmonary), their HIV status, as well as their history of smoking and alcohol use. Additionally, the treatment type, whether the patient is newly diagnosed or undergoing ongoing treatment, is also an essential factor in assessing outcomes. Exclusion Criteria Research studies that had incomplete or unavailable full texts were excluded from consideration. Search Methods Our comprehensive literature search employed Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and phrases such as "tuberculosis," "intervention," "treatment outcome," and "predictive factors." We searched multiple databases, including PubMed, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. Only English-language research was considered, and searches were refined using Boolean operators ("AND," "OR"). Duplicates were removed using EndNote. Selection and Screening We conducted a three-stage screening process: full-text review, abstract review, and title review. The quality and bias of eligible studies that met the inclusion criteria were thoroughly evaluated. Data for the meta-analysis and systematic review were managed and extracted using Microsoft Excel. Assessment To ensure the validity of our study, we utilized the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Appraisal Checklist to assess potential bias. Data Extraction and Analysis Information on patient demographics, treatment outcomes, and interventions aimed at improving treatment success was collected. We used weighted averages, forest plots, and subgroup analyses to explore the relationship between patient characteristics and treatment outcomes. Statistical Analysis The I² statistic was used to assess heterogeneity, and random effects models were employed to synthesize the data. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine correlations between patient characteristics and treatment success. Version 5.4 of Review Manager (RevMan) was utilized to calculate RRs and CIs, as well as to generate forest and funnel plots. Managing Missing Data Although our protocol included a plan to contact authors for missing data, this step was not necessary, as all included studies provided complete datasets. Intervention Analysis Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess pooled success rates based on the categorization of interventions by research design and type. We investigated the effects of interventions that included digital adherence tools, psychological support, and patient education. Results A. Selection of studies We conducted a search across several databases, including Science Direct (n=9,072), EBSCO Host (n=1,065), PubMed (n=2,063), Cochrane Review Library (n=18), and CINAHL (n=470), yielding a total of 12,688 papers. After removing 399 duplicate studies, we reviewed the titles and abstracts of the remaining 12,289 papers, ultimately selecting 175 studies for full-text eligibility evaluation and potential inclusion. The chosen studies encompassed: TB with co-infection (n=11,524) TB with co-morbidity (n=25) TB with drug resistance and/or multidrug-resistant TB (DR/MDR-TB) (n=238) TB studies conducted in high-income countries (n=74) Studies categorized as protocols, pilot studies, and some that were still ongoing (n=30) We included various study designs, such as prospective longitudinal studies, prospective cohort studies, and others. Among the 13 interventional studies, there were three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nine cohort interventional studies, and one quasi-experimental study. The data collection and analysis process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria, as illustrated in Figure 1 <> The seventy-one observational studies involved a total of 804,644 participants, with sample sizes ranging from 62 to 308,860. <> Of these participants, 196,048 were female and 370,138 were male. There were 24,417 senior individuals, with ages varying across studies, generally defined as those over 55 to over 65 years old, and 90,139 pediatric participants. Among these studies, 24 reported the HIV status. Three RCTs were included within the total of 13 interventional studies. B. Description of Studies The observational studies included a total of 804,644 participants, with sample sizes ranging from 62 to 308,860. Among these participants, there were 370,138 males and 196,048 females. The studies also documented 90,139 pediatric participants and 24,417 elderly participants, with the age cutoffs varying across studies, generally starting from 55 to 65 years old. It was noted that approximately 43 out of 71 studies (60%) did not report HIV status. Among the participants, 24,898 were HIV positive, while 127,855 were HIV negative. The number of participants receiving their first treatment for tuberculosis (TB) was 444,696, compared to 39,959 who were receiving retreatment. Data on TB patient types (initial or retreatment) were available in 35 studies (49%). The analysis revealed that there were 173,747 participants with pulmonary TB (PTB) and 39,143 cases of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Only 40 studies (56%) included data on PTB, and 35 studies (49%) reported on EPTB. The total number of bacteriologically proven TB cases was 71,619, while there were 77,109 cases clinically diagnosed as bacteriologically negative. Data on confirmatory bacterial tests were available in just 37 studies (52%). Out of the total participants, 28,637 used Self-Administered Therapy (SAT), while 224,262 were on Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS). Specific information regarding whether individuals underwent DOT or SAT was reported in only eight studies (11%). There were 23,778 participants from rural areas and 70,087 from urban areas, but only 18 studies (25%) included details about the participants' place of residence. Among the participants, 5,575 reported a history of smoking; however, only seven studies (9.8%) provided data on smoking status. The number of TB patients who were alcohol drinkers was 5,175, but data on this was available in just six studies (8%). Additionally, only 3,984 participants were identified as having diabetes, with relevant information available in only five studies (7%). There were 5,504 participants across four studies (5%) that exclusively focused on comorbidities other than diabetes, which were linked to TB treatment outcomes. In the interventional studies, only one quasi-experimental study, nine cohort studies, and three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The control group for these studies was based on DOTS, the standard of care used in all investigations. Table 2 outlines the characteristics of the included interventional studies <>. Notably, one study implemented self-administration, another utilized video observed therapy (VOT), one study used a modified regimen, and one involved peer support groups. Among these interventional studies, three (25%) incorporated cash incentives, three (25%) introduced additional healthcare workers (pharmacists/health extension workers) to reinforce TB adherence, knowledge, and counselling, and three (25%) employed reminder and adherence interventions. C. Risk of Bias in the Study The risk of bias in the observational studies categorized as cross-sectional, cohort, observational, and prospective longitudinal studies was assessed using the JBI Patients Series Appraisal Checklist Tool << Insert Table 3: Risk of Bias Assessment in Cross Sectional Studies, Cohort Studies, Observational Studies & Prospective Longitudinal Studies for observational studies using the JBI Case Series Appraisal Checklist Tool >>. For this study, all of these investigations are referred to as "patient studies." Each of these studies examines a single group of individuals to establish the treatment success rate for tuberculosis (TB); none includes a comparison or control group, as indicated by the full-text eligibility review. Studies that focus on only one group of subjects may be mistakenly labelled as "cohort studies/patient control," according to previous studies 11, 12. These studies are classified as patient series unless they include a second or comparative group that serves as a control. Among the reviewed studies, only two were considered to have a moderate risk of bias, while the rest were rated as having a low risk of bias. The JBI appraisal checklist was also applied to interventional research, with specific checklists used according to each study's design. Overall, the remaining studies had a low risk of bias, although all three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were rated as having a moderate risk. Of the nine cohort interventional studies, only two showed a significant risk of bias, while the others were deemed to have a low risk. It was noted that one quasi-experimental study had a minimal chance of bias. D. Treatment Outcomes of Observational Studies The weighted average treatment success rate is calculated by giving more weight to studies with larger sample sizes, which reflects the proportional contribution of each study. Based on a weighted average of 806,644 participants, the overall treatment success rate for drug-sensitive TB was found to be 87.6% or 88%, with 707,420 individuals out of 806,644 achieving treatment success, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria of 85%. The best treatment outcomes were observed in China, particularly in Zigong, with a success rate of 96.60% (4,373 out of 4,527). In contrast, health centers in rural Chhattisgarh, India, reported the lowest treatment success rate at 51.44% (2,561 out of 4,979). Out of 71 studies, only 33 (46%) met the WHO standard of 85%, while the remaining 38 (53.5%) fell below this threshold, including 10 studies (14%) with success rates below 75%. The success rate for children under eighteen was 90%. Meanwhile, the overall success rate for adults was 81%. For seniors, the success rate varied depending on the study, ranging from 55% to 65%, with an average of 77.5%. The success rate was 90.45% for girls and 91.1% for boys. For participants who were HIV positive, the success rate was 71.3%, while it was 81% for those who were HIV negative. Patients receiving their first treatment or newly diagnosed with TB showed a success rate of 94% (416,511 out of 444,696), while those undergoing retreatment had a lower success rate of 75% (26,962 out of 35,959). The overall success rate for patients with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) was 85% (33,275 out of 39143), whereas patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) had a success rate of 83% (144,067 out of 173,747). Additionally, the overall success rate for bacteriologically proven TB patients was 78% (56,064 out of 71,619), while the success rate for clinically diagnosed TB patients was 88%. For patients receiving directly observed therapy (DOT), the success rate was 96% (214,565 out of 224,262), compared to a mere 80% (22,847 out of 28,637) for those receiving self-administered therapy (SAT). Regarding residential areas, the treatment success rate for patients in urban settings was 78% (54,349 out of 70,087), while those in rural areas had a slightly higher rate of 80% (19,009 out of 23,778). Conversely, the overall success rate for alcohol drinkers was 34% (3,488 out of 5,175), while smokers had a success rate of 74% (4,130 out of 5,575). Patients with diabetes had a success rate of 83% (3,312 out of 3,984), whereas the success rate for patients with other comorbidities was varied. E. Association of Patient Factors with Treatment Success A significant correlation was observed between HIV status and the effectiveness of tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes, as shown by the pooled treatment success rates in Figure 2 <>. Individuals who tested negative for HIV demonstrated better treatment outcomes (p < 0.00001; I² = 92%; OR = 2.5). For HIV negative participants, the findings corroborate with a study that found HIV-negative patients were two times more likely to succeed in treatment (OR 1.9; 1.6-2.3) 26 and HIV -positive patients were five times more likely to have unsuccessful treatment outcomes (AOR=4.9; 95% CI=2.01-11.5) 27 . However, the information regarding whether HIV-positive participants were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) was not consistently reported across the studies, limiting further analysis on ART's impact on treatment outcomes. Subgroup analysis by region revealed a strong association between treatment success and HIV negative status. This finding aligns with a study done in 2021 by Teferi, a systematic review and meta-analysis, which indicated that, compared to those who were HIV-negative, co-infection with HIV was significantly linked to a higher likelihood of unsatisfactory treatment outcomes 7 . The pooled TB treatment success rates displayed in Figure 3 were also closely related to patient types (new vs. re-treatment). The outcomes for individuals with newly diagnosed TB were positive (OR = 2.23; p < 0.00001; CI = 1.88-2.63; I² = 93%) <>. The subgroup analysis by region further confirmed the strong correlation between the number of initial TB patients and the efficacy of treatment. This is consistent with an earlier study of Teferi, which found that re-treatment was significantly associated with worse treatment outcomes compared to individuals who had recently received a tuberculosis diagnosis 13 . Multiple studies have reported that individuals undergoing re-treatment have higher rates of treatment failure, likely due to factors such as prior drug resistance, poor adherence, and more advanced disease at presentation 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 According to Figure 4, the type of TB location (extrapulmonary TB vs. pulmonary TB) was not significantly linked to TB treatment success rates. <>. There was no substantial and meaningful correlation between treatment success rates for either extrapulmonary or pulmonary TB participants (I² = 97%; p < 0.00001; OR = 0.99; CI = 0.80–1.23). Subgroup analysis by area supported the overall impact, indicating that successful treatment outcomes were not related to the location of the TB type. This finding contrasts with Teferi's seven retrospective cohort analysis, which suggested that extrapulmonary TB was associated with favorable treatment outcomes. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 5, bacterial confirmation (bacteriologically confirmed versus clinically diagnosed) did not correlate with TB treatment success outcomes <>. Participants who were clinically diagnosed or bacteriologically proven did not exhibit strong correlations in treatment success rates for tuberculosis (OR = 1.00; p < 0.00001; CI = 0.76-1.32; I² = 98%). The subgroup analysis indicated consistency, showing that bacterial confirmation did not equate to successful outcomes, which challenged Teferi's findings that linked successful treatment outcomes to smear positivity 7 . Figure 6 illustrates that the specific delivery and administration of anti-TB medication were significantly associated with TB treatment success. <>. There was a substantial correlation between treatment success rates and participants who received directly observed treatment (DOTS). (I² = 99%; p < 0.00001; OR = 2.93; CI = 1.74-4.93). The subgroup analysis by region supported the conclusion that the DOTS regimen led to successful TB treatment outcomes, consistent with the overall effect size. This finding aligns with a systematic review and meta-analysis by Alipanah, which reported lower rates of treatment success, cure, and adherence for participants receiving standard anti-TB therapy (SAT) compared to those receiving any form of DOT 10 . However, there was no discernible difference between DOT and SAT regarding mortality, treatment completion, treatment failure, relapse, or development of drug resistance. Lastly, Figure 7, which shows combined therapy success rates based on the patient's neighborhood, indicates that there was no significant correlation between residential location (rural versus urban) and the success of TB therapy <>. Participants living in either urban or rural areas did not demonstrate a strong and significant correlation with treatment success rates for TB (OR = 1.00; p < 0.00001; I² = 98%). Bacterial confirmation does not correlate with successful treatment outcomes, as demonstrated by subgroup analyses by region, which align with the overall impact size. Individuals classified as non-smokers, including those who currently smoke or have smoked in the past, showed a strong correlation with successful tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes, illustrated in Figure 8. This figure presents pooled treatment success rates based on smoking history, revealing that the success rates of TB therapy were significantly higher among participants who did not smoke <>. The reported I² value is 84%, with a p-value of <0.00001, an odds ratio (OR) of 1.45, and a confidence interval (CI) of 1.33-1.58. There is a well-established immunopathological relationship between smoking and tuberculosis 19 . Smoking increases the risk of contracting Mycobacterium tuberculosis through several mechanisms, including decreased alveolar macrophage activity, compromised mucociliary clearance, a reduced pulmonary lymphocyte immune response, altered pulmonary dendritic cell activity, and diminished natural killer cell cytotoxic activity. Additionally, smoking negatively impacts both acquired and innate immune responses, affecting leukocytes and macrophages 20 . Prior research has indicated that tobacco use is a significant risk factor and predictor of poor adherence to TB treatment, as well as a higher default rate in care settings 21 . On the other hand, individuals without a history of alcohol use were strongly correlated with successful TB treatment outcomes, as shown in Figure 9. This figure illustrates pooled treatment success rates based on alcohol consumption history, where alcohol-free participants exhibited a significant correlation with TB therapy success rates (OR = 2.52; CI = 1.65-3.86; p-value = <0.00001; I² = 81%) <>. Khan's research supports this finding, indicating that higher alcohol consumption is associated with adverse treatment outcomes 20 . According to a different study, drinking too much alcohol increased the risk of contracting M. tuberculosis 22 . Long-term alcohol consumption alters the immune system, increasing the risk of bacterial infections 23, 24, 25. This can lead to the development of various contagious and adverse conditions, affecting patient adherence and ultimately treatment outcomes. Furthermore, the presence of co-morbidities did not correlate with TB treatment success outcomes, as shown in Figure 10, which displays the pooled treatment success rates among patients with and without diabetes. <>. The analysis indicates no significant difference in success rates based on co-morbidity status (OR = 0.16; p-value <0.00001; CI = 0.01-2.88; I² = 99%). F. Effects of Intervention Meta-analyses of the efficacy of various TB treatment approaches in improving treatment outcomes were conducted, with one excluded (Wicket et al. in 2018) as it was a pre-post study without a control group, which prevented the calculation of an effect size. With the introduction of subgroup analysis, the studies categorised as RCTs and cohort studies were separated. In these studies, the overall effect size of the intervention was 1.75 (CI 1.45-2.10; I 2 = 60%; p-value < 0.00001). This indicates that the pooled effect size supports the interventions in the analysis, indicating their effectiveness. However, the effect size supports the intervention in the three (3) RCT studies (p value = <0.71) and the cohort studies, namely Oliosi (2019), Ereso (2021), and Bhatti (2020), but the confidence intervals cross the line of no effect, indicating that they are not significant. Although the individual studies within the RCT subgroup were statistically insignificant, it was also demonstrated that the effect size per subgroup was substantial and in favour of the intervention. The studies by Doltu (2020), Park (2019), Potty (2023), and Tang (2018) were deemed significant and effective. They utilised pharmaceutical care, support groups, medication event monitoring systems, and video-observed therapy (VOT), respectively, and the majority of them addressed the topic of medication adherence. The study that used the most effective treatment was Doltu (2021) (ES = 17.99, CI = 2.47-131.03, p <0.00001). This study utilised Asynchronous Video Observed Therapy (aVOT), in which patients record themselves using a device of their own choice, which medical professionals then view at a later time. Non-conformance, including failing to send the provider videos, may result in a home visit or a call from the provider. The study by Chisinau (2017), which utilised Video Observed Therapy (VOT) and was conducted between 2016 and 2017, is comparable to this. It demonstrated that aVOT produced better adherence at a lower program cost than DOT and provided evidence that these advantages were potentially applicable in a low-income nation. The second most successful research was that of Park (2019) (ES=3.55; CI=1.80, 7.00; p value < 0.0008), which utilised the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) in conjunction with the standard of care. MEMS was implemented as an adherence-promoting intervention to enhance patients' compliance with TB treatment in Moroccan cities (Park 2019). The smart pillbox (SP) with e-promms is one of the MEMS components. A subscriber identity module (SIM) card transmits data in real-time to a web-based application on a telecommunication interface through the SP, a digital health technology that stores medications. A tiny sensor that measures medication weight was included in the SP. To inform the healthcare practitioner whether the patient took the medication for that day, the sensor within the SP can determine whether a tablet or capsule was taken. This results in a prompt that is transmitted and logged by SMS to the web application. MEMS was effective in enhancing the treatment success rate in rural Morocco and lowering the number of TB patients who died from follow-up infections, particularly during the intense phase, according to Park (2019). However, before a large-scale adoption, a comprehensive prospective study that includes a cost-effectiveness analysis is necessary. Using patient support groups was the third most successful strategy, according to the Potty (2023) study (ES=2.15; CI=1.86-2.48; p value=<0.0008). Support groups for TB patients were established by NTP program staff and healthcare professionals as part of the study. Members of the patients' families, caretakers, and those who had previously finished TB treatment were all involved in the support group. The topics covered in 72 support groups include disclosure and stigma, treatment compliance, healthy eating, preventing tuberculosis in other family members, and nutrition. Each session covered a single topic and lasted between sixty and ninety minutes. The participants in the groups ranged in age and sex from 15 to 20 years old. The only monetary reward given to the participants was the residents' donated refreshments. Participants in the CHWs program were not forced to attend; attendance was entirely voluntary. Throughout their treatment course, the primary goal was for each patient to participate in the support group meeting once a month. The CHWs will make personal visits or call those who were unable to attend a meeting. Patient support groups are effective, much like Demisse's (2003) study, which established TB clubs as a form of social support group. Compared to the control group, the TB club group's treatment completion rate was significantly higher (68.7% vs. 46.8%, p < 0.001). Positive attitudes and practices surrounding tuberculosis are fostered in the community, and TB clubs or support groups significantly enhance patients' adherence to anti-TB therapy. In addition to standard care, the study that employed pharmaceutical care was the fourth and final successful intervention (ES=2.09; CI=1.01-4.34; p value < 0.0008). In this study, patients received pharmacological care from pharmacists soon following their visit. To track progress and evaluate therapy results, follow-up visit appointments were set up for the first, second, and sixth months. Physicians, pharmacists, or both conducted the follow-up visits, which might be conducted in person or over the phone. Patient education, urinalysis for the detection of isoniazid metabolites, medication counting, laboratory test monitoring, and addressing patient-reported concerns related to pharmaceutical care, including drug therapy challenges, side effects, or adverse effects, are the primary components of pharmaceutical care. Together with the doctor, the pharmacist went over any recommended changes to the anti-TB drug regimen, such as changing the dosage or starting or stopping the medicine. This analysis's I 2 was 60%, suggesting that it might reflect considerable heterogeneity due to variations in the population, methodologies used, and the type and range of interventions employed in these investigations. The funnel plots indicated publication bias. However, formal statistical testing such as Egger's test could not be performed as this function is not available in RevMan, the software used for analysis. Therefore, the interpretation of publication bias remains qualitative, which limits the study. Discussion This study directly addresses the substantial challenges faced by tuberculosis (TB) patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with particular attention to both urban and rural populations. Like in the Philippines, TB remains among the top causes of death, particularly in vulnerable populations 29 . Patients in these settings, especially those in rural areas, often encounter significant barriers to accessing health services, including inadequate infrastructure, long travel distances, physical limitations, adverse drug effects, insufficient information, and persistent social stigma. Despite these obstacles, the pooled treatment success rate observed was 88%. Notably, the success rate in rural areas (80%) was slightly higher than in urban areas (78%), underscoring the potential effectiveness of interventions such as asynchronous Video Observed Therapy (aVOT), Medication Event Monitoring Systems (MEMS), support groups, and pharmaceutical care in overcoming rural barriers and improving treatment outcomes. Notably, the pooled treatment success rate of 88% observed in this review is higher than those reported in earlier meta-analyses by Teferi (2021), who found a success rate of 79% in Africa, and by Torres et al. (2019), who reported a global success rate of 80.1%. Multiple factors may explain this discrepancy. First, our study exclusively included data from 2018 to 2023, capturing the impact of more recent interventions, such as asynchronous video-observed therapy (aVOT), Medication Event Monitoring Systems (MEMS), and enhanced patient-centred care strategies, which were either unavailable or underutilised in earlier reviews. Second, unlike prior studies with a broader or mixed geographic scope, our review focused solely on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with many interventions being tailored to high-burden settings. Third, our inclusion and exclusion criteria filtered out studies involving drug-resistant TB, HIV co-infection with advanced disease, and those from high-income countries, which may have had differing baseline risk profiles or health system contexts. Finally, the high proportion of newly diagnosed, HIV-negative patients included in our pooled sample groups associated with better outcomes likely contributed to the higher success rate observed. These contextual and methodological differences underscore the importance of continuously updating systematic reviews to reflect evolving clinical practices and regional health dynamics. Only 46% of studies exceeded the WHO standard for treatment success. The WHO standard for treatment success is achieving at least an 85% success rate among new and relapsed TB patients. Several patient characteristics were identified as significantly associated with improved treatment outcomes: • New or original TB patients type (OR = 2.23; CI = 1.88–2.63; I² = 93%; p < 0.00001) • HIV-negative status (OR = 2.5; I² = 92%; p < 0.00001) • Receipt of DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course) (OR = 2.93; CI = 1.74–4.93; I² = 99%; p < 0.00001) • Non-alcohol users (OR = 2.52; CI = 1.65–3.86; I² = 81%; p < 0.00001) • No history of smoking (OR = 1.45; CI = 1.33–1.58; I² = 84%; p < 0.00001) Conversely, treatment success was not significantly influenced by patient residence, bacteriological confirmation, TB site (extrapulmonary vs. pulmonary), or the presence of non-diabetic comorbidities. All included interventional trials demonstrated an increase in treatment success rates (ES = 1.75; CI = 1.45–2.10; p < 0.0008), though only four interventions reached statistical significance: • Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) (ES = 3.55; CI = 1.80–7.00; p < 0.0008) • Support Groups (ES = 2.15; CI = 1.86–2.48; p < 0.0008) • Asynchronous Video Observed Therapy (aVOT) (ES = 17.99; CI = 2.47–131.03; p < 0.00001) • Pharmaceutical Care (ES = 2.09; CI = 1.01–4.34; p < 0.0008) These interventions were implemented in resource-limited, high TB-burden settings, with a central focus on improving medication adherence. While the findings suggest potential utility, the generalizability of interventions like aVOT may be limited in some LMICs due to barriers such as smartphone access, digital literacy, or network connectivity. Claims about feasibility and scalability should be interpreted within the contextual constraints of each setting. The interventions identified in this review, such as aVOT, MEME, support groups, and pharmaceutical care, directly support the End Strategy’s focus on patient-centred care and improved treatment adherence, contributing to global targets for reducing TB incidence and mortality. However, several limitations should be acknowledged. Some studies lacked comprehensive demographic data on patient characteristics that could be linked to treatment outcomes. The reliance on observational studies with methodological variability may have introduced bias, and the significant heterogeneity observed justified the use of random-effects models in the meta-analysis. The substantial heterogeneity observed in several pooled analyses, such as DOTS (I² = 99%) and TB case type (I² = 93%), warrants careful interpretation. These high I² values reflect considerable variability across the included studies, which may stem from several factors. First, differences in study design (e.g., retrospective cohorts vs. prospective or interventional studies) can lead to methodological inconsistencies. Second, the populations varied widely in terms of demographics, comorbidities, and HIV status, which are known to influence TB treatment outcomes. Third, there may be unmeasured variability in TB strain types, including regional prevalence of more virulent or resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that were not consistently reported across studies. Fourth, while DOTS was consistently labelled as the standard intervention, its implementation likely may have differed across countries and settings, ranging from facility-based DOTS to community-based or hybrid models, which could affect both adherence and outcomes. Finally, variations in health system infrastructure, resource availability, and cultural attitudes toward TB treatment could also contribute to the observed heterogeneity. These sources of variability highlight the importance of interpreting the pooled results as general trends rather than uniform effects, and they suggest that tailoring interventions to local contexts remains essential for optimising TB treatment success. Additionally, the potential for publication bias was evident, as indicated by asymmetrical funnel plots, which may reflect methodological shortcomings, selective reporting, or variability in effect sizes across studies. The findings were derived from a large pool of eligible studies, selected through a rigorous screening process, which enhanced the robustness of the pooled estimates. Seventy-one (71 ) observational studies, 12 control-group interventional studies, and one interventional study without a control group. While six interventions improved treatment success without reaching statistical significance, four were found to be both statistically significant and effective for TB patients in LMICs. These findings contribute to identifying common predictors and effective interventions for TB treatment success in diverse, real-world settings. Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis have uncovered important new information about the variables and interventions that can influence the success rate of drug-sensitive TB treatment in low- and middle-income countries. The results highlight the significant impact of medication adherence-focused treatments on treatment outcomes. The study emphasizes the importance of evidence-based therapies in resource-constrained settings. According to our research, a TB patient who is HIV negative, a non-smoker, a new or initial patient, has completed a DOTS course, and has never consumed alcohol before, is most likely to have a successful course of therapy. Furthermore, the study has demonstrated the effectiveness of medication event monitoring systems (MEMS), support groups or TB clubs, asynchronous video observed therapy (aVOT), and pharmaceutical care in improving the success rates of TB treatment while acknowledging the six other interventions which did not attain statistical significance. These findings are in perfect alignment with the World Health Organisation’s End TB Strategy, instilling confidence in the relevance of our research and its potential to reduce TB incidence and mortality globally. Abbreviations aVOT- asynchronous video observed therapy PTB- Pulmonary Tuberculosis EPTB- Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis PRISMA- Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses MEMS- Medication Event Monitoring System DOTS- Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus ePROMMS- Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and Monitoring System SP- Small Pillbox Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. This study used previously published data and did not require ethical approval or consent to participate. Consent for publication Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors' contributions NTJ conceptualized the study and supervised the methodology. MKSH conducted the literature review, data extraction, and statistical analysis. Both authors contributed to writing, editing, and approving the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Ateneo De Zamboanga University School of Medicine, Department of Science and Technology, and Zamboanga City Medical Center for providing access to databases and resources used in this study. Clinical trial number: Not applicable Authors' information Mohammad Khairul S. Hassan, MD, MPH, is a generalist and public health specialist at the Ateneo De Zamboanga School of Medicine. Norvie T. Jalani, MD, MPH, PHSAE, is an epidemiologist, public health consultant and research specialist at Zamboanga City Medical Center. References WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. WHO. The End TB Strategy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. WHO. 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Available from: https://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp Tables Table 1. Characteristics of Included Observational Studies. (n=71) No. Author (Year) Study Design Country Sample Size Overall Success Treatment Success Rate Among Different Groups No. % Child Adult Senior Male Female HIV Pos HIV Neg Re-treat New TB EPTB PTB 1 Atekem, et al., (2018) RCSS Cameroon 895 726 81.12 85.19 81.25 70.00 80.38 81.97 77.99 85.75 86.67 80.72 41.90 79.92 2 Bao et al., (2018) RS China 1795 1384 77.10 75.58 67.07 76.20 77.96 65.14 77.88 41.90 79.92 3 Diallo, et al. (2018) Case Control Burkina Faso 381 305 80.05 79.85 80.53 79.08 81.69 4 Ejeta, et al., (2018) RS Ethiopia 4170 86.88 86.74 83.57 86.04 79.55 86.37 80.85 84.98 83.16 85.03 5 Kirirabwa, et al., (2018) RS Uganda 15429 12417 80.48 80.90 68.29 80.38 80.64 75.44 85.49 73.26 6 Melese, et al., (2018) RS Ethiopia 303 264 87.13 95.00 79.86 65.52 83.24 92.31 43.21 72.07 60.00 87.64 87.18 87.10 7 Muluye, et al. (2018) RCS Ethiopia 995 914 91.86 90.91 92.21 87.50 90.27 94.13 88.24 92.80 81.58 92.33 92.54 8 Ogbudebe, et al. (2018) RCS Nigeria 724 601 83.01 83.01 79.01 81.25 71.30 85.06 90.91 82.89 91.45 88.33 9 Pizzol, et al. (2018) OS Mozambique 301 239 79.40 75.51 70.23 10 Rohit, et al., (2018) PLS India 133 78.57 95.38 92.50 11 Santos, et al., (2018) CSS Brazil 41279 32607 78.99 83.49 78.06 81.46 76.61 83.34 59.48 81.60 59.30 82.63 86.84 78.18 12 Sauer, et al., (2018) CCA Azerbaijan, Belarus, etc. 643 491 76.36 13 Sahyog, et al., (2018) RS India 4979 2561 51.44 Note: RS-Retrospective Study, CSS-Cross Sectional Study, RCS-Retrospective Cohort Study, RCSS- Retrospective Cross Sectional Study, OS-Observational Study, PLS-Prospective Longitudinal Study, POS-Prospective Observational Study, CCA-Complete-Case Analysis, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study, CS-Cohort Study Table 1. Characteristics of Included Observational Studies. (n=71) (Continued…) No. Author (Year) Study Design Country Sample Size Overall Success Treatment Success Rate Among Different Groups No. % Child Adult Senior Male Female HIV Pos HIV Neg Re-treat New TB EPTB PTB 14 Paras, et al., (2018) RS Mexico 4090 3507 85.75 15 Velayutham, et al. (2018) PLS India 1565 1210 77.32 16 Wen, et al, (2018) RS China 22998 21851 95.01 97.61 95.70 92.68 95.16 95.54 17 Worku, et al., (2018) RS Ethiopia 746 672 90.08 88.41 87.93 86.27 88.43 91.88 88.07 90.81 92.42 89.87 90.39 89.89 18 Abdulkader, et al., (2019) RS Ethiopia 2911 2605 89.49 90.88 19 Abebe, et al. (2019) RS Ethiopia 1249 1103 88.31 83.33 88.99 66.67 88.10 88.71 86.57 88.81 87.61 88.73 20 Berry, et al., (2019) RS South Africa 182890 152672 83.48 90.70 82.37 21 Cohen, et al., (2019) PCS Malawi 158 108 68.35 68.75 68.25 72.55 60.71 66.41 77.78 74.60 57.69 70.45 22 Gupta, et al., (2019) RCS India 72 69 95.83 95.52 100.00 23 Hailekiros, et al., (2019) RS Ethiopia 105 93 88.57 95.24 85.88 87.62 90.20 85.45 24 Hamid, et al., (2019) RCS Pakistan 1665 1421 85.35 25 Laghari, et al., (2019) POS Pakistan 508 483 95.08 95.08 95.83 94.40 78.26 95.88 26 Ma et al. (2019), Ethiopia RCSS Ethiopia 5603 5154 91.99 86.73 80.54 91.40 62.11 87.60 89.04 84.78 27 Ma, et al. (2019) China RCSS China 4527 4373 96.60 95.87 94.22 95.97 95.92 Note: RS-Retrospective Study, CSS-Cross Sectional Study, RCS-Retrospective Cohort Study, RCSS- Retrospective Cross Sectional Study, OS-Observational Study, PLS-Prospective Longitudinal Study, POS-Prospective Observational Study, CCA-Complete-Case Analysis, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study, CS-Cohort Study Table 1 Characteristics of Included Observational Studies. (n=71) (Continued…) No Author (Year) Study Design Country Sample Size Overall Success Treatment Success Rate Among Different Groups No. % Child Adult Senior Male Female HIV Pos HIV Neg Re-treat New TB EPTB PTB 28 Mirutse, et al. (2019) RCSS Ethiopia 841 746 88.70 88.70 91.81 87.14 91.23 90.94 91.43 84.18 29 Nanzaluka, et al. (2019) RS Zambia 1724 985 57.13 67.53 57.05 49.46 55.23 60.57 56.09 61.04 48.28 59.58 57.30 57.05 30 Ohene, et al. (2019) RS Ghana 214 194 90.65 90.65 91.89 88.89 86.32 93.91 94.29 96.10 31 Prudhivi, et al., (2019) RS India 1113 922 82.84 84.97 75.69 80.11 88.13 62.11 88.45 64.29 88.96 32 Rahimi, et al., (2019) RCS Afghanistan 1416 1040 73.45 70.33 75.40 27.27 74.18 73.56 73.38 33 Ramos, et al., (2019) RCSS Ethiopia 1282 814 63.49 63.49 62.02 65.13 77.78 63.68 69.57 63.38 68.81 60.90 34 Rashak, et al., (2019) RCSS Mexico 5508 4593 83.39 89.51 83.40 86.68 91.34 83.03 89.26 35 Sadykova, et al., (2019) RCS Kazakhstan 36926 26228 71.03 74.03 68.80 70.43 77.91 49.30 74.22 64.64 79.67 86.93 82.91 36 Tola, et al., (2019) RS Ethiopia 1236 1143 92.48 91.18 93.36 75.93 91.61 93.76 82.27 95.49 86.49 92.66 92.08 92.72 37 Wobudeya, et al. (2019) RS Uganda 516 422 81.78 81.78 83.22 79.31 61.29 83.09 38 Ahmad, et al. (2020) RCS Pakistan 515 444 86.21 89.19 87.45 71.19 84.81 87.41 70.00 86.41 80.11 39 Alao, et al. (2020) RS Nigeria 3358 2556 76.12 84.04 77.36 76.13 80.43 71.71 77.11 68.54 79.13 83.00 77.14 40 Awaluddin, et al. (2020) RS Malaysia 3550 3198 90.08 90.08 89.11 90.95 72.92 90.29 89.36 90.32 41 Carvalho, et al. (2020) RS Brazil 592 503 84.97 84.97 87.65 90.57 76.67 89.25 91.61 88.36 No. Author (Year) Study Design Country Sample Size Overall Success Treatment Success Rate Among Different Groups No. % Child Adult Senior Male Female HIV Pos HIV Neg Re-treat New TB EPTB PTB 42 Charoensakulchai, et al., (2020) CSS Thailand 768 639 83.20 82.71 78.70 79.78 84.91 76.74 81.56 65.77 81.67 43 Oliveira, et al., (2020) RS Brazil 725 610 84.14 84.14 81.96 86.65 35.71 86.66 58.33 85.84 44 DesJardin, et al. (2020) CSS Zimbabwe 853 486 56.98 56.98 55.77 58.12 57.01 56.79 42.86 57.28 61.15 56.02 45 Dorji, et al. (2020) RSCSS Nepal 634 567 89.43 96.88 46 Izudi, et al., (2020) RCS Uganda 987 800 81.05 81.05 78.34 86.31 73.85 83.95 47 Khan, et al. (2020) RS Malaysia 9337 7243 77.57 48 Khunthason et al. (2020) RS Thailand 770 619 80.39 87.12 87.88 86.80 87.69 87.21 87.11 49 Li, et al, (2020) CSS China 40561 38085 93.90 93.45 93.44 94.38 62.37 94.04 86.78 94.74 50 Sadana, et al., (2020) CSS India 62 58 93.55 93.55 90.00 95.24 90.32 96.77 51 Sariem, et al., (2020) RS Nigeria 10156 6845 67.40 59.23 72.05 66.16 69.40 73.69 75.38 62.60 67.66 64.37 67.77 52 Tesema, et al (2020) RS Ethiopia 281 227 80.78 70.59 81.44 68.57 88.11 78.38 81.64 53 Umueokonkwo RS Nigeria 1070 604 56.45 56.44 53.89 60.00 47.80 61.01 65.79 55.87 57.99 61.47 54 Abdullah, et al., (2021) RS Pakistan 1941 1725 88.87 88.87 89.19 88.61 81.03 93.17 55 Gadoev et al. (2021) RS Uzbekistan 35122 27682 78.82 86.75 78.15 75.93 78.84 78.79 47.37 81.87 87.85 76.96 56 Kassim, et al., (2021) CSS Somalia 400 340 85.00 87.54 71.43 82.82 89.13 81.25 85.16 No. Author (Year) Study Design Country Sample Size Overall Success Treatment Success Rate Among Different Groups No. % Child Adult Senior Male Female HIV Pos HIV Neg Re-treat New TB EPTB PTB 57 Oladimeji et al. (2021) RS Lagos 1337 1044 78.09 34.84 78.27 59.74 75.67 81.47 69.70 81.70 50.00 78.53 58 Schoenbachler, et al., (2021) CS Guinea 3969 3006 75.74 77.78 76.12 72.78 75.53 76.10 58.44 79.92 71.06 76.28 74.42 76.03 59 Sharma et al., (2021) RS India 2347 2020 86.07 83.95 86.41 80.33 86.38 60 Teferi, et al., (2021) RS Ethiopia 232 191 82.33 83.02 83.52 82.93 83.18 79.49 83.77 61 Woldemichael, et al., (2021) RS Ethiopia 7205 6325 87.79 90.43 87.63 82.54 62 Woldesmayat, et al., (2021) RS Ethiopia 731 675 92.34 91.84 93.97 95.24 93.16 91.21 79.84 94.89 83.93 93.04 63 Afrane, et al. (2022) RS Ghana 407 278 68.30 146.40 68.27 68.34 67.82 68.67 100.00 67.99 64.49 70.26 64 Araia, et al., (2022) RS Eritrea 1227 1109 90.38 94.41 91.00 78.57 91.51 89.17 86.49 90.81 84.29 90.75 92.37 89.45 65 Gilmour, et al., (2022) RS China 308860 301461 97.60 98.13 98.54 94.24 98.27 66 Kamble, et al., (2022) RS India 5257 4899 93.19 93.19 82.11 95.65 98.57 89.82 67 Osorio, et al., (2022) RS Mozam-bique 3012 2863 95.05 94.94 97.43 93.37 95.93 93.24 96.88 94.34 94.63 68 Vukugah, et al., (2022) RS Cameroon 610 488 80.00 80.00 80.86 79.15 65.36 80.97 77.97 81.06 69 Debash et al. (2023) RS Ethiopia 552 518 93.84 92.73 93.44 98.18 93.07 94.60 86.14 95.57 93.55 93.86 95.88 92.74 70 Ngah, et al., (2023) RS Lesotho 1781 1369 76.87 69.01 91.83 32.11 77.01 74.95 67.40 79.07 71 Zenatti, et al., (2023 RS Ethiopia 3545 3026 85.36 86.17 79.27 76.05 82.25 86.43 76.64 86.88 74.43 85.17 86.06 83.23 Total: 804,644 89 90 81 77 91 90 71 80 75 93 85 82 Note: RS-Retrospective Study, CSS-Cross Sectional Study, RCS-Retrospective Cohort Study, RCSS- Retrospective Cross Sectional Study, OS-Observational Study, PLS-Prospective Longitudinal Study, POS-Prospective Observational Study, CCA-Complete-Case Analysis, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study, CS-Cohort Study Table 2. Characteristics of Included Interventional Studies (n=13) No Author (Year) Country Study Design & Setting Standard Care Population Outcome Intervention Group Control Group 1 Durovni, et al, (2018) Brazil Retrospective cohort study. The poorest neighbourhoods of Rio de Janeiro. DOTS. With or without Cash Transfer Program. Adult, > 15 years old. Treatment outcome. Association of treatment outcome with Cash Transfer Program. Participants registration to Brazilian Family Health (FHS) clinics. Standard of Care 2 Tang, et al., (2018) China Prospective, randomized, case-control study. Directly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS) Newly diagnosed PTB patients. Receiving less than 1 month of antituberculosis drugs Medication Adherence, Treatment Outcome Pharmacists provided pharmaceutical care to the patients shortly before discharge (PC group). After discharge, appointments were scheduled. Follow-up visits were conducted either face to face or via telephone by a pharmacist, physician, or shared pharmacist/physician appointment. Pharmaceutical care included, patient education, urine analysis, medication counting, monitoring laboratory tests, and addressing patient-reported pharmaceutical care issues. Patient education material was prepared by pharmacist & was given to patient. Usual Care group (UC group). Received only routine medical and nursing care. 3 NoorHaslinda, et.al., (2019) Malaysia Randomized controlled trial. Directly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS) Newly diagnosed PTB cases Medication Adherence, Treatment Outcome Using Health Education Module named TB@Clicks delivered through WhatsApp to enhance treatment adherence & successful outcome among PTB patients. Standard of Care No Author (Year) Country Study Design & Setting Standard Care Population Outcome Intervention Group Control Group 4 Oliosi, et.al., (2019) Brazil Prospective cohort study, Health care centers in 7 cities (Manaus, Fortaleza, Recife, Salvador, Vitoria, Sao Paulo & Porto Alegre) Newly diagnosed PTB cases. Less than 30 days of starting treatment. Treatment Outcome Enrollment to the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP). Conditional cash transfer for Standard Care. No conditional cash transfer. 5 Park, et al., (2019) Morocco Retrospective cohort study. Non-Randomized. Health centers of Sale, Temara, Casablanca, and Khemisset Morocco. DOTS. Newly diagnosed PTB cases Medication Adherence, Treatment Outcome Participants was provided with a smart pillbox with a web-based medication monitoring system, called MEMS, which reminded patients to take medication at certain times. MEMS is a medication storage device that sends the data real-time to a website via SIM card to a web baed application on a tele-cimmunication interface. When patient failed to take their medication, staffs made phone calls or home visits to patients. Standard of Care. 6 Bhatt, et. Al., (2020) India Non-concurrent retrospective cohort study. Vellore district, South India, India. Thrice weekly DOTS. Free of cost. Newly diagnosed with TB, residents of Vellore district HIV negative, sputum positive. Treatment Outcome Daily Self-Administered Antituberculosis. Thrice weekly DOTS. Standard Care. No Author (Year) Country Study Design & Setting Standard Care Population Outcome Intervention Group Control Group 7 Baluku, et. al., (2021) Uganda Quasi-experiment that consisted of a prospective two-arm pragmatic randomized open-label non-placebo controlled trial & a retrospective cohort at Masaka Regional Referral Hospital in rural central Uganda. Directly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS) Adults (>18 years old). Initiating a 6 month TB treatment regimen at the study site. Treatment Outcome Participants in this group received 4,000 Uganda shillings (1.00 US Dollars) as cash incentive for follow-up every visit. They were informed that they can spend the incentive as the wished. The incentive was only conditioned on turning up for the clinic visit in addition to the standard care. Participants in this group received the usual standard of care but did not receive any money or other incentives. 8 Doltu, et. al., (2021) Moldova Cohort study that combined data from the RCT on Treatment Strategy and DOT data under operational conditions in Chisinau. DOTS. Free of cost. In addition, all adherent to TB treatment patients receives vouchers for food and hygienic products (2 US Dollars per day). Patients who had previously been enrolled in the RCT and those who were registered in the TB national registry. Adult, >18 years old. < 3 months of starting Antituberculosis medication. Treatment Outcome (Long term/Short term) Used Asynchronous Video Observed Therapy (aVOT) instead of standard DOTS. Patients are observed swallowing their medication recorded via smartphones, tablets, or computers. Standard Care. DOTS. No Author (Year) Country Study Design & Setting Standard Care Population Outcome Intervention Group Control Group 9 Ereso, et al., (2021) Ethiopia Prospective Cohort Study Design. Public health facilities in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia Directly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS) Newly diagnosed PTB cases Treatment Outcome Community-Based DOTS: TB treatment provided at a health post or patient's home by a Health Extension Worker (HEW) or a trained TB treatment supporter. Facility-Based DOTS: TB treatment provided at governmental health centers or hospitals by a trained health worker. 10 Gashu, et al., (2021) Ethiopia Two-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) Directly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS) Newly diagnosed adult PTB cases. Treatment Outcome Participants received weekly pill refilling and daily medication reminders using graphics-based and text messages in the local language (Amharic) in addition to standard of care. Standard of Care. 11 Ge, et al., (2023) China Multicenter cohort study. DOTS. Standard Regimen. (2HREZS/6HRZE or 3HREZ/ 6HREZ) Newly diagnosed adult PTB cases. Treatment Outcome Participants used the modified regimen. The modified regimen consist of 4 month of intensive phase & 4 month of continuation phase. (4H-Rt2-E-Z-w/orw/out S / 4 H-Rt2-E) Standard of Care. 12 Potty, et al., (2023) India Retrospective cohort study. 46 tuberculosis units from urban select areas of Karnataka state and Telangana state. Directly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS) Newly diagnosed adult PTB cases. Treatment Outcome Participants were included in patient peer support for tuberculosis. Attendance is voluntary. Family members and/or caregivers of the patients who had previously completed tuberculosis treatment were included in support groups Each patient would attend the support group meeting once a month until they completed their treatment course.. Standard of Care. Did not attend meeting. No Author (Year) Country Study Design & Setting Standard Care Population Outcome Intervention Group Control Group 13 Abdulla, A., (2010) Philip-pines Randomized Controlled Trial, Drug sensitive TB Patients in kabasalan. Directly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS) Newly diagnosed PTB cases Treatment Outcome Application of a comic book and pamphlet techniques as information reinforcement in improving the knowledge and success rate of patients. Facility-Based DOTS: TB treatment provided at governmental health centers by a trained health worker. Table 3 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table3.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5724909","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":516995043,"identity":"cc701179-0e70-4e71-8c7b-3d40e4372594","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammad Khairul Hassan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ateneo De Zamboanga University School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Khairul","lastName":"Hassan","suffix":""},{"id":516995044,"identity":"fae1d221-9670-4da7-be0b-2016cb3f1b2f","order_by":1,"name":"Norvie T. Jalani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBAY2Bj4gfeADkGBjJ1YLG5A+OAOkhZlYm0BamHlALEJazNl7n0k8qOCTZ2M/e/Cwza9t8nzMDIwfPubg1mLZc9xMIuEMm2EbT17C4dy+24ZtzAzMkjO34dZicCON2SCxjY2xjSHH4HBuz21GoBY2Zl6CWv6x2bfxvzE4bNlz254YLYwPEhvYEtskgLYw/LidSFjLmWOMDxKOsSW3SbwxONjbcDu5jZmxGb9fjrcxHPxRc8y2nz/H+MOPP7dt57c3H/zwEY8WKDgGoYCBACIbCKoHghoo/YcYxaNgFIyCUTDSAAA2m07TV6ZvygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Zamboanga City Medical Center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Norvie","middleName":"T.","lastName":"Jalani","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-28 07:38:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5724909/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5724909/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95088112,"identity":"20dc30d4-5a14-46b1-b701-2db381054c4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-04 07:46:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":97918,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePRISMA Flow of Data Collection and Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/c9f1c76a9edfe6fec9d316de.png"},{"id":95088110,"identity":"19a1a259-d9f1-4071-b2b6-5364be8e46ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-04 07:46:10","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":372985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe pooled estimate for the HIV status of the patient associated to treatment success rate in Low to Middle Income Countries, 2018-2023. (n=40)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/a9682fa4f41620ba039d9c7f.png"},{"id":95223693,"identity":"9843f31f-a9d4-4f4d-b8cf-2fd961591750","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:22:40","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":380999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe pooled estimate for the TB Case type (Initial/Retreatment) of the patient associated to treatment success rate in Low to Middle Income Countries, 2018-2023.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/27ca2abe860f3549e58dc90d.png"},{"id":95088115,"identity":"0b74cefc-b532-4b8e-a965-28cc6f66eb7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-04 07:46:10","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":380682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe pooled estimate for the TB type (EPTB VS PTB) of the patient associated to treatment success rate in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2018-2023. (n=40)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/09d311b1bbc60be7a1cc87a6.png"},{"id":95223332,"identity":"87a7b8e4-0cf6-4303-a894-112cbdc375c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:22:03","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":330250,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pooled Estimate for Patient with Bacteriologically Confirmed vs Clinically Diagnosed TB Cases Associated with Treatment Outcome in Low to Middle Income Countries, 2018-2023. (n=35)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/6202a2adfc91923e6bf5d492.png"},{"id":95223396,"identity":"b41d8ef9-1fd3-4ecd-8c24-0369c57e0f71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:22:12","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":197469,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pooled Estimate for Patient using DOTS VS SAT, associated with Treatment Outcome in Low to Middle Income Countries, 2018-2023. (n=8)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/769f1431bda89ef7e2e33d3f.png"},{"id":95224077,"identity":"25a0654f-c89c-4a58-b85a-e89ac6f3e0c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:23:17","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":93951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Pooled Estimate for Patient residence set up (Rural VS Urban) in Low to Middle Income Countries, 2018-2023. (n=18)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/2d58bb82a53dc7c60c8bbfa9.png"},{"id":95223367,"identity":"54dda041-e766-4555-aacf-a38d07f8f57c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:22:08","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":112811,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePooled estimate of treatment success outcome associated with TB patients with smoking \u0026amp; non-smoking in Low to Middle Income Countries, 2018-2023. (n=6)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/cb5179815546d6129324e7a6.png"},{"id":95224640,"identity":"b59e8d15-1698-4a14-86d0-f14a94facccb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:24:05","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePooled estimate of treatment success outcome associated with TB patients with history of alcoholic drinking in Low to Middle Income Countries, 2018-2023. (n=6)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/7e97b3fc7a119686cc21eb17.png"},{"id":95088117,"identity":"a15a1d77-806d-4b5d-9240-dc83be436e0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-04 07:46:10","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":102777,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePooled estimate of treatment success outcome associated with TB patients with other co-morbidities in Low to Middle Income Countries, 2018-2023. (n=4)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/c133b3d2e901339270ea1176.png"},{"id":95230321,"identity":"433f701f-d39e-4969-8270-2a2a6a13a773","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:37:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4694271,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/cadf9dc1-af9b-4493-adc0-b85b6ebc7115.pdf"},{"id":95088109,"identity":"b55370f9-f550-4d68-86a0-8bbfc295e9bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-04 07:46:10","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":81913,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table3.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5724909/v1/7fb59b5720d7ca1f236a2c42.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePredictors of Treatment Success and Interventions in Increasing Treatment Success Rate in Drug-sensitive Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the 2024 Global Tuberculosis Report, an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with tuberculosis (TB) in 2023, with over 87% of cases occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) struggling with fragile health infrastructures and inadequate resources\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that early diagnosis and effective treatment are essential to reducing the TB burden in these contexts\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. The WHO\u0026apos;s End TB Strategy aims to lower TB incidence and mortality through an integrated patient-centered care approach, with a core focus on improving treatment outcomes. Despite the known effectiveness of TB treatment when initiated promptly and adhered to consistently for a duration of six to nine months, challenges such as high default rates, treatment interruptions, and therapeutic non-adherence continue to hinder progress\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, a lack of awareness about TB has been reported as a crucial factor contributing to poor outcomes\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;4,5\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo minimize TB transmission and reduce morbidity and mortality, it is critical to enhance the use of anti-TB medications, implement effective diagnostic strategies, and promote optimal adherence to treatment\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e. Teferi\u0026apos;s systematic review focusing on Africa found that the pooled TB treatment success rate was 79% (95% CI: 76-82%), which falls below the WHO criterion of 85% for successful treatment\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e. Success rates tend to be lower in LMICs compared to high-income countries, where treatment outcomes often exceed 90% due to stronger health systems and better access to care. The WHO defines treatment success as either a patient being cured (bacteriologically confirmed negative at the end of treatment) or having completed the full course of therapy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary causes of unsuccessful treatment outcomes include treatment defaults (47%) and fatalities (48%)\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, patients with smear-negative pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) demonstrate poorer success rates compared to those with smear-positive PTB\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;8\u003c/sup\u003e. Several factors, including co-infection with HIV, residing in remote areas, and previous TB treatment, are significantly associated with poorer treatment outcomes. A global systematic review found that the success rate for drug-sensitive TB treatment was below the WHO criterion, reported at 80.1% (95% CI: 78.4-81.7) for adults and 84.8% (95% CI: 77.7-90.7) for children\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e. Positive indicators of treatment success included having a negative sputum smear after two months of treatment, abstaining from alcohol, being younger than 65, and being HIV-negative \u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlipanah et al. evaluated adherence-focused interventions across multiple countries. They found that strategies such as reminders, digital health tools, psychological support, and patient education significantly improved treatment adherence and outcomes \u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. Patient-centered, community-based Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) was associated with better results and adherence compared to self-administered therapy. Therefore, this study aims to build upon existing research by investigating predictors of treatment outcomes and interventions for drug-sensitive TB, with a particular emphasis on applicability in LMICs where the TB burden remains substantial. The findings are expected to enhance strategies for improving treatment outcomes through evidence-based interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to determine pooled estimates of treatment success rates, predictors, and interventions for drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB) in low- and middle-income countries. A pooled estimate is a summary measure created by statistically combining results from multiple studies to provide an overall effect size that reflects the collective evidence. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) standards, we employed a systematic review and meta-analysis design.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria for this study encompass participants who are currently undergoing therapy for either extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) or pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Specifically, the study focuses on individuals who do not have multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Furthermore, eligible patients must be residents of low- and middle-income countries, ensuring that the research addresses a population that is particularly relevant to the global burden of tuberculosis. This framework aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the treatment outcomes in diverse socioeconomic contexts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch Designs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe focus is on two primary categories: observational studies and interventional studies conducted between 2018 and 2023. This timeframe represents a critical phase in the implementation of the End TB strategy, capturing intensified global and national efforts towards 2025 and 2030 milestones. \u0026nbsp;Observational studies include patient control studies and cohort studies, which aim to gather insights through naturalistic data collection without implementing interventions. In contrast, interventional studies encompass a range of methodologies such as pre-post studies, quasi-experimental designs, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and quasi-randomized trials. These studies are characterized by their structured approach to evaluating the effects of specific interventions on outcomes, enabling researchers to assess the efficacy and safety of various treatments or programs during this period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutcomes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccessful outcomes in treatment are defined as either a cure or the completion of the treatment course. Conversely, unsuccessful outcomes may include failure to follow up or transfer, death, or defaulting on treatment. When evaluating these outcomes, several patient-related factors must be considered. These factors include the patient\u0026apos;s age, sex, co-morbidities such as diabetes or hypertension, the type of tuberculosis they have (whether pulmonary or extrapulmonary), their HIV status, as well as their history of smoking and alcohol use. Additionally, the treatment type, whether the patient is newly diagnosed or undergoing ongoing treatment, is also an essential factor in assessing outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExclusion Criteria\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch studies that had incomplete or unavailable full texts were excluded from consideration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSearch Methods\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur comprehensive literature search employed Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and phrases such as \u0026quot;tuberculosis,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;intervention,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;treatment outcome,\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;predictive factors.\u0026quot; We searched multiple databases, including PubMed, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. Only English-language research was considered, and searches were refined using Boolean operators (\u0026quot;AND,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;OR\u0026quot;). Duplicates were removed using EndNote.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelection and Screening\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe conducted a three-stage screening process: full-text review, abstract review, and title review. The quality and bias of eligible studies that met the inclusion criteria were thoroughly evaluated. Data for the meta-analysis and systematic review were managed and extracted using Microsoft Excel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssessment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo ensure the validity of our study, we utilized the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Appraisal Checklist to assess potential bias.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Extraction and Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformation on patient demographics, treatment outcomes, and interventions aimed at improving treatment success was collected. We used weighted averages, forest plots, and subgroup analyses to explore the relationship between patient characteristics and treatment outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe I\u0026sup2; statistic was used to assess heterogeneity, and random effects models were employed to synthesize the data. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine correlations between patient characteristics and treatment success. Version 5.4 of Review Manager (RevMan) was utilized to calculate RRs and CIs, as well as to generate forest and funnel plots.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManaging Missing Data\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough our protocol included a plan to contact authors for missing data, this step was not necessary, as all included studies provided complete datasets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntervention Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubgroup analyses were conducted to assess pooled success rates based on the categorization of interventions by research design and type. We investigated the effects of interventions that included digital adherence tools, psychological support, and patient education.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA. Selection of studies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe conducted a search across several databases, including Science Direct (n=9,072), EBSCO Host (n=1,065), PubMed (n=2,063), Cochrane Review Library (n=18), and CINAHL (n=470), yielding a total of 12,688 papers. After removing 399 duplicate studies, we reviewed the titles and abstracts of the remaining 12,289 papers, ultimately selecting 175 studies for full-text eligibility evaluation and potential inclusion. The chosen studies encompassed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTB with co-infection (n=11,524)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTB with co-morbidity (n=25)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTB with drug resistance and/or multidrug-resistant TB (DR/MDR-TB) (n=238)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTB studies conducted in high-income countries (n=74)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Studies categorized as protocols, pilot studies, and some that were still ongoing (n=30)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe included various study designs, such as prospective longitudinal studies, prospective cohort studies, and others. Among the 13 interventional studies, there were three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nine cohort interventional studies, and one quasi-experimental study. The data collection and analysis process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria, as illustrated in Figure 1 \u0026lt;\u0026lt;Insert Figure 1: Prisma Flowchart\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe seventy-one observational studies involved a total of 804,644 participants, with sample sizes ranging from 62 to 308,860. \u0026lt;\u0026lt;Insert Table 1: Characteristics of Included Observational Studies\u0026gt;\u0026gt; Of these participants, 196,048 were female and 370,138 were male. There were 24,417 senior individuals, with ages varying across studies, generally defined as those over 55 to over 65 years old, and 90,139 pediatric participants. Among these studies, 24 reported the HIV status. Three RCTs were included within the total of 13 interventional studies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB. Description of Studies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe observational studies included a total of 804,644 participants, with sample sizes ranging from 62 to 308,860. Among these participants, there were 370,138 males and 196,048 females. The studies also documented 90,139 pediatric participants and 24,417 elderly participants, with the age cutoffs varying across studies, generally starting from 55 to 65 years old.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was noted that approximately 43 out of 71 studies (60%) did not report HIV status. Among the participants, 24,898 were HIV positive, while 127,855 were HIV negative. The number of participants receiving their first treatment for tuberculosis (TB) was 444,696, compared to 39,959 who were receiving retreatment. Data on TB patient types (initial or retreatment) were available in 35 studies (49%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis revealed that there were 173,747 participants with pulmonary TB (PTB) and 39,143 cases of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Only 40 studies (56%) included data on PTB, and 35 studies (49%) reported on EPTB. The total number of bacteriologically proven TB cases was 71,619, while there were 77,109 cases clinically diagnosed as bacteriologically negative. Data on confirmatory bacterial tests were available in just 37 studies (52%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOut of the total participants, 28,637 used Self-Administered Therapy (SAT), while 224,262 were on Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS). Specific information regarding whether individuals underwent DOT or SAT was reported in only eight studies (11%). There were 23,778 participants from rural areas and 70,087 from urban areas, but only 18 studies (25%) included details about the participants\u0026apos; place of residence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the participants, 5,575 reported a history of smoking; however, only seven studies (9.8%) provided data on smoking status. The number of TB patients who were alcohol drinkers was 5,175, but data on this was available in just six studies (8%). Additionally, only 3,984 participants were identified as having diabetes, with relevant information available in only five studies (7%). There were 5,504 participants across four studies (5%) that exclusively focused on comorbidities other than diabetes, which were linked to TB treatment outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the interventional studies, only one quasi-experimental study, nine cohort studies, and three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The control group for these studies was based on DOTS, the standard of care used in all investigations. Table 2 outlines the characteristics of the included interventional studies \u0026lt;\u0026lt;Insert Table 2: Characteristics of Included Interventional Studies\u0026gt;\u0026gt;. Notably, one study implemented self-administration, another utilized video observed therapy (VOT), one study used a modified regimen, and one involved peer support groups. Among these interventional studies, three (25%) incorporated cash incentives, three (25%) introduced additional healthcare workers (pharmacists/health extension workers) to reinforce TB adherence, knowledge, and counselling, and three (25%) employed reminder and adherence interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC. Risk of Bias in the Study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe risk of bias in the observational studies categorized as cross-sectional, cohort, observational, and prospective longitudinal studies was assessed using the JBI Patients Series Appraisal Checklist Tool\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026lt; Insert Table 3: Risk of Bias Assessment in Cross Sectional Studies, Cohort Studies, Observational Studies \u0026amp; Prospective Longitudinal Studies for observational studies using the JBI Case Series Appraisal Checklist Tool \u0026gt;\u0026gt;. For this study, all of these investigations are referred to as \u0026quot;patient studies.\u0026quot; Each of these studies examines a single group of individuals to establish the treatment success rate for tuberculosis (TB); none includes a comparison or control group, as indicated by the full-text eligibility review. Studies that focus on only one group of subjects may be mistakenly labelled as \u0026quot;cohort studies/patient control,\u0026quot; according to previous studies 11, 12. These studies are classified as patient series unless they include a second or comparative group that serves as a control. Among the reviewed studies, only two were considered to have a moderate risk of bias, while the rest were rated as having a low risk of bias. The JBI appraisal checklist was also applied to interventional research, with specific checklists used according to each study\u0026apos;s design. Overall, the remaining studies had a low risk of bias, although all three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were rated as having a moderate risk. Of the nine cohort interventional studies, only two showed a significant risk of bias, while the others were deemed to have a low risk. It was noted that one quasi-experimental study had a minimal chance of bias.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD. Treatment Outcomes of Observational Studies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe weighted average treatment success rate is calculated by giving more weight to studies with larger sample sizes, which reflects the proportional contribution of each study. Based on a weighted average of 806,644 participants, the overall treatment success rate for drug-sensitive TB was found to be 87.6% or 88%, with 707,420 individuals out of 806,644 achieving treatment success, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria of 85%. The best treatment outcomes were observed in China, particularly in Zigong, with a success rate of 96.60% (4,373 out of 4,527). In contrast, health centers in rural Chhattisgarh, India, reported the lowest treatment success rate at 51.44% (2,561 out of 4,979). Out of 71 studies, only 33 (46%) met the WHO standard of 85%, while the remaining 38 (53.5%) fell below this threshold, including 10 studies (14%) with success rates below 75%.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe success rate for children under eighteen was 90%. Meanwhile, the overall success rate for adults was 81%. For seniors, the success rate varied depending on the study, ranging from 55% to 65%, with an average of 77.5%. The success rate was 90.45% for girls and 91.1% for boys. For participants who were HIV positive, the success rate was 71.3%, while it was 81% for those who were HIV negative. Patients receiving their first treatment or newly diagnosed with TB showed a success rate of 94% (416,511 out of 444,696), while those undergoing retreatment had a lower success rate of 75% (26,962 out of 35,959). The overall success rate for patients with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) was 85% (33,275 out of 39143), whereas patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) had a success rate of 83% (144,067 out of 173,747). Additionally, the overall success rate for bacteriologically proven TB patients was 78% (56,064 out of 71,619), while the success rate for clinically diagnosed TB patients was 88%.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor patients receiving directly observed therapy (DOT), the success rate was 96% (214,565 out of 224,262), compared to a mere 80% (22,847 out of 28,637) for those receiving self-administered therapy (SAT). Regarding residential areas, the treatment success rate for patients in urban settings was 78% (54,349 out of 70,087), while those in rural areas had a slightly higher rate of 80% (19,009 out of 23,778). Conversely, the overall success rate for alcohol drinkers was 34% (3,488 out of 5,175), while smokers had a success rate of 74% (4,130 out of 5,575). Patients with diabetes had a success rate of 83% (3,312 out of 3,984), whereas the success rate for patients with other comorbidities was varied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE. Association of Patient Factors with Treatment Success\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significant correlation was observed between HIV status and the effectiveness of tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes, as shown by the pooled treatment success rates in Figure 2 \u0026lt;\u0026lt; Insert Figure 2: The Pooled Estimate for the HIV status of the Patient associated to Treatment Success rate in Low to Middle Income Countries\u0026gt;\u0026gt;. Individuals who tested negative for HIV demonstrated better treatment outcomes (p \u0026lt; 0.00001; I\u0026sup2; = 92%; OR = 2.5). For HIV negative participants, the findings corroborate with a study that found HIV-negative patients were two times more likely to succeed in treatment \u0026nbsp;(OR 1.9; 1.6-2.3) \u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e and HIV -positive patients were five times more likely to have unsuccessful treatment outcomes (AOR=4.9; 95% CI=2.01-11.5) \u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the information regarding whether HIV-positive participants were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) was not consistently reported across the studies, limiting further analysis on ART\u0026apos;s impact on treatment outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubgroup analysis by region revealed a strong association between treatment success and HIV negative status. This finding aligns with a study done in 2021 by Teferi, a systematic review and meta-analysis, which indicated that, compared to those who were HIV-negative, co-infection with HIV was significantly linked to a higher likelihood of unsatisfactory treatment outcomes \u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pooled TB treatment success rates displayed in Figure 3 were also closely related to patient types (new vs. re-treatment). The outcomes for individuals with newly diagnosed TB were positive (OR = 2.23; p \u0026lt; 0.00001; CI = 1.88-2.63; I\u0026sup2; = 93%)\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026lt; Insert \u0026nbsp;Figure 3: The pooled estimate for the TB Case type (Initial/Retreatment) \u0026nbsp; of the patient associated to treatment success rate in Low to Middle Income Countries \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;\u0026gt;.\u0026nbsp;The subgroup analysis by region further confirmed the strong correlation between the number of initial TB patients and the efficacy of treatment. This is consistent with an earlier study of Teferi, which found that re-treatment was significantly associated with worse treatment outcomes compared to individuals who had recently received a tuberculosis diagnosis \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e. Multiple studies have reported that individuals undergoing re-treatment have higher rates of treatment failure, likely due to factors such as prior drug resistance, poor adherence, and more advanced disease at presentation \u003csup\u003e14, 15, 16, 17, 18\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Figure 4, the type of TB location (extrapulmonary TB vs. pulmonary TB) was not significantly linked to TB treatment success\u0026nbsp;rates. \u0026lt;\u0026lt;Insert Figure 4: The pooled estimate for the TB type (EPTB VS PTB) of the patient associated with treatment success rate in Low- and Middle-Income Countries \u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;\u0026gt;. There was no substantial and meaningful correlation between treatment success rates for either extrapulmonary or pulmonary TB participants (I\u0026sup2; = 97%; p \u0026lt; 0.00001; OR = 0.99; CI = 0.80\u0026ndash;1.23). Subgroup analysis by area supported the overall impact, indicating that successful treatment outcomes were not related to the location of the TB type.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis finding contrasts with Teferi\u0026apos;s \u003csup\u003eseven\u003c/sup\u003e retrospective cohort analysis, which suggested that extrapulmonary TB was associated with favorable treatment outcomes. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 5, bacterial confirmation (bacteriologically confirmed versus clinically diagnosed) did not correlate with TB treatment success outcomes\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026lt;. Insert Figure 5: The Pooled Estimate for Patient with Bacteriologically Confirmed vs Clinically Diagnosed TB Cases Associated with Treatment Outcome in Low to Middle-Income Countries \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026gt;\u0026gt;.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Participants who were clinically diagnosed or bacteriologically proven did not exhibit strong correlations in treatment success rates for tuberculosis (OR = 1.00; p \u0026lt; 0.00001; CI = 0.76-1.32; I\u0026sup2; = 98%). The subgroup analysis indicated consistency, showing that bacterial confirmation did not equate to successful outcomes, which challenged Teferi\u0026apos;s findings that linked successful treatment outcomes to smear positivity \u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 6 illustrates that the specific delivery and administration of anti-TB medication were significantly associated with TB treatment success. \u0026lt;\u0026lt; Insert figure 6: The Pooled Estimate for Patients\u0026nbsp;using DOTS VS SAT, associated with Treatment Outcome in Low to Middle Income Countries\u0026gt;\u0026gt;. There was a substantial correlation between treatment success rates and participants who received directly observed treatment (DOTS). (I\u0026sup2; = 99%; p \u0026lt; 0.00001; OR = 2.93; CI = 1.74-4.93). The subgroup analysis by region supported the conclusion that the DOTS regimen led to successful TB treatment outcomes, consistent with the overall effect size. This finding aligns with a systematic review and meta-analysis by Alipanah, which reported lower rates of treatment success, cure, and adherence for participants receiving standard anti-TB therapy (SAT) compared to those receiving any form of DOT \u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. However, there was no discernible difference between DOT and SAT regarding mortality, treatment completion, treatment failure, relapse, or development of drug resistance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLastly, Figure 7, which shows combined therapy success rates based on the patient\u0026apos;s neighborhood, indicates that there was no significant correlation between residential location (rural versus urban) and the success of TB therapy\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026lt; Insert Figure 7: The Pooled Estimate for Patient residence set up (Rural VS Urban) in Low to Middle Income Countries\u0026gt;\u0026gt;.\u0026nbsp;Participants living in either urban or rural areas did not demonstrate a strong and significant correlation with treatment success rates for TB (OR = 1.00; p \u0026lt; 0.00001; I\u0026sup2; = 98%).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacterial confirmation does not correlate with successful treatment outcomes, as demonstrated by subgroup analyses by region, which align with the overall impact size. Individuals classified as non-smokers, including those who currently smoke or have smoked in the past, showed a strong correlation with successful tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes, illustrated in Figure 8. This figure presents pooled treatment success rates based on smoking history, revealing that the success rates of TB therapy were significantly higher among participants who did not smoke \u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;Insert Figure 8: Pooled estimate of treatment success outcome associated with TB patients with smoking \u0026amp; non-smoking in Low to Middle Income Countries,\u0026gt;\u0026gt;. The reported I\u0026sup2; value is 84%, with a p-value of \u0026lt;0.00001, an odds ratio (OR) of 1.45, and a confidence interval (CI) of 1.33-1.58. There is a well-established immunopathological relationship between smoking and tuberculosis \u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e. Smoking increases the risk of contracting Mycobacterium tuberculosis through several mechanisms, including decreased alveolar macrophage activity, compromised mucociliary clearance, a reduced pulmonary lymphocyte immune response, altered pulmonary dendritic cell activity, and diminished natural killer cell cytotoxic activity. Additionally, smoking negatively impacts both acquired and innate immune responses, affecting leukocytes and macrophages \u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior research has indicated that tobacco use is a significant risk factor and predictor of poor adherence to TB treatment, as well as a higher default rate in care settings \u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e. \u0026nbsp;On the other hand, individuals without a history of alcohol use were strongly correlated with successful TB treatment outcomes, as shown in Figure 9. This figure illustrates pooled treatment success rates based on alcohol consumption history, where alcohol-free participants exhibited a significant correlation with TB therapy success rates (OR = 2.52; CI = 1.65-3.86; p-value = \u0026lt;0.00001; \u0026nbsp;I\u0026sup2; = 81%) \u0026lt;\u0026lt; Insert Figure 9: . Pooled estimate of treatment success outcome associated with TB patients with a history of alcohol drinking in Low to Middle-Income Countries \u0026gt;\u0026gt;. Khan\u0026apos;s research supports this finding, indicating that higher alcohol consumption is associated with adverse treatment outcomes \u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e. According to a different study, drinking too much alcohol increased the risk of contracting M. tuberculosis\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;22\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLong-term alcohol consumption alters the immune system, increasing the risk of bacterial infections \u003csup\u003e23, 24, 25.\u003c/sup\u003e This can lead to the development of various contagious and adverse conditions, affecting patient adherence and ultimately treatment outcomes. Furthermore, the presence of co-morbidities did not correlate with TB treatment success outcomes, as shown in Figure 10, which displays the pooled treatment success rates among patients with and without diabetes. \u0026lt;\u0026lt; Insert figure 10: Pooled estimate of treatment success outcome associated with TB patients with other co-morbidities in Low to Middle Income Countries\u0026gt;\u0026gt;. The analysis indicates no significant difference in success rates based on co-morbidity status (OR = 0.16; p-value \u0026lt;0.00001; CI = 0.01-2.88; I\u0026sup2; = 99%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF. Effects of Intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeta-analyses of the efficacy of various TB treatment approaches in improving treatment outcomes were conducted, with one excluded (Wicket et al. in 2018) as it was a pre-post study without a control group, which prevented the calculation of an effect size. With the introduction of subgroup analysis, the studies categorised as RCTs and cohort studies were separated. \u0026nbsp; In these studies, the overall effect size of the intervention was 1.75 (CI 1.45-2.10; I\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 60%; p-value \u0026lt; 0.00001). This indicates that the pooled effect size supports the interventions in the analysis, indicating their effectiveness. However, the effect size supports the intervention in the three (3) RCT studies (p value = \u0026lt;0.71) and the cohort studies, namely Oliosi (2019), Ereso (2021), and Bhatti (2020), but the confidence intervals cross the line of no effect, indicating that they are not significant. Although the individual studies within the RCT subgroup were statistically insignificant, it was also demonstrated that the effect size per subgroup was substantial and in favour of the intervention. The studies by Doltu (2020), Park (2019), Potty (2023), and Tang (2018) were deemed significant and effective. They utilised pharmaceutical care, support groups, medication event monitoring systems, and video-observed therapy (VOT), respectively, and the majority of them addressed the topic of medication adherence. The study that used the most effective treatment was Doltu (2021) (ES = 17.99, CI = 2.47-131.03, p \u0026lt;0.00001). This study utilised Asynchronous Video Observed Therapy (aVOT), in which patients record themselves using a device of their own choice, which medical professionals then view at a later time. Non-conformance, including failing to send the provider videos, may result in a home visit or a call from the provider. The study by Chisinau (2017), which utilised Video Observed Therapy (VOT) and was conducted between 2016 and 2017, is comparable to this. It demonstrated that aVOT produced better adherence at a lower program cost than DOT and provided evidence that these advantages were potentially applicable in a low-income nation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe second most successful research was that of Park (2019) (ES=3.55; CI=1.80, 7.00; p value \u0026lt; 0.0008), which utilised the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) in conjunction with the standard of care. MEMS was implemented as an adherence-promoting intervention to enhance patients\u0026apos; compliance with TB treatment in Moroccan cities (Park 2019). The smart pillbox (SP) with e-promms is one of the MEMS components. A subscriber identity module (SIM) card transmits data in real-time to a web-based application on a telecommunication interface through the SP, a digital health technology that stores medications. A tiny sensor that measures medication weight was included in the SP. To inform the healthcare practitioner whether the patient took the medication for that day, the sensor within the SP can determine whether a tablet or capsule was taken. This results in a prompt that is transmitted and logged by SMS to the web application.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMEMS was effective in enhancing the treatment success rate in rural Morocco and lowering the number of TB patients who died from follow-up infections, particularly during the intense phase, according to Park (2019). However, before a large-scale adoption, a comprehensive prospective study that includes a cost-effectiveness analysis is necessary. Using patient support groups was the third most successful strategy, according to the Potty (2023) study (ES=2.15; CI=1.86-2.48; p value=\u0026lt;0.0008). Support groups for TB patients were established by NTP program staff and healthcare professionals as part of the study. Members of the patients\u0026apos; families, caretakers, and those who had previously finished TB treatment were all involved in the support group. The topics covered in 72 support groups include disclosure and stigma, treatment compliance, healthy eating, preventing tuberculosis in other family members, and nutrition. Each session covered a single topic and lasted between sixty and ninety minutes. The participants in the groups ranged in age and sex from 15 to 20 years old. The only monetary reward given to the participants was the residents\u0026apos; donated refreshments. Participants in the CHWs program were not forced to attend; attendance was entirely voluntary. Throughout their treatment course, the primary goal was for each patient to participate in the support group meeting once a month. The CHWs will make personal visits or call those who were unable to attend a meeting. Patient support groups are effective, much like Demisse\u0026apos;s (2003) study, which established TB clubs as a form of social support group. Compared to the control group, the TB club group\u0026apos;s treatment completion rate was significantly higher (68.7% vs. 46.8%, p \u0026lt; 0.001). Positive attitudes and practices surrounding tuberculosis are fostered in the community, and TB clubs or support groups significantly enhance patients\u0026apos; adherence to anti-TB therapy. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to standard care, the study that employed pharmaceutical care was the fourth and final successful intervention (ES=2.09; CI=1.01-4.34; p value \u0026lt; 0.0008). In this study, patients received pharmacological care from pharmacists soon following their visit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo track progress and evaluate therapy results, follow-up visit appointments were set up for the first, second, and sixth months. Physicians, pharmacists, or both conducted the follow-up visits, which might be conducted in person or over the phone. Patient education, urinalysis for the detection of isoniazid metabolites, medication counting, laboratory test monitoring, and addressing patient-reported concerns related to pharmaceutical care, including drug therapy challenges, side effects, or adverse effects, are the primary components of pharmaceutical care. Together with the doctor, the pharmacist went over any recommended changes to the anti-TB drug regimen, such as changing the dosage or starting or stopping the medicine. This analysis\u0026apos;s I\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was 60%, suggesting that it might reflect considerable heterogeneity due to variations in the population, methodologies used, and the type and range of interventions employed in these investigations. The funnel plots indicated publication bias. However, formal statistical testing such as Egger\u0026apos;s test could not be performed as this function is not available in RevMan, the software used for analysis. Therefore, the interpretation of publication bias remains qualitative, which limits the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study directly addresses the substantial challenges faced by tuberculosis (TB) patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with particular attention to both urban and rural populations. Like in the Philippines, TB remains among the top causes of death, particularly in vulnerable populations \u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e. Patients in these settings, especially those in rural areas, often encounter significant barriers to accessing health services, including inadequate infrastructure, long travel distances, physical limitations, adverse drug effects, insufficient information, and persistent social stigma. Despite these obstacles, the pooled treatment success rate observed was 88%. Notably, the success rate in rural areas (80%) was slightly higher than in urban areas (78%), underscoring the potential effectiveness of interventions such as asynchronous Video Observed Therapy (aVOT), Medication Event Monitoring Systems (MEMS), support groups, and pharmaceutical care in overcoming rural barriers and improving treatment outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotably, the pooled treatment success rate of 88% observed in this review is higher than those reported in earlier meta-analyses by Teferi (2021), who found a success rate of 79% in Africa, and by Torres et al. (2019), who reported a global success rate of 80.1%. Multiple factors may explain this discrepancy. First, our study exclusively included data from 2018 to 2023, capturing the impact of more recent interventions, such as asynchronous video-observed therapy (aVOT), Medication Event Monitoring Systems (MEMS), and enhanced patient-centred care strategies, which were either unavailable or underutilised in earlier reviews. Second, unlike prior studies with a broader or mixed geographic scope, our review focused solely on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with many interventions being tailored to high-burden settings. Third, our inclusion and exclusion criteria filtered out studies involving drug-resistant TB, HIV co-infection with advanced disease, and those from high-income countries, which may have had differing baseline risk profiles or health system contexts. Finally, the high proportion of newly diagnosed, HIV-negative patients included in our pooled sample groups associated with better outcomes likely contributed to the higher success rate observed. These contextual and methodological differences underscore the importance of continuously updating systematic reviews to reflect evolving clinical practices and regional health dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnly 46% of studies exceeded the WHO standard for treatment success. The WHO standard for treatment success is achieving at least an 85% success rate among new and relapsed TB patients. Several patient characteristics were identified as significantly associated with improved treatment outcomes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;New or original TB patients type (OR = 2.23; CI = 1.88\u0026ndash;2.63; I\u0026sup2; = 93%; p \u0026lt; 0.00001)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;HIV-negative status (OR = 2.5; I\u0026sup2; = 92%; p \u0026lt; 0.00001)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Receipt of DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course) (OR = 2.93; CI = 1.74\u0026ndash;4.93; I\u0026sup2; = 99%; p \u0026lt; 0.00001)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Non-alcohol users (OR = 2.52; CI = 1.65\u0026ndash;3.86; I\u0026sup2; = 81%; p \u0026lt; 0.00001)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No history of smoking (OR = 1.45; CI = 1.33\u0026ndash;1.58; I\u0026sup2; = 84%; p \u0026lt; 0.00001)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConversely, treatment success was not significantly influenced by patient residence, bacteriological confirmation, TB site (extrapulmonary vs. pulmonary), or the presence of non-diabetic comorbidities. All included interventional trials demonstrated an increase in treatment success rates (ES = 1.75; CI = 1.45\u0026ndash;2.10; p \u0026lt; 0.0008), though only four interventions reached statistical significance:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) (ES = 3.55; CI = 1.80\u0026ndash;7.00; p \u0026lt; 0.0008)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Support Groups (ES = 2.15; CI = 1.86\u0026ndash;2.48; p \u0026lt; 0.0008)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Asynchronous Video Observed Therapy (aVOT) (ES = 17.99; CI = 2.47\u0026ndash;131.03; p \u0026lt; 0.00001)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Pharmaceutical Care (ES = 2.09; CI = 1.01\u0026ndash;4.34; p \u0026lt; 0.0008)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese interventions were implemented in resource-limited, high TB-burden settings, with a central focus on improving medication adherence. While the findings suggest potential utility, the generalizability of interventions like aVOT may be limited in some LMICs due to barriers such as smartphone access, digital literacy, or network connectivity. Claims about feasibility and scalability should be interpreted within the contextual constraints of each setting. The interventions identified in this review, such as aVOT, MEME, support groups, and pharmaceutical care, directly support the End Strategy\u0026rsquo;s focus on patient-centred care and improved treatment adherence, contributing to global targets for reducing TB incidence and mortality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, several limitations should be acknowledged. Some studies lacked comprehensive demographic data on patient characteristics that could be linked to treatment outcomes. The reliance on observational studies with methodological variability may have introduced bias, and the significant heterogeneity observed justified the use of random-effects models in the meta-analysis. The substantial heterogeneity observed in several pooled analyses, such as DOTS (I\u0026sup2; = 99%) and TB case type (I\u0026sup2; = 93%), warrants careful interpretation. These high I\u0026sup2; values reflect considerable variability across the included studies, which may stem from several factors. First, differences in study design (e.g., retrospective cohorts vs. prospective or interventional studies) can lead to methodological inconsistencies. Second, the populations varied widely in terms of demographics, comorbidities, and HIV status, which are known to influence TB treatment outcomes. Third, there may be unmeasured variability in TB strain types, including regional prevalence of more virulent or resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that were not consistently reported across studies. Fourth, while DOTS was consistently labelled as the standard intervention, its implementation likely may have differed across countries and settings, ranging from facility-based DOTS to community-based or hybrid models, which could affect both adherence and outcomes. Finally, variations in health system infrastructure, resource availability, and cultural attitudes toward TB treatment could also contribute to the observed heterogeneity. These sources of variability highlight the importance of interpreting the pooled results as general trends rather than uniform effects, and they suggest that tailoring interventions to local contexts remains essential for optimising TB treatment success.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the potential for publication bias was evident, as indicated by asymmetrical funnel plots, which may reflect methodological shortcomings, selective reporting, or variability in effect sizes across studies. The findings were derived from a large pool of eligible studies, selected through a rigorous screening process, which enhanced the robustness of the pooled estimates. Seventy-one (71 ) observational studies, 12 control-group interventional studies, and one interventional study without a control group. While six interventions improved treatment success without reaching statistical significance, four were found to be both statistically significant and effective for TB patients in LMICs. These findings contribute to identifying common predictors and effective interventions for TB treatment success in diverse, real-world settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis systematic review and meta-analysis have uncovered important new information about the variables and interventions that can influence the success rate of drug-sensitive TB treatment in low- and middle-income countries. The results highlight the significant impact of medication adherence-focused treatments on treatment outcomes. The study emphasizes the importance of evidence-based therapies in resource-constrained settings. According to our research, a TB patient who is HIV negative, a non-smoker, a new or initial patient, has completed a DOTS course, and has never consumed alcohol before, is most likely to have a successful course of therapy. Furthermore, the study has demonstrated the effectiveness of medication event monitoring systems (MEMS), support groups or TB clubs, asynchronous video observed therapy (aVOT), and pharmaceutical care in improving the success rates of TB treatment while acknowledging the six other interventions which did not attain statistical significance. These findings are in perfect alignment with the World Health Organisation\u0026rsquo;s End TB Strategy, instilling confidence in the relevance of our research and its potential to reduce TB incidence and mortality globally.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eaVOT- asynchronous video observed therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePTB- Pulmonary Tuberculosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEPTB- Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePRISMA- Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMEMS- Medication Event Monitoring System\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDOTS- Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eePROMMS- Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Measures and Monitoring System\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSP- Small Pillbox\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable. This study used previously published data and did not require ethical approval or consent to participate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNTJ conceptualized the study and supervised the methodology. MKSH conducted the literature review, data extraction, and statistical analysis. Both authors contributed to writing, editing, and approving the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank Ateneo De Zamboanga University School of Medicine, Department of Science and Technology, and Zamboanga City Medical Center for providing access to databases and resources used in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical trial number: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMohammad Khairul S. Hassan, MD, MPH, is a generalist and public health specialist at the Ateneo De Zamboanga School of Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Norvie T. Jalani, MD, MPH, PHSAE, is an epidemiologist, public health consultant and research specialist at Zamboanga City Medical Center.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Global tuberculosis report 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. The End TB Strategy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2010. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJing Y, et al. Awareness of tuberculosis among the general population: a systematic review. Infect Dis (Lond). 2023;55(1):20-35. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCraciun C, et al. Understanding tuberculosis stigma: a qualitative study. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):45. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdisa R. Improving TB care: the role of anti-TB medication and adherence. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2021;127:102052. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTeferi B. Treatment success rates of tuberculosis in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):456. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTorres R, et al. Success rates for drug-sensitive tuberculosis treatment: a global systematic review. J Glob Health. 2019;9(1):010406. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYoung A, et al. Factors influencing treatment outcomes in tuberculosis: a systematic review. Public Health Front. 2019;7:180. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlipanah N, et al. Interventions to enhance tuberculosis treatment adherence: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):632.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDekkers OM, Egger M, Altman DG, Vandenbroucke JP. Distinguishing case series from cohort studies. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Jan 3;156(1 Pt 1):37-40. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-1-201201030-00006. PMID: 22213493.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChoi S, Yoon HS. Pervasive Misclassification and Misconception of Study Designs in Asian Dermatology Journals Listed in Science Citation Index-Expanded. Ann Dermatol. 2020 Oct;32(5):383-387. doi: 10.5021/ad.2020.32.5.383. Epub 2020 Sep 29. PMID: 33911772; PMCID: PMC7992578.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTeferi, M. Y., Didana, L. D., Hailu, T., Woldesenbet, S. G., Bekele, S., \u0026amp; Mihret, A. (2021). Tuberculosis treatment outcome and associated factors among tuberculosis-sis- sis patients at Wolayta Sodo Teaching and Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: A retrospective study [Article]. Journal of Public Health Research, 10(4), 87-92. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2046\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSichen L, Rui W, Yue Y, Xin L, Youbin C, Ze T, Hongfei C. Analysis of drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with positive sputum tuberculosis culture in Northeast China. Front Pharmacol. 2023 Sep 25;14:1263726. Doi: 10.3389/fphar. 2023.1263726. PMID: 37818197; PMCID: PMC10560708.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTharu MB, Harries AD, Goel S, Srivastava S, Kumar AM, Adhikari M, Shrestha B, Maharjan B, Khadka H. Screening retreatment tuberculosis patients for drug resistance in mid-west Nepal: how well are we doing? Public Health Action. 2014 Mar 21;4(1):60-5. doi: 10.5588/pha.13.0104. PMID: 26423764; PMCID: PMC4479092.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAde, Serge, Adjibod\u0026eacute;, Omer, Wachinou, Prudence, Toundoh, Narcisse, Awanou, B\u0026eacute;r\u0026eacute;nice, Agodokpessi, Gildas, Affolabi, Dissou, Ad\u0026egrave;, Gabriel, Harries, Anthony D., Anagonou, S\u0026eacute;verin, Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Retreatment Tuberculosis Patients in Benin, Tuberculosis Research and Treatment, 2016, 1468631, 7 pages, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1468631\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWin AN, Edginton ME, Hinderaker SG, Minn NN, Linn AK. Tuberculosis treatment outcomes among retreatment patients registered by private practitioners in Myanmar. Public Health Action. 2012 Sep 21;2(3):79-81. doi: 10.5588/pha.12.0028. PMID: 26392957; PMCID: PMC4463049.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang XM, Yin SH, Du J, Du ML, Wang PY, Wu J, Horbinski CM, Wu MJ, Zheng HQ, Xu XQ, Shu W, Zhang YJ. Risk factors for the treatment outcome of retreated pulmonary tuberculosis patients in China: an optimized prediction model. Epidemiol Infect. 2017 Jul;145(9):1805-1814. Doi: 10.1017/S0950268817000656. Epub 2017 Apr 11. PMID: 28397611; PMCID: PMC9203337.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaurya V, Vijayan VK, Shah A. Smoking and tuberculosis: an association overlooked. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002;6(11):942-951.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan A, Shaikh BT, Baig MA. Knowledge, Awareness, and Health‐Seeking Behaviour regarding Tuberculosis in Rural Pakistan. BioMed Research International. 2020;2020:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1850541\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChang KC, Leung CC, Tam CM, Cheng D. A multivariate analysis of risk factors for default from tuberculosis treatment. Eur Respir J. 2004;23(3):446-451.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFiske CT, Hamilton CD, Stout JE. Alcohol use and clinical manifestations of tuberculosis. J Infect. 2009 May;58(5):395\u0026ndash;401. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2009.02.015\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMolina PE, Happel KI, Zhang P, Kolls JK, Nelson S. Focus on: Alcohol and the immune system. Alcohol Res Health. 2010;33(1-2):97-108. PMID: 23579940; PMCID: PMC3887500.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBhatty M, Pruett SB, Swiatlo E, Nanduri B. Alcohol abuse and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections: consideration of virulence factors and impaired immune responses. Alcohol. 2011 Sep;45(6):523-39. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.02.305. PMID: 21827928; PMCID: PMC3214648.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrecher AS, Riley C, Basista MH. Acetaldehyde-modified lysozyme function: its potential implication in the promotion of infection in alcoholics. Alcohol. 1995 Mar-Apr;12(2):169-72. doi: 10.1016/0741-8329(94)00067-0. PMID: 7772270.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChaves Torres NM, Quijano Rodr\u0026iacute;guez JJ, Porras Andrade PS, Arriaga MB, Netto EM. Factors predictive of the success of tuberculosis treatment: A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0226507. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226507\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMamo A, Mama M, Solomon D, Mohammed M. Treatment outcomes and predictors among tuberculosis patients at Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Southeast Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;13:4763\u0026ndash;71. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S285542\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhite LV, Edwards T, Lee N, Castro MC, Saludar NR, Calapis RW, et al. Patterns and predictors of co-morbidities in tuberculosis: A cross-sectional study in the Philippines. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):4100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60942-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePhilippine Statistics Authority. Causes of deaths in the Philippines (Preliminary): January to June 2021 [Internet]. 2021 Aug 20 [cited 2024 Dec 28]. Available from: https://psa.gov.ph/content/causes-deaths-philippines-preliminary-january-june-2021\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWells GA, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses [Internet]. [cited 2024 Dec 28]. Available from: https://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Characteristics of Included Observational Studies. (n=71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"975\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor (Year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Success\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment Success Rate Among Different Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChild\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdult\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSenior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIV Pos\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIV Neg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRe-treat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNew TB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEPTB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePTB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtekem, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCameroon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e726\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.72\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e41.90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.92\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBao et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.58\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.96\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e41.90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.92\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiallo, et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurkina Faso\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.85\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.53\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.69\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEjeta, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.74\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.55\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.85\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.98\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKirirabwa, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUganda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.64\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e73.26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelese, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65.52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e43.21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.64\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMuluye, et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e914\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.50\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.58\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOgbudebe, et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e724\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e71.30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePizzol, et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMozambique\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.51\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70.23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRohit, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.50\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSantos, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32607\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.46\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e59.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e59.30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.63\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSauer, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAzerbaijan, Belarus, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e643\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSahyog, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51.44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: RS-Retrospective Study, CSS-Cross Sectional Study, RCS-Retrospective Cohort Study, RCSS- Retrospective Cross Sectional Study, OS-Observational Study, PLS-Prospective Longitudinal Study, POS-Prospective Observational Study, CCA-Complete-Case Analysis, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study, CS-Cohort Study\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Characteristics of Included Observational Studies. (n=71) (Continued\u0026hellip;)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"975\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor (Year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Success\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment Success Rate Among Different Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChild\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdult\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSenior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIV Pos\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIV Neg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRe-treat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNew TB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEPTB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePTB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParas, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMexico\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVelayutham, et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWen, et al, (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22998\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e97.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorku, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.42\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbdulkader, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2911\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbebe, et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66.67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBerry, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Africa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCohen, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalawi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72.55\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60.71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66.41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e74.60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57.69\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGupta, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.83\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHailekiros, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.62\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHamid, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLaghari, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePOS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.83\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMa et al. (2019), Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5603\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e62.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMa, et al. (2019) China\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e96.60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.92\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: RS-Retrospective Study, CSS-Cross Sectional Study, RCS-Retrospective Cohort Study, RCSS- Retrospective Cross Sectional Study, OS-Observational Study, PLS-Prospective Longitudinal Study, POS-Prospective Observational Study, CCA-Complete-Case Analysis, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study, CS-Cohort Study\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Characteristics of Included Observational Studies. (n=71) (Continued\u0026hellip;)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"975\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor (Year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Success\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment Success Rate Among Different Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChild\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdult\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSenior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIV Pos\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIV Neg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRe-treat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNew TB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEPTB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePTB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMirutse, et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.94\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNanzaluka, et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZambia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1724\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.53\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e49.46\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e55.23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e61.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48.28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e59.58\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57.30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOhene, et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGhana\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e96.10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrudhivi, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.69\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e62.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e64.29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.96\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRahimi, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfghanistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e73.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e74.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e73.56\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e73.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRamos, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e814\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e63.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e63.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e62.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e63.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e69.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e63.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60.90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRashak, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMexico\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.51\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSadykova, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKazakhstan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e71.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e74.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e49.30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e74.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e64.64\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTola, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.76\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.72\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWobudeya, et al. (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUganda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e61.29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAhmad, et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e71.19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlao, et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e71.71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAwaluddin, et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaysia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.95\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72.92\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarvalho, et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"975\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor (Year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Success\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment Success Rate Among Different Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChild\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdult\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSenior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIV Pos\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIV Neg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRe-treat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNew TB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEPTB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePTB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharoensakulchai, et al., (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThailand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.74\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.56\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65.77\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOliveira, et al., (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.96\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35.71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e58.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesJardin, et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZimbabwe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e486\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.98\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.98\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e55.77\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e58.12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.79\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e42.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57.28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e61.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDorji, et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRSCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNepal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e567\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e96.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIzudi, et al., (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUganda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e987\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e73.85\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.95\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhan, et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaysia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhunthason et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThailand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.69\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLi, et al, (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e62.37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.74\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSadana, et al., (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.55\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.55\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e96.77\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSariem, et al., (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e59.23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e69.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e73.69\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e62.60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e64.37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.77\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTesema, et al (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70.59\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.64\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUmueokonkwo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e56.44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47.80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e61.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65.79\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e55.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e57.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e61.47\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbdullah, et al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePakistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1941\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e88.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGadoev et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUzbekistan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.82\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.79\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47.37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.85\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.96\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKassim, et al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomalia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e71.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.82\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"975\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor (Year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Success\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" style=\"width: 550px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment Success Rate Among Different Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChild\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdult\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSenior\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIV Pos\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHIV Neg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRe-treat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNew TB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEPTB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePTB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOladimeji et al. (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLagos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.09\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e59.74\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.47\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e69.70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e50.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.53\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchoenbachler, et al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGuinea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3969\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.74\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e72.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75.53\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e58.44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.92\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e71.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e74.42\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSharma et al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.95\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeferi, et al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.77\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWoldemichael, et al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.79\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e87.63\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWoldesmayat, et al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e675\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfrane, et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGhana\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e146.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.82\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68.67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e64.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70.26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAraia, et al., (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEritrea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e78.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.51\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84.29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90.75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGilmour, et al., (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e308860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e97.60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e98.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e98.54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e98.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKamble, et al., (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4899\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e98.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89.82\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOsorio, et al., (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMozam-bique\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2863\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.94\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e97.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e96.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.63\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVukugah, et al., (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCameroon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80.97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDebash et al. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e552\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.84\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.73\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e98.18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e94.60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.57\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.55\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93.86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e92.74\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNgah, et al., (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLesotho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.87\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e69.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91.83\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32.11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e74.95\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e67.40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 127px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZenatti, et al., (2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.64\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.88\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e74.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85.17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83.23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 255px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e804,644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e77\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e93\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e85\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: RS-Retrospective Study, CSS-Cross Sectional Study, RCS-Retrospective Cohort Study, RCSS- Retrospective Cross Sectional Study, OS-Observational Study, PLS-Prospective Longitudinal Study, POS-Prospective Observational Study, CCA-Complete-Case Analysis, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study, CS-Cohort Study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Characteristics of Included Interventional Studies (n=13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"973\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor (Year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design \u0026amp; Setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard \u0026nbsp;Care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntervention Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDurovni, et al, (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetrospective cohort study. The poorest neighbourhoods of Rio de Janeiro.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDOTS. With or without Cash Transfer Program.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdult, \u0026gt; 15 years old.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment outcome. Association of treatment outcome with Cash Transfer Program.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants registration to Brazilian Family Health (FHS) clinics.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard of Care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTang, et al., (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProspective, randomized, case-control study.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirectly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewly diagnosed PTB patients. Receiving less than 1 month of antituberculosis drugs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedication Adherence, Treatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePharmacists provided pharmaceutical care to the patients shortly before discharge \u0026nbsp;(PC group). After discharge, appointments were scheduled. Follow-up visits were conducted either face to face or via telephone by a pharmacist, physician, or shared pharmacist/physician appointment. Pharmaceutical care included, patient education, urine analysis, medication counting, monitoring laboratory tests, and addressing patient-reported pharmaceutical care issues. Patient education material was prepared by pharmacist \u0026amp; was given to patient.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsual Care group (UC group). Received only routine medical and nursing care.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNoorHaslinda, et.al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalaysia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRandomized controlled trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirectly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewly diagnosed PTB cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedication Adherence, Treatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsing Health Education Module named TB@Clicks delivered through WhatsApp to enhance treatment adherence \u0026amp; successful outcome among PTB patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard of Care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"973\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor (Year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design \u0026amp; Setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntervention Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOliosi, et.al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProspective cohort study, Health care centers in 7 cities (Manaus, Fortaleza, Recife, Salvador, Vitoria, Sao Paulo \u0026amp; Porto Alegre)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewly diagnosed PTB cases. \u0026nbsp;Less than 30 days of starting treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnrollment to the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP). Conditional cash transfer for\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard Care. No conditional cash transfer.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePark, et al., (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorocco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetrospective cohort study. Non-Randomized. Health centers of Sale, Temara, Casablanca, and Khemisset Morocco.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDOTS.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewly diagnosed PTB cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedication Adherence, Treatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants was provided with a smart pillbox with a web-based medication monitoring system, called MEMS, which reminded patients to take medication at certain times. MEMS is a medication storage device that sends the data real-time to a website via SIM card to a web baed application on a tele-cimmunication interface. When patient failed to take their medication, staffs made phone calls or home visits to patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard of Care.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhatt, et. Al., (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-concurrent retrospective cohort study. Vellore district, South India, India.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThrice weekly DOTS. Free of cost.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewly diagnosed with TB, residents of Vellore district HIV negative, sputum positive.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily Self-Administered Antituberculosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThrice weekly DOTS. Standard Care.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"973\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor (Year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design \u0026amp; Setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntervention Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBaluku, et. al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUganda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuasi-experiment that consisted of a prospective two-arm pragmatic randomized open-label non-placebo controlled trial \u0026amp; a retrospective cohort at Masaka Regional Referral Hospital in rural central Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirectly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdults (\u0026gt;18 years old). Initiating a 6 month TB treatment regimen at the study site.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants in this group received 4,000 Uganda shillings (1.00 US Dollars) as cash incentive for follow-up every visit. They were informed that they can spend the incentive as the wished. The incentive was only conditioned on turning up for the clinic visit in addition to the standard care.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants in this group received the usual standard of care but did not receive any money or other incentives.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoltu, et. al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoldova\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCohort study that combined data from the RCT on Treatment Strategy and DOT data under operational conditions in Chisinau.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDOTS. Free of cost. In addition, all adherent to TB treatment patients receives vouchers for food and hygienic products (2 US Dollars per day).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatients who had previously been enrolled in the RCT and those who were registered in the TB national registry. Adult, \u0026gt;18 years old. \u0026lt; 3 months of starting Antituberculosis medication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment Outcome (Long term/Short term)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsed \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Asynchronous Video Observed Therapy (aVOT) instead of standard DOTS. Patients are observed swallowing their medication recorded via smartphones, tablets, or computers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard Care. DOTS.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"973\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor (Year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design \u0026amp; Setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntervention Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEreso, et al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProspective Cohort Study Design. Public health facilities in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirectly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewly diagnosed PTB cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunity-Based DOTS: TB treatment provided at a health post or patient\u0026apos;s home by a Health Extension Worker (HEW) or a trained TB treatment supporter.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFacility-Based DOTS: TB treatment provided at governmental health centers or hospitals by a trained health worker.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGashu, et \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; al., (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirectly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewly diagnosed adult PTB cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants received weekly pill refilling and daily medication reminders using graphics-based and text messages in the local language (Amharic) in addition to standard of care.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard of Care.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGe, et al., (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulticenter cohort study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDOTS. Standard Regimen. (2HREZS/6HRZE or 3HREZ/ 6HREZ)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewly diagnosed adult PTB cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants used the modified regimen. The modified regimen consist of 4 month of intensive phase \u0026amp; 4 month of continuation phase. (4H-Rt2-E-Z-w/orw/out S / 4 H-Rt2-E)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard of Care.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotty, et al., (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetrospective cohort study. 46 tuberculosis units from urban select areas of Karnataka state and Telangana state.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirectly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewly diagnosed adult PTB cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants were included in patient peer support for tuberculosis. Attendance is voluntary. Family members and/or caregivers of the patients who had previously completed tuberculosis treatment were included in support groups Each patient would attend the support group meeting once a month until they completed their treatment course..\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard of Care. Did not attend meeting.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"973\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor (Year)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design \u0026amp; Setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntervention Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbdulla, A., (2010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhilip-pines\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRandomized Controlled Trial, Drug sensitive TB Patients in kabasalan. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirectly Observed Therapy Short-Course (DOTS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNewly diagnosed PTB cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 265px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApplication of a comic book and pamphlet techniques as information reinforcement in improving the knowledge and success rate of patients.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFacility-Based DOTS: TB treatment provided at governmental health centers by a trained health worker.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"TB treatment success, predictors, interventions, low- and middle-income countries, meta-analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5724909/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5724909/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to synthesize evidence and estimate pooled treatment success rates for drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB), identify associated predictors, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines, examining literature from January 2018 to April 2023. Eligible studies reported on treatment success rates, patient-level predictors, or interventions. Random-effects models were employed to compute pooled effect sizes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFindings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pooled treatment success rate was 88%, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) benchmark of 85%. Significant predictors of treatment success included HIV-negative status, being a newly diagnosed case, receiving Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS), and the absence of smoking or alcohol use. Factors such as residence type (urban vs. rural), TB type (pulmonary vs. extrapulmonary), comorbidities (non-diabetic), and bacteriological confirmation did not show statistically significant associations with outcomes. Four interventions demonstrated statistically significant improvements in success rates: asynchronous video-observed therapy (aVOT), Medication Event Monitoring Systems (MEMS), patient support groups, and pharmaceutical care. The feasibility of some interventions, such as aVOT, may vary based on digital access and healthcare infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA complex interplay of clinical, behavioral, and contextual factors influences TB treatment outcomes in LMICs. This study underscores the importance of implementing evidence-informed interventions tailored to local needs while considering the multifactorial nature of treatment success.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Predictors of Treatment Success and Interventions in Increasing Treatment Success Rate in Drug-sensitive Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-04 07:46:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5724909/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c38251bf-d497-459a-9aff-cb7848c965ed","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-04T07:46:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-04 07:46:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5724909","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5724909","identity":"rs-5724909","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}