Nano zinc supplementation compared with other zinc forms: effects on growth performance, serum concentrations, and economic evaluation in broiler chickens

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Saber, Heba A. Alian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4838332/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 May, 2025 Read the published version in Suez Canal Veterinary Medical Journal. SCVMJ → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The current study's aim was to assess how different zinc sources affected the broilers' growth performance, economic evaluation, and serum concentrations. One-day-old "Cobb" broiler chicks (n = 192) with an average initial body weight of 44.10 g and were randomly distributed into 6 groups. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups were supplied with inorganic zinc oxide, inorganic zinc sulphate monohydrate, and organic zinc methionine, respectively, at a level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet. While the 4th, 5th, and 6th groups were supplied with nano zinc oxide (NZnO) at a level of 20, 10, and 5 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively. The study exposed that NZnO at a level of 5 mg Zn/kg (G6) achieved a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in final body weight and cumulative body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency. Nano zinc oxide in G5 and G6 significantly achieved the best results in economic efficiency enhancement (P < 0.05) . NZnO (G6) increased superoxide dismutase activity and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) levels either significantly (P < 0.05) compared to G1, G2, G3, and G4 or numerically with G5. The addition of NZnO lessens blood serum MDA (malondialdehyde), alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST), and creatinine levels. The nano zinc oxide in G4, G5, and G6 achieved the best performance, enhanced antioxidant activity, and improved lipid profiling, liver, and kidney functions. The positive results were more noticeable in the G6. Therefore, applying NZnO (5 mg Zn/kg diet) is a new promising feed additive in the broiler industry. Antioxidant Broilers Economic Nano zinc Performance Serum parameters Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO 2009 ) documented that chicken meat is a promising option to satisfy global demand because it is the second most popular source of protein consumed globally. Therefore, one of the primary goals of the public and private sectors is to increase poultry productivity. Any major industry's objective is to produce the best product at the lowest price. For the commercial broiler industry, the same can be said about controlling a variety of factors to increase profitability and efficiency ( Ramukhithi et al. 2023 ). This means that a wide range of additives are added to poultry diets; their main purposes are to increase feed utilization, prevent disease, and enhance the efficacy of the bird's growth and/or laying performance ( Ayalew et al. 2022 ). In recent times, zinc (Zn) nutrition has grown to be a major concern for many experts, especially in the field of poultry production. Furthermore, consumers, producers, feed makers, and other industry stakeholders have expressed a great interest in zinc's function in broiler production. Zn is a vital trace mineral that has many biological processes in livestock, notably in rapidly growing chickens ( Zampiga et al. 2021 ). Furthermore, zinc is an critical part of more than 300 distinct enzymes implicated in synthesizing and degrading lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Some of these enzymes include alcohol dehydrogenase, aldolase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and RNA and DNA polymerases ( Kumar et al. 2023 ). Owing to its inexpensive, zinc is typically supplied to chicken diets in inorganic sources such as oxides, sulfates, and carbonates. However, the bioavailability of inorganic zinc is significantly lower in monogastric animals ( Liu et al. 2020 ). Most broiler diets based on grains contain phytic acid, which combines with inorganic zinc, which results in a delay in the absorption of zinc and calcium by the gastrointestinal tract. This, in turn, inhibits the tissues' ability to uptake zinc ( McDowell 2003 ) . Thus, this issue creates an opportunity to find higher bioavailable zinc forms and if possible, to lessen the supplemental level of Zn to the diet ( Sahin et al. 2005 ). It is possible to substitute organic sources for inorganic trace minerals to decrease over supplementation and excretion ( Zhu et al. 2019 ). Due to their different metabolism to aid in absorption, organic minerals do not interact with phytate because they do not have the free divalent cations required for chelation in the intestine. Since organic zinc sources, such as zinc proteinate, zinc lysine, and zinc methionine, have been demonstrated to have better bioavailability than inorganic zinc sources, they can be substituted for inorganic zinc sources without having an adverse effect on the environment or poultry production ( Behjatian Esfahani et al. 2021 ). Recently, nanotechnological applications have been widely used to improve trace elements' efficiency in animal diets. Therefore, to improve chicken productivity, researchers have to use nano-form additives in broiler diets ( Hassan et al. 2020 ). Among these nanotechnology approaches, nano zinc oxide (NZnO) is notable for its high adsorbing capacity and catalytic efficacy. It is a unique prepared trace mineral ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm. Both at lower and higher levels, it has demonstrated a different impact on animal performances. In addition to being greatly bioavailable, studies have already shown that nano zinc has numerous other benefits, including growth promotion, antimicrobial activity, supporting immunity, and modulating of animal reproduction. These can be utilized at lower dosages, return better results than traditional zinc forms, and consequently contribute to lessening environmental contamination ( Leareng et al. 2020 ). Therefore, the current study aimed to assess how various dietary zinc sources affected the broiler chickens' growth performance, economic evaluation, and serum concentrations. Materials and methods Experimental birds, design, and diets. The Suez Canal University Faculty of Agriculture's Animal Care and Use Committee has authorized all procedures, as indicated by approval number (4/2024). 192 one day (Cobb) broiler chicks, unsexed, had come from a commercial hatchery in Ismailia, Egypt (Ismailia Misr Poultry Company) and were randomly distributed into 6 dietary treatments with 4 replicates of 8 chicks. Birds in the 6 treatments were given a corn-soybean-based diet. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups were supplied with inorganic zinc oxide, inorganic zinc sulphate monohydrate, and organic zinc methionine, respectively, at a level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet. While the 4th, 5th, and 6th groups were supplied with nano zinc oxide at a level of 20, 10, and 5 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively. The experimental basal diet was prepared according to NRC ( 1994 ) to satisfy the nutrient needs of chicks. The formulation and chemical analysis (calculated and determined according to AOAC ( 2002 ) of the basal diets are given in Table 1 . All birds were kept in a climate-controlled house with continuous lighting, and unrestricted access to mash meals, and water. For the first three days, the house's temperature was maintained between 32 and 34°C; then, it was lowered by 2 to 3°C per week until 3 weeks of age. There were electric fans for ventilation. Every chick is vaccinated and kept in good hygiene, following the routine preventive vaccination schedule. Table 1 Formulation and chemical analysis (calculated and determined) of the experimental basal diets Ingredient (%) Starter (0–8 D) Grower (9–18 D) Finisher (19–35 D) Yellow corn 57.00 60.50 64.90 Soybean meal 30.00 27.00 24.31 Corn gluten meal 60% 6.70 5.00 3.00 Vegetable oil 1.82 3.01 3.92 Calcium carbonate 1.24 1.07 1.00 Di calcium phosphate 1.68 1.57 1.40 Mineral premix 1 0.25 0.25 0.25 Vitamin premix 2 0.25 0.30 0.25 NaCl 0.40 0.60 0.37 DL-Methionine 0.23 0.21 0.28 L-Lysine 0.33 0.29 0.22 Choline chloride 0.10 0.20 0.10 Total 100 100 100 Chemical calculated values % Metabolizable energy (Kcal/kg) 3001 3101 3200 Crude protein (CP) 22.07 20.02 18.01 Lysine 1.321 1.196 1.052 Methionine 0.609 0.552 0.581 Methionine + Cystine 0.984 0.895 0.892 Calcium 0.939 0.842 0.771 A. Phosphorous 0.450 0.442 0.383 Chemical determined analysis% Moisture 8.72 8.92 9.05 Crude protein 21.82 19.71 18.16 Crude fiber 3.43 3.64 3.86 Ether extract 4.83 5.34 6.85 Crude ash 5.32 5.51 5.71 Nitrogen free extract 56.37 56.88 55.88 Zinc (ppm) 26.15 24.91 23.79 1 The contents of a 1-kilogram vitamin combination were: 10.000.000 IU vit. A, 5.000.000 IU vit. D3, 80.000 mg vit. E, 3.000 mg vit. K3, 3.000 mg vit. B1, 9.000 mg vit. B2, 4.000 mg vit. B6, 20 mg vit. B12, 15.000 mg pantothenic acid, 60.000 mg Nicotinic acid, 2.000 mg Folic acid and 150 mg Biotin. 2 The contents of a 2-kilogram mineral combination were: 500.000 mg choline chloride, 150.000 mg Cu, 1.000 mg I; 40.000 mg Fe, 100.000 mg Mn. and 350 mg Se. Nano zinc oxide preparation The process is carried out following the stated technique by ( Kumar et al. 2013 ). Atypically, 1500 ml of deionized water was used to dissolve 431.31 g of zinc sulfate heptahydrate (1M). 122.40 g of sodium hydroxide (2 M) was then added dropwise while being stirred magnetically. Following the addition, stirring persisted for a full twelve hours. The precipitates underwent multiple filtrations and were washed with clean water. Following that, the precipitates dried for 30 minutes at 100°C and were calcined for two hours at 500°C. An X-ray diffractometer (XRD, X׳ Pert PRO) was used to examine the crystalline and phase structures of the synthesized ZnO. The diffraction charts and relative intensities are obtained and matched with ICDD files ( Fig. 1 ) . Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-2100) was used to identify the size and shape. TEM images of ZnO show nanoparticles with a mean particle size of 34 nm. Most of the individual particles in the ZnO nanoparticle TEM micrograph are between 19 and 65 nm in size ( Fig. 2 ) . The characterization was done at the Central Lab, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt. Studied parameters. Growth performance Body weight (BW) and weight gain (WG) were determined weekly for each experimental unit (pen). Feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed efficiency (FE) were also calculated on a weekly basis. Mortality was recorded daily and calculated as a percentage of the total number of birds. The performance index (PI) was calculated as body weight (kg)/ FCR × 100, and the European efficiency index (EEI) was calculated as 100 × (body weight (kg) × livability (%)/ (age (days) × FCR) and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) was determined as weight gain (g)/protein intake (g). All these parameters were calculated according to methods noticed by ( Alian et al. 2023 ). Economic evaluation Economic efficiency (EE) was estimated according to El-Haliem et al. ( 2020 ). Serum biochemical parameters During the slaughter process, blood samples were taken and placed in sterile tubes without the use of an anticoagulant. The samples were centrifuged for ten minutes at 4ºC at 5000 rpm. For serum biochemical investigations, the gathered sera samples were stored at -20°C in a deep freezer. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined using the method explained by Oyanagui ( 1984 ). The malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by the method indicated by Ohkawa et al. ( 1979 ). SOD and MDA contents were measured using reagent kits (Egyptian Company for Biotechnology, S.A.E, and Diamond, D-P, International) as per manufacture procedures. The cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, and uric acid were estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the kits purchased by (Egyptian Company for Biotechnology, S.A.E, and Diamond, D-P, International) Statistical Analysis The obtained data was assessed for mean, standard errors, and analysis of variance using software (SPSS, version 16, USA). The difference between the groups was deemed significant for each measurement at (P < 0.05). The means were compared using Duncan's multiple-range tests ( Duncan 1955 ). Results Growth performance parameters Regarding the impact of dietary zinc supplementation on the final BW and cumulative BWG of broiler chickens at the end of the experiment is given in Table 2 . Our data exposed that nano zinc oxide whatever the concentration (G4, G5 & G6) achieved a significant enhancement ( P < 0.05) in final body weight and cumulative body weight gain when compared to inorganic zinc oxide (G1) and numerically to inorganic zinc sulphate monohydrate group (G2). Our data also displayed that organic zinc methionine (G3) at the level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet significantly (P 0.05) differences in the cumulative feed intake between experimental groups. The supplementation of nano zinc oxide in G5 and G6 at the level of 10 and 5 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively, significantly achieved the best results in overall FCR and FE enhancement (P < 0.05) in comparison to chicks in G1 and G2 and numerically to G3 and G4. Table 2 The growth performance parameters of broiler chicks at the end of the experimental period (35d.). Group Parameter G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 Initial B.W. (g) 44.18 a ± 0.45 43.71 a ± 0.39 44.09 a ± 0.35 44.18 a ± 0.46 44.46 a ± 0.42 43.96 a ± 0.38 Final B.W. (g) 2100.50 b ± 34.34 2179.40 ab ± 37.79 2220.36 a ± 35.22 2233.86 a ± 37.90 2247.83 a ± 40.09 2248.25 a ± 28.17 Cumulative W.G.(g) 2056.36 b ± 34.40 2135.96 ab ± 37.82 2176.40 a ± 35.20 2189.80 a ± 38.00 2203.30 a ± 40.12 2204.25 a ± 28.24 Cumulative FI (g) 3512.45 a ± 14.31 3604.77 a ± 60.56 3623.30 a ± 38.38 3618.57 a ± 72.51 3560.10 a ± 32.00 3538.27 a ±51.38 FCR 1.70 a ± 0.02 1.69 a ± 0.02 1.66 ab ± 0.01 1.65 ab ± 0.02 1.61 b ± 0.01 1.60 b ± 0.01 FE 0.58 b ± 0.006 0.59 b ± 0.007 0.60 a b ± 0.007 0.60 a b ± 0.01 0.62 a ± 0.007 0.62 a ± 0.004 Values are mean ± SE Values in the Organic, ( with different superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05. G1: basal diet + Zinc Oxide, inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G2: basal diet + Zinc sulphate monohydrate, Inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G3: basal diet + Zinc methionine, Organic,(100 mg Zn / kg diet). G4: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (20 mg Zn / kg diet). G5: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (10 mg Zn / kg diet). G6: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (5 mg Zn / kg diet). B.W : Body weight, W.G : Weight gain, FI : Feed intake, FCR : Feed conversion ratio, and FE : Feed efficiency. As shown in Table 3 our study reported that nano zinc oxide supplemented groups (G4, G5&G6) significantly (P < 0.05) gave the highest performance index (PI) as compared with inorganic zinc oxide supplemented group (G1). Also, the organic zinc methionine group (G3) achieved the best PI value either significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the inorganic zinc oxide supplemented group (G1) or numerically to G2. Furthermore, NZnO (G6) significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the European efficiency index (EEI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for finisher diets in contrast to chicks in G1 and numerically compared to G2, G3, G4, and G5. Table 3 Mean values of performance index (PI), European efficiency index (EEI), protein intake, and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Group Parameter G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 PI 123.10 c ± 3.31 128.86 bc ± 2.02 133.45 ab ± 2.73 135.03 ab ± 5.46 138.97 ab ± 2.30 140.29 a ± 1.80 EEI 329.56 b ±14.58 345.34 ab ± 15.78 357.05 ab ± 12.20 362.52 ab ± 24.54 372.61 ab ± 18.07 388.45 a ± 14.70 Protein intake (starter) 35.68 a ± 1.28 34.43 a ± 1.21 35.02 a ± 0.90 34.27 a ± 0.63 33.40 a ± 1.05 34.38 a ± 1.14 PER (starter) 2.90 a ± 0.21 3.09 a ± 0.26 3.17 a ± 0.10 3.27 a ± 0.02 3.38 a ± 0.07 3.34 a ± 0.15 Protein intake (grower) 216.85 a ± 2.51 217.85 a ± 1.46 216.06 a ±1.47 218.40 a ± 0.59 219.25 a ± 2.08 218.65 a ± 1.87 PER (grower) 3.23 a ± 0.06 3.21 a ± 0.04 3.24 a ± 0.03 3.24 a ± 0.007 3.29 a ± 0.01 3.30 a ± 0.05 Protein intake (finisher) 407.88 a ± 5.02 424.62 a ± 10.43 429.07 a ± 5.59 426.73 a ± 13.06 416.16 a ± 6.90 411.97 a ±7.05 PER (finisher) 3.06 b ± 0.06 3.12 ab ± 0.03 3.18 ab ± 0.03 3.19 ab ± 0.09 3.28 ab ± 0.04 3.29 a ± 0.01 Values are mean ± SE. Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05. G1: basal diet + Zinc Oxide, inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G2: basal diet + Zinc sulphate monohydrate, Inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G3: basal diet + Zinc methionine, Organic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G4: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (20 mg Zn / kg diet). G5: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (10 mg Zn / kg diet). G6: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (5 mg Zn / kg diet). Livability and mortality. Figure 3 shows the livability and mortality rates of birds in all groups fed basal diets supplied with different sources and amounts of zinc. According to our findings, the average livability and mortality rate across the experimental groups did not vary significantly (P > 0.05). Economical evaluation parameters. The data of the economic evaluation of the addition of different zinc sources in broiler diets are shown in Table 4 . Using nano zinc oxide whatever the concentration (G4, G5& G6) and zinc methionine (G3) at a level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet significantly (P < 0.05) offered the highest selling price in comparison with chicks in G1 and numerically than G2. Adding nano zinc oxide and zinc methionine resulted in significant cost savings (P < 0.05) in comparison to the zinc oxide group, where net revenue was 27.87, 28.17, 29.04, and 29.30 L. E in G3, G4, G5 and G6 respectively, compared to 25.23 L. E in G1. The nano zinc oxide in G5 and G6 at the level of 10 and 5 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively, significantly achieved the best results in economic efficiency enhancement (P < 0.05) if compared to G1 and G2 and numerically to G3 and G4. Table 4 The economical evaluation of broiler production as affected by different dietary zinc treatments. Group Parameter G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 Number of chicks 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 Price/chick (LE) 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 Final wt. (g) 2101.15 b ± 31.15 2176.93 ab ± 24.54 2220.79 a ± 28.73 2231.70 a ± 60.37 2246.51 a ± 23.42 2249.76 a ± 20.44 Feed intake /chick (g) 3512.45 a ± 14.31 3604.77 a ± 60.56 3623.30 a ± 38.38 3618.57 a ± 72.513 3560.10 a ± 32.00 3538.27 a ± 51.38 Feed cost /chick (LE) 1 23.98 a ± 0.09 24.62 a ± 0.41 24.74 a ± 0.26 24.71 a ± 0.49 24.31 a ± 0.21 24.16 a ± 0.35 management /chick (LE) 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Feed additive cost /chick 0.105 a ± 0.0004 0.036 e ± 0.0006 0.058 c ± 0.0006 0.094 b ± 0.001 0.046 d ± 0.0004 0.023 f ± 0.0003 Total cost /chick (LE) 2 33.59 a ± 0.09 34.15 a ± 0.41 34.30 a ± 0.26 34.30 a ± 0.49 33.86 a ± 0.21 33.68 a ± 0.35 Selling price (LE) 58.83 b ± 0.87 60.95 ab ± 0.68 62.18 a ± 0.80 62.48 a ± 1.69 62.90 a ± 0.65 62.99 a ± 0.57 Net revenue (LE) 3 25.23 c ± 0.79 26.79 bc ± 0.48 27.87 ab ± 0.65 28.17 ab ± 1.32 29.04 ab ± 0.53 29.30 a ± 0.40 Economic efficiency 4 75.10 c ± 2.23 78.47 bc ± 1.54 81.25 abc ± 1.76 82.07 ab ± 3.28 85.76 a ± 1.47 87.00 a ± 1.37 Values are mean ± SE. Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05. G1: basal diet + Zinc Oxide, inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G2: basal diet + Zinc sulphate monohydrate, Inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G3: basal diet + Zinc methionine, Organic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G4: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (20 mg Zn / kg diet). G5: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (10 mg Zn / kg diet). G6: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (5 mg Zn / kg diet). 1 Price of one kg of recommended diet = 10.00 LE. 2 = Price of chick + management + feed cost + additive. 3 = Selling price – total cost. 4 = Net revenue / total cost X 100 Table (5): serum biochemical parameters of broiler chicks at the end of the experimental period (35d.). Group Parameter G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 SOD (U/ml) 155.09 d ± 1.61 154.33 d ± 2.69 162.46 c ± 1.84 168.35 b ± 1.86 171.45 ab ±2.07 174.81 a ± 1.94 MDA (nmol/ml) 3.01 a ± 0.04 3.04 a ± 0.03 2.90 ab ± 0.05 2.77 bc ± 0.06 2.71 c ± 0.06 2.60 c ± 0.08 Cholesterol (mg/dL) 150.92 a ± 10.22 161.39 a ± 2.05 159.68 a ± 2.18 159.14 a ±2.74 158.70 a ± 2.30 158.34 a ± 2.32 Triglycerides(mg/dL) 67.07 a ± 1.66 67.18 a ± 1.22 65.68 a ± 1.75 64.65 a ± 1.29 64.91 a ± 1.46 63.91 a ± 1.58 HDL (mg/dL) 57.12 c ± 1.59 59.45 bc ± 1.38 59.13 c ± 1.18 60.74 bc ± 1.25 63.86 ab ± 2.03 66.20 a ± 1.50 LDL (mg/dL) 41.73 d ± 0.85 44.02 cd ± 1.00 44.60 bcd ± 1.15 44.92 bc ± 1.02 48.19 a ± 0.92 47.40 ab ± 0.89 Total protein(g/dL) 3.57 b ± 0.08 3.71 ab ± 0.07 3.70 ab ± 0.06 3.85 a ± 0.06 3.83 a ± 0.07 3.83 a ± 0.05 Albumin (g/dL) 1.51 b ± 0.04 1.64 b ± 0.05 1.65 b ± 0.05 1.89 a ±0.07 1.89 a ± 0.08 1.94 a ± 0.05 Globulin (g/dL) 2.06 a ± 0.08 2.06 a ± 0.10 2.05 a ± 0.08 1.96 a ± 0.08 1.94 a ± 0.09 1.89 a ± 0.08 "A/G ratio" 0.75 c ± 0.03 0.85 bc ± 0.06 0.84 bc ± 0.06 1.01 ab ± 0.08 1.04 ab ± 0.10 1.07 a ± 0.07 AST(U/l) 173.31 a ± 1.68 172.47 a ± 1.94 169.05 ab ±1.39 166.05 b ± 2.02 165.83 b ± 2.53 164.15 b ±2.12 ALT (U/l) 7.66 a ± 0.15 7.23 ab ± 0.18 7.45 ab ± 0.14 6.94 b ± 0.19 6.95 b ± 0.17 5.11 c ± 0.25 ALP (U/L) 330.85 a ±3.98 326.96 a ± 2.68 323.38 a ± 2.99 319.75 a ±3.10 322.94 a ± 4.51 322.82 a ± 3.84 LDH (U/L) 3112.50 a ± 49.66 3114.56 a ± 51.40 3128.50 a ± 47.39 3135.93 a ± 35.99 3196.75 a ± 46.65 3212.00 a ±44.09 Creatinine (mg/dL) 3.06 a ± 0.03 3.01 ab ± 0.07 2.84 bc ±0.05 2.70 cd ± 0.07 2.59 d ± 0.07 2.60 d ± 0.08 Uric acid (mg/dL) 8.41 a ± 0.19 8.45 a ± 0.20 8.42 a ± 0.21 8.10 a ± 0.16 8.01 a ± 0.15 8.01 a ± 0.12 Values are mean ± SE. Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05. G1: basal diet + Zinc Oxide, inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G2: basal diet + Zinc sulphate monohydrate, Inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G3: basal diet + Zinc methionine, Organic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G4: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (20 mg Zn / kg diet). G5: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (10 mg Zn / kg diet). G6: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (5 mg Zn / kg diet). SOD: Superoxide dismutase, MDA : malondialdehyde, HDL : high-density lipoprotein, LDL : low-density lipoprotein, AST : aspartate aminotransferase, ALT : alanine aminotransferase, LDH : lactate dehydrogenase, and ALP : alkaline phosphatase. Serum biochemical parameters Table 5 presents the findings about the impact of zinc supplementation on serum biochemical parameters. Concerning the data related to the antioxidant status, it was observed that NZnO (G6) at the level of 5 mg Zn/kg diet increased SOD activity either significantly (P < 0.05) compared to G1, G2, G3, and G4 or numerically with G5. Moreover, nano zinc oxide in G4 and G5 at a level of 20 and 10 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively, significantly achieved the highest SOD activity in contrast to chicks of G1, G2, and G3. The highest significant increase in SOD activity was achieved in zinc methionine (G3) at a level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet compared to G1 and G2. It was also conveyed that nano zinc oxide-supplemented groups (G4, G5, and G6) significantly (P < 0.05) achieved the lowest levels of serum MDA compared to inorganic zinc- supplemented groups (G1 and G2). About the impact of different dietary zinc on lipid profile, it was noticed that the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol did not significantly differ among the experimental groups. Also, the G6 (5 mg Zn/kg diet) gave the highest HDL level, either significantly (P < 0.05) compared to chicks in G1, G2, G3, and G4 and or numerically with G5. There was no statistical difference between G6 in the level of LDL compared with G5, G4, and G3. Concerning the findings related to liver function and serum enzyme activity, it was noticed that there was a significant (P > 0.05) elevation in total protein and A/G ratio in nano zinc supplemented groups (G4, G5, and G6) in contrast with G1. Also, G4, G5, and G6 a significant (P > 0.05) elevated the albumin level compared to G1, G2, and G3. The globulin level did not differ significantly ( P > 0.05 ) among the experimental groups. It was stated that nano zinc-supplemented groups (G4, G5&G6) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced AST level compared to G1 and G2. Nano zinc oxide (G6) at the level of 5 mg Zn/kg diet significantly (P < 0.05) reduced ALT level compared to other zinc sources and levels. Furthermore, nano zinc oxide in G4 and G5 at a level of 20 and 10 mg Zn /kg diet, respectively, lessen ALT level either significantly (P 0.05) effect on ALP and LDH at 35 days of age. Regarding the effect on kidney function, it was noted that G4, G5, and G6 (nano zinc oxide supplemented groups) had the lowest serum creatinine level (P 0.05) was observed in serum uric acid level among experimental groups. Discussion The enhancement of NZnO whatever the concentration in G4, G5, and G6 on the final BW and cumulative BWG in comparison to inorganic zinc source-supplemented groups. In addition, there was an enhancement in FCR and FE was reported in NZnO-supplemented groups (G5 and G6) at the levels of 10 and 5 mg/kg diet, respectively. This enhancement could be attributed to the unique features of zinc in nanoform. Generally, zinc is a vital nutrient that plays a wide range of roles in the metabolism of proteins, carbs, and fats, as well as in the synthesis and release of hormones, including growth hormone., insulin, and sex hormone; hence, it may have an impact on the productivity and reproductive abilities of animals. Also, zinc is a compound of DNA-binding proteins that controls the expression of genes and contributes to the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. ( McDowell 2003 ). Moreover, Hafez et al. ( 2017 ) conveyed that the improvement in growth could be ascribed to the function of NZnO in augmenting the intestinal absorptive capacity by enhancing the length and depth of the crypt's mucosal and villi. All these features augment the role of nano zinc oxide and lead to improved body health and, consequently, the growth parameters of broilers. The same trend was declared by Zhao et al. ( 2014 ); they found that, in comparison to 60 mg/kg ZnO, nano zinc oxide at levels of 20 and 60 mg/kg diet could boost BW, WG, and feed efficiency. It was observed that nano zinc (20 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the FCR, WG, and ADG (Average daily gain) of broilers ( Mohammadi et al. 2015 ). Furthermore, Joshua et al. ( 2016 ) verified that the use of nanoelements (zinc, copper, and selenium) can improve the post-hatch performance of broiler chickens, including body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion, and that these elements are safe for the embryo. Mahmoud et al. ( 2020 ) showed that 10 ppm NZnO considerably increased the feed conversion and body weight gain increase compared to the control (0 ppm). Our findings were contradicted by, Rossi et al. ( 2007 ) who found no variation in ADG between broilers fed 0 and 15– 60 mg Zn/kg feed. Ramiah et al. ( 2019 ) showed that the broilers' body weight was unaffected by NZnO supplementation at doses of 40, 60, and 100 mg Zn/kg feed. Bami et al. ( 2020 ) found that broiler growth features were unaffected by using nano Zn sources (25 and 50 ppm). The average values of crude protein, calorie conversion ratio, body weight growth, and final body weight did not differ statistically significantly between treatment groups that received 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20 mg NZnO/kg of feed ( El-Haliem et al. 2020 ). Asheer et al. ( 2018 ) observed that substituting nano zinc oxide at levels of 25, 50, 75, and 100% for traditional zinc in a broiler feed did not significantly affect the broiler's weekly FCR. Eskandani et al. ( 2021 ) claimed that the ADG, ADFI, and FCR of broilers in the starting phase were not significantly affected by 30, 50, 70, and 90 ppm of nano Zn oxide addition. Variations in feed intake, bird strain, sources and quantities of zinc, and the length of the experiment could all be contributing factors to the discrepancy ( Alian et al. 2023 ). There was an improvement in the BW and WG of broilers because of organic zinc methionine supplementation (100 mg Zn/kg diet) compared to conventional inorganic zinc sources. This is due to the inorganic zinc in the intestine linked to phytic acid. However, the lack of free divalent cations required for intestinal chelation prevented organic zinc sources from combining with phytates, resulting in increased absorption and utilization ( McDowell 2003 ) . This is parallel to several reports that state that organic zinc has a higher bioavailability and will have a greater impact on broiler performance ( Salim et al. 2012 ). The data matched those of El-Husseiny et al. ( 2012 ) who found that BWG was enhanced by feeding broilers' diets with 50% organic forms of zinc and magnesium (Mn), and copper (Cu) of their requirements. Liu et al. ( 2013 ) claimed that when compared to Zn sulfate, chicks fed with Zn proteinate (10, 20, 40, or 80 ppm) displayed higher WG. Moreover, Olukosi et al. ( 2018 ) revealed that broiler performance was improved more by organic zinc and copper than by sulfate zinc and copper. The group that received a 50 mg/kg diet had a significantly higher body weight, indicating the effectiveness of organic zinc ( Chand et al. 2020 ). On the other hand, it was discovered that feeding broilers with organic zinc source at doses of 15, 30, 45, or 60 ppm did not impact their BWG ( Rossi et al. 2007 ). Bun et al. ( 2011 ) discovered that the growth traits was unaffected by Zn methionine hydroxyl at 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg diet. Furthermore, Sunder et al. ( 2013 ) demonstrated that taking supplements containing organic zinc and magnesium had no influence on weight increase or body weight. Kakhki et al. ( 2017 ) noted that broiler hens fed diets enhanced with 60 or 120 mg Zn/kg of zinc methionine (Zn-Met) did not exhibit any variations in ADG. The lack of effect in terms of performance of birds might result from using different types and dosages of zinc in the feeds of broiler chickens. Our findings showed that the cumulative FI did not differ statistically between the zinc-supplemented groups. This is a match with that mentioned by Sunder et al. ( 2013 ) who revealed that 40, 80, and 160 ppm of organic zinc did not influence the FI of broiler chicks. Moreover, broiler chicks received diets enriched with Zn 60 or 120 mg/kg, as Zn-Me did not exhibit any variations in ADFI ( Kakhki et al. 2017 ). Finally, dietary nano Zn treatments (30, 50, 70, and 90 ppm) had no significant impact on ADFI in the starter phase compared to ZnSO 4 and Zn amino acid complexes (70 ppm) ( Eskandani et al. 2021 ). However, Jahanian et al. ( 2008 ) stated that the average feed intake was decreased (P < 0.001) when the Zn level was increased from 80 to 120 mg/kg diet. The lack of significant impact on feed intake in the groups receiving NZnO suggests that the zinc levels in the control diet were adequate for the growth of the birds. Although the NRC ( NRC 1994 ) recommended that broiler chicks require 40 mg/kg of zinc. Nano zinc oxide (G4, G5, and G6) and organic zinc methionine group (G3) significantly achieved the highest performance index compared to zinc oxide (G1), which was greatly matched to the improved BW and FCR. FCR is one of the primary indicators used to evaluate the productivity and profitability of the broiler sector. The lower FCR in Zn-supplied groups, either in nano or organic zinc form, indicates that zinc was well utilized by the broilers, increasing the performance index. Also, the augmented feed utilization in broilers given Zn-enriched diets may be because Zn can boost the intestine absorption capacity ( De Grande et al. 2020 ), leading to an increase in the brush border enzyme activity and nutrient transport systems ( Awad et al. 2017 ). Additionally, the role zinc plays in DNA synthesis and feed utilization may explain why broilers fed diets supplemented with zinc had increased ADG ( Li et al. 2019 ). Moreover, it is possible to corroborate the finding that feeding nano zinc oxide at a level of 5 mg Zn/kg caused a significant increase in EEI, as EEI and FCR are inversely dependent on the equation used. This finding agrees with El-Husseiny et al. ( 2012 ) who mentioned that broilers given a diet provided with organic 50% Zn, Mn, and Cu had a significantly adjusted (P ≤ 0.001) FCR. El-Katcha et al. ( 2017 ) revealed that NZnO addition at 60, 45, or 30 mg/kg diet enhanced the BW, FCR, and PI of broilers. This is also in accordance with Akhavan-Salamat and Ghasemi ( 2019 ) , and El-Haliem et al. ( 2020 ) who stated that the FCR significantly improved at the level of a 40 mg/kg diet of nano zinc oxide. The highest European production efficiency index (EPEI) was observed in 70 and 90 mg NZnO-supplemented groups ( Eskandani et al. 2021 ). Furthermore, NZnO at a level of 5 mg Zn/kg (G6) significantly improved the protein efficiency ratio (PER) for finisher diets. These results also agreed with Abdel-Wareth et al. ( 2022 ), who noted that the digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber in the broiler was linearly increased by nano zinc oxide (20, 40, and 60 ppm) relative to the control. Among the zinc source-supplemented groups, better growth performance parameters were observed in nano zinc oxide groups, especially G5, which suggested that these groups' birds utilized nano ZnO more effectively. This indicates that nano ZnO was a better source for enhancing the efficacy of nutrient utilization. The other performance parameters of the broiler, such as livability and mortality, were not markedly impacted by the zinc addition in the diet. This was in line with previously stated reports that the livability or mortality did not significantly change when zinc supplementation was used ( Zakaria et al. 2017 ). No differences in mortality rates were detected in broilers given diets enriched with 60 or 120 ppm of Zn-methionine ( Kakhki et al. 2017 ). As well, the broiler mortality rate was not significantly affected by NZnO at a rate of 0, 40, 60, and 100 mg/kg diet ( Ramiah et al. 2019 ). There was no difference noticed in the livability of chicks received organic or inorganic Zn at the dose of 50 and 60 ppm ( Chand et al. 2020 ). Using nano zinc oxide, whatever the concentration, and zinc methionine significantly gave the highest selling price and net revenue. Besides, the adding of nano zinc oxide in G5 and G6 at the levels of 10 and 5 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively, significantly enhanced economic efficiency compared to chicks in G1 and G2, as well as numerically to chicks in G3 and G4. This improvement was matched with the enhancement in feed conversion and weight gain of broiler chicks. This data agreed with results informed by El-Husseiny et al. ( 2012 ) who noted that chicks fed a diet with 50 or 100% of the organic Zn, Mn, or Cu required by broilers had a greater relative economic efficiency. Additionally, poultry growth performance and economic benefits were enhanced by nano zinc oxide ( Swain et al. 2016 ). It was claimed that the optimal level of feed additives for broiler chicks to have the optimum growth and economic efficiency be 20 mg/kg of nano ZnO ( Zhao et al. 2014 ). When compared to ZnO, the addition of nano zinc oxide (40 mg Zn/kg diet) resulted in the best return, selling price and cost savings ( Alian et al. 2022 ). One other thing is that the net profit is unaffected by substituting nano Zn for traditional zinc source at levels of 0.0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. ( Asheer et al. 2018 ). Blood parameters are employed in poultry and livestock as an indicator of their physiological, pathological, and nutritional status ( Ogbuewu et al. 2017 ). Nano zinc oxide in G6, followed by G5, and G4, significantly achieved the highest SOD activity compared to others. It was also reported that G4, G5, and G6 significantly achieved the lowest levels of serum MDA compared to G1 and G2. And zinc methionine has a significant improvement in SOD activity. Various stresses are associated with poultry farming, which lowers the productivity of chickens. Studies have shown oxidative stress to be the primary cause of this stress at the cellular level ( Surai 2016 ) . Zn deficiency is associated with oxidative stress in poultry, which can be alleviated by vitamin E addition ( Kraus et al. 1997 ). Because zinc contributes to the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, it has been proposed that zinc has antioxidant benefits in chickens ( Saleh et al. 2018 ) and it elevates antioxidant vitamin levels in the blood ( Onderci et al. 2003 ). Zinc also promotes the production of SOD, an antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from the destructive effects of free radicals by converting superoxide anions to hydrogen peroxide ( Niles et al. 2008 ). Besides, research has revealed that zinc increases the synthesis of metallothionein, a cysteine-rich protein that scavenges free radicals ( Maret 2000 ). On the other side, MDA is a consequence of lipid oxidation (LP). Zinc has a crucial role in reduction of the lipid oxidation in the body ( Zago and Oteiza 2001 ). Similarly, some investigators, i.e., Marreiro et al. ( 2017 ) mentioned that zinc decreases MDA, indicating the crucial function that zinc plays in reducing lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane. A recent study by Abdel-Monem et al. ( 2021 ) and Dukare et al. ( 2021 ) showed that 80 ppm of ZnO-NPs significantly increased the amount of SOD and total antioxidant capacity in chickens and decreased the amount of lipid peroxidation. Besides, Hafez et al. ( 2020 ) revealed that ZnO-NPs decreased the MDA value and increased (P < 0.05) the activity of SOD and catalase. Additionally, adding Zn-Met and ZnO-NPs to broiler chickens' diets at a rate of 40 mg/kg may enhance their antioxidant capacity when exposed to high ambient temperatures ( Akhavan-Salamat and Ghasemi 2019 ). In the same trend, De Grande et al. ( 2020 ) found that zinc amino acid (ZnAA) at 60 mg/kg was shown to have higher glutathione peroxidase levels and lower serum MDA levels in broilers compared to Zn sulfate. In contrast, Fathi ( 2016 ) found that the addition of 40 mg/kg of micro ZnO did not significantly influence the SOD activity in chickens. El-Katcha et al. ( 2017 ) claimed that the addition of nano zinc (60, 45, 30, or 15 ppm) numerically lowered the blood MDA level in chicks compared to inorganic zinc, while zinc polysaccharide complex (30 or 15 ppm) had no influence on the level of serum MDA. The detected disagreement might be due to differences in health conditions and might be because later research used high concentrations of NZnO. These results showed that zinc could boost antioxidant status and inhibit LPO (lipid peroxidation) in broilers. The more noticeable effect was achieved by nano zinc oxide in G6, followed by G5 and G4. No significant variation was observed in the cholesterol and triglyceride levels among the different experimental groups. Also, the nano zinc oxide – supplemented group gave the highest HDL level. There was no statistical difference between G6 (nano zinc oxide) in the level of LDL compared with G5, G4, and G3. Our results corroborate the data that confirm the prominent role of zinc on lipid metabolism. Al-Bayti et al. ( 2022 ) verified that zinc has a protective effect on lipid metabolism markers in laboratory rats. Furthermore, studies have shown a correlation between zinc deficiency diets and lower plasma values of triglycerides, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol. This may result from a reduction in the consumption of fat and calories as well as a decrease in the absorption of dietary lipids ( Wu et al. 2004 ) and it could be as a result of the fact that zinc is a crucial part of many metalloenzymes needed for lipid absorption and digestion. ( Al-Daraji and Amen 2011 ). Like our data, it was conveyed that Zn sources had no impact on the serum cholesterol values in chicks ( Lü and Combs Jr 1988 ). Malcolm-Callis et al. ( 2000 ) notified that serum cholesterol was not affected by zinc feeding at a rate of 20, 100, and 200 mg zinc/kg. Also, Kucuk et al. ( 2008 ) found that 30 ppm zinc supplementation has no impact on the total cholesterol and triglyceride values. Moreover, using nano zinc treatments at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg diet, triglycerides were not significantly ( P > 0.05 ) altered ( Fathi et al. 2016 ). Besides, the present data came in harmony with the results of Aksu and Ozsoy ( 2010 ) who reported that organic complexes of zinc, copper, and manganese increased HDL in the blood plasma of chickens. The higher HDL is most likely the result of an increase in fat and calorie consumption following zinc feeding. It was also shown that there was a rise (P < 0.05) in HDL levels in birds receiving 60 or 90 mg of NZnO/kg feed ( Ahmadi et al. 2013 ). Nonetheless, plasma cholesterol levels were affected by ZnO given at a rate of 80 mg/day, either on its own or in combining with vitamins or copper ( Gensler et al. 2002 ). Herzig et al. ( 2009 ) shown that the plasma cholesterol of broilers reduced when given a diet rich in zinc. Parák and Straková ( 2011 ) showed this impact when breeding cocks were fed inorganic versus organic zinc. Ahmadi et al. ( 2013 ) showed a decrease in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL (P > 0.05) values in chicks who were given a diet with 60 or 90 mg of NZnO. It was reported that female broilers had a significantly lower cholesterol level than males, suggesting that sex is a major factor affecting the plasma cholesterol level of broiler chickens ( Salim et al. 2012 ). Also, the inconsistent findings in these studies might be due to the period of sample collection within the day, as blood indices vary with the time of the day. The total protein, A/G ratio, and albumin level were significantly higher in the nano zinc supplemented groups (G4, G5, and G6). The globulin level did not vary among the experimental groups. Serum proteins are useful indicators of the condition of bodily cells, tissues, and organs, as well as the metabolism of feed that has been consumed ( Fuhrman et al. 2004 ). Walker et al. ( 1990 ) said that various factors, including the protein level, might be considered when evaluating overall health. The improvement in total serum protein because of nano zinc oxide supplementation could be illuminated by the pivotal role of zinc in nutrient utilization and protein metabolism. Zinc as previously stated, is a necessary part of the enzymes that synthesize proteins and nucleic acids ( Maggini et al. 2007 ). These data were proven by Feng et al. ( 2010 ), who discovered that feeding chickens 90 and 140 mg/kg of organic zinc greatly increased the birds' total serum protein. Additionally, feeding Zn supplements to breeder broiler chicks raises their total serum protein levels ( Al-Daraji and Amen 2011 ) . In contrast, it was shown that the amount or type of zinc did not affect blood total protein or albumin ( Sarvari et al. 2015 ). Nano zinc-supplemented groups (G4, G5, and G6) significantly reduced AST and ALT levels and serum creatinine. The dietary zinc sources didn’t reveal significant changes in ALP, LDH, or serum uric acid levels. The collected data is in agreement with Ahmadi et al. ( 2014 ) who mentioned that dietary NZnO (30, 60, 90, or 120 mg/kg diet) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased blood AST and ALT values compared to basal diet. When broilers were fed 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg of nano zinc oxide, there was no significant change in the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ( Fathi et al. 2016 ). El-Katcha et al. ( 2017 ) demonstrated that nano zinc (60, 45, 30, or 15 ppm), decreased blood creatinine while having no significant effect on serum uric acid concentration. Abdel-Monem et al. ( 2021 ) illustrated that dietary zinc oxide did not significantly influence serum ALP and uric acid, either added in bulk or nanoform (40 and 80 ppm). Also, nano zinc oxide (0, 20, 40, or 60 mg/kg) exhibited lower serum ALT, AST, and creatinine in broilers ( Abdel-Wareth et al. 2022 ). Conversely, Fathi et al. ( 2016 ) stated that serum concentrations of ALP level were significantly elevated at 20 mg/kg nano-ZnO. It was demonstrated that serum AST concentrations were not significantly affected by nano zinc (60, 45, 30 or 15 ppm) and there was a numerical increase in serum ALT and ALP levels in broilers ( El-Katcha et al. 2017 ). In ovo injection and Zn addition (i.e., 0, 60, 0, and 0 mg Zn/egg, 0, 0, 100, and 200 mg Zn/kg basal diets, respectively), revealed no statistical difference in AST and ALT in the blood among the four treatments ( Kim and Kang 2022 ). The dietary supplementation of ZnO-NPs at a dose of 40–160 ppm has no alteration in the serum values of AST and ALT ( Zhang et al. 2022 ). The data indicated that the addition of NZnO caused no obvious negative effects on liver and kidney health condition, as manifested by unaffected serum activity levels of some enzymes (ALP and LDH) and concentrations of uric acid. Besides, NZnO lessens blood serum ALT, AST, and creatinine levels. Conclusion Our results can help broiler producers to enhance the performance of their birds. By this means, broiler producers will have more financial benefit from feed additives. The nano zinc oxide, whatever the concentration in G4, G5, and G6, will achieve the best performance, enhance antioxidant activity, inhibit lipid peroxidation, improve lipid profiling, and augment liver and kidney functions in chicks. All positive impacts were more prominent in the NZnO (G6) group. Therefore, applying nano zinc oxide (5 mg Zn/kg diet) is an innovative feed additive in the broiler industry. Statements & Declarations Declarations Ethical Approval. All operations have been authorized by the Faculty of Agriculture's Animal Care and Use Committee at Suez Canal University, as shown by permission number (4/2024). Consent to Participate Not applicable Consent to Publish Not applicable Authors’ contribution. Each author planned the study project and wrote the manuscript's draft.; HS finished the experiments; HS measured the study parameters, and HA wrote the manuscript and conducted the statistical analysis. Funding. We declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Competing Interests . Every author declares that they have no conflicting interests. Data availability Statement The data produced by this experiment is included in this article. Acknowledgements Grateful to Ismailia Misr Poultry Company, Ismailia, Egypt. References Abdel-Monem N, Elsebai A, El-Hady A, Mohamed A (2021) Impact of dietary zinc oxide nano-particles on antioxidant status, liver and kidney functions in Alexandria chickens. Egypt Poult Sci J 41:675–690. https://doi.org/10.21608/epsj.2021.197911 Abdel-Wareth AAA, Hussein KRA, Ismail ZSH, Lohakare J (2022) Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Under Hot Climatic Conditions. 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Anal Biochem 95:351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3 Olukosi OA, van Kuijk S, Han Y (2018) Copper and zinc sources and levels of zinc inclusion influence growth performance, tissue trace mineral content, and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 97:3891–3898. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey247 Onderci M, Sahin N, Sahin K, Kilic N (2003) Antioxidant properties of chromium and zinc: in vivo effects on digestibility, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant vitamins, and some minerals under a low ambient temperature. Biol Trace Elem Res 92:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1385/bter:92:2:139 Oyanagui Y (1984) Reevaluation of assay methods and establishment of kit for superoxide dismutase activity. Anal Biochem 142:290–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(84)90467-6 Parák T, Straková E (2011) Zinc as a feed supplement and its impact on plasma cholesterol concentrations in breeding cocks. Acta Veterinaria Brno 80:281–285. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201180030281 Ramiah SK, Awad EA, Mookiah S, Idrus Z (2019) Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth performance and concentrations of malondialdehyde, zinc in tissues, and corticosterone in broiler chickens under heat stress conditions. Poult Sci 98:3828–3838. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez093 Ramukhithi TF, Nephawe KA, Mpofu TJ, Raphulu T, Munhuweyi K, Ramukhithi FV, Mtileni B (2023) An Assessment of Economic Sustainability and Efficiency in Small-Scale Broiler Farms in Limpopo Province: A Review. Sustainability 15:2030. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032030 Rossi P, Rutz F, Anciuti M, Rech J, Zauk N (2007) Influence of graded levels of organic zinc on growth performance and carcass traits of broilers. J Appl poult Res 16:219–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.2.219 Sahin K, Smith MO, Onderci M, Sahin N, Gursu MF, Kucuk O (2005) Supplementation of zinc from organic or inorganic source improves performance and antioxidant status of heat-distressed quail. Poult Sci 84:882–887. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.6.882 Saleh AA, Ragab MM, Ahmed EA, Abudabos AM, Ebeid TA (2018) Effect of dietary zinc-methionine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization, antioxidative properties and immune response in broiler chickens under high ambient temperature. J Appl Anim Res 46:820–827. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1407768 Salim HM, Lee HR, Jo C, Lee SK, Lee BD (2012) Effect of sex and dietary organic zinc on growth performance, carcass traits, tissue mineral content, and blood parameters of broiler chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 147:120–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-011-9282-8 Sarvari B, Seyedi A, Shahryar H, Sarikhan M, Ghavidel S (2015) Effects of dietary zinc oxide and a blend of organic acids on broiler live performance, carcass traits, and serum parameters. Braz J Poult Sci 17:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-635xspecialissuenutrition-poultryfeedingadditives039-046 Sunder GS, Kumar CV, Panda A, Raju M, Rao SR (2013) Effect of supplemental organic Zn and Mn on broiler performance, bone measures, tissue mineral uptake and immune response at 35 days of age. Poult Sci 3:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3923/crpsaj.2013.1.11 Surai PF (2016) Antioxidant systems in poultry biology: superoxide dismutase. J Anim Res Nutr 1:8. https://doi.org/10.21767/2572-5459.100008 Swain PS, Rao SB, Rajendran D, Dominic G, Selvaraju S (2016) Nano zinc, an alternative to conventional zinc as animal feed supplement: A review. Anim Nutr 2:134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.06.003 Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (1990) Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. Ann Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-7-563_2 Wu Y, Sun Z, Che S, Chang H (2004) [Effects of zinc and selenium on the disorders of blood glucose and lipid metabolism and its molecular mechanism in diabetic rats]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 33:70–73 Zago MP, Oteiza PI (2001) The antioxidant properties of zinc: interactions with iron and antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 31:266–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00583-4 Zakaria H, Jalal M, Al-Titi H, Souad A (2017) Effect of sources and levels of dietary zinc on the performance, carcass traits and blood parameters of broilers. Braz J Poult Sci 19:519–526. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0415 Zampiga M, Calini F, Sirri F (2021) Importance of feed efficiency for sustainable intensification of chicken meat production: implications and role for amino acids, feed enzymes and organic trace minerals. World's Poult Sci 77:639–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2021.1959277 Zhang J, Li Z, Yu C, Liu H, Zhou B, Zhang X, Wang T, Wang C (2022) Efficacy of using zinc oxide nanoparticle as a substitute to antibiotic growth promoter and zinc sulphate for growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity and intestinal barrier function in broilers. Ital J Anim Sci 21:562–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051x.2022.2041494 Zhao CY, Tan SX, Xiao XY, Qiu XS, Pan JQ, Tang ZX (2014) Effects of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth performance and antioxidative status in broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 160:361–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-014-0052-2 Zhu Z, Yan L, Hu S, An S, Lv Z, Wang Z, Wu Y, Zhu Y, Zhao M, Gu C, Zhang A (2019) Effects of the different levels of dietary trace elements from organic or inorganic sources on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and faecal mineral excretion of broilers. Arch Anim Nutr 73:324–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2019.1620050 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 May, 2025 Read the published version in Suez Canal Veterinary Medical Journal. SCVMJ → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4838332","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":342875984,"identity":"7f015473-e5ef-49cd-bd47-e74bae755efe","order_by":0,"name":"Hamada S. Saber","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Suez Canal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hamada","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Saber","suffix":""},{"id":342875989,"identity":"b44e4404-e44f-4037-9f2e-70049b7b3db6","order_by":1,"name":"Heba A. Alian","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABI0lEQVRIie2QMUvDQBSA3xGIy+mtryD1L1wJaMVA/sqFQlyqYyeHTnWJukZc/AkFwflKwCxp5huEJnR1iEvJoOKliw5n1U3wPrh3x937eO8dgMXyB+FA262voyM/3bvfKqijKwDELxS9KP+ZcrB1MavhDHfZTbzC5wYCnp2XUI9SYOzWqBzGxQDhASk+zu87iYBwmktBkiKFTlKaG1NDjuDqWdTJnUcFCK6EdLYnqX6SZmXx5DXwhnRPDZfei9CNLaqx86qV4CtF0X0kE6S6HFnq8clUOeCQtgobm5X8NOqHl0h7KupVcYThdR7BLC6OKSrzj/Fsnqp65QddNShl4/vBTpZVZTM66rIrc2NrxMcR17HNpYDCkLsZtqGKxWKx/CfeAWVcXrWQhng6AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Suez Canal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Heba","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Alian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-01 00:06:37","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4838332/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4838332/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.21608/scvmj.2025.415520","type":"published","date":"2025-06-01T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63470147,"identity":"bb9e8bf8-a8c5-4868-abee-86e909720b6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-28 13:04:32","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56694,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eXRD pattern of NZnO.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4838332/v1/3bf6c55869364ac91fa9934d.jpeg"},{"id":63470148,"identity":"b91b2842-7521-4328-94df-a965be53461e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-28 13:04:32","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1232943,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe TEM image of nano zinc oxide (NZnO).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4838332/v1/f6be4c336a3a7a87e8e025f5.jpeg"},{"id":63470793,"identity":"16bb125f-fa0a-447d-ba2c-a927b90ed963","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-28 13:12:32","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14958,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLivability (A) and mortality (B)% in the experimental groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG1: basal diet + Zinc Oxide, inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003cbr\u003e\n \u0026nbsp;G2: basal diet + Zinc sulphate monohydrate, Inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003cbr\u003e\n \u0026nbsp;G3: basal diet + Zinc methionine, Organic,(100 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003cbr\u003e\n \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;G4: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (20 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003cbr\u003e\n \u0026nbsp;G5: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (10 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003cbr\u003e\n \u0026nbsp;G6: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (5 mg Zn /kg diet).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4838332/v1/6af5e446c90b60266afc781f.png"},{"id":88828845,"identity":"ec64cdf2-81cb-43c3-9a81-bcb91a9d8245","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-11 20:43:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3212517,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4838332/v1/b9ef2874-ae77-45a8-8e22-c2c28dff46d3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Nano zinc supplementation compared with other zinc forms: effects on growth performance, serum concentrations, and economic evaluation in broiler chickens","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Food and Agriculture Organization \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFAO \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e documented that chicken meat is a promising option to satisfy global demand because it is the second most popular source of protein consumed globally. Therefore, one of the primary goals of the public and private sectors is to increase poultry productivity. Any major industry's objective is to produce the best product at the lowest price. For the commercial broiler industry, the same can be said about controlling a variety of factors to increase profitability and efficiency \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eRamukhithi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This means that a wide range of additives are added to poultry diets; their main purposes are to increase feed utilization, prevent disease, and enhance the efficacy of the bird's growth and/or laying performance \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAyalew et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In recent times, zinc (Zn) nutrition has grown to be a major concern for many experts, especially in the field of poultry production. Furthermore, consumers, producers, feed makers, and other industry stakeholders have expressed a great interest in zinc's function in broiler production. Zn is a vital trace mineral that has many biological processes in livestock, notably in rapidly growing chickens \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eZampiga et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, zinc is an critical part of more than 300 distinct enzymes implicated in synthesizing and degrading lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Some of these enzymes include alcohol dehydrogenase, aldolase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and RNA and DNA polymerases \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eKumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Owing to its inexpensive, zinc is typically supplied to chicken diets in inorganic sources such as oxides, sulfates, and carbonates. However, the bioavailability of inorganic zinc is significantly lower in monogastric animals \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eLiu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Most broiler diets based on grains contain phytic acid, which combines with inorganic zinc, which results in a delay in the absorption of zinc and calcium by the gastrointestinal tract. This, in turn, inhibits the tissues' ability to uptake zinc \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMcDowell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Thus, this issue creates an opportunity to find higher bioavailable zinc forms and if possible, to lessen the supplemental level of Zn to the diet \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSahin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). It is possible to substitute organic sources for inorganic trace minerals to decrease over supplementation and excretion \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eZhu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Due to their different metabolism to aid in absorption, organic minerals do not interact with phytate because they do not have the free divalent cations required for chelation in the intestine. Since organic zinc sources, such as zinc proteinate, zinc lysine, and zinc methionine, have been demonstrated to have better bioavailability than inorganic zinc sources, they can be substituted for inorganic zinc sources without having an adverse effect on the environment or poultry production \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eBehjatian Esfahani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Recently, nanotechnological applications have been widely used to improve trace elements' efficiency in animal diets. Therefore, to improve chicken productivity, researchers have to use nano-form additives in broiler diets \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eHassan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Among these nanotechnology approaches, nano zinc oxide (NZnO) is notable for its high adsorbing capacity and catalytic efficacy. It is a unique prepared trace mineral ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm. Both at lower and higher levels, it has demonstrated a different impact on animal performances. In addition to being greatly bioavailable, studies have already shown that nano zinc has numerous other benefits, including growth promotion, antimicrobial activity, supporting immunity, and modulating of animal reproduction. These can be utilized at lower dosages, return better results than traditional zinc forms, and consequently contribute to lessening environmental contamination \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eLeareng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the current study aimed to assess how various dietary zinc sources affected the broiler chickens' growth performance, economic evaluation, and serum concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eExperimental birds, design, and diets.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The Suez Canal University Faculty of Agriculture's Animal Care and Use Committee has authorized all procedures, as indicated by approval number (4/2024). 192 one day (Cobb) broiler chicks, unsexed, had come from a commercial hatchery in Ismailia, Egypt (Ismailia Misr Poultry Company) and were randomly distributed into 6 dietary treatments with 4 replicates of 8 chicks. Birds in the 6 treatments were given a corn-soybean-based diet. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups were supplied with inorganic zinc oxide, inorganic zinc sulphate monohydrate, and organic zinc methionine, respectively, at a level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet. While the 4th, 5th, and 6th groups were supplied with nano zinc oxide at a level of 20, 10, and 5 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively. The experimental basal diet was prepared according to NRC (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e to satisfy the nutrient needs of chicks. The formulation and chemical analysis (calculated and determined according to AOAC (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e of the basal diets are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. All birds were kept in a climate-controlled house with continuous lighting, and unrestricted access to mash meals, and water. For the first three days, the house's temperature was maintained between 32 and 34\u0026deg;C; then, it was lowered by 2 to 3\u0026deg;C per week until 3 weeks of age. There were electric fans for ventilation. Every chick is vaccinated and kept in good hygiene, following the routine preventive vaccination schedule.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 1\nFormulation and chemical analysis (calculated and determined) of the experimental basal diets\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredient (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarter\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(0\u0026ndash;8 D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrower\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(9\u0026ndash;18 D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinisher\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(19\u0026ndash;35 D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYellow corn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCorn gluten meal 60%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.70\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVegetable oil\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.82\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.92\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCalcium carbonate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.07\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDi calcium phosphate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.68\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMineral premix\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVitamin premix\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNaCl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.37\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDL-Methionine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eL-Lysine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.29\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCholine chloride\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eChemical calculated values %\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMetabolizable energy (Kcal/kg)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3101\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3200\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCrude protein (CP)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.07\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.02\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLysine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.321\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.196\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.052\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethionine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.609\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.552\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.581\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethionine\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Cystine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.984\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.895\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.892\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCalcium\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.939\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.842\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.771\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA. Phosphorous\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.450\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.442\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.383\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eChemical determined analysis%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMoisture\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.72\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.92\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCrude protein\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21.82\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19.71\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCrude fiber\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.86\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEther extract\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCrude ash\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.51\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.71\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNitrogen free extract\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56.37\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56.88\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e55.88\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZinc (ppm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26.15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.91\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.79\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e The contents of a 1-kilogram vitamin combination were: 10.000.000 IU vit. A, 5.000.000 IU vit. D3, 80.000 mg vit. E, 3.000 mg vit. K3, 3.000 mg vit. B1, 9.000 mg vit. B2, 4.000 mg vit. B6, 20 mg vit. B12, 15.000 mg pantothenic acid, 60.000 mg Nicotinic acid, 2.000 mg Folic acid and 150 mg Biotin.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e The contents of a 2-kilogram mineral combination were: 500.000 mg choline chloride, 150.000 mg Cu, 1.000 mg I; 40.000 mg Fe, 100.000 mg Mn. and 350 mg Se.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNano zinc oxide preparation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe process is carried out following the stated technique by \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eKumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Atypically, 1500 ml of deionized water was used to dissolve 431.31 g of zinc sulfate heptahydrate (1M). 122.40 g of sodium hydroxide (2 M) was then added dropwise while being stirred magnetically. Following the addition, stirring persisted for a full twelve hours. The precipitates underwent multiple filtrations and were washed with clean water. Following that, the precipitates dried for 30 minutes at 100\u0026deg;C and were calcined for two hours at 500\u0026deg;C. An X-ray diffractometer (XRD, X׳ Pert PRO) was used to examine the crystalline and phase structures of the synthesized ZnO. The diffraction charts and relative intensities are obtained and matched with ICDD files \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-2100) was used to identify the size and shape. TEM images of ZnO show nanoparticles with a mean particle size of 34 nm. Most of the individual particles in the ZnO nanoparticle TEM micrograph are between 19 and 65 nm in size \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. The characterization was done at the Central Lab, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStudied parameters.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrowth performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weight (BW) and weight gain (WG) were determined weekly for each experimental unit (pen).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed efficiency (FE) were also calculated on a weekly basis. Mortality was recorded daily and calculated as a percentage of the total number of birds. The performance index (PI) was calculated as body weight (kg)/ FCR \u0026times; 100, and the European efficiency index (EEI) was calculated as 100 \u0026times; (body weight (kg) \u0026times; livability (%)/ (age (days) \u0026times; FCR) and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) was determined as weight gain (g)/protein intake (g). All these parameters were calculated according to methods noticed by \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAlian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEconomic evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic efficiency (EE) was estimated according to El-Haliem et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSerum biochemical parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the slaughter process, blood samples were taken and placed in sterile tubes without the use of an anticoagulant. The samples were centrifuged for ten minutes at 4\u0026ordm;C at 5000 rpm. For serum biochemical investigations, the gathered sera samples were stored at -20\u0026deg;C in a deep freezer. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined using the method explained by Oyanagui (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e The malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by the method indicated by Ohkawa et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e). SOD and MDA contents were measured using reagent kits (Egyptian Company for Biotechnology, S.A.E, and Diamond, D-P, International) as per manufacture procedures. The cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, and uric acid were estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the kits purchased by (Egyptian Company for Biotechnology, S.A.E, and Diamond, D-P, International)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe obtained data was assessed for mean, standard errors, and analysis of variance using software (SPSS, version 16, USA). The difference between the groups was deemed significant for each measurement at \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/em\u003e The means were compared using Duncan's multiple-range tests \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eDuncan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrowth performance parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the impact of dietary zinc supplementation on the final BW and cumulative BWG of broiler chickens at the end of the experiment is given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Our data exposed that nano zinc oxide whatever the concentration (G4, G5 \u0026amp; G6) achieved a significant enhancement (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e in final body weight and cumulative body weight gain when compared to inorganic zinc oxide (G1) and numerically to inorganic zinc sulphate monohydrate group (G2). Our data also displayed that organic zinc methionine (G3) at the level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e improved final body weight and cumulative weight gain compared to chicks in G1 and numerically to G2. Also, there were no statistical \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e differences in the cumulative feed intake between experimental groups. The supplementation of nano zinc oxide in G5 and G6 at the level of 10 and 5 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively, significantly achieved the best results in overall FCR and FE enhancement \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e in comparison to chicks in G1 and G2 and numerically to G3 and G4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growth performance parameters of broiler chicks at the end of the experimental period (35d.).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInitial B.W. (g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.18 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.71 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.09 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.18 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.46 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.96 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinal B.W. (g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2100.50 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 34.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2179.40 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 37.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2220.36 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 35.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2233.86 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 37.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2247.83 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 40.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2248.25 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 28.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCumulative W.G.(g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2056.36 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 34.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2135.96 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 37.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2176.40 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 35.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2189.80 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 38.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2203.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 40.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2204.25 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 28.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCumulative FI (g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3512.45 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 14.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3604.77 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 60.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3623.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 38.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3618.57 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 72.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3560.10 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 32.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3538.27 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;51.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFCR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60 \u003csup\u003ea b\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60 \u003csup\u003ea b\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eValues are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eValues in the Organic, ( with different superscripts are significantly different at \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eG1: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc Oxide, inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eG2: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc sulphate monohydrate, Inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eG3: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc methionine, Organic,(100 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eG4: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (20 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eG5: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (10 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eG6: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (5 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eB.W\u003c/b\u003e: Body weight, \u003cb\u003eW.G\u003c/b\u003e: Weight gain, \u003cb\u003eFI\u003c/b\u003e: Feed intake, \u003cb\u003eFCR\u003c/b\u003e: Feed conversion ratio, and \u003cb\u003eFE\u003c/b\u003e: Feed efficiency.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e our study reported that nano zinc oxide supplemented groups (G4, G5\u0026amp;G6) significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e gave the highest performance index (PI) as compared with inorganic zinc oxide supplemented group (G1). Also, the organic zinc methionine group (G3) achieved the best PI value either significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e compared to the inorganic zinc oxide supplemented group (G1) or numerically to G2. Furthermore, NZnO (G6) significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e enhanced the European efficiency index (EEI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for finisher diets in contrast to chicks in G1 and numerically compared to G2, G3, G4, and G5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean values of performance index (PI), European efficiency index (EEI), protein intake, and protein efficiency ratio (PER).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.10 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 3.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.86 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.45 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.03 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 5.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138.97 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.29 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEEI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329.56 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;14.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e345.34 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 15.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e357.05 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 12.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e362.52 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 24.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e372.61\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e388.45 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 14.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtein intake (starter)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.68 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.43 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.02 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.27 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.40 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.38 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePER (starter)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.90 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.38 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtein intake (grower)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216.85 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.85 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216.06 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218.40 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219.25 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218.65 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePER (grower)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.23 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtein intake (finisher)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e407.88 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 5.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e424.62 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 10.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e429.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 5.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e426.73 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 13.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e416.16 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 6.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e411.97 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;7.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePER (finisher)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.18 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eValues are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eValues in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different at \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eG1: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc Oxide, inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eG2: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc sulphate monohydrate, Inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eG3: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc methionine, Organic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eG4: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (20 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eG5: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (10 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eG6: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (5 mg Zn / kg diet).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLivability and mortality.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 3 shows the livability and mortality rates of birds in all groups fed basal diets supplied with different sources and amounts of zinc. According to our findings, the average livability and mortality rate across the experimental groups did not vary significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEconomical evaluation parameters.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data of the economic evaluation of the addition of different zinc sources in broiler diets are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Using nano zinc oxide whatever the concentration (G4, G5\u0026amp; G6) and zinc methionine (G3) at a level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e offered the highest selling price in comparison with chicks in G1 and numerically than G2. Adding nano zinc oxide and zinc methionine resulted in significant cost savings \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e in comparison to the zinc oxide group, where net revenue was 27.87, 28.17, 29.04, and 29.30 L. E in G3, G4, G5 and G6 respectively, compared to 25.23 L. E in G1. The nano zinc oxide in G5 and G6 at the level of 10 and 5 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively, significantly achieved the best results in economic efficiency enhancement \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e if compared to G1 and G2 and numerically to G3 and G4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe economical evaluation of broiler production as affected by different dietary zinc treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of chicks\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrice/chick (LE)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinal wt. (g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2101.15 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 31.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2176.93 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 24.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2220.79 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 28.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2231.70 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 60.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2246.51 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 23.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2249.76 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 20.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeed intake /chick (g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3512.45 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 14.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3604.77 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 60.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3623.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 38.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3618.57 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 72.513\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3560.10 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 32.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3538.27 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 51.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeed cost /chick (LE)\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.98 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.62 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.74 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.31 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.16 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emanagement /chick (LE)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeed additive cost /chick\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.105 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.0006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.0006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.023 \u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.0003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal cost /chick (LE)\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.59 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.15 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.86 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.68 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelling price (LE)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.83 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.95 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.18 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.48 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.90 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.99 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNet revenue (LE)\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.23 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.79 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.87 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.17 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.04 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.30 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEconomic efficiency\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.10 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.47 \u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.25 \u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.07 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 3.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.76 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eValues are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE. Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different at \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/em\u003e G1: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc Oxide, inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G2: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc sulphate monohydrate, Inorganic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G3: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc methionine, Organic, (100 mg Zn / kg diet). G4: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (20 mg Zn / kg diet). G5: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (10 mg Zn / kg diet). G6: basal diet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (5 mg Zn / kg diet). \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Price of one kg of recommended diet\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.00 LE. \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = Price of chick\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;management\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;feed cost\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;additive.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e = Selling price \u0026ndash; total cost. \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e = Net revenue / total cost X 100\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (5): serum biochemical parameters of broiler chicks at the end of the experimental period (35d.).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"946\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.067653276955603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"83.9323467230444%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSOD (U/ml)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155.09 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154.33 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162.46 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168.35 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171.45 \u003csup\u003eab\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn;2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174.81\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMDA (nmol/ml)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3.04\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90 \u003csup\u003eab\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77 \u003csup\u003ebc\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCholesterol (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150.92 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;10.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161.39\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159.68\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159.14\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158.70 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158.34\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTriglycerides(mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.07\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.18\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.68\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.65\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.91\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHDL (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.12\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.45\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.13\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.74\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.86\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.20\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLDL (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.73\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.02\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.60\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.92\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.19\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.40\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal protein(g/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.57 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.71\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlbumin (g/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlobulin (g/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026quot;A/G ratio\u0026quot;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75 \u003csup\u003ec\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;bc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;bc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAST(U/l)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173.31 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172.47 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169.05 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;1.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166.05 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165.83 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164.15 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALT (U/l)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.66 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.23 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.45 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.94 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.95 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.11\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALP (U/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330.85 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;3.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326.96 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323.38 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e319.75 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e322.94 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;4.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e322.82\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;3.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLDH (U/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e3112.50 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;49.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3114.56 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;51.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3128.50 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;47.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3135.93 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;35.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3196.75 \u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;46.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3212.00\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;44.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCreatinine (mg/dL)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;ab\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;bc\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70 \u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.050686378035902%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUric acid (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.833157338965153%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.41\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.46673706441394%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.45\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.78352692713833%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.42\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.51636747624076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.10\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.149947201689546%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.01\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.199577613516368%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.01\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues are mean \u0026plusmn;\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eSE. Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different at \u003cem\u003eP \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/em\u003e G1: basal diet + Zinc Oxide, inorganic, (100 mg Zn\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e kg diet).\u0026nbsp;G2: basal diet + Zinc sulphate monohydrate, Inorganic, (100 mg Zn\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e kg diet).\u0026nbsp; G3: basal diet + Zinc methionine, Organic, (100 mg Zn\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e kg diet). \u0026nbsp;G4: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (20 mg Zn\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e kg diet).\u0026nbsp;G5: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (10 mg Zn\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e kg diet).\u0026nbsp;G6: basal diet + Zinc oxide, Nanoparticles, (5 mg Zn\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e kg diet).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;SOD: Superoxide dismutase,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eMDA\u003c/strong\u003e: malondialdehyde, \u003cstrong\u003eHDL\u003c/strong\u003e: high-density lipoprotein, \u003cstrong\u003eLDL\u003c/strong\u003e: low-density lipoprotein, \u003cstrong\u003eAST\u003c/strong\u003e: aspartate aminotransferase, \u003cstrong\u003eALT\u003c/strong\u003e: alanine aminotransferase, \u003cstrong\u003eLDH\u003c/strong\u003e: lactate dehydrogenase, and \u003cstrong\u003eALP\u003c/strong\u003e: alkaline phosphatase.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSerum biochemical parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;5 presents the findings about the impact of zinc supplementation on serum biochemical parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning the data related to the antioxidant status, it was observed that NZnO (G6) at the level of 5 mg Zn/kg diet increased SOD activity either significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e compared to G1, G2, G3, and G4 or numerically with G5. Moreover, nano zinc oxide in G4 and G5 at a level of 20 and 10 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively, significantly achieved the highest SOD activity in contrast to chicks of G1, G2, and G3. The highest significant increase in SOD activity was achieved in zinc methionine (G3) at a level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet compared to G1 and G2. It was also conveyed that nano zinc oxide-supplemented groups (G4, G5, and G6) significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e achieved the lowest levels of serum MDA compared to inorganic zinc- supplemented groups (G1 and G2). About the impact of different dietary zinc on lipid profile, it was noticed that the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol did not significantly differ among the experimental groups. Also, the G6 (5 mg Zn/kg diet) gave the highest HDL level, either significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e compared to chicks in G1, G2, G3, and G4 and or numerically with G5. There was no statistical difference between G6 in the level of LDL compared with G5, G4, and G3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning the findings related to liver function and serum enzyme activity, it was noticed that there was a significant \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e elevation in total protein and A/G ratio in nano zinc supplemented groups (G4, G5, and G6) in contrast with G1. Also, G4, G5, and G6 a significant \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e elevated the albumin level compared to G1, G2, and G3. The globulin level did not differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e) among the experimental groups. It was stated that nano zinc-supplemented groups (G4, G5\u0026amp;G6) significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e reduced AST level compared to G1 and G2. Nano zinc oxide (G6) at the level of 5 mg Zn/kg diet significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e reduced ALT level compared to other zinc sources and levels. Furthermore, nano zinc oxide in G4 and G5 at a level of 20 and 10 mg Zn /kg diet, respectively, lessen ALT level either significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e compared to G1 or numerically with G2 and G3. The supplementation of different zinc sources did not show any significant \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e effect on ALP and LDH at 35 days of age.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the effect on kidney function, it was noted that G4, G5, and G6 (nano zinc oxide supplemented groups) had the lowest serum creatinine level \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e when compared to G1 and G2 (inorganic zinc supplemented groups at a level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet). However, no statistically significant difference \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e was observed in serum uric acid level among experimental groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe enhancement of NZnO whatever the concentration in G4, G5, and G6 on the final BW and cumulative BWG in comparison to inorganic zinc source-supplemented groups. In addition, there was an enhancement in FCR and FE was reported in NZnO-supplemented groups (G5 and G6) at the levels of 10 and 5 mg/kg diet, respectively. This enhancement could be attributed to the unique features of zinc in nanoform. Generally, zinc is a vital nutrient that plays a wide range of roles in the metabolism of proteins, carbs, and fats, as well as in the synthesis and release of hormones, including growth hormone., insulin, and sex hormone; hence, it may have an impact on the productivity and reproductive abilities of animals. Also, zinc is a compound of DNA-binding proteins that controls the expression of genes and contributes to the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMcDowell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e Moreover, Hafez et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) conveyed that the improvement in growth could be ascribed to the function of NZnO in augmenting the intestinal absorptive capacity by enhancing the length and depth of the crypt's mucosal and villi. All these features augment the role of nano zinc oxide and lead to improved body health and, consequently, the growth parameters of broilers. The same trend was declared by Zhao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e); they found that, in comparison to 60 mg/kg ZnO, nano zinc oxide at levels of 20 and 60 mg/kg diet could boost BW, WG, and feed efficiency. It was observed that nano zinc (20 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the FCR, WG, and ADG (Average daily gain) of broilers \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMohammadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, Joshua et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) verified that the use of nanoelements (zinc, copper, and selenium) can improve the post-hatch performance of broiler chickens, including body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion, and that these elements are safe for the embryo. Mahmoud et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) showed that 10 ppm NZnO considerably increased the feed conversion and body weight gain increase compared to the control (0 ppm).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings were contradicted by, Rossi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) who found no variation in ADG between broilers fed 0 and 15\u0026ndash; 60 mg Zn/kg feed. Ramiah et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) showed that the broilers' body weight was unaffected by NZnO supplementation at doses of 40, 60, and 100 mg Zn/kg feed. Bami et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) found that broiler growth features were unaffected by using nano Zn sources (25 and 50 ppm). The average values of crude protein, calorie conversion ratio, body weight growth, and final body weight did not differ statistically significantly between treatment groups that received 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20 mg NZnO/kg of feed \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eEl-Haliem et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Asheer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) observed that substituting nano zinc oxide at levels of 25, 50, 75, and 100% for traditional zinc in a broiler feed did not significantly affect the broiler's weekly FCR. Eskandani et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) claimed that the ADG, ADFI, and FCR of broilers in the starting phase were not significantly affected by 30, 50, 70, and 90 ppm of nano Zn oxide addition. Variations in feed intake, bird strain, sources and quantities of zinc, and the length of the experiment could all be contributing factors to the discrepancy \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAlian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was an improvement in the BW and WG of broilers because of organic zinc methionine supplementation (100 mg Zn/kg diet) compared to conventional inorganic zinc sources. This is due to the inorganic zinc in the intestine linked to phytic acid. However, the lack of free divalent cations required for intestinal chelation prevented organic zinc sources from combining with phytates, resulting in increased absorption and utilization \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMcDowell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. This is parallel to several reports that state that organic zinc has a higher bioavailability and will have a greater impact on broiler performance \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSalim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The data matched those of El-Husseiny et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) who found that BWG was enhanced by feeding broilers' diets with 50% organic forms of zinc and magnesium (Mn), and copper (Cu) of their requirements. Liu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) claimed that when compared to Zn sulfate, chicks fed with Zn proteinate (10, 20, 40, or 80 ppm) displayed higher WG. Moreover, Olukosi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that broiler performance was improved more by organic zinc and copper than by sulfate zinc and copper. The group that received a 50 mg/kg diet had a significantly higher body weight, indicating the effectiveness of organic zinc \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eChand et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, it was discovered that feeding broilers with organic zinc source at doses of 15, 30, 45, or 60 ppm did not impact their BWG \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eRossi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Bun et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) discovered that the growth traits was unaffected by Zn methionine hydroxyl at 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg diet. Furthermore, Sunder et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that taking supplements containing organic zinc and magnesium had no influence on weight increase or body weight. Kakhki et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) noted that broiler hens fed diets enhanced with 60 or 120 mg Zn/kg of zinc methionine (Zn-Met) did not exhibit any variations in ADG. The lack of effect in terms of performance of birds might result from using different types and dosages of zinc in the feeds of broiler chickens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings showed that the cumulative FI did not differ statistically between the zinc-supplemented groups. This is a match with that mentioned by Sunder et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) who revealed that 40, 80, and 160 ppm of organic zinc did not influence the FI of broiler chicks. Moreover, broiler chicks received diets enriched with Zn 60 or 120 mg/kg, as Zn-Me did not exhibit any variations in ADFI \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eKakhki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, dietary nano Zn treatments (30, 50, 70, and 90 ppm) had no significant impact on ADFI in the starter phase compared to ZnSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and Zn amino acid complexes (70 ppm) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eEskandani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, Jahanian et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) stated that the average feed intake was decreased \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/em\u003e when the Zn level was increased from 80 to 120 mg/kg diet. The lack of significant impact on feed intake in the groups receiving NZnO suggests that the zinc levels in the control diet were adequate for the growth of the birds. Although the NRC \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eNRC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e recommended that broiler chicks require 40 mg/kg of zinc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNano zinc oxide (G4, G5, and G6) and organic zinc methionine group (G3) significantly achieved the highest performance index compared to zinc oxide (G1), which was greatly matched to the improved BW and FCR. FCR is one of the primary indicators used to evaluate the productivity and profitability of the broiler sector. The lower FCR in Zn-supplied groups, either in nano or organic zinc form, indicates that zinc was well utilized by the broilers, increasing the performance index. Also, the augmented feed utilization in broilers given Zn-enriched diets may be because Zn can boost the intestine absorption capacity \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eDe Grande et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), leading to an increase in the brush border enzyme activity and nutrient transport systems \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAwad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the role zinc plays in DNA synthesis and feed utilization may explain why broilers fed diets supplemented with zinc had increased ADG \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eLi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, it is possible to corroborate the finding that feeding nano zinc oxide at a level of 5 mg Zn/kg caused a significant increase in EEI, as EEI and FCR are inversely dependent on the equation used. This finding agrees with El-Husseiny et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) who mentioned that broilers given a diet provided with organic 50% Zn, Mn, and Cu had a significantly adjusted \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/em\u003e FCR. El-Katcha et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that NZnO addition at 60, 45, or 30 mg/kg diet enhanced the BW, FCR, and PI of broilers. This is also in accordance with Akhavan-Salamat and Ghasemi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, and El-Haliem et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) who stated that the FCR significantly improved at the level of a 40 mg/kg diet of nano zinc oxide. The highest European production efficiency index (EPEI) was observed in 70 and 90 mg NZnO-supplemented groups \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eEskandani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, NZnO at a level of 5 mg Zn/kg (G6) significantly improved the protein efficiency ratio (PER) for finisher diets. These results also agreed with Abdel-Wareth et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), who noted that the digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber in the broiler was linearly increased by nano zinc oxide (20, 40, and 60 ppm) relative to the control. Among the zinc source-supplemented groups, better growth performance parameters were observed in nano zinc oxide groups, especially G5, which suggested that these groups' birds utilized nano ZnO more effectively. This indicates that nano ZnO was a better source for enhancing the efficacy of nutrient utilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe other performance parameters of the broiler, such as livability and mortality, were not markedly impacted by the zinc addition in the diet. This was in line with previously stated reports that the livability or mortality did not significantly change when zinc supplementation was used \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eZakaria et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). No differences in mortality rates were detected in broilers given diets enriched with 60 or 120 ppm of Zn-methionine \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eKakhki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). As well, the broiler mortality rate was not significantly affected by NZnO at a rate of 0, 40, 60, and 100 mg/kg diet \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eRamiah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). There was no difference noticed in the livability of chicks received organic or inorganic Zn at the dose of 50 and 60 ppm \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eChand et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing nano zinc oxide, whatever the concentration, and zinc methionine significantly gave the highest selling price and net revenue. Besides, the adding of nano zinc oxide in G5 and G6 at the levels of 10 and 5 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively, significantly enhanced economic efficiency compared to chicks in G1 and G2, as well as numerically to chicks in G3 and G4. This improvement was matched with the enhancement in feed conversion and weight gain of broiler chicks. This data agreed with results informed by El-Husseiny et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) who noted that chicks fed a diet with 50 or 100% of the organic Zn, Mn, or Cu required by broilers had a greater relative economic efficiency. Additionally, poultry growth performance and economic benefits were enhanced by nano zinc oxide \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSwain et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). It was claimed that the optimal level of feed additives for broiler chicks to have the optimum growth and economic efficiency be 20 mg/kg of nano ZnO \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eZhao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). When compared to ZnO, the addition of nano zinc oxide (40 mg Zn/kg diet) resulted in the best return, selling price and cost savings \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAlian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). One other thing is that the net profit is unaffected by substituting nano Zn for traditional zinc source at levels of 0.0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAsheer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood parameters are employed in poultry and livestock as an indicator of their physiological, pathological, and nutritional status \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eOgbuewu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Nano zinc oxide in G6, followed by G5, and G4, significantly achieved the highest SOD activity compared to others. It was also reported that G4, G5, and G6 significantly achieved the lowest levels of serum MDA compared to G1 and G2. And zinc methionine has a significant improvement in SOD activity. Various stresses are associated with poultry farming, which lowers the productivity of chickens. Studies have shown oxidative stress to be the primary cause of this stress at the cellular level \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSurai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. Zn deficiency is associated with oxidative stress in poultry, which can be alleviated by vitamin E addition \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eKraus et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Because zinc contributes to the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, it has been proposed that zinc has antioxidant benefits in chickens \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSaleh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and it elevates antioxidant vitamin levels in the blood \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eOnderci et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Zinc also promotes the production of SOD, an antioxidant enzyme that protects cells from the destructive effects of free radicals by converting superoxide anions to hydrogen peroxide \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eNiles et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Besides, research has revealed that zinc increases the synthesis of metallothionein, a cysteine-rich protein that scavenges free radicals \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMaret \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e On the other side, MDA is a consequence of lipid oxidation (LP). Zinc has a crucial role in reduction of the lipid oxidation in the body \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eZago and Oteiza \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e Similarly, some investigators, i.e., Marreiro et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) mentioned that zinc decreases MDA, indicating the crucial function that zinc plays in reducing lipid peroxidation in the cell membrane. A recent study by Abdel-Monem et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and Dukare et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) showed that 80 ppm of ZnO-NPs significantly increased the amount of SOD and total antioxidant capacity in chickens and decreased the amount of lipid peroxidation. Besides, Hafez et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that ZnO-NPs decreased the MDA value and increased \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e the activity of SOD and catalase. Additionally, adding Zn-Met and ZnO-NPs to broiler chickens' diets at a rate of 40 mg/kg may enhance their antioxidant capacity when exposed to high ambient temperatures \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAkhavan-Salamat and Ghasemi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e In the same trend, De Grande et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) found that zinc amino acid (ZnAA) at 60 mg/kg was shown to have higher glutathione peroxidase levels and lower serum MDA levels in broilers compared to Zn sulfate. In contrast, Fathi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e found that the addition of 40 mg/kg of micro ZnO did not significantly influence the SOD activity in chickens. El-Katcha et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) claimed that the addition of nano zinc (60, 45, 30, or 15 ppm) numerically lowered the blood MDA level in chicks compared to inorganic zinc, while zinc polysaccharide complex (30 or 15 ppm) had no influence on the level of serum MDA. The detected disagreement might be due to differences in health conditions and might be because later research used high concentrations of NZnO. These results showed that zinc could boost antioxidant status and inhibit LPO (lipid peroxidation) in broilers. The more noticeable effect was achieved by nano zinc oxide in G6, followed by G5 and G4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo significant variation was observed in the cholesterol and triglyceride levels among the different experimental groups. Also, the nano zinc oxide \u0026ndash; supplemented group gave the highest HDL level. There was no statistical difference between G6 (nano zinc oxide) in the level of LDL compared with G5, G4, and G3. Our results corroborate the data that confirm the prominent role of zinc on lipid metabolism. Al-Bayti et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) verified that zinc has a protective effect on lipid metabolism markers in laboratory rats. Furthermore, studies have shown a correlation between zinc deficiency diets and lower plasma values of triglycerides, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol. This may result from a reduction in the consumption of fat and calories as well as a decrease in the absorption of dietary lipids \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eWu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) and it could be as a result of the fact that zinc is a crucial part of many metalloenzymes needed for lipid absorption and digestion. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAl-Daraji and Amen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e Like our data, it was conveyed that Zn sources had no impact on the serum cholesterol values in chicks \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eL\u0026uuml; and Combs Jr \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e Malcolm-Callis et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) notified that serum cholesterol was not affected by zinc feeding at a rate of 20, 100, and 200 mg zinc/kg. Also, Kucuk et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) found that 30 ppm zinc supplementation has no impact on the total cholesterol and triglyceride values. Moreover, using nano zinc treatments at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg diet, triglycerides were not significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e) altered \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFathi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Besides, the present data came in harmony with the results of Aksu and Ozsoy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e who reported that organic complexes of zinc, copper, and manganese increased HDL in the blood plasma of chickens. The higher HDL is most likely the result of an increase in fat and calorie consumption following zinc feeding. It was also shown that there was a rise \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e in HDL levels in birds receiving 60 or 90 mg of NZnO/kg feed \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAhmadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, plasma cholesterol levels were affected by ZnO given at a rate of 80 mg/day, either on its own or in combining with vitamins or copper \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eGensler et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Herzig et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) shown that the plasma cholesterol of broilers reduced when given a diet rich in zinc. Par\u0026aacute;k and Strakov\u0026aacute; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e showed this impact when breeding cocks were fed inorganic versus organic zinc. Ahmadi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) showed a decrease in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e values in chicks who were given a diet with 60 or 90 mg of NZnO. It was reported that female broilers had a significantly lower cholesterol level than males, suggesting that sex is a major factor affecting the plasma cholesterol level of broiler chickens \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSalim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Also, the inconsistent findings in these studies might be due to the period of sample collection within the day, as blood indices vary with the time of the day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total protein, A/G ratio, and albumin level were significantly higher in the nano zinc supplemented groups (G4, G5, and G6). The globulin level did not vary among the experimental groups. Serum proteins are useful indicators of the condition of bodily cells, tissues, and organs, as well as the metabolism of feed that has been consumed \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFuhrman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Walker et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e) said that various factors, including the protein level, might be considered when evaluating overall health. The improvement in total serum protein because of nano zinc oxide supplementation could be illuminated by the pivotal role of zinc in nutrient utilization and protein metabolism. Zinc as previously stated, is a necessary part of the enzymes that synthesize proteins and nucleic acids \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eMaggini et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). These data were proven by Feng et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), who discovered that feeding chickens 90 and 140 mg/kg of organic zinc greatly increased the birds' total serum protein. Additionally, feeding Zn supplements to breeder broiler chicks raises their total serum protein levels \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAl-Daraji and Amen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. In contrast, it was shown that the amount or type of zinc did not affect blood total protein or albumin \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eSarvari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Nano zinc-supplemented groups (G4, G5, and G6) significantly reduced AST and ALT levels and serum creatinine. The dietary zinc sources didn\u0026rsquo;t reveal significant changes in ALP, LDH, or serum uric acid levels. The collected data is in agreement with Ahmadi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) who mentioned that dietary NZnO (30, 60, 90, or 120 mg/kg diet) significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e decreased blood AST and ALT values compared to basal diet. When broilers were fed 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg of nano zinc oxide, there was no significant change in the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFathi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). El-Katcha et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that nano zinc (60, 45, 30, or 15 ppm), decreased blood creatinine while having no significant effect on serum uric acid concentration. Abdel-Monem et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) illustrated that dietary zinc oxide did not significantly influence serum ALP and uric acid, either added in bulk or nanoform (40 and 80 ppm). Also, nano zinc oxide (0, 20, 40, or 60 mg/kg) exhibited lower serum ALT, AST, and creatinine in broilers \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAbdel-Wareth et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, Fathi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) stated that serum concentrations of ALP level were significantly elevated at 20 mg/kg nano-ZnO. It was demonstrated that serum AST concentrations were not significantly affected by nano zinc (60, 45, 30 or 15 ppm) and there was a numerical increase in serum ALT and ALP levels in broilers \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eEl-Katcha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In ovo injection and Zn addition (i.e., 0, 60, 0, and 0 mg Zn/egg, 0, 0, 100, and 200 mg Zn/kg basal diets, respectively), revealed no statistical difference in AST and ALT in the blood among the four treatments \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eKim and Kang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e The dietary supplementation of ZnO-NPs at a dose of 40\u0026ndash;160 ppm has no alteration in the serum values of AST and ALT \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eZhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The data indicated that the addition of NZnO caused no obvious negative effects on liver and kidney health condition, as manifested by unaffected serum activity levels of some enzymes (ALP and LDH) and concentrations of uric acid. Besides, NZnO lessens blood serum ALT, AST, and creatinine levels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur results can help broiler producers to enhance the performance of their birds. By this means, broiler producers will have more financial benefit from feed additives. The nano zinc oxide, whatever the concentration in G4, G5, and G6, will achieve the best performance, enhance antioxidant activity, inhibit lipid peroxidation, improve lipid profiling, and augment liver and kidney functions in chicks. All positive impacts were more prominent in the NZnO (G6) group. Therefore, applying nano zinc oxide (5 mg Zn/kg diet) is an innovative feed additive in the broiler industry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatements \u0026amp; Declarations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll operations have been authorized by the Faculty of Agriculture\u0026apos;s Animal Care and Use Committee at Suez Canal University, as shown by permission number (4/2024).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contribution. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach author planned the study project and wrote the manuscript\u0026apos;s draft.; HS finished the experiments; HS measured the study parameters, and HA wrote the manuscript and conducted the statistical analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvery author declares that they have no conflicting interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data produced by this experiment is included in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrateful to Ismailia Misr Poultry Company, Ismailia, Egypt.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdel-Monem N, Elsebai A, El-Hady A, Mohamed A (2021) Impact of dietary zinc oxide nano-particles on antioxidant status, liver and kidney functions in Alexandria chickens. 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Arch Anim Nutr 73:324\u0026ndash;337. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/1745039x.2019.1620050\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/1745039x.2019.1620050\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antioxidant, Broilers, Economic, Nano zinc, Performance, Serum parameters","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4838332/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4838332/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study's aim was to assess how different zinc sources affected the broilers' growth performance, economic evaluation, and serum concentrations. One-day-old \"Cobb\" broiler chicks (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;192) with an average initial body weight of 44.10 g and were randomly distributed into 6 groups. The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups were supplied with inorganic zinc oxide, inorganic zinc sulphate monohydrate, and organic zinc methionine, respectively, at a level of 100 mg Zn/kg diet. While the 4th, 5th, and 6th groups were supplied with nano zinc oxide (NZnO) at a level of 20, 10, and 5 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively. The study exposed that NZnO at a level of 5 mg Zn/kg (G6) achieved a significant improvement \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e in final body weight and cumulative body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency. Nano zinc oxide in G5 and G6 significantly achieved the best results in economic efficiency enhancement \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e. NZnO (G6) increased superoxide dismutase activity and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) levels either significantly \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e compared to G1, G2, G3, and G4 or numerically with G5. The addition of NZnO lessens blood serum MDA (malondialdehyde), alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST), and creatinine levels. The nano zinc oxide in G4, G5, and G6 achieved the best performance, enhanced antioxidant activity, and improved lipid profiling, liver, and kidney functions. The positive results were more noticeable in the G6. Therefore, applying NZnO (5 mg Zn/kg diet) is a new promising feed additive in the broiler industry.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Nano zinc supplementation compared with other zinc forms: effects on growth performance, serum concentrations, and economic evaluation in broiler chickens","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-28 13:04:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4838332/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4637b60a-b5f6-4493-86a4-2c57c076c700","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-11T20:42:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4838332","link":"https://doi.org/10.21608/scvmj.2025.415520","journal":{"identity":"suez-canal-veterinary-medical-journal-scvmj","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Suez Canal Veterinary Medical Journal. SCVMJ"},"publishedOn":"2025-06-01 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 1st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-28 13:04:28","video":"","vorDoi":"10.21608/scvmj.2025.415520","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/scvmj.2025.415520","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4838332","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4838332","identity":"rs-4838332","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}