Low-carbon S30C Steel with Superior Strength and Ductility Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion-Electron Beam

Low-carbon S30C Steel with Superior Strength and Ductility Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion-Electron Beam | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Low-carbon S30C Steel with Superior Strength and Ductility Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion-Electron Beam Hao Wang, Kazuki Itoda, Kenta Yamanaka, Kenta Aoyagi, Tadashi Fujieda, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7734792/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study demonstrates the potential of electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) for the fabrication of low-carbon S30C steel with superior strength and ductility. In addition to investigating the effect of preheating temperature on microstructural evolution, we examined the effect of subsequent quenching and tempering treatments. At 1033 K, equiaxed α-Fe grains dominated, whereas at 1173 K, elongated grains and side plates aligned with the build direction were more prevalent, resulting in a pronounced texture. These microstructural features introduced anisotropy along the build direction, which was effectively mitigated by tempering. Compared with conventionally processed low-carbon S30C steel, the additively manufactured specimens exhibited higher yield and tensile strengths and improved ductility, achieving a maximum tensile strength of 1914 MPa and an elongation of 17%. The exceptional mechanical performance is attributed to the refined martensitic structures and high dislocation density induced by the PBF-EB process. These findings highlight the capability of PBF-EB to produce structural carbon steels with tunable properties by controlling the process parameters, thereby offering a cost-effective route for the industrial-scale additive manufacturing of steels. Powder bed fusion-electron beam Low-carbon steel S30C steel Microstructure evolution Mechanical anisotropy Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7734792","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":542677981,"identity":"5e92c0df-a9ec-443d-bf0c-b02c23dcee4a","order_by":0,"name":"Hao 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Beam","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Powder bed fusion-electron beam, Low-carbon steel, S30C steel, Microstructure evolution, Mechanical anisotropy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7734792/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7734792/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrates the potential of electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) for the fabrication of low-carbon S30C steel with superior strength and ductility. In addition to investigating the effect of preheating temperature on microstructural evolution, we examined the effect of subsequent quenching and tempering treatments. At 1033 K, equiaxed α-Fe grains dominated, whereas at 1173 K, elongated grains and side plates aligned with the build direction were more prevalent, resulting in a pronounced\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;101\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;texture. These microstructural features introduced anisotropy along the build direction, which was effectively mitigated by tempering. Compared with conventionally processed low-carbon S30C steel, the additively manufactured specimens exhibited higher yield and tensile strengths and improved ductility, achieving a maximum tensile strength of 1914 MPa and an elongation of 17%. The exceptional mechanical performance is attributed to the refined martensitic structures and high dislocation density induced by the PBF-EB process. These findings highlight the capability of PBF-EB to produce structural carbon steels with tunable properties by controlling the process parameters, thereby offering a cost-effective route for the industrial-scale additive manufacturing of steels.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Low-carbon S30C Steel with Superior Strength and Ductility Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion-Electron Beam","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-17 03:47:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7734792/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c9a2e730-badd-4ef2-827b-c75799ec69e1","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T13:25:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-17 03:47:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7734792","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7734792","identity":"rs-7734792","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}