Effectiveness of different bio-fertilizer on growth, yield and yield attributing character of Faba bean (Vicia fabae L.)

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Mohammed Mebrahtu Mossa, Daniel Gebrekidan, Etsay Mesele, Melaku Mekonen Kasegn This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4928559/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to soil depletion of essential minerals, causing microorganisms to be distracted and reducing the distribution of soil fauna and flora. The field experiment examined the impact of biofertilizer ( Rhizobium and Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria) and blended fertilizer (NPKSZn) on the growth, yield, and yield-attributing characteristics of Faba bean. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with eight treatments. The result revealed that the application of biofertilizer significantly (P < 0.05) affected the growth and yield characteristics of faba bean. The longest grain filling period (51.42 days), tallest plant height (148.2cm), Maximum nodulation (79.58), number of branches (6.42), pod per plant (34.08), highest thousand seed weight (699.9 g), grain (2369 kg ha-1), and biological yield (3942 kg ha-1), and the lowest chocolate spot disease severity index (13.33%) was noticed in dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB along with recommended dose of NPKSZn in both growing seasons. The highest net benefit (48174.9 ETB per ha) with an acceptable maximum marginal rate of return (789.26%) was recorded in dual inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB. Therefore inoculations of Rhizobium and PSB enhance the production and productivity and reduce the chocolate spot infestation level. Hence the seed must be inoculated with a dual culture of Rhizobium and PSB along with another package of practices for the crop. Blended fertilizer Biofertilizer Chocolate spot nodulation Rhizobium Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction Faba bean ( Vicia fabae L.) ranks among the most important pulse crops in Ethiopia and occupies about 30% of the total cultivated area [ 1 ]. Faba bean is used as human food as a green vegetable or dried, fresh, or canned in the Middle East, Mediterranean region, China and Ethiopia. Ethiopia is the second largest producer of faba bean in the world, next to China [ 2 ]. However, the national productivity of faba bean in the country is still very low. According to the report of the Central Statistics Agency CSA [ 3 ], the national average yield of faba bean under smallholder farmers‟ is 20.53 quintals per hectare [ 3 ]. In the Tigray region, faba bean covers an area of 9228.25 ha, and its production accounts for 151,091.02 quintals. Based on the CSA [ 3 ] data, the productivity of the faba bean in Tigray region is 16.37 quintals/hectare, which is lower than the national average [ 3 ]. Several abiotic factors contributed to low productivity of which poor soil fertility, the acidity of the soil in high rainfall areas, and the low existence of an effective indigenous rhizobia population in the area. Dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides to increase crop yield has encouraged the thriving of industries that are producing life-threatening chemicals that are not only hazardous for human consumption but can also disturb the ecological balance [ 4 ]. This contributes to poor economic returns from the expenditure made on chemical fertilizers. Therefore, all efforts must be made to improve fertilizer use efficiency by crops. For this reason, seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, and other beneficial microorganisms as a bio-fertilizer is an acceptable alternative to chemical fertilizer application. Application of bio-fertilizers containing beneficial microbes promotes to a large extent, crop productivity and sustainability of soil and protects the environment as eco-friendly and cost-effective inputs for the farmers [ 5 ]. Biofertilizers keep the soil environment rich in all kinds of macro and micronutrients via nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium mineralization, the release of plant growth regulating substances, production of antibiotics, and biodegradation of organic matter in the soil [ 6 ]. Hence biofertilizers can be an important component of integrated nutrient management systems for sustaining agricultural productivity and a healthy environment [ 7 ]. Despite the existence of considerable knowledge on the effects of specific taxa of biofertilizers, a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the performance of biofertilizers with different traits such as phosphorus solubilization and N fixation applied to various crops at a global scale is missing. Therefore the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of biofertilizers on the growth, yield, and yield components of faba bean. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Description of the experimental site The experiment was carried out at Atsela and Mekelle University research sites. Atsela is located between 12°55'N latitude and 39°32'E longitude at 2569 meters above sea level. The site receives a mean annual rainfall of 911mm with mean minimum and maximum temperatures of 10.3 and 23.6°C, respectively. The Woreda is grouped as a cold sub-moist highland. Mekelle University is located at 13014 ’N latitude and 39032’E longitude and at 2220 meters above sea level. The average minimum and maximum air temperatures during the cropping season were 17.4˚C and 33.20˚C, respectively. The experimental area had brown soil with the textural class of silt loam and a pH of 7.51 [ 8 ]. 2.2. Treatment and Experimental Design Field experiment with bio-fertilizers viz. Rhizobium and Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculation and blended fertilizer (NPKSZn) on faba bean was carried out in two different sites (Atsela, and Mekelle University) in off and rain-fed seasons. The experiments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design using eight treatments with three replications. The treatments were as follows: T1: Control T2: only Rhizobium inoculation, T3: only PSB inoculation, T4: only NPKSZn, T5: Rhizobium + PSB inoculation, T6: Rhizobium inoculation + NPSZ, T7: PSB inoculation + NPKSZnand T8: Rhizobium + PSB inoculation + NPKSZn. Rhizobium and PSB inoculation were used @ 250 g/10 kg seeds. PSB was collected from Menagesha Biotechnology Institute. The blended fertilizer contains NPKSZn with 15,31,8,7 and 2.2 levels applied at planting. Seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium and PSB before sowing and after drying in the shade, sowing was done at 40 cm row-to-row spacing using 45 kg seed/ha. The faba bean variety Moti was sown on the 18th of January during off season and on the 20th of June during the rain-fed season. The plot size was 3 m x 2 m. Each plot and block was separated by a 0.5 m bund and 1 m path respectively. Each plot has 6 rows of 40 cm apart. Biofertilizers were also applied according to the treatments. The weeding was performed at 30 and 45 Days after emergence. Before harvesting, two outermost rows on both ends of the plots and 25 cm on both ends of each row were considered as borders. 2.3. Data Collection Five plants were selected randomly from each plot for recording the growth parameters: plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index at the end of physiological maturity. Number of Nodules was counted from randomly selected five plats at flowering stage Grain yield The harvested crop of each plot was weighted in kg and then converted to ha. Harvest index (HI): HI= (GY/ABG)*100 Disease Intensity Data were taken at 6 days interval to calculate disease severity by using following formula: $$\:\text{D}\text{i}\text{s}\text{e}\text{a}\text{s}\text{e}\:\text{i}\text{n}\text{c}\text{i}\text{d}\text{e}\text{n}\text{c}\text{e}=\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{i}\text{n}\text{f}\text{e}\text{c}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}\:\text{p}\text{l}\text{a}\text{n}\text{t}\text{s}}{\text{T}\text{o}\text{t}\text{a}\text{l}\:\text{n}\text{u}\text{m}\text{b}\text{e}\text{r}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{p}\text{l}\text{a}\text{n}\text{t}\:\text{a}\text{s}\text{s}\text{e}\text{s}\text{s}\text{e}\text{d}}\:\text{X}\:100$$ Disease severity index The severity of the disease was examined visually on tagged plants along the plot and recorded as the percentage of plant parts (tissues) affected (percentage of blast infection on the plant). $$\:\text{P}\text{e}\text{r}\text{c}\text{e}\text{n}\text{t}\:\text{s}\text{e}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{i}\text{t}\text{y}\:\text{i}\text{n}\text{d}\text{e}\text{x}=\frac{\text{S}\text{u}\text{m}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{n}\text{u}\text{m}\text{e}\text{r}\text{i}\text{c}\text{a}\text{l}\:\text{r}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{n}\text{g}\:\text{x}100}{\text{N}\text{o}.\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{p}\text{l}\text{a}\text{n}\text{t}\text{s}\:\text{r}\text{a}\text{t}\text{e}\text{d}\:\text{x}\:\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}.\:\text{s}\text{c}\text{o}\text{r}\text{e}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{s}\text{c}\text{a}\text{l}\text{e}}\:$$ 2.4. Data analysis: Analysis of variance was performed using the program Genstat version 20 [ 9 ]. Before the data were subjected to the statistical software, normality of the data distribution was performed using Skewness /Kurtosis tests using STATA-version 11. Accordingly all the data were normally distributed. The significance of the treatment effect was determined using F -test. When analysis of variance showed significant treatment effects, the Duncan test was applied to make comparisons among the means at p < 0.05 level of significance. The graph was done using Excel. 2.5. Partial Budget Analysis Yield from experimental plots was adjusted downward by 15%, i.e. 10% for management difference and 5% for plot size differences, to reflect the difference between the experimental yield and the yield that farmers could expect from the same treatment. Accordingly, the mean grain yields for NPKSZn, Rhizobium , and PSB inoculation treatment combinations were subjected to a discrete partial budget analysis using the procedures outlined by Bezabeh et al. [ 10 ]. To estimate economic parameters, the variable cost of NPKSZn (ETB 24.8 kg-1), Rhizobium, and PSB inoculants (ETB 180 kg-1) were recorded at the time of planting. The price of the current faba bean grain was (ETB 26 kg-1). The price of blended fertilizer (NPKSZn) and Rhizobium and PSB inoculants were taken from Agricultural Inputs Supply Enterprise and Menagesha Biotech Industry PLC at the time of planting, respectively. Gross field benefit = Adjusted Yield X Field Price Net Benefit = Gross income –total variable cost [ 10 ]. $$\:MRR\:\left(\%\right)=\frac{\text{M}\text{a}\text{r}\text{i}\text{g}\text{i}\text{n}\text{a}\text{l}\:\text{i}\text{n}\text{c}\text{r}\text{e}\text{a}\text{s}\text{e}\:\text{i}\text{n}\:\text{n}\text{e}\text{t}\:\text{b}\text{e}\text{n}\text{e}\text{f}\text{i}\text{t}\text{l}}{\text{M}\text{a}\text{r}\text{i}\text{g}\text{i}\text{n}\text{a}\text{l}\:\text{i}\text{n}\text{c}\text{r}\text{e}\text{a}\text{s}\text{e}\:\text{i}\text{n}\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{t}}\:\:X\:100$$ The average open market price (Birr kg-1) for Faba bean crop and the official price of blended fertilizer from Enderta Union were used for analysis. 3. Result and discussion 3.1. Soil Physical properties of the experimental site Pre-sowing soil sample analysis demonstrated that the soil exhibited low ratings for N and K, while that of P was medium in Atsela experimental sites. Table 1 Soil Physical properties of the experimental site Location pH %OC Available P (ppm) Available K (mg/kg) %Total N CEC (meq/100g) % Texture Textural class Sand Clay Silt Atsela 6.6 4.58 11.4 23.2 0.07 21.6 38 36 26 Clay loam MU 6.4 4.44 9.8 24.5 0.054 20.4 35 25 40 Silt loam OC = organic carbon; P= Phosphorus; K= potassium; N= Nitrogen; CEC= Cation exchange capacity 3.2. Effect of different biofertilizer on phonological traits of faba bean Biofertilizer significantly affected days to flowering and maturity, number of branches, pod per plant, seed per pod, plant height, biomass and grain yield, and chocolate spot of faba bean. Table 2 Analysis of variance for Days to emergence, flowering, and maturity) number of branches, nodule number, plant height, number of pods per plant, seed per pod, and thousand seed weight SV d.f. DTF DTM GFP NB NN NPPP SPP PH Block 2 2.15 1.969 6.125 0.698 26.323 4.167 0.5417 86.26 Biof. 7 43.18 ** 108.48 ** 294.49 ** 16.3 ** 2539.7 ** 425.5 ** 5.15 ** 1918.5 ** Loc. 1 98.18 ** 4.18 ns 0.01 ns 32.67 ** 213.1 ** 90.09 ** 4.59 ** 677.34 ** Yr. 1 149.4 ** 135.4 ** 21.36 ** 0.67 ns 189.8 ** 1372.6 ** 0.01 ns 5638.6 ** Biof. * Loc. 7 0.01 ns 2.59 ns 0.000 ns 0.53 ns 4.296 ns 4.31 ns 0.12 ns 28.99 ns Biof. * Yr. 7 0.52 ns 1.9 ns 1.295 ns 0.14 ns 2.368 ns 42.81 ** 0.06 ns 91.86 ** Loc. * Yr. 1 0.02 ns 15.04 ** 0.000 ns 0.0 ns 25.01 ** 23.01 ** 0.09 ns 677.34 ** Biof. * Loc. * Yr. 7 0.01 ns 1.6 ns 0.000 ns 0.14 ns 1.963 ns 3.94 ns 0.05 ns 28.99 ns Residual 62 1.32 1.732 1.667 0.33 2.108 2.124 0.2836 17.70 Where Biof = Biofertilizer treatment; Loc = Location; Yr = Year; DTF = Days to flowering; DTM = Days to maturity; GFP = Grain filling period; NB = Number of Branch; NN = Number of nodules; PH = Plant height; (NPPP), Seed per pod NSPP = Number of pod per plant; ** = p ≤ 0.01; * = p ≤ 0.05; ns = non−significant. 3.3. Days to Flowering, Maturity and grain filling period Inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB significantly (p < 0.05) influenced days to flowering, maturity, and grain filling period of faba bean (Table 2 ). The longest days to flowering (83 and 82 days) were observed at the control and application of NPKSZn respectively. The shortest (77.6 and 78 days) were obtained under dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn and seed inoculated with Rhizobium and PSB respectively. In contrast to the days to flowering, the longest days to maturity (129 and 126 days) were recorded with dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn and with combined inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB respectively. While the shortest number of days to maturity (120.8 and 121 days) were obtained with the application of NPKSZn and control respectively. 3.4. Number of branches and nodule number The result indicated that the application of biofertilizer significantly affected the number of branches and nodule number per plant. Significant variation was also observed between the locations. The highest number of branches (6.42 and 5.67) was recorded in dual inoculation of seeds with Rhizobium and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn and combined inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB respectively. While the lowest number of branches was recorded in the control and application of NPKSZn. Dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB increased the number of branches by 21.41 and 44.64% over their sole application of Rhizobium and PSB respectively. Among the locations highest number of branches was obtained in Atsela site than Mekelle university experimental site. Results of the present investigation revealed that the application of biofertilizer significantly increased the number of nodules (Fig. 1 ). Dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB with and without application of NPKSZn gave higher (79.58 and 79.25) number of nodules per plant respectively. In contrast, the lowest number of nodules per plant (40.75) was counted in plots treated with chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn) followed by control (Table 2 ). Growing location and season also significantly affected the number of nodules with which the highest number of nodules was obtained in atsela (63.94) and in the second growing season (63.85). The current result is in agreement with Desta et al. [ 11 ] who reported that both inoculation as sole and/or the combined effect of strains with zinc significantly increased nodule number plant − 1. Correspondingly, Bejandi et al. [ 12 ] reported that seed inoculation with Rhizobium cicerea produced significantly the highest number of active nodules per plant than control. In addition, Nagwa et al. [ 13 ] reported that inoculation of strain to faba bean significantly increased nodule number. Comparably, a study by Woldekiros et al. [ 14 ] disclosed that nodule number per plant increased with increasing potassium supply on of faba bean and other legume crops. 3.5. Number of pod per plant and Seeds per pod The present result revealed that pod number per plant of faba bean was significantly affected by bio-fertilizers, growing season, and location (Table 2 ). In both experimental sites, a higher number of pods per plant (34.08) were obtained in dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn followed by combined inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB (Fig. 2 ). However, the lowest pod numbers (14.67 and 19.17) were recorded in control and application of NPKSZn without inoculation (Table 2 ). Across the location maximum number of pods was recorded at Atsela than Mekelle University. Dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB increased pod number by 16.31 and 30.12% over their sole application of Rhizobium and PSB respectively and by 98.84 and 52.16% as compared to the control and NPKSZn respectively. A higher number of pods due to inoculation and NPKSZn application suggested that there was a better combining and symbiotic relationship between introduced Rhizobium and PSB with faba bean. This is in agreement with the findings of Abbasi et al. [ 15 ] who reported that inoculation with B. japonicum significantly, increased the number of pods per plant of soybean as compared to the control treatments. Table 3 Main effect of bio-fertilizers, location and growing season on growth and yield related traits of faba bean Treatment DTF GFP DTM NB NN PH SPP NPPP Rzm + PSB + NPKSZn 77.6 e 51.42 a 129.4 a 6.42 a 79.58 a 148.2 a 4.5 a 34.08 a Rzm + NPKSZn 79.8 bc 44.68 c 125.0 c 5.08 c 69.17 b 132.5 c 4.1 abc 26.67 c RZM 79.1 bc 44.55 cd 124.2 cd 4.67 c 68.50 b 124.3 d 3.8 bcd 25.08 d Rzm + PSB 78.1 de 47.90 b 126.8 b 5.67 b 79.25 a 138.4 b 4.3 ab 29.17 b PSB + NPKSZn 78.9 cd 43.55 d 123.2 d 4.67 c 60.92 c 123.4 d 3.7 cd 24.17 d PSB 79.9 b 39.85 e 121.5 e 3.92 d 56.83 d 123.3 d 3.5 d 22.42 e NPKSZn 82.2 a 37.56 f 120.8 e 3.25 e 40.75 f 115.0 e 2.9 e 19.17 f Control 83.1 a 37.27 f 121.1 e 3.00 e 44.58 e 108.8 f 2.6 e 14.67 g LSD(5%) 0.937 1.054 1.074 0.47 1.185 3.433 0.435 1.189 CV(%) 1.4 3.0 1.1 12.6 2.3 3.3 14.5 6.0 Atsela 80.86 43.35 124.21 5.17 63.94 129.42 3.90 25.40 MU 78.84 43.35 123.79 4.00 60.96 124.10 3.46 23.46 Off season 78.60 43.82 122.81 4.50 61.04 102.54 3.69 20.65 Rain fed 81.10 42.88 125.19 4.67 63.85 150.98 3.67 28.21 LSD 0.469 0.527 0.537 0.235 0.592 1.717 0.217 0.595 RZM = ( Rhizobium ); PSB = (Phosphorus solubilizer Bacteria) CV = (coefficient of variation), LSD = (least significant difference, MU = (Mekelle University) Similarly, recent research on groundnuts by Mohammed and Ismail [ 16 ] showed that plants that were inoculated with Rhizobium strain yielded a higher number of pods per plant while uninoculated plants yielded lower. This result is supported by the previous findings stating that Rhizobium inoculation enhances macro and micronutrient uptake and provides nitrogen to the host plant through biological nitrogen fixation [ 17 ]. Similar to pod number there was a significant (P < 0.05) variation in seed number per pod among the different biofertilizers, locations, and cropping seasons (Table 3 ). The application of biofertilizer significantly increased the seed number per pod as compared to the control and application of chemical fertilizer. The maximum number of seeds per pod (4.5) was counted in the integrated application of biofertilizer ( Rhizobium and PSB) and NPKSZn fertilizer. The lowest number of seeds (2.6 and 2.9) was obtained in the control and application of NPKSZn respectively. The Atsela site produces significantly more pods per plant and seed per pod than the Mekelle site. Increased number of pod and seeds per pod in integrated application of Rhizobium and PSB along with NPKSZn could be due to increasing other nutrient absorption and in increasing available phosphorus of insoluble phosphorus sources. The result confirms the findings of Chimdi et al. [ 18 ] who also observed significant increment in number of seeds per pod when B. japonicum inoculation was combined with different levels of P. Similar results were reported by El-Gizawy et al. [ 19 ] and Yilmaz et al. [ 20 ] that P application and Rhizobium inoculation significantly increased pod formation, seed yield, and dry matter production in mung bean as compared with un-inoculated treatments. Jasim and Khudair [ 21 ] reported the highest seed yield (3.41 tons ha-1) observed in treatments using inorganic fertilizer (35 Kg ha-1 super phosphate triple + 100 Urea Kg ha-1) + nitrogen and phosphorus bio-fertilizers. In Ethiopia, inoculation of faba bean with rhizobia increased number of pods per plant from 7 to 13.08, nodules dry weight by 34.04%, 82% increase of nodules compared to un-inoculated plant [ 14 ]. 3.6. Plant height Analysis of variance for plant height revealed a significant difference among the different biofertilizers, location, and year (Fig. 2 ). Results revealed that inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria increased plant height in comparison to control and application of chemical fertilizer. The longest plant height (148.8 cm) was recorded with dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB along with the application NPKSZn followed by seed inoculated with Rhizobium and PSB (138.4 cm) and application of Rhizobium along with the NPKSZn (132.5 cm). As compared to the control inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB increased plant height by 27.2% and by 20.34% when it compared to the application of NPKSZn. Compared to the location and growing season the longest plant height was recorded at Atsela in the second year growing season. The present result was in accordance with Sahu et al. [ 22 ] who reported that inoculation of plants with Azospirillum could result in significant changes in various growth parameters, such as plant height. This result agreed with the result of Farfour [ 23 ] which affirmed that application of Rhizobium strains could increase the plant height of faba bean. Similarly, Molina-Romero et al. [ 24 ] showed that inoculation of maize seeds with all bacterial strains significantly increased plant height. Habtamu et al. [ 25 ] reported that combined application of NP fertilizer with Rhizobium inoculation provided the highest plant height. Raza et al. [ 26 ] and Sajid et al. [ 27 ] also found that Rhizobium inoculation increased the plant height of mung bean and ground nut, respectively. Data in Table 4 – 8 show that significant seasonal effects (P < 0.05) existed for all characters studied except the number of branches and seeds per pod. Higher mean values for all characters were detected in the rain-fed season. It could be concluded that the increase in seed yield in the second season may be due to the significant increase in the soil microorganisms that increased the number of nodules and pods/plant and seed yield/plant. Table 4 Analysis of variance for Biomass production rate, Biological yield, Economic growth rate, Growth production efficiency grain yield and harvest index of faba bean SV d.f. TSW BPR BY EGR GPE GY HI Block 2 240 14.2 136403 1.92 5.673 14262 67.92 Biof. 7 32708 ** 214.1 ** 5171549 ** 736.70 ** 350.69 ** 26279 ** 356.8 ** Loc. 1 16552 ** 1414.4 ** 28049653 ** 717.00 ** 10.51 * 11286 ** 4329.2 ** Yr. 1 782 ns 55.08 ** 3506331 ** 4309.80 ** 11329.8 ** 53802 ** 4472.1 ** Biof. * Loc. 7 1715 ** 4.50 ns 169395 ** 4.36 ns 0.125 ns 155 ns 5.193 ns Biof. * Yr. 7 785* 105.9 ** 537840 ** 170.36 ** 68.19 ** 1944 ** 120.2 ** Loc. * Yr. 1 2562 ** 50.9 ** 3185776 ** 25.50 ns 13.64 ** 318 ns 1309.4 ** Biof. * Loc. * Yr. 7 418 ns 2.49 ns 3906 ns 1.01 ns 0.048 ns 11 ns 2.4 ns Residual 62 320 3.026 37064. 12.66 1.506 154 8.809 CV 2.8 8.0 7.1 10.0 2.7 8.8 5.7 TSW = Thousand seed weight; BPR = Biomass production rate; BY = Biological yield; EGR = Economic growth rate; GPE = Growth production efficiency; GY = grain yield; HI = harvest index 3.7. Thousand seed weight Analysis of variance revealed that a significant difference was observed among the different biofertilizers. Compared to the control, the application of biofertilizer significantly increased the thousand seed weight of faba bean (Fig. 3 ). The highest thousand seed weight (699.9g and 674.5g) was recorded with dual inoculation Rhizobium and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn and application Rhizobium and PSB, respectively. The lowest seed weight (591.6g and 532.1g) was measured with the application of NPKSZn and control respectively. Among the locations, the highest seed weight was obtained at Atsela (671.15g). Dual inoculation of seeds with Rhizobium and PSB increased seed weight by 26.78, 14.01, 9, and 7.5% compared to control, application of NPKSZn, and sole application of Rhizobium and PSB respectively. This result was also in line with the work of Gedamu et al. [ 28 ] who reported that inoculation of faba bean with rhizobia strain alone could increase 100 seed weight. Bezabih et al. [ 14 ] reported that inoculation of faba bean with rhizobia increased hundred seed weight by 11.44%. 3.8. Grain yield (kg ha -1 ) The grain yield of faba bean was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the main effect of biofertilizer, location, and year. Inoculation of seed with biofertilizer produced higher grain yield than control and application of chemical fertilizer. Dual inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB along with NPKSZn gave the highest grain yield (2369 kg ha-1) followed by inoculation of faba bean with Rhizobium and PSB (1714 kg ha-1). The lowest grain yield (848 kg ha-1) was recorded at control followed by the application of chemical fertilizer NPKSZn (Table 6 ). Dual inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB increased grain yield by 79.28 and 102.1% as compared to the application of chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn) and control respectively. The increase of seed yield under the influence of Rhizobium and PSB can be attributed to the ability of phosphate solution bacteria in biofertilizer to increase available phosphorus of insoluble phosphorus sources. Similarly, Ndlovu et al. [ 29 ] also reported about a 16.15–27.50% grain yield increment in two dry bean ( Phaseolues vulgaris ) cultivars due to Rhizobium inoculation. In another study, Rokhzadi et al. [ 30 ] reported that the seed yield of chickpea increased by application of biological fertilizers. Table 5 Interaction effect of biofertilizer, location and growing season on growth and yield of fababbean Treatment PH NN NPPP Gy (kg ha − 1 ) Atsela MU Atsela MU Atsela MU Atsela MU Off S. R.F Off S. R.F Off S. R.F Off S. R.F Off S. R.F Off S. R.F Off S. R.F Off S. R.F Control 88.00 136.0 88.00 123.3 45.33 47.33 42.00 43.67 9.67 20.33 11.67 17.00 505 1323 433 1134 NPKSZn 92.67 140.7 92.67 134.0 40.00 44.00 37.33 41.67 15.00 24.00 15.00 22.67 567 1493 486 1279 PSB 101.7 149.7 101.7 140.3 58.00 60.00 52.33 57.00 21.00 25.67 18.67 24.33 1156 1528 991 1309 PSB + NPKSZn 100.3 148.3 100.3 144.7 62.00 63.33 57.00 61.33 23.33 26.67 21.33 25.33 1202 1588 1030 1361 RZM 98.67 152.0 98.67 148.0 70.33 71.33 65.00 67.33 23.33 27.67 23.00 26.33 1389 1668 1191 1430 Rzm + NPKSZn 106.7 164.0 106.7 152.7 69.33 70.67 65.33 71.33 23.67 33.00 22.33 27.67 1642 1764 1408 1512 Rzm + PSB 113.3 171.0 113.3 156.0 79.67 81.00 76.67 79.67 25.33 36.00 24.33 31.00 1718 2007 1410 1720 Rzm + PSB + NPKSZn 119.0 188.7 119.0 166.3 79.67 81.00 76.67 81.00 27.67 44.00 25.00 39.67 2288 2814 1961 2412 LSD 6.867 2.37 2.378 202.2 PH = plant height; NN = number of nodules; NPPP = Number of pods per plant; Gy = Grain yield; MU = Mekelle University; Off S = off season; RF = rain fall 3.9. Biological yield Analysis of variance indicated biological yield was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the application of biofertilizer. Maximum biological yield (3942 kg ha-1) was obtained by inoculation of faba bean with Rhizobium and PSB along with application of NPKSZn which was 125 and 95.92% higher as compared to control treatment (no chemical and biological fertilizers) and application of NPKSZn respectively (Table 3 ). Buernor et al. [ 31 ] and El-Habbasha et al. [ 32 ] findings also supported the results that the biological yield increase was higher in P-treated plants inoculated with biofertilizer than the plants inoculated with bacteria alone. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms had an important role in phosphorus solubility and uptake. Table 6 Main effect of bio-fertilizers on yield and yield related traits of faba bean Treatment BY BPR TSW(g) HI GY (kg ha − 1 GPE EGR Rzm + PSB + NPKSZn 3942 a 29.32 a 699.9 a 61.99 a 2369 a 53.41 a 51.36 a Rzm + NPKSZn 2978 b 23.70 b 661.8 b 54.63 b 1582 c 46.25 c 39.36 b RZM 2797 c 22.88 bc 627.2 c 52.13 c 1420 d 46.71 c 35.49 c Rzm + PSB 2794 c 21.52 c 674.5 b 63.02 a 1714 b 50.16 b 39.87 b PSB + NPKSZn 2669c 22.06 c 631.1 c 49.76 cd 1295 e 45.74 c 33.12 c PSB 2657 c 22.32 bc 618.8 c 48.13 de 1246 e 41.67 d 34.83 c NPKSZn 2012 d 17.12 d 591.6 d 47.12 e 956 f 38.41 e 28.60 d Control 1750 e 15.38 e 532.1 e 46.37 e 848 g 38.08 e 25.07 e LSD(5%) 157.1 1.42 14.60 2.486 101.1 1.01 2.893 CV(%) 7.1 8.0 2.8 5.8 8.7 2.7 9.9 Atsela 3240 25.63 671.15 46.22 1541 44.72 38.78 MU 2159 17.95 588.10 58.98 1317 45.38 33.15 Off season 2508 22.54 632.48 46.81 1211 55.92 29.78 Rain fed 2891 21.03 626.77 58.98 1646 34.19 42.23 LSD 78.6 0.71 7.30 1.243 50.5 0.501 1.446 BY = Biological Yield; BPR = Biomass production rate; TSW = thousand seed weight; HI = Harvest index; GPE = growth Production efficiency; EGR = Economic growth rate 3.10. Harvest index In the current investigation there was considerable variation in the percent ratio of economic and biological yield of the crop. Mean comparisons indicated that the maximum harvest index (63.02 and 61.99%) was obtained in dual inoculation of Rhizobium + PSB and inoculation of Rhizobium + PSB along with the application of NPKSZn respectively. While minimum harvest index (46.37%) was obtained by non-chemical and biofertilizer treatment (control). Similar results were shown by Buernor et al. [ 31 ] that indicated the harvested index was significantly affected by using chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers. This is due to the variable rate of translocation of assimilate toward grain development, leading to variability in yield and HI value among the seven applied treatments [ 33 ]. 3.11. Effect of different biofertilizer on Chocolate spot of faba bean Chocolate spot is the most common serious disease that affects the production of faba bean. Analysis of variance clearly indicated that a significant difference (P < 0.001) was observed among the different biofertilizers for the number of infected plants per plot, Disease incidence, and disease severity index (Table 7 ). Table 7 Analysis of variance for number of infected plant, disease incidence and disease severity index Source of variation d.f. NIP DI DSI Block 2 0.062 0.35 1.021 Treatment 7 148.76 ** 843.32 ** 82.56 ** Location 1 4.083 ns 23.15 ns 3.00 ns Treatment.Location 7 1.988 ns 11.27 ns 7.95 ns Residual 30 2.151 12.20 3.443 NIP = number of infected plant per plot; DI = Disease incidence; DSI = disease severity index The current result for the incidence of chocolate spots indicated that the application of biofertilizer significantly reduced the incidence. The lowest number of infected plants per plot (5.67 and 9.17) with disease incidence level of (13.49 and 21.83%) was achieved with the combined application of Rhizobium + PSB and NPKSZn and plots treated with dual inoculation of Rhizobium + PSB respectively (Table 8 ). The highest number of infected plants (21.33) with an incidence level of (50.79%) was obtained with the application of chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn). Chandramani et al. [ 34 ] revealed that the combination of FYM, three biofertilizer, lignite fly ash, and neem cake applied in split doses significantly reduced the incidence leaf folder (76.69%), stem borer (58.66), and gall midge (66.81%) as compared to NPK applied as inorganic form on paddy. Similar results were observed by Chatterjee et al. [ 35 ] where different sources of nutrients had a significant effect on reducing the whitefly population and the treatments containing higher amounts of FYM or vermin-compost showed better results over sole inorganic fertilizers. 3.12. Chocolate spot severity index Data presented in Table (8) showed that dual inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB significantly reduced Chocolate spot severity index compared to single inoculation, control, and application of chemical fertilizer (NPKZn). The lowest Chocolate spot severity index (13.33 and 16.67%) was recorded in dual inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB along with and without application of chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn) respectively. On the other hand, the highest Chocolate spot severity index (25.17 and 23.17%) was observed with the application of chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn) and control respectively (Table 8 ). Table 8 Effect of different biofertilizer on chocolate spot of faba bean Treatment NIP DI (%) DSI (%) NPKSZn 21.33 a 50.79 a 25.17 a Control 18.50 b 44.05 b 23.17 a RZM 15.17 c 36.11 c 19.67 bc PSB + NPKSZn 15.00 c 35.71 c 20.17 b RZM + NPKSZn 15.00 c 35.71 c 17.50 cd PSB 12.17 d 28.97 d 20.00 b RZM + PSB 9.17 e 21.83 e 16.67 d RZM + PSB + NPKSZn 5.67 f 13.49 f 13.33 e Pvalue < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 SEm± 0.599 1.426 0.758 Atsela 14.04 32.64 19.21 MU 14.46 34.03 19.71 SEm± 0.299 0.713 0.379 CV 10.5 10.5 9.5 NIP = number of infected plant per plot; DI = Disease incidence; DSI = Disease severity index; SEm = Standard error of the mean 3.13. Partial Budget Analysis According to the results of partial budget analysis, the highest net benefit was obtained from the application of Rhizobium and PSB inoculation along with the application of NPKSZn fertilization (ETB 48174.9 ha-1) followed by dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB (ETB 35919.4 ha-1) and Rhizobium inoculation along with the application of Rhizobium and chemical fertilizer NPKSZn (ETB 31462.2 ha-1) (Table 9 ). As compared to the control, inoculation of seed with Rhizobium and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn; Rhizobium and PSB sole inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB increased the net benefit by 161.25, 94.78, 63.23 and 42.38% respectively (Table 9 ). Table 9 Partial budget analysis for an experiment on different biofertilizer combination of faba bean Treatment Average yield (kg/ha) Adjusted yield (kg/ha) Gross field benefits.(ETB/ha) Total variable cost (ETB/ha) Net Benefit (ETB/ha) Dominance analysis Rzm + PSB + NPKSZn 2369 2013.65 52354.9 4180 48174.9 Non dominated Rzm + NPKSZn 1582 1344.7 34962.2 3500 31462.2 Non dominated RZM 1420 1207 31382 1280 30102 Non dominated Rzm + PSB 1714 1456.9 37879.4 1960 35919.4 Non dominated PSB + NPKSZn 1295 1100.75 28619.5 3500 25119.5 Non dominated PSB 1246 1059.1 27536.6 1280 26256.6 Non dominated NPKSZn 956 812.6 21127.6 2520 18607.6 Non dominated Control 848 720.8 18740.8 300 18440.8 ETB= Ethiopian Birr 3.14. Marginal Rate of Return Analysis (MRRA) Based on the dominance analysis all the treatments were included for further Marginal Rate of Return analysis (Table 10 ). For a treatment to be considered a worthwhile option for farmers, the marginal rates of return (MRR) need to be at least between 50% and 100% [ 10 ]. Thus, to draw recommendations from marginal analysis in this study, a 100% return to the investment is a reasonable minimum acceptable rate of return for farmers in the study area. Accordingly, the marginal rate of return NPKSZn was 12.56% which is not within the acceptable range. From the other treatment seed inoculated with Rhizobium had the highest marginal rate of return (1336.5%) followed by dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB (1126.83% MRR), PSB (899.52%) and combination of Rhizobium and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn (789.26%). This implies that for Birr 1.0 investment in faba bean production, the producer can get Birr 133.65, 112.68, 89.95, and 78.92 respectively. The lowest but above the acceptable range of marginal rate of return (218.67%) was obtained in seeds inoculated with PSB and NPKSZn followed by seeds inoculated with Rhizobium and NPKSZn (Table 10 ). This implied that seed inoculation with Rhizobium and PSB could produce higher yields and a high rate of return for farmers in Atsela and similar agro-ecology. Table 10 Marginal rate of return based on the grain yield and current price of faba bean Treatment Adjusted yield (kg ha -1 ) Gross field benefits.(ETB ha -1 ) Total variable cost (ETB ha -1 ) Net Benefit (ETB ha -1 ) MRR Rzm + PSB + NPKSZn 2013.65 52354.9 4180 48174.9 789.26 Rzm + NPKSZn 1344.7 34962.2 3500 31462.2 423.27 RZM 1207 31382 1280 30102 1336.50 Rzm + PSB 1456.9 37879.4 1960 35919.4 1126.83 PSB + NPKSZn 1100.75 28619.5 3500 25119.5 218.67 PSB 1059.1 27536.6 1280 26256.6 899.52 NPKSZn 812.6 21127.6 2520 18607.6 12.58 Control 720.8 18740.8 300 18440.8 MRR = Marginal Rate of Return 4. Conclusion In light of the obtained results, it could be concluded that under the conditions during this investigation, enrichment of faba bean plants with dual inoculation of Rhizobium , PSB combined with the application of NPKSZn gave a considerable increase in yield and yield components as well as reduced number of infected plant and severity of chocolate spot. The lowest number of infected plants, disease incidence level, and lowest Chocolate spot severity index were achieved with combined application of Rhizobium + PSB and NPKSZn and plots treated with dual inoculation of Rhizobium + PSB respectively. In contrast, the highest number of infected plants, incidence, and severity index were obtained with the application of chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn). The highest net benefit was also obtained from the application of Rhizobium and PSB inoculation along with the application of NPKSZn fertilization and dual inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB. The application of biofertilizer is an acceptable approach for higher yield with good quality and safe for human consumption. The current results show that either single or mixed inoculation gave a positive response to the studied parameters. This response was accompanied by a significant increase in plant height, pod number, seed number per pod, thousand seed weight, and biological yield. Declarations Competing Interests The authors declare that there are no financial or non-financial competing interests regarding the publication of this article. Funding The work was financially supported by Mekelle University with the Grant project Registration Number of CRPO/ CDANR /Medium/ Recurrent/001/2011. Author Contribution All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by [Mohammed Mebrahtu Mossa], [Daniel Gebrekidan], and [Etsay Mesele]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Mohammed Mebrahtu Mossa] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the manuscript. References Tadele M, Jarso M, Argaye S, Tekalign A, Tilahun N, Mulugeta W, et al. Performance of Large Seeded Faba Bean Genotypes for Yield and Related Agronomic Traits in Different Parts of Ethiopia. East African J Agric Biotechnol. 2021;4:1–11. Merga B, Egigu MC, Wakgari M. Reconsidering the economic and nutritional importance of faba bean in Ethiopian context Reconsidering the economic and nutritional importance of faba bean in Ethiopian context. Cogent Food Agric [Internet]. 2019;5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1683938 CSA. Report on area and production of major crops (private peasant holdings, meher season). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 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Buernor AB, Kabiru MR, Bechtaoui N, Jibrin JM, Asante M, Bouraqqadi A, et al. Grain Legume Yield Responses to Rhizobia Inoculants and Phosphorus Supplementation Under Ghana Soils: A Meta-Synthesis. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:1–16. Habbasha E, Hozayn M, Khalafallah 11 MA. Integration Effect between Phosphorus Levels and Bio-fertilizers on Quality and Quantity Yield of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) in Newly Cultivated Sandy Soils. Res J Agric Biol Sci. 2007;3:966–71. Banerjee A, Bareh DA, Joshi SR. Native microorganisms as potent bioinoculants for plant growth promotion in shifting agriculture (Jhum) systems. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 2017;17:127–40. Chandramani P, Rajendranl R, Muthiah C, Chinniah C. Organic source induced silica on leaf folder, stem borer and gall midge population and rice yield. J Biopestic. 2010;3:423–7. Chatterjee R, Choudhuri P, Laskar N, Banga U, Viswavidyalaya K, Behar C, et al. INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MINIMIZING WHITEFLY (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) POPULATION IN TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Int J Sci Environ Technol [Internet]. 2013;2:956–62. Available from: www.ijset.net Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 02 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 01 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 22 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 17 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4928559","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":350309484,"identity":"31fc73d2-dbc0-4ed5-ba19-95bb4856dcd5","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammed Mebrahtu Mossa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mekelle University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"Mebrahtu","lastName":"Mossa","suffix":""},{"id":350309485,"identity":"82e92202-b880-4f7a-b75a-b9766c58020f","order_by":1,"name":"Daniel Gebrekidan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mekelle University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniel","middleName":"","lastName":"Gebrekidan","suffix":""},{"id":350309486,"identity":"9faa0bab-7168-42b6-82e4-d678e99d3154","order_by":2,"name":"Etsay Mesele","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABD0lEQVRIie2PsWrDMBRF5RqURUZrSof+gqAgWjDWh3SREbhL+gcZHAz1kg9Ihn5CoZPmFwTuUurVkKXGc8GQxdBCKwcKWex0LERnug/u4fIQcjj+NROEoO1Cm7wFjDbxb/CRt1kvk15J/6z4hmCzz6MKvczrXTALBfV9AELK6Ck3dmUe3g4p5w/k6iLQSbzOsITp9Vbp19gqRXKfDiisIMgqRjJDGDCyVRys4qVmUBHFpPkM9LcQhrYg8ZviZT2uMIy4XQHv2ScIAEPEqyMr02LGbx61ilcGs81iqSSv7Ioc+YVmL031oSNB86zZfXWR4OVd/d7Ow0Gl54wcHPG+KUfqPV53cIgjZYfD4ThBfgB8lmSs5t9bQwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Mekelle University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Etsay","middleName":"","lastName":"Mesele","suffix":""},{"id":350309487,"identity":"eb7f1590-b657-463d-b1d0-7996a6a0454d","order_by":3,"name":"Melaku Mekonen Kasegn","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mekelle University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Melaku","middleName":"Mekonen","lastName":"Kasegn","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-17 07:46:36","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4928559/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4928559/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":64919754,"identity":"c7502830-2862-4556-b095-36d181c114a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-20 11:28:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":198253,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of different biofertilizer on number of nodule per plant of faba bean\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4928559/v1/af8d7381bf4bb6371a5d9c72.jpg"},{"id":64919753,"identity":"3c16a5a3-657b-4040-84d9-e3ef5b886ea3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-20 11:28:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of biofertilizer and growing season on mean number of pod per plant and plant height of faba bean\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4928559/v1/1bdaef356ba545a0acdc02ba.jpg"},{"id":64919755,"identity":"511f6a66-70fc-420c-98f4-c0dd15f79050","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-20 11:28:03","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82638,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of biofertilizer and growing location on thousand seed weight and biological yield (kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) of faba bean\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4928559/v1/fc84379ee81b6687f5fbb37f.jpg"},{"id":64920214,"identity":"a4039cf2-76c9-4115-8a5a-9392f06b9e18","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-20 11:36:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1844037,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4928559/v1/736d8626-4534-4153-bfb9-5162f3535d29.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effectiveness of different bio-fertilizer on growth, yield and yield attributing character of Faba bean (Vicia fabae L.)","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFaba bean (\u003cem\u003eVicia fabae\u003c/em\u003e L.) ranks among the most important pulse crops in Ethiopia and occupies about 30% of the total cultivated area [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Faba bean is used as human food as a green vegetable or dried, fresh, or canned in the Middle East, Mediterranean region, China and Ethiopia. Ethiopia is the second largest producer of faba bean in the world, next to China [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the national productivity of faba bean in the country is still very low. According to the report of the Central Statistics Agency CSA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], the national average yield of faba bean under smallholder farmers‟ is 20.53 quintals per hectare [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In the Tigray region, faba bean covers an area of 9228.25 ha, and its production accounts for 151,091.02 quintals. Based on the CSA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] data, the productivity of the faba bean in Tigray region is 16.37 quintals/hectare, which is lower than the national average [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Several abiotic factors contributed to low productivity of which poor soil fertility, the acidity of the soil in high rainfall areas, and the low existence of an effective indigenous rhizobia population in the area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides to increase crop yield has encouraged the thriving of industries that are producing life-threatening chemicals that are not only hazardous for human consumption but can also disturb the ecological balance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. This contributes to poor economic returns from the expenditure made on chemical fertilizers. Therefore, all efforts must be made to improve fertilizer use efficiency by crops. For this reason, seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, and other beneficial microorganisms as a bio-fertilizer is an acceptable alternative to chemical fertilizer application.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication of bio-fertilizers containing beneficial microbes promotes to a large extent, crop productivity and sustainability of soil and protects the environment as eco-friendly and cost-effective inputs for the farmers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Biofertilizers keep the soil environment rich in all kinds of macro and micronutrients via nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium mineralization, the release of plant growth regulating substances, production of antibiotics, and biodegradation of organic matter in the soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Hence biofertilizers can be an important component of integrated nutrient management systems for sustaining agricultural productivity and a healthy environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the existence of considerable knowledge on the effects of specific taxa of biofertilizers, a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the performance of biofertilizers with different traits such as phosphorus solubilization and N fixation applied to various crops at a global scale is missing. Therefore the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of biofertilizers on the growth, yield, and yield components of faba bean.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Description of the experimental site\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was carried out at \u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e and Mekelle University research sites. \u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e is located between 12\u0026deg;55'N latitude and 39\u0026deg;32'E longitude at 2569 meters above sea level. The site receives a mean annual rainfall of 911mm with mean minimum and maximum temperatures of 10.3 and 23.6\u0026deg;C, respectively. The Woreda is grouped as a cold sub-moist highland. Mekelle University is located at 13014 \u0026rsquo;N latitude and 39032\u0026rsquo;E longitude and at 2220 meters above sea level. The average minimum and maximum air temperatures during the cropping season were 17.4˚C and 33.20˚C, respectively. The experimental area had brown soil with the textural class of silt loam and a pH of 7.51 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Treatment and Experimental Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eField experiment with bio-fertilizers viz. \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculation and blended fertilizer (NPKSZn) on faba bean was carried out in two different sites (Atsela, and Mekelle University) in off and rain-fed seasons. The experiments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design using eight treatments with three replications. The treatments were as follows: T1: Control T2: only \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e inoculation, T3: only PSB inoculation, T4: only NPKSZn, T5: \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB inoculation, T6: \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e inoculation\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPSZ, T7: PSB inoculation\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZnand T8: \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB inoculation\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn. \u003cem\u003eRhizobium and\u003c/em\u003e PSB inoculation were used @ 250 g/10 kg seeds. PSB was collected from Menagesha Biotechnology Institute. The blended fertilizer contains NPKSZn with 15,31,8,7 and 2.2 levels applied at planting. Seeds were inoculated with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB before sowing and after drying in the shade, sowing was done at 40 cm row-to-row spacing using 45 kg seed/ha.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe faba bean variety \u003cem\u003eMoti\u003c/em\u003e was sown on the 18th of January during off season and on the 20th of June during the rain-fed season. The plot size was 3 m x 2 m. Each plot and block was separated by a 0.5 m bund and 1 m path respectively. Each plot has 6 rows of 40 cm apart. Biofertilizers were also applied according to the treatments. The weeding was performed at 30 and 45 Days after emergence. Before harvesting, two outermost rows on both ends of the plots and 25 cm on both ends of each row were considered as borders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive plants were selected randomly from each plot for recording the growth parameters: plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index at the end of physiological maturity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNumber of Nodules\u003c/b\u003e was counted from randomly selected five plats at flowering stage\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eGrain yield\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe harvested crop of each plot was weighted in kg and then converted to ha.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHarvest index\u003c/b\u003e (HI): \u003cb\u003eHI= (GY/ABG)*100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDisease Intensity\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were taken at 6 days interval to calculate disease severity by using following formula:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{D}\\text{i}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{a}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{i}\\text{d}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{e}=\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{f}\\text{e}\\text{c}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\:\\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\text{s}}{\\text{T}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{n}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\:\\text{a}\\text{s}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{s}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{d}}\\:\\text{X}\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDisease severity index\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe severity of the disease was examined visually on tagged plants along the plot and recorded as the percentage of plant parts (tissues) affected (percentage of blast infection on the plant).\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{P}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\:\\text{s}\\text{e}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{y}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{d}\\text{e}\\text{x}=\\frac{\\text{S}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{n}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{i}\\text{c}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{g}\\:\\text{x}100}{\\text{N}\\text{o}.\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\text{s}\\:\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{e}\\text{d}\\:\\text{x}\\:\\text{m}\\text{a}\\text{x}.\\:\\text{s}\\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{s}\\text{c}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\text{e}}\\:$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Data analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance was performed using the program Genstat version 20 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Before the data were subjected to the statistical software, normality of the data distribution was performed using Skewness /Kurtosis tests using STATA-version 11. Accordingly all the data were normally distributed. The significance of the treatment effect was determined using \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e-test. When analysis of variance showed significant treatment effects, the Duncan test was applied to make comparisons among the means at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 level of significance. The graph was done using Excel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Partial Budget Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield from experimental plots was adjusted downward by 15%, i.e. 10% for management difference and 5% for plot size differences, to reflect the difference between the experimental yield and the yield that farmers could expect from the same treatment. Accordingly, the mean grain yields for NPKSZn, \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e, and PSB inoculation treatment combinations were subjected to a discrete partial budget analysis using the procedures outlined by Bezabeh et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. To estimate economic parameters, the variable cost of NPKSZn (ETB 24.8 kg-1), \u003cem\u003eRhizobium, and PSB\u003c/em\u003e inoculants (ETB 180 kg-1) were recorded at the time of planting. The price of the current faba bean grain was (ETB 26 kg-1). The price of blended fertilizer (NPKSZn) and \u003cem\u003eRhizobium and PSB\u003c/em\u003e inoculants were taken from Agricultural Inputs Supply Enterprise and Menagesha Biotech Industry PLC at the time of planting, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross field benefit\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Adjusted Yield X Field Price\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet Benefit\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Gross income \u0026ndash;total variable cost [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:MRR\\:\\left(\\%\\right)=\\frac{\\text{M}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{a}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\:\\text{n}\\text{e}\\text{t}\\:\\text{b}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{e}\\text{f}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{l}}{\\text{M}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{a}\\text{s}\\text{e}\\:\\text{i}\\text{n}\\:\\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{s}\\text{t}}\\:\\:X\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average open market price (Birr kg-1) for Faba bean crop and the official price of blended fertilizer from \u003cem\u003eEnderta\u003c/em\u003e Union were used for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Result and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Soil Physical properties of the experimental site\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-sowing soil sample analysis demonstrated that the soil exhibited low ratings for N and K, while that of P was medium in \u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e experimental sites.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil Physical properties of the experimental site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%OC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable P (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable K (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%Total N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCEC (meq/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Texture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTextural class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClay loam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilt loam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eOC = organic carbon; P= Phosphorus; K= potassium; N= Nitrogen; CEC= Cation exchange capacity\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Effect of different biofertilizer on phonological traits of faba bean\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiofertilizer significantly affected days to flowering and maturity, number of branches, pod per plant, seed per pod, plant height, biomass and grain yield, and chocolate spot of faba bean.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance for Days to emergence, flowering, and maturity) number of branches, nodule number, plant height, number of pods per plant, seed per pod, and thousand seed weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed.f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDTM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlock\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiof.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.18\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.48\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294.49\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2539.7\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e425.5\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1918.5\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLoc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.18\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.18 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.67\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213.1\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.09\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e677.34\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYr.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.4\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.4\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.36\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189.8\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1372.6\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5638.6\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiof.\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eLoc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.296\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.99 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiof.\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eYr.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.295 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.368\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.81\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.86\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLoc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eYr.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.04\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.01\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.01\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e677.34\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiof.\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eLoc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eYr.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.963\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.99 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidual\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.732\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2836\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Where Biof = Biofertilizer treatment; Loc = Location; Yr = Year; DTF = Days to flowering; DTM = Days to maturity; GFP = Grain filling period; NB = Number of Branch; NN = Number of nodules; PH = Plant height; (NPPP), Seed per pod NSPP = Number of pod per plant; ** = \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026le; 0.01; * = \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026le; 0.05; ns = non\u0026minus;significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Days to Flowering, Maturity and grain filling period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInoculation of seed with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB significantly (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) influenced days to flowering, maturity, and grain filling period of faba bean (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The longest days to flowering (83 and 82 days) were observed at the control and application of NPKSZn respectively. The shortest (77.6 and 78 days) were obtained under dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn and seed inoculated with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB respectively. In contrast to the days to flowering, the longest days to maturity (129 and 126 days) were recorded with dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn and with combined inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB respectively. While the shortest number of days to maturity (120.8 and 121 days) were obtained with the application of NPKSZn and control respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Number of branches and nodule number\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result indicated that the application of biofertilizer significantly affected the number of branches and nodule number per plant. Significant variation was also observed between the locations. The highest number of branches (6.42 and 5.67) was recorded in dual inoculation of seeds with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn and combined inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB respectively. While the lowest number of branches was recorded in the control and application of NPKSZn. Dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB increased the number of branches by 21.41 and 44.64% over their sole application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB respectively. Among the locations highest number of branches was obtained in \u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e site than Mekelle university experimental site.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of the present investigation revealed that the application of biofertilizer significantly increased the number of nodules (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB with and without application of NPKSZn gave higher (79.58 and 79.25) number of nodules per plant respectively. In contrast, the lowest number of nodules per plant (40.75) was counted in plots treated with chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn) followed by control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Growing location and season also significantly affected the number of nodules with which the highest number of nodules was obtained in \u003cem\u003eatsela\u003c/em\u003e (63.94) and in the second growing season (63.85). The current result is in agreement with Desta et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] who reported that both inoculation as sole and/or the combined effect of strains with zinc significantly increased nodule number plant\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1. Correspondingly, Bejandi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] reported that seed inoculation with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium cicerea\u003c/em\u003e produced significantly the highest number of active nodules per plant than control. In addition, Nagwa et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] reported that inoculation of strain to faba bean significantly increased nodule number. Comparably, a study by Woldekiros et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] disclosed that nodule number per plant increased with increasing potassium supply on of faba bean and other legume crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Number of pod per plant and Seeds per pod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present result revealed that pod number per plant of faba bean was significantly affected by bio-fertilizers, growing season, and location (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In both experimental sites, a higher number of pods per plant (34.08) were obtained in dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn followed by combined inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). However, the lowest pod numbers (14.67 and 19.17) were recorded in control and application of NPKSZn without inoculation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Across the location maximum number of pods was recorded at \u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e than Mekelle University. Dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB increased pod number by 16.31 and 30.12% over their sole application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB respectively and by 98.84 and 52.16% as compared to the control and NPKSZn respectively. A higher number of pods due to inoculation and NPKSZn application suggested that there was a better combining and symbiotic relationship between introduced \u003cem\u003eRhizobium and PSB with\u003c/em\u003e faba bean. This is in agreement with the findings of Abbasi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] who reported that inoculation with \u003cem\u003eB. japonicum\u003c/em\u003e significantly, increased the number of pods per plant of soybean as compared to the control treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain effect of bio-fertilizers, location and growing season on growth and yield related traits of faba bean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDTF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDTM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.6\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.42 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.42 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.58\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.2 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.08 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.8\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.68\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.08\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.67\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRZM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.1\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.55\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.2\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.50\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.08\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.1\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.90\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.9\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.55\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.92\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.4\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.17\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePSB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.85\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.5\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.92\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.83\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.42\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.56\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.8\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.75\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.17\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.27\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.1\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.58\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.8\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.67\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD(5%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV(%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAtsela\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMU\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOff season\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRain fed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eRZM = (\u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e); PSB = (Phosphorus solubilizer Bacteria) CV = (coefficient of variation), LSD = (least significant difference, MU = (Mekelle University)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, recent research on groundnuts by Mohammed and Ismail [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] showed that plants that were inoculated with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e strain yielded a higher number of pods per plant while uninoculated plants yielded lower. This result is supported by the previous findings stating that \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e inoculation enhances macro and micronutrient uptake and provides nitrogen to the host plant through biological nitrogen fixation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar to pod number there was a significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) variation in seed number per pod among the different biofertilizers, locations, and cropping seasons (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The application of biofertilizer significantly increased the seed number per pod as compared to the control and application of chemical fertilizer. The maximum number of seeds per pod (4.5) was counted in the integrated application of biofertilizer (\u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB) and NPKSZn fertilizer. The lowest number of seeds (2.6 and 2.9) was obtained in the control and application of NPKSZn respectively. The \u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e site produces significantly more pods per plant and seed per pod than the Mekelle site. Increased number of pod and seeds per pod in integrated application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with NPKSZn could be due to increasing other nutrient absorption and in increasing available phosphorus of insoluble phosphorus sources. The result confirms the findings of Chimdi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] who also observed significant increment in number of seeds per pod when \u003cem\u003eB. japonicum\u003c/em\u003e inoculation was combined with different levels of P. Similar results were reported by El-Gizawy et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] and Yilmaz et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] that P application and \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e inoculation significantly increased pod formation, seed yield, and dry matter production in mung bean as compared with un-inoculated treatments. Jasim and Khudair [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] reported the highest seed yield (3.41 tons ha-1) observed in treatments using inorganic fertilizer (35 Kg ha-1 super phosphate triple\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;100 Urea Kg ha-1)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;nitrogen and phosphorus bio-fertilizers. In Ethiopia, inoculation of faba bean with rhizobia increased number of pods per plant from 7 to 13.08, nodules dry weight by 34.04%, 82% increase of nodules compared to un-inoculated plant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6. Plant height\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance for plant height revealed a significant difference among the different biofertilizers, location, and year (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Results revealed that inoculation of seed with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and phosphate solubilizing bacteria increased plant height in comparison to control and application of chemical fertilizer. The longest plant height (148.8 cm) was recorded with dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with the application NPKSZn followed by seed inoculated with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB (138.4 cm) and application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e along with the NPKSZn (132.5 cm). As compared to the control inoculation of seed with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB increased plant height by 27.2% and by 20.34% when it compared to the application of NPKSZn. Compared to the location and growing season the longest plant height was recorded at \u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e in the second year growing season. The present result was in accordance with Sahu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] who reported that inoculation of plants with \u003cem\u003eAzospirillum\u003c/em\u003e could result in significant changes in various growth parameters, such as plant height. This result agreed with the result of Farfour [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] which affirmed that application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e strains could increase the plant height of faba bean. Similarly, Molina-Romero et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] showed that inoculation of maize seeds with all bacterial strains significantly increased plant height. Habtamu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] reported that combined application of NP fertilizer with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e inoculation provided the highest plant height. Raza et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] and Sajid et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] also found that \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e inoculation increased the plant height of mung bean and ground nut, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e show that significant seasonal effects (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) existed for all characters studied except the number of branches and seeds per pod. Higher mean values for all characters were detected in the rain-fed season. It could be concluded that the increase in seed yield in the second season may be due to the significant increase in the soil microorganisms that increased the number of nodules and pods/plant and seed yield/plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance for Biomass production rate, Biological yield, Economic growth rate, Growth production efficiency grain yield and harvest index of faba bean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11329.8\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53802\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4472.1\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiof.\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eLoc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1715\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e 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colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e785*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.9\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e537840\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170.36\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.19\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1944\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.2\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLoc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eYr.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2562\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3185776\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.50 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.64\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e318 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1309.4\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiof.\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eLoc.\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eYr.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e418 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3906 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 \u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidual\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37064.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.809\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eTSW = Thousand seed weight; BPR = Biomass production rate; BY = Biological yield; EGR = Economic growth rate; GPE = Growth production efficiency; GY = grain yield; HI = harvest index\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7. Thousand seed weight\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance revealed that a significant difference was observed among the different biofertilizers. Compared to the control, the application of biofertilizer significantly increased the thousand seed weight of faba bean (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The highest thousand seed weight (699.9g and 674.5g) was recorded with dual inoculation \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn and application \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB, respectively. The lowest seed weight (591.6g and 532.1g) was measured with the application of NPKSZn and control respectively. Among the locations, the highest seed weight was obtained at \u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e (671.15g). Dual inoculation of seeds with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB increased seed weight by 26.78, 14.01, 9, and 7.5% compared to control, application of NPKSZn, and sole application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB respectively. This result was also in line with the work of Gedamu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e] who reported that inoculation of faba bean with rhizobia strain alone could increase 100 seed weight. Bezabih et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] reported that inoculation of faba bean with rhizobia increased hundred seed weight by 11.44%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.8. Grain yield (kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe grain yield of faba bean was significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) affected by the main effect of biofertilizer, location, and year. Inoculation of seed with biofertilizer produced higher grain yield than control and application of chemical fertilizer. Dual inoculation of seed with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with NPKSZn gave the highest grain yield (2369 kg ha-1) followed by inoculation of faba bean with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB (1714 kg ha-1). The lowest grain yield (848 kg ha-1) was recorded at control followed by the application of chemical fertilizer NPKSZn (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Dual inoculation of seed with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB increased grain yield by 79.28 and 102.1% as compared to the application of chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn) and control respectively. The increase of seed yield under the influence of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB can be attributed to the ability of phosphate solution bacteria in biofertilizer to increase available phosphorus of insoluble phosphorus sources. Similarly, Ndlovu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] also reported about a 16.15\u0026ndash;27.50% grain yield increment in two dry bean (\u003cem\u003ePhaseolues vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e) cultivars due to \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e inoculation. In another study, Rokhzadi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] reported that the seed yield of chickpea increased by application of biological fertilizers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteraction effect of biofertilizer, location and growing season on growth and yield of fababbean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"19\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGy (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e505\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPKSZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e567\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1493\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePSB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1588\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRZM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1642\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1764\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"19\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ePH = plant height; NN = number of nodules; NPPP = Number of pods per plant; Gy = Grain yield; MU = Mekelle University; Off S = off season; RF = rain fall\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.9. Biological yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance indicated biological yield was significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) affected by the application of biofertilizer. Maximum biological yield (3942 kg ha-1) was obtained by inoculation of faba bean with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with application of NPKSZn which was 125 and 95.92% higher as compared to control treatment (no chemical and biological fertilizers) and application of NPKSZn respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Buernor et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] and El-Habbasha et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] findings also supported the results that the biological yield increase was higher in P-treated plants inoculated with biofertilizer than the plants inoculated with bacteria alone. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms had an important role in phosphorus solubility and uptake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain effect of bio-fertilizers on yield and yield related traits of faba bean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSW(g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGY (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGPE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEGR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3942\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.32 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e699.9 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.99 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2369 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.41 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.36 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2978\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.70\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e661.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1582\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.25\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.36\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRZM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2797\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.88\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e627.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.13\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1420 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.71 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.49\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2794 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.52 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e674.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1714\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.87\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2669c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.06 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e631.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.76\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1295\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.74 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.12\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePSB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2657 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.32\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e618.8 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.13\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1246\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.67\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.83\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.12\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e591.6\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.12\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e956\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.41\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.60\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1750\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.38\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e532.1\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.37\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e848\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.08\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.07\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD(5%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV(%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAtsela\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e671.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMU\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e588.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOff season\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2508\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e632.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRain fed\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2891\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e626.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1646\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.501\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.446\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eBY = Biological Yield; BPR = Biomass production rate; TSW = thousand seed weight; HI = Harvest index; GPE = growth Production efficiency; EGR = Economic growth rate\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.10. Harvest index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current investigation there was considerable variation in the percent ratio of economic and biological yield of the crop. Mean comparisons indicated that the maximum harvest index (63.02 and 61.99%) was obtained in dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB and inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB along with the application of NPKSZn respectively. While minimum harvest index (46.37%) was obtained by non-chemical and biofertilizer treatment (control). Similar results were shown by Buernor et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] that indicated the harvested index was significantly affected by using chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers. This is due to the variable rate of translocation of assimilate toward grain development, leading to variability in yield and HI value among the seven applied treatments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.11. Effect of different biofertilizer on Chocolate spot of faba bean\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eChocolate spot is the most common serious disease that affects the production of faba bean. Analysis of variance clearly indicated that a significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) was observed among the different biofertilizers for the number of infected plants per plot, Disease incidence, and disease severity index (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance for number of infected plant, disease incidence and disease severity index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource of variation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed.f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDSI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.76\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e843.32\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.56\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.083\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.15\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment.Location\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.988\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.27\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.95\u003csup\u003ens\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eNIP = number of infected plant per plot; DI = Disease incidence; DSI = disease severity index\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current result for the incidence of chocolate spots indicated that the application of biofertilizer significantly reduced the incidence. The lowest number of infected plants per plot (5.67 and 9.17) with disease incidence level of (13.49 and 21.83%) was achieved with the combined application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB and NPKSZn and plots treated with dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The highest number of infected plants (21.33) with an incidence level of (50.79%) was obtained with the application of chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn). Chandramani et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] revealed that the combination of FYM, three biofertilizer, lignite fly ash, and neem cake applied in split doses significantly reduced the incidence leaf folder (76.69%), stem borer (58.66), and gall midge (66.81%) as compared to NPK applied as inorganic form on paddy. Similar results were observed by Chatterjee et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] where different sources of nutrients had a significant effect on reducing the whitefly population and the treatments containing higher amounts of FYM or vermin-compost showed better results over sole inorganic fertilizers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.12. Chocolate spot severity index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData presented in Table\u0026nbsp;(8) showed that dual inoculation of seed with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB significantly reduced Chocolate spot severity index compared to single inoculation, control, and application of chemical fertilizer (NPKZn). The lowest Chocolate spot severity index (13.33 and 16.67%) was recorded in dual inoculation of seed with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with and without application of chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn) respectively. On the other hand, the highest Chocolate spot severity index (25.17 and 23.17%) was observed with the application of chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn) and control respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of different biofertilizer on chocolate spot of faba bean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDI (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDSI (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.50\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.05\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRZM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.17\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.11\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.67\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.71\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRZM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.71\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.50\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePSB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.97\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRZM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.17\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.83\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRZM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.49\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePvalue\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAtsela\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMU\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm\u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eNIP = number of infected plant per plot; DI = Disease incidence; DSI = Disease severity index; SEm = Standard error of the mean\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.13. Partial Budget Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the results of partial budget analysis, the highest net benefit was obtained from the application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB inoculation along with the application of NPKSZn fertilization (ETB 48174.9 ha-1) followed by dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB (ETB 35919.4 ha-1) and \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e inoculation along with the application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and chemical fertilizer NPKSZn (ETB 31462.2 ha-1) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). As compared to the control, inoculation of seed with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn; \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB sole inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB increased the net benefit by 161.25, 94.78, 63.23 and 42.38% respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial budget analysis for an experiment on different biofertilizer combination of faba bean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage yield (kg/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted yield (kg/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross field benefits.(ETB/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal variable cost (ETB/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet Benefit (ETB/ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDominance analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52354.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48174.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon dominated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1344.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34962.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31462.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon dominated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRZM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon dominated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1456.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37879.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35919.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon dominated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1100.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28619.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25119.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon dominated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePSB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1059.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27536.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26256.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon dominated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPKSZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e956\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e812.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21127.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18607.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon dominated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18740.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18440.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eETB= Ethiopian Birr\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.14. Marginal Rate of Return Analysis (MRRA)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the dominance analysis all the treatments were included for further Marginal Rate of Return analysis (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). For a treatment to be considered a worthwhile option for farmers, the marginal rates of return (MRR) need to be at least between 50% and 100% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, to draw recommendations from marginal analysis in this study, a 100% return to the investment is a reasonable minimum acceptable rate of return for farmers in the study area. Accordingly, the marginal rate of return NPKSZn was 12.56% which is not within the acceptable range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the other treatment seed inoculated with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e had the highest marginal rate of return (1336.5%) followed by dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB (1126.83% MRR), PSB (899.52%) and combination of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with the application of NPKSZn (789.26%). This implies that for Birr 1.0 investment in faba bean production, the producer can get Birr 133.65, 112.68, 89.95, and 78.92 respectively. The lowest but above the acceptable range of marginal rate of return (218.67%) was obtained in seeds inoculated with PSB and NPKSZn followed by seeds inoculated with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and NPKSZn (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). This implied that seed inoculation with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB could produce higher yields and a high rate of return for farmers in \u003cem\u003eAtsela\u003c/em\u003e and similar agro-ecology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarginal rate of return based on the grain yield and current price of faba bean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted yield (kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross field benefits.(ETB ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal variable cost (ETB ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet Benefit (ETB ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMRR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52354.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48174.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1344.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34962.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31462.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e423.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRZM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1336.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRzm\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1456.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37879.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35919.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1126.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePSB\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1100.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28619.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25119.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePSB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1059.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27536.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26256.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e899.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNPKSZn\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e812.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21127.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18607.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18740.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18440.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eMRR = Marginal Rate of Return\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn light of the obtained results, it could be concluded that under the conditions during this investigation, enrichment of faba bean plants with dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e, PSB combined with the application of NPKSZn gave a considerable increase in yield and yield components as well as reduced number of infected plant and severity of chocolate spot. The lowest number of infected plants, disease incidence level, and lowest Chocolate spot severity index were achieved with combined application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB and NPKSZn and plots treated with dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PSB respectively. In contrast, the highest number of infected plants, incidence, and severity index were obtained with the application of chemical fertilizer (NPKSZn). The highest net benefit was also obtained from the application of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB inoculation along with the application of NPKSZn fertilization and dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB. The application of biofertilizer is an acceptable approach for higher yield with good quality and safe for human consumption. The current results show that either single or mixed inoculation gave a positive response to the studied parameters. This response was accompanied by a significant increase in plant height, pod number, seed number per pod, thousand seed weight, and biological yield.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no financial or non-financial competing interests regarding the publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe work was financially supported by Mekelle University with the Grant project Registration Number of CRPO/ CDANR /Medium/ Recurrent/001/2011.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by [Mohammed Mebrahtu Mossa], [Daniel Gebrekidan], and [Etsay Mesele]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Mohammed Mebrahtu Mossa] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTadele M, Jarso M, Argaye S, Tekalign A, Tilahun N, Mulugeta W, et al. Performance of Large Seeded Faba Bean Genotypes for Yield and Related Agronomic Traits in Different Parts of Ethiopia. East African J Agric Biotechnol. 2021;4:1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMerga B, Egigu MC, Wakgari M. Reconsidering the economic and nutritional importance of faba bean in Ethiopian context Reconsidering the economic and nutritional importance of faba bean in Ethiopian context. 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Available from: www.ijset.net\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-agriculture","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Agriculture](https://www.springer.com/journal/44279)","snPcode":"44279","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44279/3","title":"Discover Agriculture","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Blended fertilizer, Biofertilizer, Chocolate spot, nodulation, Rhizobium","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4928559/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4928559/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to soil depletion of essential minerals, causing microorganisms to be distracted and reducing the distribution of soil fauna and flora. The field experiment examined the impact of biofertilizer (\u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria) and blended fertilizer (NPKSZn) on the growth, yield, and yield-attributing characteristics of Faba bean. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with eight treatments. The result revealed that the application of biofertilizer significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) affected the growth and yield characteristics of faba bean. The longest grain filling period (51.42 days), tallest plant height (148.2cm), Maximum nodulation (79.58), number of branches (6.42), pod per plant (34.08), highest thousand seed weight (699.9 g), grain (2369 kg ha-1), and biological yield (3942 kg ha-1), and the lowest chocolate spot disease severity index (13.33%) was noticed in dual inoculation of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with recommended dose of NPKSZn in both growing seasons. The highest net benefit (48174.9 ETB per ha) with an acceptable maximum marginal rate of return (789.26%) was recorded in dual inoculation of seed with \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB. Therefore inoculations of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB enhance the production and productivity and reduce the chocolate spot infestation level. Hence the seed must be inoculated with a dual culture of \u003cem\u003eRhizobium\u003c/em\u003e and PSB along with another package of practices for the crop.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effectiveness of different bio-fertilizer on growth, yield and yield attributing character of Faba bean (Vicia fabae L.)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-20 11:27:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4928559/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-06T04:56:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-02T08:54:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-01T04:33:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"331188170046674429695655094053415485856","date":"2024-08-28T15:35:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"177462982629812328515583736429851774507","date":"2024-08-27T10:08:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"262679495119401299959365037390043630094","date":"2024-08-27T08:36:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"326394256094269124354652841397278182561","date":"2024-08-27T08:17:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-27T07:28:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-22T06:30:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-08-22T06:29:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Agriculture","date":"2024-08-17T07:45:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-agriculture","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Agriculture](https://www.springer.com/journal/44279)","snPcode":"44279","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44279/3","title":"Discover Agriculture","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b5d43555-1916-45b3-b35e-beb2e6a8019a","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 20th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-17T07:38:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-20 11:27:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4928559","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4928559","identity":"rs-4928559","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}