Agroecological Adoption Pathways in Europe: Drivers, Barriers, and Policy Implication Opportunities in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Portugal

Agroecology offers a transformative pathway toward sustainable food systems by integrating ecological, economic, and social dimensions of farming. While its conceptual and policy foundations are increasingly recognized in European Union (EU) strategies, the practical adoption of agroecological principles at the farm level remains uneven, particularly in socio-economically peripheral Member States. This article investigates the enabling and constraining factors of agroecological uptake in three EU countries - Czech Republic, Hungary, and Portugal. Combining literature review, national policy mapping, and 42 in-depth farmer interviews, the study identifies shared challenges such as limited institutional coordination, subsidy dependency, and structural inequalities in land ownership. Despite these constraints, country-specific dynamics - such as farmer-to-farmer learning in Portugal, family farm identity in Czechia, and high trust in advisors in Hungary - reveal unique pathways for agroecological transition. The findings highlight that systemic barriers, rather than conceptual misunderstandings, impede agroecological adoption, and that context-sensitive strategies are essential for meaningful transformation. The paper contributes to the literature by providing empirical insight into farmer attitudes and practices in Central and Southern Europe and by offering actionable recommendations for designing policies and training aligned with agroecological values.