Rice Husk Based Geopolymer As Environment Friendly Material - A Review

Rice Husk Based Geopolymer As Environment Friendly Material - A Review | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Rice Husk Based Geopolymer As Environment Friendly Material - A Review Vigvesh Kumar, Gangesh Dhar Dwivedi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7514106/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the globe, concrete is supremely adaptable, enduring and reliable material. Concrete is the utmost extensively used material later water in the earth. But concrete is not environment-friendly payable to huge carbon impression of cement. To grow a viable imminent, it is stimulated to limit the use of this construction material that can disturb the environment. For reduction, the consumption of cement in concrete, used of Geopolymer is the preeminent approach. Geopolymer consider as green material because they can be manufactured from or natural resources and their chemistry is globally friendly without the emission of toxic residue of CO 2 . The use of Pozzolanic material identical Fly ash, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), (GGBS) Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, etc, and polymeric binder with no use of OPC is called Geopolymer. In Geopolymer composite, the utmost research exertion has been concentrated on fly ash-based binders. On the other hand, Rice Husk Ash (RHA) devours the impending to be used as source material in Geopolymer composite. Rice husk ash (RHA) is acquired from the ignition of rice husk at a temperature lesser than 700ºC. RHA is a pozzolanic substantial contain near about 85–90% of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). The specific surface of RHA is between 40-100m 2 /g. In the present paper concisely review the drudgery conceded by the numerous researchers on durability, strength, chemical composition, microstructure, etc of Geopolymer composite. Rice Husk Ash Geopolymer Environment Friendly Material Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. INTRODUCTION In the manufacture of cement giant quantity of Co 2 gas was liberated. Which is detrimental for surroundings and human beings. For manufacture of one ton of cement near about one ton of Co 2 is released. Effort is made for finding a new material which is ecofriendly and used in place of cement. After many researches and experiments a material is discovered which is ecofriendly and use is place of cement is called Geopolymer. Ever since the introduction of Geopolymer and Geopolymerisation technology in 1978 by Davidovits, there has been tremendous interest in the investigation on different aspects of its manufacturing process and various physico-mechanical and permanence properties. Properties of Geopolymer like it set at room temperature, Nontoxic and impermeable, high resistance to inorganic solvent and bad conductor of thermal make it ecofriendly, Currently geopolymers are attracting widespread attention for their potential as an alternative to Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in a variety of applications. It is becoming popular for its early development of higher strength as well as its superior durability properties besides being environment friendly. Out of the many possible source materials, Rice Husk Ash has attracted maximum attention because of its abundant availability as wastes from coal manufacture plants around the world. Of late, most of the research on geopolymers has used Rice Husk Ash as the starting material and the results thereof have been encouraging. The studies on Rice Husk Ash based geopolymer are still very inadequate and still, considerable study has to be conceded before arriving at any definite conclusion. Moreover, most of the research till date has basically dealt with manufacturing processes and synthesizing parameters of geopolymers. Investigation on durability of geopolymers, such as its performance when exposed to acids and sulphate solutions has not yet received the required attention. In order to have a complete understanding of the possibilities of applications in different areas, a thorough study on its durability properties is very much essential. 2. MATERIAL USED 2.1. Rice Husk Ash RHA, manufactured when Rice husks (RH) burning, RHA contain extraordinary sensibility and pozzolanic property. Chemical compositions of RHA remain precious due to burning process and temperature. Silica content in RHA increases as increase in burning temperature, but up to a positive limit. As per study by Houston, D. F. (1972). RHA manufactured by fiery rice husk in the range of 600 and 700°C temperature intended for 2 hours, holds 90–95% SiO2, 1–3% K 2 O and < 5% unburnt carbon. At controlled burning circumstance in industrial furnace, accompanied by Mehta, P. K. (1992), RHA holds silica in nebulous and extremely cellular form, with surface area range from (50 to 1000)m 2 /g. surface area. The chemical composition and physical properties of Rice Husk Ash are presented in Table 1 and Table 2 . 2.1.1 Chemical Composition The RHA comes from husk contain large amount of nebulous silica which involve 50% a large quantity of amorphous silica that essentially derives from the 50% cellulose, 25–30% lignin, and 15–20% silica husk. After Rice husk's oxidation process, the RHA is formed which contains nearly 85–90% silica. For know about chemical composition of RHA, XRF is commonly used. The test result of different author is given in Table 1 , and Table 1.1 show chemical constitution in India. Table 1 The chemical constitution of RHA (by % of Wt.) (LOI*- Loss on Ignition) Consti tuents Si O 2 AL 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Ca O Mg O S O 3 Na 2 O K 2 O L OI * H.Tha n le et al. 86. 81 0. 50 0. 87 1. 04 0. 85 ---- 0. 69 3. 16 4. 6 H.Cha oLung Et al. 91. 00 0. 35 0. 41 --- 0. 81 1. 2 0. 08 3. 21 8. 5 R.Zer bino et al. 95. 04 0. 30 0. 44 1. 25 0. 45 0. 01 0. 09 1. 04 0. 51 Table 1.1 Chemical constitution of RHA in India Si O 2 AL 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Ca O Mg O S O 3 Na 2 O K 2 O LOI * 86- 94 0.2- 5.0 0.3- 2.0 0.5- 2.5 0.10- 1.8 --- 0.1–0.5 0.1- 2.3 4.62- 5.5 2.1.2. Physical Properties The RHA (pulverized) is a very small, porous substance with a 5–75 [13] micron particle size scale (according to the Mehta, P.K).Physicalproperties of RHA as alluded to by some researchers. Table 2 represent below. Table 2 Physical Properties Physical Properties Mehta et al Nagrale et al. Mean particle size --- 63.8 µm Specific gravity 2.06 2.11 Fineness Passing 45 µm 99% 98% The physical properties of RHA mostly rely on combustion circumstance. In 1994 Nagataki suggested that duration and temperature of combustion alter the microstructure and peculiarity of RHA. Hwang & Chandra (1997) cautioned that combustion rice husk at temperature under 700°C produces amorphous silica which has a high surface area. Table 3 Rice Husk Ash properties by (Hwang & Chandra 1997) Burning Temprature Hold time Furnace Enviroment Properties of Rice Husk Ash Silica Form Surface Area 500–600 C 1 min Moderately Oxidizing Amor Phous 122 30 min 97 2 hr 76 700–800 C 15min-1hr 100 > 1hr Highly Oxidizing Partially crystal line 6–10 > 800 C > 1hr Crystal line < 5 2.2 GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) Through manufacturing of iron in blast furnace GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) is formed as a byproduct, around 1500 degrees centigrade iron ore and limestone are provide for the furnace using coke as a fuel. Where the iron ore becomes iron and the remaining materials forms like molten slag and floats on the top surface of the iron in the furnace and this slag is taken out from the furnace and rapid quenching with water after that it forms like granulated slag and this slag is grinded after this process ground granulated blast furnace slag is formed. According to the Xerses N. Irani et al properties of chemical configuration of GGBS presented in Table 4 Table 4 Chemical Configuration of GGBS SI. No Characteristics Chemical Requirements Requirements as per BS:6699 Test Result 1 Fineness(M 2 /kg) 275(Min) 404 2 Specific Gravity --- 2.88 3 45Micron(Residue)(%) --- 6.60 4 Insoluble Residue (%) 1.5(Max) 0.40 5 Magnesia Content(%) 14.0(Max) 7.90 6 Sulphide Sulphur(%) 2.00(Max) 0.55 7 Sulphite Content(%) 2.50(Max) 0.33 8 Loss on Ignition(%) 3.00(Max) 0.33 9 Manganese Content(%) 2.00(Max) 0.12 10 Chloride Content(%) 0.10(Max) 0.007 11 Glass Content(%) 67(Max) 91 12 Moisture Content(%) 1.00(Max) 0.12 13 A B C Chemical Modulus Cao + Mgo + SiO 2 (Cao + Mgo)/SiO 2 Cao/SiO 2 66.66(Min >1.0 < 1.40 77.25 1.38 11.13 2.3. Alkaline Liquid (Sodium hydroxide & Sodium silicate) 2.3.1 SODIUM HYDROXIDE : The Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is generally known as caustic soda. Sodium Hydroxide is handy in flakes or pellets structure with 98%-99% Purity. It used to be bought from suppliers in bulk. According to the requirement attention the NaOH solids had been dissolved in water to make the solution. 2.3.2 SODIUM SILICATE : The Sodium Silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) is also known as liquid glass. According to the Xerses N. Irani et al Chemical Constitution of Sodium Silicate was generally Na 2 O = 13.7%, SiO 2 = 29.4% and Water = 55.9%. 3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 3.1 sample preparation For preparation of sample NaOH and purified water were blended with a Na 2 SiO 3 solution and endorsed to cool at room temperature. The alkali activator solution was once organized 24 hours earlier than the use of to make certain the activator component used to be blended uniformly. After 24 h Rice Husk ash and GGBS had been put into the alkaline activator. With the use of mechanical mixture alkaline activator RHA and GGBS is blended for 6 min at the rate of 50 rad/min for all the tested mixture. The fresh paste was then swiftly poured into cube mould of size (50x50x50mm). The mould is undisturbed for 24 hours for dry of samples. After 24 hours mould were open and samples are put into the water for curing. strength and microstructure enactment were carried out. Figure 1 shown below represent the flow chart of manufacture of geopolymer composite. 3.2. Analytical Method 3.2.1 Compressive Strength: By using of 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm cube Compressive strength tests remained executed after 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 days, conferring to ASTM C109 method [15]. For test of compressive strength Universal Testing Machine is used as per IS 9013 (1978). Rate of loading on UTM is commonly conserved at 140kg/sq cm/min. 3.2.2 Crystalline Structure: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) investigation is executed to study of the crystal structure. It is used to recognize the crystalline phases existing in a material and thereby divulge chemical composition data. Identification of phases is accomplished by evaluation of the acquired data to that in reference records. Appraising minerals, polymers, deterioration products, unknown compound and unknown materials is resolute using X-ray diffraction. For the analysis by XRD sample is generally converted into fine powder form. 3.2.3 Microstructure Analysis: Microstructure Analysis is performed by utilization of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Sample which is cleft through compressive strength test is utilize for the execution of SEM. Before the performed of SEM sample were vacuum-dried for at least 12 hr. 4. CURING OF GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITE For acquire well strength and durability Curing play a vigorous role. To accelerate the reaction of geopolymerisation it is important to cured geopolymer at high temperature. Duration of curing temperature, have been examined by several investigators like Mustafa, Olivia and Nikraz [10] et al. Curing technique of geopolymer composites can be accomplished by: hot gunny curing (33–38 ºC), external exposure curing (39–44 ºC), oven curing (30–90°C), and ambient curing (27–32ºC). Special curing strategies namely steam curing at temperature of 60ºC for 24 hours monitored by exhausting air curing in a manage environment with a temperature of (23–27ºC) up to testing can correspondingly be followed. For the ambient cured samples, as increase in age, the durability and compressive strength also increase. The amount of increase in strength will be prompt within 24 hours of curing period; elsewhere 24 hours, the achievement in strength is only moderate. So in practical solicitations, heat-curing period essential not be more than 24 hour. Heat-curing can be attained by both steam-curing or dry-curing. Agreeing to Rangan [11], 25–35°C range of temperature is achieved by the ambient curing conditions in tropical climates. So, in the current study the accepted curing system is only restricted to ambient curing 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITES According to the previous research it is distinguished that the mechanical assets of geopolymer composites are reliant on various variables corresponding binder content, type of alkaline solution, molarity of alkaline solution, type of mingling and curing conditions. The mechanical properties of geopolymer increase with increase SiO 2 content, NaOH concentration it also be increase using different kind of fibres and additives. Li and Liu [3] originate that at 30°C ambient curing and the combination of slag possibly will significantly enhance the geopolymer compressive strength. Test outcomes of Srinivasan [2] exhibited that 100% GGBS binder configuration with 0.25% polypropylene fibres give improved performance. 6. DURABILITY ASPECTS OF GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITES Composites Steam-curing or dry-curing. Approving to Rangan [6], 25–35°C variety of temperature is accomplished by the ambient curing environments in tropical weathers. When related to ordinary concrete systems, geopolymers are innovative materials, which completely deficiency the long service and durability problems history that would permit an accurate forecast and control of structural deterioration. Geopolymer composites are intrinsically resilient to chemical attack and thermal charging owing their compact porosity and thermal conductivity characteristics. Several of the durability difficulties related with plane cement concrete ascend from its calcium content in the core phases. The C 3 A responds with sulphate ions in the existence of Ca(OH) 2 to produce ettringite and gypsum, which in chance cause expansion and deprivation of the cement into a non-cohesive granular mass. Chanh et al. [7] achieves that geopolymer concrete is appropriate for rough environmental conditions and seawater can be used for the amalgamation of the geopolymer cement which can be beneficial in marine environments and on islands short of fresh water. From the works Hardjito et al. [12], it is noted that geopolymer composites do not show any marks of sulphate attack or deprivation in compressive strength, the unit mass, the length change, and in visual appearance. The Geopolymers are unaffected to the corrosion and do not show any mark of deterioration for extensive periods of time when bare to circumstances of NaCl solution. According to Sanni and Khadirnaikar [8], the strength of GPC gradually decreases as the day of exposure to sulphuric acid increases. The degradation on strength is related to depolymerisation of aluminosilicate polymers in acidic environment and the formation of zeolites. But in evaluation with the many previous literatures several experiments and statements are clashing about durability issues associated to different exposure circumstances of geopolymer concrete. Hereafter it is desired to study the durability problems associated to it. 7. MICROSTRUCTURE OF GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITES As compare to the conservative cements are composed of portlandite [Ca(OH) 2 ] and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) phases. But in situation of geopolymer cement is constructed on an aluminosilicate framework. According to the study Alehyen et al. [9] the microstructure of geopolymer composites express a highly complex merchandise morphology that comprises of unreacted, moderately reacted, and entirely reacted (fly-ash, rice husk ash) spheres that are surrounded by a matrix which also includes quartz crystals and mullite needles originating from the (fly ash, rice husk ash). Microstructure also aids to forecast the causes for the failure of concrete with durability issues in various situations. 8. Conclusion Seeing all the research work completed by numerous researchers and scientists the subsequent conclusions possibly will be drawn. 1. Geopolymer is manufactured from natural resources. So it is a green material. 2. Goepolymer is synthetic without emission of toxic gas CO 2 . 3. Geopolymer is environment friendly material. 4. Geoploymer is manufactured at room temperature which is less than the manufactured of cement. 5. Geopolymer is high resistance to inorganic solvents. 6. Compressive strength as well as durability of Geopolymer is increase with increase SiO 2 content. 7. Compressive strength and tensile strength of Geopolymer growth as addition of RHA. 8. For acquire well strength and durability ambient curing is appropriate way. 9. Geopoylmer is appropriate approach to reduce the use of Cement. 10. Geopolymer is proper tactic to use the waste materials like Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash etc. Declarations Author Contribution All authors reviewed the manuscript." Acknowledgement The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the support of Er. Rohit Kumar of Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh, India. I would like to thank co-author for their mutual support and togetherness. References Davidovits, J., 1994 . Properties of Geopolymer Alkaline Cements and Concretes. Geopolymer Institute, KIEV, Ukraine J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73. Sivakumar, A., Srinivasan, K., 2014 . International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering, 8, 1275-1278. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished. Zongjin, Li., Sifeng, Liu., 2007 . Influence of Slag as Additive on Compressive Strength of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer. ASCE, Journal of Materials in Civil. Engineering, 19(6) June 2007. Shabarish V. Patil, Veeresh B. Karikatti, et al, 2018 . International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering, Granulated Blast- Furnace Slag (GGBS) based Geopolymer Concrete-Review, August 2018. Mehta, P. , Montiero, P. J. M.,2006 . Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, Materials. Third ed. McGraw-Hill Publications, New Delhi. pp-24. Wallah, S. E, Rangan, B. , 2006 . Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete: Long-Term Properties, Research Report GC 2, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia. Van Chanh, V. B., Trung, D., Tuan, D. V., 2008. Recent research on geopolymer concrete. Nguyen during the 3rd ACF International Conference. Sanni, S., Khadiranaikar., 2012. Performance of geopolymer concrete under severe environmental conditions, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, 3(2) 396-407. Alehyen, S., Achouri, M. E., Taibi, M., 2017 . Characterization, Microstructure and Properties of fly ash based geopolymer. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences. 8( 5)1783-1796. Olivia, M., Nikraz, H. 2009., Durability of Low Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete in Chloride Solution., Proceedings of the Sixth Asian Symposium on Polymers in Concrete, Shanghai, China, 153-161. Wallah, S. E, Rangan, B. V., 2006. Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete: Long-Term Properties, Research Report GC 2, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia. Hardjito, D., Wallah, S. E, Sumajouw, D., Rangan, B.V.,2003. Geopolymer Concrete: Turn Waste into Environmentally Friendly Concrete. Keynote Paper, International Conference on Recent Trends in Concrete Technology and Structures, 10-11 September, Coimbatore, India. pp. 1-12. Mehta, P.K., Method for Producing a Blended Cementitious Composition, United States Patent, No. US 6451104 B2,2002. Xerses N. Irani et al., 2017 . Experimental studies of Ambient Cured Geopolymer Concrete, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 14, Issue 3 Ver. I (May. - June. 2017), PP 44-49. Hui Cheng, Kae-Long Lin et al., 2015. The effects of SiO 2 /Na 2 O molar ratio on characteristics of alkali-activated waste catalyst- metakoline based geopolymers. Resistance of Geopolymer concrete against sodium sulfate (Na 2 So 4 ) Solution, by Shamsul Bashir and Sunil Saharan, IJERT,vol.6 Issue 11 November, 2017. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7514106","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":512237989,"identity":"31b3303f-7d28-4c61-b52e-0d77a569993d","order_by":0,"name":"Vigvesh Kumar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZjB5QA5MPiBFizGYTCDBrgOJDSCKKC0Gx9mvSXz4cyd9ftjhh0Bb7OR0GwhpOcxTJjmz7VnuxttpBkAtycZmBwhokWzmSTbmbTicu3F2AkjLgcRtRGn58+dwuuHs9A/EaeFnZj/4mIHtcIK8dA6RtvAz8zA+7G07bLhBOqfgQIIBEX5h4z/+4MCPP4fl5Wenb/7wocJOjqAWBgYeAzBlAFZpQFA5CLA/AFPyDUSpHgWjYBSMgpEIACESSLtu32+qAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Meerut Institute of Technology, Meerut Uttar Pradesh","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vigvesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":512237990,"identity":"0d149941-3510-47ea-9721-287555d686a8","order_by":1,"name":"Gangesh Dhar Dwivedi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gangesh","middleName":"Dhar","lastName":"Dwivedi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-02 06:38:38","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7514106/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7514106/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90973909,"identity":"027f7b32-4df6-4eff-aef1-d6a7682e7474","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 08:19:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26082,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlow chart of manufacture of Geopolymer Composite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"file.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7514106/v1/69ab5cddbe61baff1accdb87.png"},{"id":90973911,"identity":"a26d2d67-90b2-464c-b681-56f694a8b791","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 08:19:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":240810,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnnumbered image in the Material Used section.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7514106/v1/a15dc0328056cbaec22f054d.png"},{"id":90973912,"identity":"3a3455b4-02ab-4499-affd-4b3dda0e0b32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 08:19:24","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":268059,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnnumbered image in the Material Used section.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7514106/v1/f4e30baa8e03df0bf0cf65b9.png"},{"id":90973910,"identity":"f37aea25-6d69-4d0e-b9af-765362336d86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 08:19:24","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":373707,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUnnumbered image in the Material Used section.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7514106/v1/8bbbfb6363231ef2fca74389.png"},{"id":90975158,"identity":"92bfeff1-3980-4249-9fb9-1d10761ff121","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-10 08:27:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2026015,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7514106/v1/04049882-8714-4f72-92fa-d0e402a45585.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Rice Husk Based Geopolymer As Environment Friendly Material - A Review","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the manufacture of cement giant quantity of Co\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e gas was liberated. Which is detrimental for surroundings and human beings. For manufacture of one ton of cement near about one ton of Co\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is released. Effort is made for finding a new material which is ecofriendly and used in place of cement. After many researches and experiments a material is discovered which is ecofriendly and use is place of cement is called Geopolymer. Ever since the introduction of Geopolymer and Geopolymerisation technology in 1978 by Davidovits, there has been tremendous interest in the investigation on different aspects of its manufacturing process and various physico-mechanical and permanence properties. Properties of Geopolymer like it set at room temperature, Nontoxic and impermeable, high resistance to inorganic solvent and bad conductor of thermal make it ecofriendly, Currently geopolymers are attracting widespread attention for their potential as an alternative to Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in a variety of applications. It is becoming popular for its early development of higher strength as well as its superior durability properties besides being environment friendly. Out of the many possible source materials, Rice Husk Ash has attracted maximum attention because of its abundant availability as wastes from coal manufacture plants around the world. Of late, most of the research on geopolymers has used Rice Husk Ash as the starting material and the results thereof have been encouraging. The studies on Rice Husk Ash based geopolymer are still very inadequate and still, considerable study has to be conceded before arriving at any definite conclusion. Moreover, most of the research till date has basically dealt with manufacturing processes and synthesizing parameters of geopolymers. Investigation on durability of geopolymers, such as its performance when exposed to acids and sulphate solutions has not yet received the required attention. In order to have a complete understanding of the possibilities of applications in different areas, a thorough study on its durability properties is very much essential.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIAL USED","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e2.1. Rice Husk Ash\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRHA, manufactured when Rice husks (RH) burning, RHA contain extraordinary sensibility and pozzolanic property. Chemical compositions of RHA remain precious due to burning process and temperature. Silica content in RHA increases as increase in burning temperature, but up to a positive limit. As per study by Houston, D. F. (1972). RHA manufactured by fiery rice husk in the range of 600 and 700\u0026deg;C temperature intended for 2 hours, holds 90\u0026ndash;95% SiO2, 1\u0026ndash;3% K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5% unburnt carbon. At controlled burning circumstance in industrial furnace, accompanied by Mehta, P. K. (1992), RHA holds silica in nebulous and extremely cellular form, with surface area range from (50 to 1000)m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g. surface area. The chemical composition and physical properties of Rice Husk Ash are presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1 \u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eChemical Composition\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe RHA comes from husk contain large amount of nebulous silica which involve 50% a large quantity of amorphous silica that essentially derives from the 50% cellulose, 25\u0026ndash;30% lignin, and 15\u0026ndash;20% silica husk. After Rice husk\u0026apos;s oxidation process, the RHA is formed which contains nearly 85\u0026ndash;90% silica. For know about chemical composition of RHA, XRF is commonly used. The test result of different author is given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1.1\u003c/span\u003e show chemical constitution in India.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe chemical constitution of RHA (by % of Wt.) (LOI*- Loss on Ignition)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsti\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etuents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAL\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOI *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH.Tha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en le et\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eal.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH.Cha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eoLung\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEt al.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR.Zer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebino\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eet al.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical constitution of RHA in India\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAL\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLOI *\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2. \u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ePhysical Properties\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe RHA (pulverized) is a very small, porous substance with a 5\u0026ndash;75 [13] micron particle size scale (according to the Mehta, P.K).Physicalproperties of RHA as alluded to by some researchers. Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e represent below.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMehta et al\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNagrale et al.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean particle size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.8 \u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific gravity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFineness Passing 45 \u0026micro;m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe physical properties of RHA mostly rely on combustion circumstance. In 1994 Nagataki suggested that duration and temperature of combustion alter the microstructure and peculiarity of RHA. Hwang \u0026amp; Chandra (1997) cautioned that combustion rice husk at temperature under 700\u0026deg;C produces amorphous silica which has a high surface area.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRice Husk Ash properties by (Hwang \u0026amp; Chandra 1997)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurning Temprature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHold time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurnace Enviroment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProperties of Rice Husk Ash\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSilica Form\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurface Area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u0026ndash;600 C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately Oxidizing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmor Phous\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 hr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e700\u0026ndash;800 C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15min-1hr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1hr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighly Oxidizing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePartially crystal line\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;800 C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1hr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrystal line\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e2.2 GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThrough manufacturing of iron in blast furnace GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) is formed as a byproduct, around 1500 degrees centigrade iron ore and limestone are provide for the furnace using coke as a fuel. Where the iron ore becomes iron and the remaining materials forms like molten slag and floats on the top surface of the iron in the furnace and this slag is taken out from the furnace and rapid quenching with water after that it forms like granulated slag and this slag is grinded after this process ground granulated blast furnace slag is formed. According to the Xerses N. Irani et al properties of chemical configuration of GGBS presented in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical Configuration of GGBS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSI. No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics Chemical Requirements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRequirements as per BS:6699\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest Result\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFineness(M\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275(Min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific Gravity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45Micron(Residue)(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e---\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsoluble Residue (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5(Max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMagnesia Content(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0(Max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSulphide Sulphur(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00(Max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSulphite Content(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50(Max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoss on Ignition(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00(Max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManganese Content(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00(Max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloride Content(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10(Max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlass Content(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(Max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoisture Content(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00(Max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical Modulus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCao\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Mgo\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Cao\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Mgo)/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCao/SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.66(Min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3. \u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAlkaline Liquid (Sodium hydroxide \u0026amp; Sodium silicate)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.1 SODIUM HYDROXIDE\u003c/strong\u003e: The Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) is generally known as caustic soda. Sodium Hydroxide is handy in flakes or pellets structure with 98%-99% Purity. It used to be bought from suppliers in bulk. According to the requirement attention the NaOH solids had been dissolved in water to make the solution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.2 SODIUM SILICATE\u003c/strong\u003e: The Sodium Silicate (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) is also known as liquid glass. According to the Xerses N. Irani et al Chemical Constitution of Sodium Silicate was generally Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.7%, SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29.4% and Water\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55.9%.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/span\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION","content":"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.1 sample preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor preparation of sample NaOH and purified water were blended with a Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e solution and endorsed to cool at room temperature. The alkali activator solution was once organized 24 hours earlier than the use of to make certain the activator component used to be blended uniformly. After 24 h Rice Husk ash and GGBS had been put into the alkaline activator. With the use of mechanical mixture alkaline activator RHA and GGBS is blended for 6 min at the rate of 50 rad/min for all the tested mixture. The fresh paste was then swiftly poured into cube mould of size (50x50x50mm). The mould is undisturbed for 24 hours for dry of samples. After 24 hours mould were open and samples are put into the water for curing. strength and microstructure enactment were carried out. Figure\u0026nbsp;1 shown below represent the flow chart of manufacture of geopolymer composite.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Analytical Method\u003c/h2\u003e\n3.2.1 Compressive Strength: By using of 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm cube Compressive strength tests remained executed after 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 days, conferring to ASTM C109 method [15]. For test of compressive strength Universal Testing Machine is used as per IS 9013 (1978). Rate of loading on UTM is commonly conserved at 140kg/sq cm/min.\u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Crystalline Structure: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) investigation is executed to study of the crystal structure. It is used to recognize the crystalline phases existing in a material and thereby divulge chemical composition data. Identification of phases is accomplished by evaluation of the acquired data to that in reference records. Appraising minerals, polymers, deterioration products, unknown compound and unknown materials is resolute using X-ray diffraction. For the analysis by XRD sample is generally converted into fine powder form.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Microstructure Analysis: Microstructure Analysis is performed by utilization of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Sample which is cleft through compressive strength test is utilize for the execution of SEM. Before the performed of SEM sample were vacuum-dried for at least 12 hr.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. CURING OF GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITE","content":"\u003cp\u003eFor acquire well strength and durability Curing play a vigorous role. To accelerate the reaction of geopolymerisation it is important to cured geopolymer at high temperature. Duration of curing temperature, have been examined by several investigators like Mustafa, Olivia and Nikraz [10] et al. Curing technique of geopolymer composites can be accomplished by: hot gunny curing (33\u0026ndash;38 \u0026ordm;C), external exposure curing (39\u0026ndash;44 \u0026ordm;C), oven curing (30\u0026ndash;90\u0026deg;C), and ambient curing (27\u0026ndash;32\u0026ordm;C). Special curing strategies namely steam curing at temperature of 60\u0026ordm;C for 24 hours monitored by exhausting air curing in a manage environment with a temperature of (23\u0026ndash;27\u0026ordm;C) up to testing can correspondingly be followed. For the ambient cured samples, as increase in age, the durability and compressive strength also increase. The amount of increase in strength will be prompt within 24 hours of curing period; elsewhere 24 hours, the achievement in strength is only moderate. So in practical solicitations, heat-curing period essential not be more than 24 hour. Heat-curing can be attained by both steam-curing or dry-curing. Agreeing to Rangan [11], 25\u0026ndash;35\u0026deg;C range of temperature is achieved by the ambient curing conditions in tropical climates. So, in the current study the accepted curing system is only restricted to ambient curing\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITES","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the previous research it is distinguished that the mechanical assets of geopolymer composites are reliant on various variables corresponding binder content, type of alkaline solution, molarity of alkaline solution, type of mingling and curing conditions. The mechanical properties of geopolymer increase with increase SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content, NaOH concentration it also be increase using different kind of fibres and additives. Li and Liu [3] originate that at 30\u0026deg;C ambient curing and the combination of slag possibly will significantly enhance the geopolymer compressive strength. Test outcomes of Srinivasan [2] exhibited that 100% GGBS binder configuration with 0.25% polypropylene fibres give improved performance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. DURABILITY ASPECTS OF GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITES","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComposites\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSteam-curing or dry-curing. Approving to Rangan [6], 25\u0026ndash;35\u0026deg;C variety of temperature is accomplished by the ambient curing environments in tropical weathers. When related to ordinary concrete systems, geopolymers are innovative materials, which completely deficiency the long service and durability problems history that would permit an accurate forecast and control of structural deterioration. Geopolymer composites are intrinsically resilient to chemical attack and thermal charging owing their compact porosity and thermal conductivity characteristics. Several of the durability difficulties related with plane cement concrete ascend from its calcium content in the core phases. The C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA responds with sulphate ions in the existence of Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to produce ettringite and gypsum, which in chance cause expansion and deprivation of the cement into a non-cohesive granular mass. Chanh et al. [7] achieves that geopolymer concrete is appropriate for rough environmental conditions and seawater can be used for the amalgamation of the geopolymer cement which can be beneficial in marine environments and on islands short of fresh water. From the works Hardjito et al. [12], it is noted that geopolymer composites do not show any marks of sulphate attack or deprivation in compressive strength, the unit mass, the length change, and in visual appearance. The Geopolymers are unaffected to the corrosion and do not show any mark of deterioration for extensive periods of time when bare to circumstances of NaCl solution. According to Sanni and Khadirnaikar [8], the strength of GPC gradually decreases as the day of exposure to sulphuric acid increases. The degradation on strength is related to depolymerisation of aluminosilicate polymers in acidic environment and the formation of zeolites. But in evaluation with the many previous literatures several experiments and statements are clashing about durability issues associated to different exposure circumstances of geopolymer concrete. Hereafter it is desired to study the durability problems associated to it.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. MICROSTRUCTURE OF GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITES","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs compare to the conservative cements are composed of portlandite [Ca(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e] and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) phases. But in situation of geopolymer cement is constructed on an aluminosilicate framework. According to the study Alehyen et al. [9] the microstructure of geopolymer composites express a highly complex merchandise morphology that comprises of unreacted, moderately reacted, and entirely reacted (fly-ash, rice husk ash) spheres that are surrounded by a matrix which also includes quartz crystals and mullite needles originating from the (fly ash, rice husk ash). Microstructure also aids to forecast the causes for the failure of concrete with durability issues in various situations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"8. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSeeing all the research work completed by numerous researchers and scientists the subsequent conclusions possibly will be drawn.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Geopolymer is manufactured from natural resources. So it is a green material.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Goepolymer is synthetic without emission of toxic gas CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Geopolymer is environment friendly material.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Geoploymer is manufactured at room temperature which is less than the manufactured of cement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. Geopolymer is high resistance to inorganic solvents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. Compressive strength as well as durability of Geopolymer is increase with increase SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. Compressive strength and tensile strength of Geopolymer growth as addition of RHA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. For acquire well strength and durability ambient curing is appropriate way.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9. Geopoylmer is appropriate approach to reduce the use of Cement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10. Geopolymer is proper tactic to use the waste materials like Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash etc.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors reviewed the manuscript.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eThe authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the support of\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"SmallCaps\" class=\"SmallCaps\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEr. Rohit Kumar of Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh, India. I would like to thank co-author for their mutual support and togetherness.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDavidovits, J., 1994\u003c/strong\u003e. Properties of Geopolymer Alkaline Cements and Concretes. Geopolymer Institute, KIEV, \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Ukraine J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSivakumar, A., Srinivasan, K., 2014\u003c/strong\u003e. International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering, 8, 1275-1278. Elissa, \u0026ldquo;Title of paper if known,\u0026rdquo; unpublished.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZongjin, Li., Sifeng, Liu., 2007\u003c/strong\u003e. Influence of Slag as Additive on Compressive Strength of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer. ASCE, Journal of Materials in Civil. Engineering, 19(6) June 2007.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShabarish V. Patil, Veeresh B. Karikatti, et al, 2018\u003c/strong\u003e. International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering, Granulated Blast- Furnace Slag (GGBS) based Geopolymer Concrete-Review, August 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMehta, P. , Montiero, P. J. M.,2006\u003c/strong\u003e. Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, Materials. Third ed. McGraw-Hill Publications, New Delhi. pp-24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWallah, S. E, Rangan, B.\u0026nbsp; , 2006\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp; Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete:\u0026nbsp; Long-Term Properties, Research Report GC 2, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVan Chanh, V. B., Trung, D., Tuan, D. V., 2008.\u003c/strong\u003e Recent research on geopolymer concrete. Nguyen during the 3rd ACF International Conference.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSanni, S., Khadiranaikar., 2012.\u003c/strong\u003e Performance of geopolymer concrete under severe environmental conditions, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, 3(2) 396-407.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlehyen, S., Achouri, M. E., Taibi, M., 2017\u003c/strong\u003e. Characterization, Microstructure and Properties of fly ash based geopolymer. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences. 8( 5)1783-1796.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOlivia, M., Nikraz, H. 2009.,\u003c/strong\u003e Durability of Low Calcium\u003cbr /\u003e Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete in Chloride Solution., Proceedings of the Sixth Asian Symposium on Polymers in Concrete, Shanghai, China, 153-161.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWallah, S. E, Rangan, B. V., 2006.\u003c/strong\u003e Low-Calcium Fly\u003cbr /\u003e Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete: Long-Term Properties, Research Report GC 2, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHardjito, D., Wallah, S. E, Sumajouw, D., Rangan, B.V.,2003.\u003c/strong\u003e Geopolymer Concrete: Turn Waste into Environmentally Friendly Concrete. Keynote Paper, International Conference on Recent Trends in Concrete Technology and Structures, 10-11 September, Coimbatore, India. pp. 1-12.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMehta, P.K.,\u003c/strong\u003e Method for Producing a Blended Cementitious Composition, United States Patent, No. US 6451104 B2,2002.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eXerses N. Irani et al., 2017\u003c/strong\u003e. Experimental studies of Ambient Cured Geopolymer Concrete, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 14, Issue 3 Ver. I (May. - June. 2017), PP 44-49.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHui Cheng, Kae-Long Lin et al., 2015. \u003c/strong\u003eThe effects of SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO molar ratio on characteristics of alkali-activated waste catalyst- metakoline based geopolymers.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResistance of Geopolymer concrete\u003c/strong\u003e against sodium\u003cbr /\u003e sulfate (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSo\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) Solution, by Shamsul Bashir and Sunil\u003cbr /\u003e Saharan, IJERT,vol.6 Issue 11 November, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Rice Husk Ash, Geopolymer, Environment Friendly, Material","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7514106/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7514106/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the globe, concrete is supremely adaptable, enduring and reliable material. Concrete is the utmost extensively used material later water in the earth. But concrete is not environment-friendly payable to huge carbon impression of cement. To grow a viable imminent, it is stimulated to limit the use of this construction material that can disturb the environment. For reduction, the consumption of cement in concrete, used of Geopolymer is the preeminent approach. Geopolymer consider as green material because they can be manufactured from or natural resources and their chemistry is globally friendly without the emission of toxic residue of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The use of Pozzolanic material identical Fly ash, Rice Husk Ash (RHA), (GGBS) Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, etc, and polymeric binder with no use of OPC is called Geopolymer. In Geopolymer composite, the utmost research exertion has been concentrated on fly ash-based binders. On the other hand, Rice Husk Ash (RHA) devours the impending to be used as source material in Geopolymer composite. Rice husk ash (RHA) is acquired from the ignition of rice husk at a temperature lesser than 700\u0026ordm;C. RHA is a pozzolanic substantial contain near about 85\u0026ndash;90% of silicon dioxide (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e). The specific surface of RHA is between 40-100m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g. In the present paper concisely review the drudgery conceded by the numerous researchers on durability, strength, chemical composition, microstructure, etc of Geopolymer composite.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Rice Husk Based Geopolymer As Environment Friendly Material - A Review","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-10 08:19:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7514106/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"976d9b33-5479-41c9-b97a-ce0f3af17176","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-10T08:19:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-10 08:19:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7514106","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7514106","identity":"rs-7514106","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}