Deciphering Genetic Diversity Through Cluster and Principal Component Analyses for Yield and Quality traits in Small Cardamom [Elattaria cardamomum (L.) Maton]

Abstract A field study assessed the variability among 20 high-yielding small cardamom accessions, including the popular “Green Gold” variety, focusing on hybrids, breeding lines, and seedling selections. Selected for their high yields, these accessions were evaluated at the Kerala Agricultural University's Cardamom Research Station using a randomized block design (RBD) over four years. Statistical analysis of ten yield-related traits revealed significant diversity among the genotypes at a 1% probability level. Notably, PS 27 exhibited the highest fresh weight, while Pl.No. 14 showed superior dry weight, indicating a high dry recovery percentage. PS 27 also had a higher capsule volume, with other cultivars like Pl.No. 19 and HY 9 displaying similar results. The weight of 100 capsules was highest for HY 9, underscoring PS 27’s superior capsule boldness. PS 3 showed the highest seed count, followed by PS 27, although Pl.No. 14 outperformed most other traits except 100-capsule weight. Based on these findings, PS 27 and Pl.No. 14 emerged as superior for future breeding to enhance cardamom yield. Genotypes were grouped into three clusters based on 75% genetic similarity, with Cluster II having the most genotypes, while PS 27 uniquely formed Cluster III. Pl.No. 14 and Green Gold were in Cluster I, showcasing their yield and morphological advantages. The first four principal components explained 82.5% of the total variation, suggesting that diverse morphological genotypes could contribute to effective breeding programs.