Analysis of Rainfall Variability in 2008-2024 and Its Impact on Rice Productivity in Sidenreng Rappang Regency

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This study analyzes the variability of annual rainfall in Sidenreng Rappang Regency, South Sulawesi, during the period 2008–2024, as well as its impact on rice productivity. The method used was a literature review with a quantitative approach to secondary data on annual and monthly rainfall and rice productivity from BPS and NASA POWER. The results show that annual rainfall fluctuates, with a low value of 97.82 mm in 2023 and a high of 295.02 mm in 2009, influenced by phenomena such as ENSO and Dipole Mode. Rice productivity is also fluctuating, with a downward trend of about 0.0039 tons/ha for every 1 mm increase in annual rainfall based on linear regression analysis, although there is a moderate positive correlation in some periods. This variability leads to the risk of drought and flooding, which has an impact on decreased production. Climate adaptation strategies, such as irrigation management and the use of climate-resistant varieties, are needed to maintain food security in the region. rainfall variability rice productivity climate change Sidenreng Rappang agricultural adaptation ENSO food security linear regression Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction As an archipelagic country with a large ocean area and located between the Asian Continent and the Australian Continent and flanked by the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, Indonesia's rainfall in general is difficult to predict. Apart from its dynamic nature, the physical conditions involved both locally and globally are very complex. This results in the occurrence of rainfall variability and of course the variability of seasons (Wicaksono, 2022 ). Indonesia is a tropical country that has an average temperature of 27–30°C. The appropriate temperature for cultivation shares the types of plants in Indonesia. Threatening climate changes such as changes in temperature, varying rainfall, development of resistance to pathogens and weeds, salinity, drought, and waterlogging affect agricultural production around the world, including seasonal shifts and changes in rainfall distribution patterns that trigger floods and landslides in the rainy season and droughts in the dry season. Climate change has a direct impact on the production of food crops, especially rice. The impact that can be seen as a result of climate change on the rice crop sector is a decrease in crop production (Hidayatullah Zaini & Saitama, 2023 ). Variability in rainfall can cause several problems such as flooding and drought. The variability of rainfall in recent years has had a great impact on the community. In 2015, the El Nino event caused a drought that had an impact on reducing rice productivity. Furthermore, there was a drought event at the end of 2019 due to the Dipole Mode phenomenon whose impact was almost similar to El Nino in 1997 and 2015 (Aditya et al., 2021 ). Rainfall patterns in South Sulawesi Province have three types of rainfall patterns, including monsoon type, equatorial type, and local type. The Western and Southern parts of South Sulawesi are areas that have monsoon rainfall patterns, for the Eastern part of South Sulawesi is an area that has equatorial and local rainfall patterns (Wicaksono, 2022 ). The monthly rainfall pattern in the Western region of South Sulawesi experienced a high rainfall intensity of > 300 mm/month in November-March, and a period with low rainfall intensity of 300 mm/month in May-June, and experienced a period of low intensity rain, < 50 mm/month in August – October (Wicaksono, 2022 ). Agriculture is one of the sectors that is greatly affected by the climate. Rainfall anomalies in recent years have had a significant impact on rice production as a result of a decrease in planting area, harvest area, and yield (Aditya et al., 2021 ). In 2018, the rate of damage to rice crops was found in South Sulawesi at 1.82% caused by climate and weather factors (Food Security Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture, 2019) and this condition affects regional food security policies (Fatahuddin et al., 2022 ). Sidrap Regency is one of the rice barn areas in South Sulawesi Province. Not only to meet the needs of the region itself, the harvest is also used to meet food needs in eastern Indonesia (Garcia et al., 2018 ). This can be seen from the role of the agricultural sector, especially food crops, which has a considerable contribution to economic growth (Rezky, 2019 ). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze rainfall variability and its impact on rice productivity in Sidenreng Rappang, South Sulawesi. Research Methods The research method carried out is literature review through searching various database sources on the internet using Google Scholar, BMKG Data Online, BPS. The selected references are predominantly from the last 10 years (2014–2024) to ensure relevance to current climate trends. The research data is in the form of secondary data, including rice productivity and rainfall data from 2008 to 2024 in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. The collection of data from BPS aims to obtain the data needed by narrowing down the search regarding rainfall variability, as well as its relation to rice productivity in agricultural areas. The initial stage carried out is the selection of literature related to the purpose of this research. Read the relevance of the abstract and then select the relevant references according to the keyword. The author then reviews relevant journals and discusses them. In addition, various supporting data were also included in this study related to rainfall variability, climatic phenomena in South Sulawesi, and the level of agricultural production in Indonesia, in this case rice commodities in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. Table 1 Rainfall Variability Coefficient Koef. Var. Criterion 0–0,50 Low 0,5 − 0,75 Low-Medium 0,75 − 1,00 Intermediate 1,00–1,25 Medium-High 1,25 − 1,50 Tall 1,50 − 2,00 Very High > 2,00 Ekstrem Source: (Fatahuddin et al., 2022 ) Results and Discussion The results of the study were obtained from rainfall data in Sidenreng Rappang Regency for the last 17 years (2008–2024). Experiencing monthly and yearly fluctuations. The average rainfall data in Sidenreng Rappang Regency in 2008–2024 is presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Average Rainfall in Sidenreng Rappang Regency in 2008–2024 Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average 2008 258,62 320,89 221,64 264,88 123,91 242,16 193,25 161,11 121,24 200,23 356,47 387,35 237,65 2009 449,45 250,32 268,96 199,07 197,28 103,43 149,64 29,43 17,03 98,9 188,45 276,09 185,67 2010 378,68 360,21 325,3 225,61 239,32 254,84 253,64 238,5 355,5 334,71 215,45 358,5 295,02 2011 307,81 212,9 290,17 238,85 206,95 115,26 100,45 37,29 148,23 73,73 151,36 446,71 194,14 2012 278,3 280,68 479,36 244,99 243,15 111 160,7 60,19 63,7 108,67 61,06 261,39 196,10 2013 419,5 201,97 270,57 368,89 194,3 244,17 255,77 96,74 77,18 44,01 208,61 395,23 231,41 2014 310,35 202,01 325,44 298,03 221,77 217,25 157,87 92,86 4,36 83,2 103,27 347,97 197,03 2015 192,41 208,69 157,83 205,81 80,38 127,77 35,11 10,57 4,22 36,94 108,17 224,96 116,07 2016 153,98 209,14 171,54 232,96 198,65 195,73 86,8 33,05 82,83 181,25 220,35 190,88 163,10 2017 191,32 199,19 201,96 153,26 251,71 242.18 146,54 69,15 106,59 119,5 183,01 241,33 169,41 2018 233,75 233,01 177,82 126,26 112,47 239,59 84,6 24,75 31,01 33,13 141,99 219,72 138,18 2019 192,71 137,65 151,83 217,66 108,07 166,23 41,77 28,67 27,24 85,22 23,93 85,35 105,53 2020 158,86 172,45 221,44 201,39 383,77 209,15 143,09 104,72 100,7 127,37 208,27 245,73 189,75 2021 353,75 132,81 229,7 107,94 125,94 135,62 112,67 173,93 137,81 187,85 268,11 261,66 185,65 2022 173,37 245,52 195,78 152,24 215,03 213,49 149,73 160,76 110,98 237,69 226,34 219,67 191,72 2023 177,91 203,77 13,73 130,12 98,68 144,87 101,85 22,27 18,08 20,82 119,99 121,76 97,82 2024 215,75 199,93 225,61 196,67 221,3 139,93 224,76 45,91 37,84 111,03 225,29 300,35 178,70 Average 261,56 221,83 231,10 209,68 189,57 178,78 141,073 81,76 84,97 122,60 177,07 269,69 Source : NASA POWER Data Access Viewer, (2025) Based on Table 2 , the average annual rainfall in Sidenreng Rappang Regency during the period 2008–2024 ranges from 77.13 mm in 2015 to 86.51 mm in 2008 with some months showing relatively higher values. The influence of La Nina events on monthly rainfall in South Sulawesi is very significant when entering the dry season period or during the dry phase until the beginning of the rainy season or wet phase in the South Sulawesi region, namely in June – November with a general percentage value of 20 to > 70%. Meanwhile, the most significant increase in monthly rainfall occurred during the peak period of the dry season in August-September with a percentage value of > 70% (Wicaksono, 2022 ). Furthermore, based on Table 1 data, a graph of rainfall for the last 17 years was made in the Sidenreng Rappang Regency area Fig. 1 . Figure 1 shows the graph of annual rainfall in the Sidenreng Rappang Regency area during 2008–2024. The graph shows clear and irregular fluctuations with the highest rainfall reaching 295.02 mm in 2009 indicating an extreme rainy period, and the lowest rainfall shown in 2023 which is 97.82 mm which indicates a dry period. Rainfall in Indonesia is generally influenced by significant phenomena such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Dipole Mode (DM). The influence of this phenomenon further interacts with the monsoon and local patterns which affect the variability of annual and monthly rainfall and extreme rainfall intensity. Variability in rainfall can cause several problems such as flooding and drought. Rainfall variability affects the dynamics of planting time and backwards by 2–6 basis points in the monsoon area and does not affect the planting time in the equatorial blood. Picture 2 Graph of average rainfall in 17 years An analysis of monthly rainfall patterns over the past 17 years is shown in Fig. 2 . Based on the graph, rainfall peaked in January at 261.56 mm and in December at around 269.69 mm which marks the intensive monsoon phase, while the lowest rainfall occurred in August at around 81.76 mm. This pattern clearly divides the year into periods of the dominant rainy season starting from November to April with rainfall consistently exceeding 200 mm per month, and the dry dry season beginning in June to September where rainfall is below 120 mm per month, with a gradual transition in May and October indicating a gradual decrease or increase in rainfall. The results of rice productivity research in the Sidenreng Rappang Regency area during 2008–2024 are presented in Table 3 . Table 3 Land Area, Production, and Rice Productivity in Sidenreng Rappang Regency (2008–2024) Year Land Area (Ha) Rice Production (Tons) Rice Productivity (Ton/ha) 2008 72,742 375,981 51,69 2009 75,104 384,124 51,16 2010 69,013 327,054 47,42 2011 80,331 425,868 53,16 2012 80,880 454,947 56,63 2013 83,686 449,497 55,16 2014 86,354.42 488,882.72 56,61 2015 83,450.00 536,012.00 64,34 2016 103,591.00 553,782.50 53,4 2017 106,327.80 665,287.00 62,6 2018 91,997.15 536,049.61 58,27 2019 93,080.02 515,011.95 55,33 2020 88,925.58 443,799.14 49,91 2021 89,434.42 480,001.67 53,67 2022 90,652.88 535,315.55 59,05 2023 89,088.44 483,868.74 54,31 2024 86,548.69 447,855.62 51,75 Source: BPS Sidenreng Rappang Regency (2025) Based on the data in Table 3 , a graph of rice productivity (Ton/Ha) in Sidenreng Rappang Regency for 2008–2024 is made Fig. 3. Picture 3 Rice Productivity Graph (Ton/Ha) of Sidenreng Rappang Regency in 2008–2024. Productivity is the ability of soil to produce a crop that is being cultivated with a certain management system (Garcia et al., 2018 ). Rice productivity (Ton/Ha) in Sidenreng Rappang Regency from 2008–2024 shows a relatively fluctuating pattern as shown in Fig. 3 . There were several years with significant declines, for example in 2015. Years with normal or wetter rainfall are generally followed by increased productivity, indicating the presence of high sensitivity of rice commodities to water availability. According to (Jabbar et al., 2023 ) The decline in rice production levels in Sidrap Regency is caused by several factors, including: 1). The impact of global climate change, namely changes in the pattern and intensity of rainfall that causes droughts and floods, 2). Increasing land conversion, 3). The limited availability of infrastructure and agricultural production facilities based on appropriate technology, 4). Degradation of land quality caused by the excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, 5). The availability of superior quality seeds/seedlings that have not been met, 6). Low institutional capacity of farmers and agricultural human resources, 7). Scarcity and reduction of the amount of subsidized fertilizers to farmers, 8). The high price of agricultural medicines, as well as 9). Lack of interest of the younger generation in the agricultural sector. Picture 4 Graph of Rainfall and Rice Productivity in SIDRAP Regency in 2008–2024. The temporal relationship between annual rainfall and rice productivity is shown in Fig. 4 . It can be seen that the two trends have a moderate but not entirely consistent positive correlation where years with high rainfall such as 2009 and 2010 tend to produce better rice productivity above 55 tons/ha which reflects optimal conditions for crop growth, while periods with low rainfall such as in 2016, 2019, and 2023 show productivity up to below 50 tons/ha. There was an interesting anomaly in 2015–2016 where productivity remained stable and relatively high despite low rainfall. However, rainfall that is too high in a short period of time can also cause inundation or flooding that inhibits plant growth, so this relationship is not very positive. Picture 5 Linear Regression of Rainfall and Rice Productivity (2008–2024) Figure 5 . A linear regression analysis between annual rainfall as an independent variable and rice productivity as a dependent variable is displayed. The graph displays a scatter plot with red regression, resulting in a model equation, namely: $$\:y=63.4023-0.003888x\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(1\right)\:$$ Where: \(\:y\) = Productivity (tons/ha) \(\:x\:\) = Annual rainfall (mm). Which implies a negative relationship where every 1 mm increase in annual rainfall paradoxically correlates with a decrease in rice productivity of 0.0039 tons/ha, with an interception value of about 63.4 tons/h. The determination coefficient (p = 0.68) showed that only 1.2% of rice productivity variability was explained by annual rainfall, and this relationship was not statistically significant. \(\:{R}^{2}=0.012\) Based on the graph of rainfall and rice productivity in Sidenreng Rappang Regency shown in Fig. 4 , it can be seen that there is a fairly clear relationship between rainfall variability and changes in rice productivity. The increase in rainfall tends to be followed by an increase in rice productivity, especially in the 2019 − 2015 and 2013–2014 periods when the annual rainfall is above 250 mm and rice productivity consistently exceeds 55 tons/ha. The availability of sufficient water is very important for rice plants, especially in the vegetative and generative phases that require a sustainable water supply. Extreme variability in rainfall, both in the form of a sharp decrease and increase, also shows an impact on production yields. For example, in 2015 - despite the drastic annual rainfall - rice productivity was maintained above 52 tons/ha. On the contrary, in 2019 and 2023 when the annual rainfall was only about 180 mm until, productivity immediately plummeted below 48 tons/ha. Lack of water during the planting period can inhibit rice growth, especially at the stage of panicle formation, resulting in a decrease in crop yields. In the 2023–2024 period, annual rainfall has experienced a significant recovery of close to 200 mm, but rice productivity actually shows a slight downward trend from 50 tons/ha to around 48 tons/ha. This condition indicates that in addition to climatic factors, there are other factors that also play a role in determining rice productivity, such as soil quality, availability of agricultural inputs, pest and disease attacks, and the application of cultivation technology. According to the fact that uneven production between seasons where during the rainy season is one of the good conditions for planting rice because the rainwater content is sufficient for the needs so that rice production will increase, compared to during the dry season resulting in the land being easily drought-prone. Thus, although rainfall is an important factor, adaptive agricultural management also greatly determines the level of productivity achieved. Conclusion Based on the analysis of the variability of annual rainfall in Sidenreng Rappang Regency during the period 2008–2024, it can be concluded that rainfall shows a significant fluctuating pattern, with the highest peak in 2009 (295.02 mm) and lowest in 2023 (97.82 mm), influenced by global climate phenomena such as ENSO and Dipole Mode. The monthly pattern confirms the existence of intensive rainy seasons (November-April) and dry droughts (June-September), which contribute to the risk of floods and droughts. Rice productivity also fluctuates, with a moderate positive correlation to rainfall in some years, but linear regression analysis indicates an overall negative relationship (a decrease of 0.0039 tons/ha per 1 mm increase in rainfall), although other factors such as land conversion, soil degradation, and infrastructure limitations play a role. Overall, rainfall variability negatively impacts food security, so adaptation strategies such as sustainable irrigation development, the use of climate-resilient superior seeds, and farmer capacity building to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the region are needed. Follow-up research with primary data and spatial analysis is recommended for validation of findings. Declarations Author Contribution Bintiara. S and Halmar Halide contributed to the design of the methodology and data collection. Bintiara. S leads the statistical analysis process, while Halmar Halide conducts the data visualization and is responsible for compiling the theoretical framework and discussion of the results. All authors read, edit, and approve the final version of this manuscript, and agree to be responsible for the entire content and integrity of the work.Conflict of Interest StatementThe author states that there is no conflict of interest in the implementation or reporting of this research.FundingThis research was conducted independently without funding from any institution, both government, private, or non-profit institutions.Data Availability StatementAll data used and generated during this study are publicly available through online repositories and can be accessed by the public.Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) ToolsThe author uses the help of ChatGPT (OpenAI) to improve grammar, improve sentence clarity, and format suggestions during the writing of this paper. All AI-generated suggestions and content have been critically reviewed by the authors to ensure scientific accuracy and integrity.AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to thank ChatGPT (OpenAI) for supporting script development. This research is the No. 1 Contribution of the Climate Modeling for Decision Making Research Group, Hasanuddin University. References Aditya F, Gusmayanti E, Sudrajat J (2021) The Effect of Rainfall Changes on Rice Field Productivity in West Kalimantan. J Environ Sci 19(2):237–246. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.19.2.237-246 Fatahuddin I, Mujtahid F, Malik M, Yudith V, Alwan Dzakwan M (2022) Literature Review: The Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Products in Sidrap Regency and Impact on the Economy. Proceedings of the BSKJI National Seminar Post Pandemic Economy Recovery , 11–20 Garcia AR, Filipe SB, Fernandes C, Estevão C, Ramos G (2018) Regional Statistics of Sidenreng Rappang Regency Hidayatullah Zaini A, Saitama A (2023) Analysis of Climate Change and Its Effects on the Productivity of Rice Crops in Malang Regency Analysis of Climate Change and Its Effects on the Productivity of Rice in Malang Regency. J Agric Sci 8(2):173–180. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpt.2023.008.2.08 Jabbar A, Sangkala H, Rusdi M (2023) Local Government Adaptive Capacity Development Model (Study: Increasing Agricultural Productivity in Sidenreng Rappang Regency). PRAJA: Sci J Government 11(3):203–215 Rezky MS (2019) Analysis of the Implementation of the Special Effort Program for Rice, Corn, Soybeans (Upsus Pajale) in Realizing Food Self-Sufficiency in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. Government Sci 12(2):81–87 Wicaksono A (2022) The Effect of the La Nina Phenomenon on Monthly Rainfall Anomalies in South Sulawesi. Bull Meteorol Climatology Geophys 2(3):35–49. https://www.balai2bmkg.id/index.php/buletin_mkg/article/view/25/9 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7968124","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":542324585,"identity":"86a812c7-4880-4fef-b24e-3c0f46291321","order_by":0,"name":"S 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06:49:00","extension":"html","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7968124/v1/ee38750aaaa0858ef04bd718.html"},{"id":95892797,"identity":"190674eb-f1a0-4552-9d5b-1fa7228847da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-14 06:49:00","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54823,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAnnual Rainfall Graph of Sidenreng Rappang Regency in 2008-2024\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7968124/v1/2abfd55aeb289bdbc69bd911.png"},{"id":95892802,"identity":"bdbfaf9e-d55e-4d32-9c36-e441aab8ad84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-14 06:49:00","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60734,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraph of average rainfall in 17 years\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7968124/v1/f15f09271867f9b1e969b0bb.png"},{"id":96241878,"identity":"7056c71f-391d-43c8-bbfa-da5b1fad6226","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:11:34","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63479,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRice Productivity Graph (Ton/Ha) of Sidenreng Rappang Regency in 2008-2024.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7968124/v1/999e04c7a37299c1b71e2b15.png"},{"id":95892806,"identity":"9917645a-f613-4b19-883b-59a29c120282","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-14 06:49:00","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":105343,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraph of Rainfall and Rice Productivity in SIDRAP Regency in 2008-2024.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7968124/v1/24b32cea57d0dbc184c5a0c6.png"},{"id":95892801,"identity":"bd774961-881c-4c18-b677-1f406dc97792","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-14 06:49:00","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51080,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7968124/v1/ae9f009b448bbfc8daaca4bf.png"},{"id":97898222,"identity":"d067606b-de84-42ea-8167-7fa1c1ac32c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-10 15:38:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":998245,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7968124/v1/8f60f165-9bda-4070-8fe6-506204c8406c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of Rainfall Variability in 2008-2024 and Its Impact on Rice Productivity in Sidenreng Rappang Regency","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs an archipelagic country with a large ocean area and located between the Asian Continent and the Australian Continent and flanked by the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, Indonesia's rainfall in general is difficult to predict. Apart from its dynamic nature, the physical conditions involved both locally and globally are very complex. This results in the occurrence of rainfall variability and of course the variability of seasons (Wicaksono, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndonesia is a tropical country that has an average temperature of 27\u0026ndash;30\u0026deg;C. The appropriate temperature for cultivation shares the types of plants in Indonesia. Threatening climate changes such as changes in temperature, varying rainfall, development of resistance to pathogens and weeds, salinity, drought, and waterlogging affect agricultural production around the world, including seasonal shifts and changes in rainfall distribution patterns that trigger floods and landslides in the rainy season and droughts in the dry season. Climate change has a direct impact on the production of food crops, especially rice. The impact that can be seen as a result of climate change on the rice crop sector is a decrease in crop production (Hidayatullah Zaini \u0026amp; Saitama, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariability in rainfall can cause several problems such as flooding and drought. The variability of rainfall in recent years has had a great impact on the community. In 2015, the El Nino event caused a drought that had an impact on reducing rice productivity. Furthermore, there was a drought event at the end of 2019 due to the Dipole Mode phenomenon whose impact was almost similar to El Nino in 1997 and 2015 (Aditya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainfall patterns in South Sulawesi Province have three types of rainfall patterns, including monsoon type, equatorial type, and local type. The Western and Southern parts of South Sulawesi are areas that have monsoon rainfall patterns, for the Eastern part of South Sulawesi is an area that has equatorial and local rainfall patterns (Wicaksono, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe monthly rainfall pattern in the Western region of South Sulawesi experienced a high rainfall intensity of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;300 mm/month in November-March, and a period with low rainfall intensity of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50 mm/month in May-October. Meanwhile, the Eastern South Sulawesi region experienced a period of rain with high intensity\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;300 mm/month in May-June, and experienced a period of low intensity rain, \u0026lt; 50 mm/month in August \u0026ndash; October (Wicaksono, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgriculture is one of the sectors that is greatly affected by the climate. Rainfall anomalies in recent years have had a significant impact on rice production as a result of a decrease in planting area, harvest area, and yield (Aditya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In 2018, the rate of damage to rice crops was found in South Sulawesi at 1.82% caused by climate and weather factors (Food Security Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture, 2019) and this condition affects regional food security policies (Fatahuddin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSidrap Regency is one of the rice barn areas in South Sulawesi Province. Not only to meet the needs of the region itself, the harvest is also used to meet food needs in eastern Indonesia (Garcia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). This can be seen from the role of the agricultural sector, especially food crops, which has a considerable contribution to economic growth (Rezky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze rainfall variability and its impact on rice productivity in Sidenreng Rappang, South Sulawesi.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Research Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research method carried out is literature review through searching various database sources on the internet using Google Scholar, BMKG Data Online, BPS. The selected references are predominantly from the last 10 years (2014\u0026ndash;2024) to ensure relevance to current climate trends. The research data is in the form of secondary data, including rice productivity and rainfall data from 2008 to 2024 in Sidenreng Rappang Regency. The collection of data from BPS aims to obtain the data needed by narrowing down the search regarding rainfall variability, as well as its relation to rice productivity in agricultural areas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe initial stage carried out is the selection of literature related to the purpose of this research. Read the relevance of the abstract and then select the relevant references according to the keyword. The author then reviews relevant journals and discusses them. In addition, various supporting data were also included in this study related to rainfall variability, climatic phenomena in South Sulawesi, and the level of agricultural production in Indonesia, in this case rice commodities in Sidenreng Rappang Regency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainfall Variability Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKoef. Var.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCriterion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;0,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow-Medium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,75\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntermediate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,00\u0026ndash;1,25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedium-High\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,25\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,50\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2,00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery High\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2,00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEkstrem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource: (Fatahuddin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of the study were obtained from rainfall data in Sidenreng Rappang Regency for the last 17 years (2008\u0026ndash;2024). Experiencing monthly and yearly fluctuations. The average rainfall data in Sidenreng Rappang Regency in 2008\u0026ndash;2024 is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Rainfall in Sidenreng Rappang Regency in 2008\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMay\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJun\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJul\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAug\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOct\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNov\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e258,62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320,89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221,64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e264,88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123,91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e242,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e193,25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e356,47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e387,35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e237,65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e449,45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e268,96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199,07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197,28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103,43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149,64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29,43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188,45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e276,09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e185,67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e378,68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e360,21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e325,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225,61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e239,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e254,84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e253,64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e355,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e334,71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215,45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e358,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e295,02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e307,81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e212,9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238,85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206,95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115,26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100,45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37,29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73,73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151,36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e446,71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e194,14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e280,68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e479,36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244,99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160,7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63,7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61,06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e261,39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e196,10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e419,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201,97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e270,57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e368,89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e194,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e255,77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96,74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77,18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e208,61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e395,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e231,41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310,35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e202,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e325,44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e298,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221,77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e217,25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157,87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92,86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83,2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103,27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e347,97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e197,03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e192,41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e208,69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157,83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e205,81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80,38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e127,77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10,57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36,94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108,17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e224,96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e116,07\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153,98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e209,14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171,54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e232,96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198,65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195,73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86,8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33,05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82,83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181,25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220,35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190,88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e163,10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191,32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199,19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201,96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153,26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e251,71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e242.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146,54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106,59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119,5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e241,33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e169,41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e233,75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e233,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177,82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126,26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112,47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e239,59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24,75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31,01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33,13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e141,99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e219,72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e138,18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e192,71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137,65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151,83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e217,66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108,07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166,23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41,77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85,22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23,93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85,35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e105,53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158,86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172,45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221,44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201,39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e383,77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e209,15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143,09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104,72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100,7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e127,37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e208,27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e245,73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e189,75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e353,75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132,81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e229,7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107,94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125,94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135,62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173,93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137,81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e187,85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e268,11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e261,66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e185,65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173,37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e245,52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195,78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152,24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213,49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149,73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160,76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110,98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e237,69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226,34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e219,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e191,72\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177,91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203,77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13,73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130,12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98,68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144,87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101,85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22,27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18,08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20,82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119,99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121,76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e97,82\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215,75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199,93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225,61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e196,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221,3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139,93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e224,76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45,91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37,84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111,03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225,29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300,35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e178,70\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e261,56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e221,83\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e231,10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e209,68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e189,57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e178,78\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e141,073\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e81,76\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e84,97\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e122,60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e177,07\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e269,69\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSource : NASA POWER Data Access Viewer, (2025)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the average annual rainfall in Sidenreng Rappang Regency during the period 2008\u0026ndash;2024 ranges from 77.13 mm in 2015 to 86.51 mm in 2008 with some months showing relatively higher values.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe influence of La Nina events on monthly rainfall in South Sulawesi is very significant when entering the dry season period or during the dry phase until the beginning of the rainy season or wet phase in the South Sulawesi region, namely in June \u0026ndash; November with a general percentage value of 20 to \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;70%. Meanwhile, the most significant increase in monthly rainfall occurred during the peak period of the dry season in August-September with a percentage value of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;70% (Wicaksono, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, based on Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e data, a graph of rainfall for the last 17 years was made in the Sidenreng Rappang Regency area \u003cb\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFigure 1\u003c/b\u003e shows the graph of annual rainfall in the Sidenreng Rappang Regency area during 2008\u0026ndash;2024. The graph shows clear and irregular fluctuations with the highest rainfall reaching 295.02 mm in 2009 indicating an extreme rainy period, and the lowest rainfall shown in 2023 which is 97.82 mm which indicates a dry period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRainfall in Indonesia is generally influenced by significant phenomena such as El Ni\u0026ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Dipole Mode (DM). The influence of this phenomenon further interacts with the monsoon and local patterns which affect the variability of annual and monthly rainfall and extreme rainfall intensity. Variability in rainfall can cause several problems such as flooding and drought. Rainfall variability affects the dynamics of planting time and backwards by 2\u0026ndash;6 basis points in the monsoon area and does not affect the planting time in the equatorial blood.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePicture 2\u003c/b\u003e Graph of average rainfall in 17 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn analysis of monthly rainfall patterns over the past 17 years is shown in \u003cb\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/b\u003e. Based on the graph, rainfall peaked in January at 261.56 mm and in December at around 269.69 mm which marks the intensive monsoon phase, while the lowest rainfall occurred in August at around 81.76 mm. This pattern clearly divides the year into periods of the dominant rainy season starting from November to April with rainfall consistently exceeding 200 mm per month, and the dry dry season beginning in June to September where rainfall is below 120 mm per month, with a gradual transition in May and October indicating a gradual decrease or increase in rainfall.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of rice productivity research in the Sidenreng Rappang Regency area during 2008\u0026ndash;2024 are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLand Area, Production, and Rice Productivity in Sidenreng Rappang Regency (2008\u0026ndash;2024)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLand Area (Ha)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRice Production (Tons)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRice Productivity (Ton/ha)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72,742\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e375,981\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51,69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75,104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e384,124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69,013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e327,054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47,42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80,331\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e425,868\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80,880\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e454,947\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56,63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83,686\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e449,497\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55,16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86,354.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e488,882.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56,61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83,450.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e536,012.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64,34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103,591.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e553,782.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53,4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106,327.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e665,287.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62,6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91,997.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e536,049.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58,27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93,080.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e515,011.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55,33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88,925.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e443,799.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49,91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89,434.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e480,001.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53,67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90,652.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e535,315.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59,05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89,088.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e483,868.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54,31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86,548.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e447,855.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51,75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSource: BPS Sidenreng Rappang Regency (2025)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the data in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, a graph of rice productivity (Ton/Ha) in Sidenreng Rappang Regency for 2008\u0026ndash;2024 is made Fig.\u0026nbsp;3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePicture 3\u003c/b\u003e Rice Productivity Graph (Ton/Ha) of Sidenreng Rappang Regency in 2008\u0026ndash;2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProductivity is the ability of soil to produce a crop that is being cultivated with a certain management system (Garcia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Rice productivity (Ton/Ha) in Sidenreng Rappang Regency from 2008\u0026ndash;2024 shows a relatively fluctuating pattern as shown in \u003cb\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/b\u003e. There were several years with significant declines, for example in 2015. Years with normal or wetter rainfall are generally followed by increased productivity, indicating the presence of high sensitivity of rice commodities to water availability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to (Jabbar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) The decline in rice production levels in Sidrap Regency is caused by several factors, including: 1). The impact of global climate change, namely changes in the pattern and intensity of rainfall that causes droughts and floods, 2). Increasing land conversion, 3). The limited availability of infrastructure and agricultural production facilities based on appropriate technology, 4). Degradation of land quality caused by the excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, 5). The availability of superior quality seeds/seedlings that have not been met, 6). Low institutional capacity of farmers and agricultural human resources, 7). Scarcity and reduction of the amount of subsidized fertilizers to farmers, 8). The high price of agricultural medicines, as well as 9). Lack of interest of the younger generation in the agricultural sector.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePicture 4\u003c/b\u003e Graph of Rainfall and Rice Productivity in SIDRAP Regency in 2008\u0026ndash;2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe temporal relationship between annual rainfall and rice productivity is shown in \u003cb\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/b\u003e. It can be seen that the two trends have a moderate but not entirely consistent positive correlation where years with high rainfall such as 2009 and 2010 tend to produce better rice productivity above 55 tons/ha which reflects optimal conditions for crop growth, while periods with low rainfall such as in 2016, 2019, and 2023 show productivity up to below 50 tons/ha. There was an interesting anomaly in 2015\u0026ndash;2016 where productivity remained stable and relatively high despite low rainfall.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, rainfall that is too high in a short period of time can also cause inundation or flooding that inhibits plant growth, so this relationship is not very positive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePicture 5\u003c/b\u003e Linear Regression of Rainfall and Rice Productivity (2008\u0026ndash;2024)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFigure 5\u003c/b\u003e. A linear regression analysis between annual rainfall as an independent variable and rice productivity as a dependent variable is displayed. The graph displays a scatter plot with red regression, resulting in a model equation, namely:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:y=63.4023-0.003888x\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\:\\left(1\\right)\\:$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:y\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = Productivity (tons/ha)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:x\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= Annual rainfall (mm).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhich implies a negative relationship where every 1 mm increase in annual rainfall paradoxically correlates with a decrease in rice productivity of 0.0039 tons/ha, with an interception value of about 63.4 tons/h. The determination coefficient (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.68) showed that only 1.2% of rice productivity variability was explained by annual rainfall, and this relationship was not statistically significant.\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{R}^{2}=0.012\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the graph of rainfall and rice productivity in Sidenreng Rappang Regency shown in \u003cb\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/b\u003e, it can be seen that there is a fairly clear relationship between rainfall variability and changes in rice productivity. The increase in rainfall tends to be followed by an increase in rice productivity, especially in the 2019\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2015 and 2013\u0026ndash;2014 periods when the annual rainfall is above 250 mm and rice productivity consistently exceeds 55 tons/ha. The availability of sufficient water is very important for rice plants, especially in the vegetative and generative phases that require a sustainable water supply.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExtreme variability in rainfall, both in the form of a sharp decrease and increase, also shows an impact on production yields. For example, in 2015 - despite the drastic annual rainfall - rice productivity was maintained above 52 tons/ha.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the contrary, in 2019 and 2023 when the annual rainfall was only about 180 mm until, productivity immediately plummeted below 48 tons/ha. Lack of water during the planting period can inhibit rice growth, especially at the stage of panicle formation, resulting in a decrease in crop yields.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the 2023\u0026ndash;2024 period, annual rainfall has experienced a significant recovery of close to 200 mm, but rice productivity actually shows a slight downward trend from 50 tons/ha to around 48 tons/ha. This condition indicates that in addition to climatic factors, there are other factors that also play a role in determining rice productivity, such as soil quality, availability of agricultural inputs, pest and disease attacks, and the application of cultivation technology. According to the fact that uneven production between seasons where during the rainy season is one of the good conditions for planting rice because the rainwater content is sufficient for the needs so that rice production will increase, compared to during the dry season resulting in the land being easily drought-prone. Thus, although rainfall is an important factor, adaptive agricultural management also greatly determines the level of productivity achieved.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the analysis of the variability of annual rainfall in Sidenreng Rappang Regency during the period 2008\u0026ndash;2024, it can be concluded that rainfall shows a significant fluctuating pattern, with the highest peak in 2009 (295.02 mm) and lowest in 2023 (97.82 mm), influenced by global climate phenomena such as ENSO and Dipole Mode. The monthly pattern confirms the existence of intensive rainy seasons (November-April) and dry droughts (June-September), which contribute to the risk of floods and droughts. Rice productivity also fluctuates, with a moderate positive correlation to rainfall in some years, but linear regression analysis indicates an overall negative relationship (a decrease of 0.0039 tons/ha per 1 mm increase in rainfall), although other factors such as land conversion, soil degradation, and infrastructure limitations play a role. Overall, rainfall variability negatively impacts food security, so adaptation strategies such as sustainable irrigation development, the use of climate-resilient superior seeds, and farmer capacity building to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the region are needed. Follow-up research with primary data and spatial analysis is recommended for validation of findings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBintiara. S and Halmar Halide contributed to the design of the methodology and data collection. Bintiara. S leads the statistical analysis process, while Halmar Halide conducts the data visualization and is responsible for compiling the theoretical framework and discussion of the results. All authors read, edit, and approve the final version of this manuscript, and agree to be responsible for the entire content and integrity of the work.Conflict of Interest StatementThe author states that there is no conflict of interest in the implementation or reporting of this research.FundingThis research was conducted independently without funding from any institution, both government, private, or non-profit institutions.Data Availability StatementAll data used and generated during this study are publicly available through online repositories and can be accessed by the public.Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) ToolsThe author uses the help of ChatGPT (OpenAI) to improve grammar, improve sentence clarity, and format suggestions during the writing of this paper. All AI-generated suggestions and content have been critically reviewed by the authors to ensure scientific accuracy and integrity.AcknowledgmentsThe author would like to thank ChatGPT (OpenAI) for supporting script development. This research is the No. 1 Contribution of the Climate Modeling for Decision Making Research Group, Hasanuddin University.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAditya F, Gusmayanti E, Sudrajat J (2021) The Effect of Rainfall Changes on Rice Field Productivity in West Kalimantan. 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Government Sci 12(2):81\u0026ndash;87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWicaksono A (2022) The Effect of the La Nina Phenomenon on Monthly Rainfall Anomalies in South Sulawesi. Bull Meteorol Climatology Geophys 2(3):35\u0026ndash;49. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.balai2bmkg.id/index.php/buletin_mkg/article/view/25/9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.balai2bmkg.id/index.php/buletin_mkg/article/view/25/9\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"rainfall variability, rice productivity, climate change, Sidenreng Rappang, agricultural adaptation, ENSO, food security, linear regression","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7968124/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7968124/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRainfall variability is a critical factor that affects agricultural productivity, especially rice. This study analyzes the variability of annual rainfall in Sidenreng Rappang Regency, South Sulawesi, during the period 2008\u0026ndash;2024, as well as its impact on rice productivity. The method used was a literature review with a quantitative approach to secondary data on annual and monthly rainfall and rice productivity from BPS and NASA POWER. The results show that annual rainfall fluctuates, with a low value of 97.82 mm in 2023 and a high of 295.02 mm in 2009, influenced by phenomena such as ENSO and Dipole Mode. Rice productivity is also fluctuating, with a downward trend of about 0.0039 tons/ha for every 1 mm increase in annual rainfall based on linear regression analysis, although there is a moderate positive correlation in some periods. This variability leads to the risk of drought and flooding, which has an impact on decreased production. Climate adaptation strategies, such as irrigation management and the use of climate-resistant varieties, are needed to maintain food security in the region.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of Rainfall Variability in 2008-2024 and Its Impact on Rice Productivity in Sidenreng Rappang Regency","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-14 06:48:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7968124/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d5429fa2-7f66-4796-8032-cd72c49fc73b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-09T16:08:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-14 06:48:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7968124","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7968124","identity":"rs-7968124","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}