Divergent spatiotemporal integration of whole-field visual motion in medaka and zebrafish

Abstract Cross-species comparisons offer leverage for identifying conserved and divergent neural computations underlying innate behavior. Visual motion integration is a fundamental operation that stabilizes position relative to the moving environment and supports object tracking, yet how its underlying algorithms vary across closely related vertebrate brains remains poorly understood. We investigated how zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) larvae implement visual motion integration using distinct spatiotemporal filters that trade speed for persistence through separable control modules. Using controlled whole-field motion stimuli, we found that medaka pool motion signals over visual fields nearly twice as large as those of zebrafish and exhibit enhanced weighting of peripheral inputs, whereas zebrafish rely more strongly on motion signals directly beneath the body. Temporally, zebrafish respond robustly to motion signals with lifetimes as short as 100 ms, whereas medaka require stimulus durations exceeding one second and maintain motion-driven activity for several seconds after stimulus offset. Decomposition of turning behavior revealed separable control modules for large and small corrective maneuvers, with species differences arising primarily from prolonged temporal integration in medaka small-turn control. Together, these differences reveal species-specific tuning of spatial kernels and temporal filters underlying visuomotor control. Our results demonstrate how alterations in basic computational motifs, spatiotemporal pooling, gain, and persistence, can generate divergent visuomotor strategies across closely related vertebrate brains. Significance Statement Animals rely on visual motion to stabilize positions and interact with dynamic environments, yet how these computations vary across related species remains unclear. By comparing larval zebrafish and medaka, we show that visually similar vertebrates implement motion integration using distinct spatiotemporal strategies. Medaka integrate motion over larger visual fields and retain motion signals for seconds, whereas zebrafish favor rapid, spatially restricted integration. These differences arise from separable control modules governing fine and large motor adjustments. Our results reveal how small changes in core computational motifs—pooling, gain, and persistence—can generate divergent sensorimotor strategies across evolution. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes The scientific contents are consistent with the previous version. But the introduction was fixed in order to emphasize cross-species comparison as a natural perturbation to the sensorimotor system, rather than solving the evolutionary mechanism. Figures are revised for better visualization and clarification. Supplementary Movies are added to exhibit the examples of visual stimuli during the behavioral experiments.