Technological mapping of plant-based patents for treating bovine mastitis

Technological mapping of plant-based patents for treating bovine mastitis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Technological mapping of plant-based patents for treating bovine mastitis Camila Silva Vidal, Gustavo Henrique Santos de Carvalho, Maria Cristina de Assis, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4445929/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Tropical Animal Health and Production → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Bovine mastitis costs the world’s economy an estimated USD 19.7–32 billion annually. Plant-based products have been used as alternative treatments with advantages such as minimal side effects, and no studies have reported the formation of resistant microorganisms. To identify these plant-based products, this study performed a technological mapping of patent applications. We applied the terms ‘Mastitis AND Extract’ and ‘Bovine OR Plant OR Livestock OR Cow’ to the Espacenet database to find relevant patents. Following this, we applied the same terms to the International Patent Classification (IPC) to categorize patents according to their technological area of use. We found that private companies were the main applicants, among which Chinese companies comprised the majority (52%) and that Taraxarum was the most cited plant in patents. The main applicant was the Lanzhou Institute with seven patents. The most recurrent IPC was A61k36, which refers to medicinal preparations based on algae, lichens, fungi, or plants. From 2000 onwards, the number of patent filings increased, according to the survey, and in 2015, 31 relevant patent applications were filed. Based on this patent survey, we gained a panoramic view of the plant-based. mastitis veterinary medicine patent industrial property Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Highlights China was the main depository of patent applications involving plants and bovine mastitis. The A61k36 subclass had a higher incidence of applications. Companies represent the primary applicants of patent documents to treat bovine mastitis. Introduction Bovine mastitis involves acute inflammation of the bovine mammary glands, resulting from infection caused by fungi, viruses, yeasts, algae, and bacteria. Poor cattle housing or inadequate asepsis of animal udders contributes to the proliferation of microorganisms, especially bacteria, which are the main etiological agents of mastitis (Barbosa et al., 2016 ; Hoque et al., 2019 ; Ashraf & Imran, 2020 ). The etiological agents of mastitis can be classified as environmental or contagious pathogens according to the form of transmission. Environmental pathogens are those found in the environment in which cattle live, including coliforms, Streptococcus dysgalactiae , Streptococcus uberis , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Klebsiella oxytoca , Escherichia coli , and Enterococcus spp. Contagious pathogens, such as Streptococcus agalactiae , Staphylococcus aureus , Corynebacterium bovis , and Mycoplasma bovis (Barbosa et al., 2016 ; Dantas et al., 2009 ; Hoque et al., 2019 ; Mesquita et al., 2020 ). Damage to secretory cells of mammary tissue alters milk production and quality. Bovine mastitis is associated with factors such as the inflammatory response and dysbiosis, whereby microbial diversity is decreased, leading to imbalanced microbiota that cannot protect against pathogens (Mesquita et al., 2020 ; Lopes et al., 2020 ). Indications of disease include increased chloride and sodium ions content, and serum proteins, but decreased casein, fat, and lactose content of milk. The increase in the number of somatic cells results in a shorter shelf life of milk and its derivatives. Therefore, mastitis directly affects the dairy industry and causes substantial economic losses (Barbosa et al., 2016 ; Mesquita et al., 2020 ). Antibiotics are frequently used to treat bovine mastitis. However, such treatment interferes with the characteristics and production of milk and can result in the formation of resistant microorganisms and residues in milk that pose risks to public health and the environment (Gomes et al., 2019 ; Ashraf & Imran, 2020 ; Lopes et al., 2020 ). In addition, the economic losses caused by bovine mastitis include the costs of veterinary services, unnecessary slaughter, and, consequently, early replacement (Mubarack et al., 2011 ; Pașca et al., 2017 ; Ashraf & Imran, 2020 ; ). Plants are known to have a composition of bioactive metabolites, which have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties (Simoni, 2011 ; BrandeLLI, 2017 ; Freitas et al ., 2019; Serafim et al., 2020 ; Victorio et al., 2021 ). In addition to their antimicrobial activity, the anti-inflammatory and healing properties of plants also contribute to the treatment of bovine mastitis, and because of this, they are used in the composition of medicinal products (Avancini et al., 2008 ; Vidal et al., 2023 ). Apart from minimal side effects, plant-based medicines are considered ecologically safe, and as noted above, no studies have reported the formation of resistant microorganisms. The practice of using plant-based products to treat illnesses is embedded in the history and culture of a community, and plants are easily accessible because they can be found in natural herb stores and local markets (Simoni, 2011 ; Batista et al., 2017 ). Plant-based products are herbal medicines that have undergone both preclinical and clinical trials aimed at quality assurance, efficacy, and safety profiles. Their formulations are protected by patents ( Klein et al., 2009 ; Serafim, et al., 2020 ; Ruppelt et al ., 2021; Vidal, et al., 2023 ). A patent is defined as a government authority or license conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention. As noted, patents are extended to product formulations. Even living organisms and their biological materials are patentable, but ethical and moral questions make biotechnology patents complex, and each country establishes its own guidelines (Moreira et al., 2003 ; Araújo et al., 2010 ; Kipper et al., 2011 ; Naves, 2013 ; Zucoloto, 2013 ). Topic-based technological mapping using patent data can establish the basis for subsequent market analysis (Kipper et al., 2011 ). In this study, we aimed to conduct a technological mapping of patent applications, allowing us to gain a panoramic view of the marketplace for plant-based products as alternative treatments for bovine mastitis. Materials and Methods In March and April 2021, a bibliographic survey was first conducted using the Scielo, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. From this survey, we selected keywords used to search for patent applications. We applied keywords such as mastitis, bovine, leaf extract, fruit extract, flower extract, root extract, bark extract, phytotherapy, phytochemicals, essential oils, medicinal plants, antimicrobial, antibacterial, phytopharmaceutical, phytocomplexes, homeopathy, secondary metabolites, natural product, plant, extract, veterinary, pharmaceutical, disinfection, animals, medicine, herbal, medicinal, mammary, breast tissue, and cow. Table-1 : Scope of prospecting using keywords in the Espacenet database. Keywords Total #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 Mastitis X X X X X X X X X X Antimicrobial X X Bovine X X X X Cow X X X Extract X X X X Herbal X X Livestock X Medicinal X Pharmaceutical X Plant X X X Veterinary X X Results 2.212 293 665 57 346 126 166 76 51 332 115 Table 1 shows the organization of keywords and their combinations (AND/OR) to identify the most relevant existing patent applications. We combined keywords to find the combination(s) (hereinafter abbreviated as ‘KC’) that best suited our objective. Accordingly, we applied the terms ‘Mastitis AND Extract’ and ‘Bovine OR Plant OR Livestock OR Cow’ to the European Patent Office (Espacenet) database, which brings together patents registered by more than 90 countries, to perform a technological mapping of products based on medicinal plants to treat bovine mastitis. We identified applicants and relevant patents, types of applicants, number of patents, and countries of origin. The results were weighted and applied to Google Sheets to plot the graphs based on the International Patent Classification (IPC), including the main applicants, type/class of applicants, publication dates, and quantitative relationship between scientific articles and patents. The ArcGIS program was used to map the main registrants by country. Results The combination of keywords indicated in the table as # 4 (hereinafter termed KC #4) best suited the objective of the study because these patent applications comprised formulations that contained medicinal plants. Using the terms ‘Mastitis AND Extract’ and ‘Bovine OR Plant OR Livestock OR Cow’ obtained in the Espacenet database (KC #4), we acquired 346 patent applications. Some were duplicated or unrelated to our objective, such as diagnostic methods, vaccines, antibodies, and fungal extracts used to treat mastitis. After deleting these hits, we obtained 246 documents consisting of ointments, sprays, food additives and supplements, microcapsules, and pharmaceutical compositions. The range of products includes medicinal plants used alone or in combination with other therapeutic substances, such as antibiotics, metals, and animal extracts. China filed 184 patent documents, accounting for 74.2%. Next was South Korea, followed by Japan, New Zealand, the United States, and India, with 14, 9, 6, 5, and 4 filings, respectively (Figure-1). The main applicants were companies with 52% (129 patent applications), among which Chinese companies accounted for 79.84% (103) (Figure-2). Figure-1 Countries registering patents in accordance with KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022. Figure-2 Class of patent applicants according to KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022. All major patent applicants fall into the categories of Science and Technology Institutions (STIs) or Chinese companies (Figure-2). The Lanzhou Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Pharmaceutics of CAAS (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) filed seven patents, followed by Chengdu Qiankun Veterinary Pharmaceutical and Shandong Newhope Liuhe Group with four patents each. Other companies and universities, such as Qilu Animal Health Products, Ningxia University, Foshan Nanhai Eastern Along Pharmaceutical, Bei An Feilong Animal Pharmaceutical Factory, Northeast Agricultural University, and Zhuzhou Qianjin Pharmaceutical, each filed three patent applications. The main registrants are shown in Fig. 3. Figure-3 Number of patent applications filed based on KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022. China filed most patent applications from 1989 to 2022 (Figure-1, Figure-3). Importantly, most of these patents involved plant-based formulations to treat bovine mastitis. Accordingly, Fig. 4 shows the main plant genera used in patent applications filed by China, with Taraxacum being the most common genus. Figure-4 Main genera of plants cited in Chinese patent documents based on KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022. The International Patent Classification (IPC) was also mapped. We applied the same terms to the IPC to categorize patents according to their technological area of use. In this study, Fig. 5 shows the top 10 IPCs, and their respective meanings are shown in Table 2. Table-2 Meaning of the top ten IPCs according to KC #4. IPC Meaning A61K36 Medicinal preparations based on algae, lichens, fungi or plants A61P15 Medicines for genital or sexual diseases A61K31 “Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredientes” A61K9 “Medicinal preparations characterized by special physical form” A61K35 Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products” A23K10 “Animal feed” A61K47 “Medicinal preparations characterized by the nonactive ingredients” A23K20 “Accessory food factors for pet food” A61K33 “Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients” Figure-5 Classifications selected according to the International Patent Code according to KC # 4 and their frequency of appearance from 1989 to 2022. Of the 246 patent applications finally surveyed, the first was filed in 1989 and then in 1991, 1995, 1997, and 1999; from 2000 to 2012, patents were filed every year. However, the graph showing the dates of publication of patent applications was based on the period from 2012 to 2022 (Figure-6). Between 2014 and 2018, we saw the highest number of patent registrations related to bovine mastitis and plant products. Comparing the number of articles, we see an increase in the number of scientific publications after 2014, a decrease in 2018 and 2019, and an increase in 2020 and 2021 (Figure-6). 2015 had the highest number of applications at 31. Figure 7 compares the number of scientific articles with the number of patent applications of plant origin to treat bovine mastitis over the last decade. This comparison was based on the Espacenet and ScienceDirect databases, to which we applied the following keywords: mastitis, bovine, extract, and plants. We found that scientific articles outnumbered patent application filings. The period from late 2019 through 2021 was marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have skewed these results (Figure-7). Figure-6 Registration of patent applications based on KC # 4 from 2012 to 2022. Figure-7 Comparison between the number of published scientific articles and the number of patent filings based on KC # 4 from 2012 to 2022. Discussion China was the largest registrant of patents among all countries filing patents, and it was the main patent applicant based on KC # 4. Starting in 2011, patent filings of Chinese origin increased to become number one in patent filings (Chen & Zhang, 2019 ). According to Chen and Zhang ( 2019 ), this statistic can be explained by investment in research and development. Another factor contributing to this rise in patent filings specific to China is foreign investment since the 1980s. The country’s Open Door Policy enabled the application of that investment to the development of science and technology ( Zucoloto, 2013 ; Chen & Zhang, 2019 ). Janse et al. ( 2022 ) conducted a survey of patents specific to probiotics, enzymes, and prebiotics intended for use in swine, poultry, and ruminants. They strengthened the microbiota of animals adversely affected by the overuse of antibiotics. Such research resulted in the subsequent intense participation of Asian industries, especially China, in the production of probiotics for swine. China has rich biodiversity in that approximately 31,000 species of plants are native. As noted above, the Chinese market has been directly focused on technological innovation since 1980, leading to increased investment in the areas of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals (Zucoloto, 2013 ; Janse et al., 2022 ). Similar to other Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, and India, China has an ancestral connection with the use of phytotherapy promoted by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) (Oliveira, 2016 ). In 2018, China was sixth in the global ranking in milk production, with 37.1 tons. Chinese participation in the dairy sector came to the fore in 2005 when it became the main importer of milk. However, in the last five years, production has shown a downward trend of 1.2% per year. In addition, the increase in real income and the growth of the Chinese population increased milk consumption, thus generating greater demand (Embrapa, 2023). The recurring genus in Chinese patent applications is Taraxacum . Its species is commonly known as dandelion, which is native to Europe and has a wide geographical distribution. Dandelions are generally used to treat liver and spleen diseases. They have nutritional value and are therefore used in food or as a supplement in cattle feed. Dandelions contain a significant number of phytochemical compounds, such as flavonoids and terpenes, with antimicrobial properties. The species is also rich in vitamins A, B, C, and D. In TCM, dandelions are used to treat problems in the mammary gland, such as inflammation or milk flow. In Europe, dandelions are usually used as a remedy for fever, boils, eye problems, diabetes, and diarrhea (Boelter, 2003 ; Schtüz et al ., 2006; Long & Guofei, 2015 ). Patent applications were filed in all decade analyzed in this study. In recent decades, studies of natural products have increased (Batista et al., 2017 ), especially those reporting on medicinal plants, which are promising sources of antimicrobials. Furthermore, publications of scientific articles are more abundant than the overall filing of patent applications. This fact can be explained by the complexity of developing a plant-based product, which involves several stages, such as phytochemical tests or preclinical and clinical trials, before commercialization (Neculai-Valeanu et al., 2021 ). Bovine mastitis affects both developing and developed countries. Herbal compositions used to treat bovine mastitis are already widely accepted and disseminated in different countries as phytotherapies (Marinho et al., 2007 ). Herbal treatments are a more sustainable practice because they reduce veterinary, environmental, and self-care risks. Countries with floristic richness, such as China, showed significant participation in patent filings in this area. The incidence of herbaceous plants of the genus Taraxacum in products registered in Chinese patents is high. Therefore, it is not surprising to find an equally high use of these species in traditional Chinese medicine (Schtüz et al ., 2006). Conclusion Plant-based therapies are a viable alternative to conventional antibiotics used to treat bovine mastitis and are more cost-effective. Several plants with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties relevant to the treatment of bovine mastitis have been discovered; however, a conclusive understanding of their mechanisms of action remains to be elucidated. The shear number of bovine mastitis-causing pathogens also remains an obstacle. Therefore, more studies are needed to reach a consensus that affirms the benefits of plant-based products over conventional therapeutics. In addition, it is worth noting that the use of plants must be prudent because they can be toxic to animals. This survey adds to the knowledge, methods, and products used to combat bovine mastitis, and it provides a strategic direction for research on the topic, as well as guidelines for the development of innovative products. Declarations Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank CNPq for the scientific initiation grant awarded to the first author. Competing interests : The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Authors’ Contributions MCA, RA and CPV: Conceptualization, supervision, and funding acquisition. CSV and GHSC: Performed the data acquisition. CSV, MCA, RA and CPV: Performed data interpretation and revised the manuscript. CSV, and CPV: Drafted the manuscript. CSV, MCA, RA and CPV: Writing-review and editing. All authors read, reviewed, and approved the final manuscript. Funding Author C.S.V. has received research support from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq (Brazil). Data Availability The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Espacenet repository, https://worldwide.espacenet.com/ References Araújo E.F., Barbosa C.M., Queiroga E.D.S. and Alves F.F. 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(Org) Propriedade intelectual e aspectos regulatórios em biotecnologia 1rd edn. Ipea. Rio de Janeiro, pp 107-135. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Tropical Animal Health and Production → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 31 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 28 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4445929","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":322575608,"identity":"40f8b4c3-7aa7-402c-9da3-29f4ec5db56f","order_by":0,"name":"Camila Silva Vidal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Camila","middleName":"Silva","lastName":"Vidal","suffix":""},{"id":322575609,"identity":"e33ad512-b46a-42a2-8e70-e79dbe2806da","order_by":1,"name":"Gustavo Henrique Santos de Carvalho","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UERJ: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gustavo","middleName":"Henrique Santos","lastName":"de Carvalho","suffix":""},{"id":322575610,"identity":"70b525a6-04d3-46c1-a528-27428b7de082","order_by":2,"name":"Maria Cristina de Assis","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UERJ: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maria","middleName":"Cristina","lastName":"de Assis","suffix":""},{"id":322575611,"identity":"bcc36390-b910-427c-a961-1a01e860b366","order_by":3,"name":"Renata Angeli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UERJ: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Renata","middleName":"","lastName":"Angeli","suffix":""},{"id":322575612,"identity":"18f3884c-0970-4082-9976-5fe067d1dc64","order_by":4,"name":"Cristiane Pimentel Victório","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYGBgMI8wCIYGNgPgCmDPBpOQDXkgBSy5ZAQAvMdDAAKWbggSjGpYV/9uHmzx8K7PL4GXgMD/z8YZPPx97zTeLjHj4Gc+kDWLVInEtskzhgkFws2cBjcLAnIc2yjefsNskZz9gYLPsSsGox4GFsA/qFOXHDAbaEwwwJhw3YJHK3SfMcAPrlDHaHAbU0fzhgUJ+4H6El55n0H/xaGoAOO5y4ARi2MC1s0gx4tEicYWyTOGNwPHHGYeYDB3vS0gzYeI4ZW/YcYOOx7MERYj3sjz9U/KlO7G9vbP7ww8bGQL69+eGNHweOyZnzYNeCAMyo3GMENWCAGpJ1jIJRMApGwbAFAHTjWa418HTkAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2815-3725","institution":"UERJ: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cristiane","middleName":"Pimentel","lastName":"Victório","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-20 01:00:58","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4445929/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4445929/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-025-04367-x","type":"published","date":"2025-03-11T15:57:40+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61309315,"identity":"bce3ca7c-6f77-4279-93d3-95e3e7582cfa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 10:41:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":911015,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCountries registering patents in accordance with KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4445929/v1/fc050cc37a8ae5c6805c2a17.jpg"},{"id":61307944,"identity":"1032a5db-60c0-4ad2-904d-1f412986745f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 10:25:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":518762,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eClass of patent applicants according to KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4445929/v1/831a9cc6aff695e102020545.jpg"},{"id":61307949,"identity":"03af1e80-20a9-4bd4-88e3-20c189ea90ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 10:25:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1026692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNumber of patent applications filed based on KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4445929/v1/d0dce402d084bf17577ae2eb.jpg"},{"id":61307945,"identity":"72e0f265-9a09-4453-bf18-7661bc5cfd19","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 10:25:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":546496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMain genera of plants cited in Chinese patent documents based on KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4445929/v1/cb0827a069cba342e45d920e.jpg"},{"id":61307950,"identity":"5e407759-f856-4d7b-8876-aac2253336c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 10:25:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":519559,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eClassifications selected according to the International Patent Code according to KC # 4 and their frequency of appearance from 1989 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4445929/v1/bdc4617d08f5480421336620.jpg"},{"id":61308708,"identity":"1f34d50d-d89d-49f9-870c-a104ea3c0eda","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 10:33:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":781876,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRegistration of patent applications based on KC # 4 from 2012 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4445929/v1/6bdfcd61404ee90ddf4f0690.jpg"},{"id":61307948,"identity":"40c96cf8-c926-4226-bb26-7d3d8588905a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-29 10:25:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":897788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison between the number of published scientific articles and the number of patent filings based on KC # 4 from 2012 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4445929/v1/81be42e81e5ce3afeaff26ff.jpg"},{"id":78688987,"identity":"ed570dff-9769-4568-88fb-0545bc857bf9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 16:09:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4272147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4445929/v1/29c1fab0-af2b-4d62-a69f-5ae2d4051722.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Technological mapping of plant-based patents for treating bovine mastitis","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChina was the main depository of patent applications involving plants and bovine mastitis.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe A61k36 subclass had a higher incidence of applications.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompanies represent the primary applicants of patent documents to treat bovine mastitis.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBovine mastitis involves acute inflammation of the bovine mammary glands, resulting from infection caused by fungi, viruses, yeasts, algae, and bacteria. Poor cattle housing or inadequate asepsis of animal udders contributes to the proliferation of microorganisms, especially bacteria, which are the main etiological agents of mastitis (Barbosa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Hoque et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ashraf \u0026amp; Imran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe etiological agents of mastitis can be classified as environmental or contagious pathogens according to the form of transmission. Environmental pathogens are those found in the environment in which cattle live, including coliforms, \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus dysgalactiae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus uberis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella oxytoca\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp. Contagious pathogens, such as \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus agalactiae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCorynebacterium bovis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eMycoplasma bovis\u003c/em\u003e (Barbosa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Dantas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Hoque et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mesquita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDamage to secretory cells of mammary tissue alters milk production and quality. Bovine mastitis is associated with factors such as the inflammatory response and dysbiosis, whereby microbial diversity is decreased, leading to imbalanced microbiota that cannot protect against pathogens (Mesquita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Lopes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Indications of disease include increased chloride and sodium ions content, and serum proteins, but decreased casein, fat, and lactose content of milk. The increase in the number of somatic cells results in a shorter shelf life of milk and its derivatives. Therefore, mastitis directly affects the dairy industry and causes substantial economic losses (Barbosa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Mesquita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Antibiotics are frequently used to treat bovine mastitis. However, such treatment interferes with the characteristics and production of milk and can result in the formation of resistant microorganisms and residues in milk that pose risks to public health and the environment (Gomes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ashraf \u0026amp; Imran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Lopes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the economic losses caused by bovine mastitis include the costs of veterinary services, unnecessary slaughter, and, consequently, early replacement (Mubarack et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Pașca et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ashraf \u0026amp; Imran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; ).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlants are known to have a composition of bioactive metabolites, which have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties (Simoni, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; BrandeLLI, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Freitas \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2019; Serafim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Victorio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to their antimicrobial activity, the anti-inflammatory and healing properties of plants also contribute to the treatment of bovine mastitis, and because of this, they are used in the composition of medicinal products (Avancini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Vidal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Apart from minimal side effects, plant-based medicines are considered ecologically safe, and as noted above, no studies have reported the formation of resistant microorganisms. The practice of using plant-based products to treat illnesses is embedded in the history and culture of a community, and plants are easily accessible because they can be found in natural herb stores and local markets (Simoni, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Batista et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Plant-based products are herbal medicines that have undergone both preclinical and clinical trials aimed at quality assurance, efficacy, and safety profiles. Their formulations are protected by patents ( Klein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Serafim, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Ruppelt \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021; Vidal, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA patent is defined as a government authority or license conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention. As noted, patents are extended to product formulations. Even living organisms and their biological materials are patentable, but ethical and moral questions make biotechnology patents complex, and each country establishes its own guidelines (Moreira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Ara\u0026uacute;jo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Kipper et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Naves, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Zucoloto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Topic-based technological mapping using patent data can establish the basis for subsequent market analysis (Kipper et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we aimed to conduct a technological mapping of patent applications, allowing us to gain a panoramic view of the marketplace for plant-based products as alternative treatments for bovine mastitis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn March and April 2021, a bibliographic survey was first conducted using the Scielo, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. From this survey, we selected keywords used to search for patent applications. We applied keywords such as mastitis, bovine, leaf extract, fruit extract, flower extract, root extract, bark extract, phytotherapy, phytochemicals, essential oils, medicinal plants, antimicrobial, antibacterial, phytopharmaceutical, phytocomplexes, homeopathy, secondary metabolites, natural product, plant, extract, veterinary, pharmaceutical, disinfection, animals, medicine, herbal, medicinal, mammary, breast tissue, and cow.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-1\u003c/strong\u003e: Scope of prospecting using keywords in the Espacenet database.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"586\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKeywords\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e#1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e#2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e#3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e#4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e#5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e#6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e#7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e#8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e#9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e#10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMastitis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBovine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLivestock\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedicinal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePharmaceutical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVeterinary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.420783645655877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.17717206132879%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.6439522998296425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.4957410562180575%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.666098807495741%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.347529812606474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.132879045996593%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.473594548551959%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 shows the organization of keywords and their combinations (AND/OR) to identify the most relevant existing patent applications. We combined keywords to find the combination(s) (hereinafter abbreviated as \u0026lsquo;KC\u0026rsquo;) that best suited our objective. Accordingly, we applied the terms \u0026lsquo;Mastitis AND Extract\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;Bovine OR Plant OR Livestock OR Cow\u0026rsquo; to the European Patent Office (Espacenet) database, which brings together patents registered by more than 90 countries, to perform a technological mapping of products based on medicinal plants to treat bovine mastitis. We identified applicants and relevant patents, types of applicants, number of patents, and countries of origin. The results were weighted and applied to Google Sheets to plot the graphs based on the International Patent Classification (IPC), including the main applicants, type/class of applicants, publication dates, and quantitative relationship between scientific articles and patents. The ArcGIS program was used to map the main registrants by country.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe combination of keywords indicated in the table as # 4 (hereinafter termed KC #4) best suited the objective of the study because these patent applications comprised formulations that contained medicinal plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the terms \u0026lsquo;Mastitis AND Extract\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;Bovine OR Plant OR Livestock OR Cow\u0026rsquo; obtained in the Espacenet database (KC #4), we acquired 346 patent applications. Some were duplicated or unrelated to our objective, such as diagnostic methods, vaccines, antibodies, and fungal extracts used to treat mastitis. After deleting these hits, we obtained 246 documents consisting of ointments, sprays, food additives and supplements, microcapsules, and pharmaceutical compositions. The range of products includes medicinal plants used alone or in combination with other therapeutic substances, such as antibiotics, metals, and animal extracts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina filed 184 patent documents, accounting for 74.2%. Next was South Korea, followed by Japan, New Zealand, the United States, and India, with 14, 9, 6, 5, and 4 filings, respectively (Figure-1). The main applicants were companies with 52% (129 patent applications), among which Chinese companies accounted for 79.84% (103) (Figure-2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFigure-1\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountries registering patents in accordance with KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFigure-2\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass of patent applicants according to KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll major patent applicants fall into the categories of Science and Technology Institutions (STIs) or Chinese companies (Figure-2). The Lanzhou Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Pharmaceutics of CAAS (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) filed seven patents, followed by Chengdu Qiankun Veterinary Pharmaceutical and Shandong Newhope Liuhe Group with four patents each. Other companies and universities, such as Qilu Animal Health Products, Ningxia University, Foshan Nanhai Eastern Along Pharmaceutical, Bei An Feilong Animal Pharmaceutical Factory, Northeast Agricultural University, and Zhuzhou Qianjin Pharmaceutical, each filed three patent applications. The main registrants are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFigure-3\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of patent applications filed based on KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina filed most patent applications from 1989 to 2022 (Figure-1, Figure-3). Importantly, most of these patents involved plant-based formulations to treat bovine mastitis. Accordingly, Fig.\u0026nbsp;4 shows the main plant genera used in patent applications filed by China, with \u003cem\u003eTaraxacum\u003c/em\u003e being the most common genus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFigure-4\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain genera of plants cited in Chinese patent documents based on KC # 4 from 1989 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe International Patent Classification (IPC) was also mapped. We applied the same terms to the IPC to categorize patents according to their technological area of use. In this study, Fig.\u0026nbsp;5 shows the top 10 IPCs, and their respective meanings are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTable-2\u003c/strong\u003e Meaning of the top ten IPCs according to KC #4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIPC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeaning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA61K36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicinal preparations based on algae, lichens, fungi or plants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA61P15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicines for genital or sexual diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA61K31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredientes\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA61K9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Medicinal preparations characterized by special physical form\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA61K35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA23K10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Animal feed\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA61K47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Medicinal preparations characterized by the nonactive ingredients\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA23K20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Accessory food factors for pet food\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA61K33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFigure-5\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassifications selected according to the International Patent Code according to KC # 4 and their frequency of appearance from 1989 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the 246 patent applications finally surveyed, the first was filed in 1989 and then in 1991, 1995, 1997, and 1999; from 2000 to 2012, patents were filed every year. However, the graph showing the dates of publication of patent applications was based on the period from 2012 to 2022 (Figure-6). Between 2014 and 2018, we saw the highest number of patent registrations related to bovine mastitis and plant products. Comparing the number of articles, we see an increase in the number of scientific publications after 2014, a decrease in 2018 and 2019, and an increase in 2020 and 2021 (Figure-6). 2015 had the highest number of applications at 31.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 7 compares the number of scientific articles with the number of patent applications of plant origin to treat bovine mastitis over the last decade. This comparison was based on the Espacenet and ScienceDirect databases, to which we applied the following keywords: mastitis, bovine, extract, and plants. We found that scientific articles outnumbered patent application filings. The period from late 2019 through 2021 was marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have skewed these results (Figure-7).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFigure-6\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegistration of patent applications based on KC # 4 from 2012 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFigure-7\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison between the number of published scientific articles and the number of patent filings based on KC # 4 from 2012 to 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eChina was the largest registrant of patents among all countries filing patents, and it was the main patent applicant based on KC # 4. Starting in 2011, patent filings of Chinese origin increased to become number one in patent filings (Chen \u0026amp; Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). According to Chen and Zhang (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), this statistic can be explained by investment in research and development. Another factor contributing to this rise in patent filings specific to China is foreign investment since the 1980s. The country\u0026rsquo;s Open Door Policy enabled the application of that investment to the development of science and technology ( Zucoloto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Chen \u0026amp; Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJanse et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) conducted a survey of patents specific to probiotics, enzymes, and prebiotics intended for use in swine, poultry, and ruminants. They strengthened the microbiota of animals adversely affected by the overuse of antibiotics. Such research resulted in the subsequent intense participation of Asian industries, especially China, in the production of probiotics for swine. China has rich biodiversity in that approximately 31,000 species of plants are native. As noted above, the Chinese market has been directly focused on technological innovation since 1980, leading to increased investment in the areas of biotechnology and pharmaceuticals (Zucoloto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Janse et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Similar to other Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, and India, China has an ancestral connection with the use of phytotherapy promoted by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) (Oliveira, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2018, China was sixth in the global ranking in milk production, with 37.1 tons. Chinese participation in the dairy sector came to the fore in 2005 when it became the main importer of milk. However, in the last five years, production has shown a downward trend of 1.2% per year. In addition, the increase in real income and the growth of the Chinese population increased milk consumption, thus generating greater demand (Embrapa, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe recurring genus in Chinese patent applications is \u003cem\u003eTaraxacum\u003c/em\u003e. Its species is commonly known as dandelion, which is native to Europe and has a wide geographical distribution. Dandelions are generally used to treat liver and spleen diseases. They have nutritional value and are therefore used in food or as a supplement in cattle feed. Dandelions contain a significant number of phytochemical compounds, such as flavonoids and terpenes, with antimicrobial properties. The species is also rich in vitamins A, B, C, and D. In TCM, dandelions are used to treat problems in the mammary gland, such as inflammation or milk flow. In Europe, dandelions are usually used as a remedy for fever, boils, eye problems, diabetes, and diarrhea (Boelter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Scht\u0026uuml;z \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2006; Long \u0026amp; Guofei, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatent applications were filed in all decade analyzed in this study. In recent decades, studies of natural products have increased (Batista et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), especially those reporting on medicinal plants, which are promising sources of antimicrobials. Furthermore, publications of scientific articles are more abundant than the overall filing of patent applications. This fact can be explained by the complexity of developing a plant-based product, which involves several stages, such as phytochemical tests or preclinical and clinical trials, before commercialization (Neculai-Valeanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBovine mastitis affects both developing and developed countries. Herbal compositions used to treat bovine mastitis are already widely accepted and disseminated in different countries as phytotherapies (Marinho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbal treatments are a more sustainable practice because they reduce veterinary, environmental, and self-care risks. Countries with floristic richness, such as China, showed significant participation in patent filings in this area. The incidence of herbaceous plants of the genus \u003cem\u003eTaraxacum\u003c/em\u003e in products registered in Chinese patents is high. Therefore, it is not surprising to find an equally high use of these species in traditional Chinese medicine (Scht\u0026uuml;z \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2006).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlant-based therapies are a viable alternative to conventional antibiotics used to treat bovine mastitis and are more cost-effective. Several plants with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties relevant to the treatment of bovine mastitis have been discovered; however, a conclusive understanding of their mechanisms of action remains to be elucidated. The shear number of bovine mastitis-causing pathogens also remains an obstacle. Therefore, more studies are needed to reach a consensus that affirms the benefits of plant-based products over conventional therapeutics. In addition, it is worth noting that the use of plants must be prudent because they can be toxic to animals. This survey adds to the knowledge, methods, and products used to combat bovine mastitis, and it provides a strategic direction for research on the topic, as well as guidelines for the development of innovative products.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors wish to thank CNPq for the scientific initiation grant awarded to the first author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMCA, RA and CPV: Conceptualization, supervision, and funding acquisition. CSV and GHSC: Performed the data acquisition. CSV, MCA, RA and CPV: Performed data interpretation and revised the manuscript. CSV, and CPV: Drafted the manuscript. CSV, MCA, RA and CPV: Writing-review and editing. All authors read, reviewed, and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor C.S.V. has received research support from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq (Brazil).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Espacenet repository, https://worldwide.espacenet.com/\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAra\u0026uacute;jo E.F., Barbosa C.M., Queiroga E.D.S. and Alves F.F. (2010) Propriedade Intelectual: prote\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o e gest\u0026atilde;o estrat\u0026eacute;gica do conhecimento. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia., 39: 1-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAshraf A. and Imran M. (2020) Causes, types, etiological agents, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, effects on human health and future aspects of bovine mastitis. Animal Health Research Reviews, 21: 36-49.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAvancini C., Wiest J.M., Dall\u0026rsquo;Agnol R., Haas J.S. and von Poser G.L. (2008). Antimicrobial activity of plants used in the prevention and control of bovine mastitis in Southern Brazil. Latin American Journal Pharmacy, 27: 894-899.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBarbosa J.M., Santos J.D., Rodrigues J.A. and Vianna U.R. (2016) Mastite bovina. 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(2013) Propriedade intelectual e aspectos regulat\u0026oacute;rios em biotecnologia: China. In: Zucoloto G.F. and Freitas R.E. (Org) Propriedade intelectual e aspectos regulat\u0026oacute;rios em biotecnologia 1rd edn. Ipea. Rio de Janeiro, pp 107-135.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"mastitis, veterinary medicine, patent, industrial property","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4445929/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4445929/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBovine mastitis costs the world’s economy an estimated USD 19.7–32 billion annually. Plant-based products have been used as alternative treatments with advantages such as minimal side effects, and no studies have reported the formation of resistant microorganisms. To identify these plant-based products, this study performed a technological mapping of patent applications. We applied the terms ‘Mastitis AND Extract’ and ‘Bovine OR Plant OR Livestock OR Cow’ to the Espacenet database to find relevant patents. Following this, we applied the same terms to the International Patent Classification (IPC) to categorize patents according to their technological area of use. We found that private companies were the main applicants, among which Chinese companies comprised the majority (52%) and that \u003cem\u003eTaraxarum\u003c/em\u003e was the most cited plant in patents. The main applicant was the Lanzhou Institute with seven patents. The most recurrent IPC was A61k36, which refers to medicinal preparations based on algae, lichens, fungi, or plants. From 2000 onwards, the number of patent filings increased, according to the survey, and in 2015, 31 relevant patent applications were filed. Based on this patent survey, we gained a panoramic view of the plant-based.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Technological mapping of plant-based patents for treating bovine mastitis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-29 10:24:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4445929/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-07-18T09:00:28+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-04T07:49:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-31T07:08:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","date":"2024-05-28T22:30:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9583d25a-ab3c-421c-8f26-e70e1710548a","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-17T16:01:54+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4445929","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-025-04367-x","journal":{"identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},"publishedOn":"2025-03-11 15:57:40","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 11th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-29 10:24:59","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11250-025-04367-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-025-04367-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4445929","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4445929","identity":"rs-4445929","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}