Thermal effects on the biological parameters of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on bean

Thermal effects on the biological parameters of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on bean | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Thermal effects on the biological parameters of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on bean Rochelyn Dona, Serdar Satar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4930464/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora is a polyphagous specie that has spread all over the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the thermal effects on the developmental period times, longevity, and fecundity of apterous females of A. craccivora . The experiment was conducted under the effects of four temperature regimes, which are 16°C, 20°C, 24°C, and 28°C, with 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) and a photoperiod of long-day 16:8 (L:D) h. After transferring the nymphs developed successfully until the adult stage at all temperature regimes. The developmental periods of the immature A. craccivora ranged from 10.6 days at 16°C to 5.0 days at 28°C. The nymph viability and survival were longer at 24°C than the others. However, at the constant temperature of 28°C, the death ratio was higher than others at the immature stages of A. craccivora . The lower developmental threshold for cowpea aphid was estimated at 1.77°C and 66.79 degree-days (DD) at the first instar until adult. The average longevity of adult females decreased from 22.2 days at 16°C to 10.8 days at 28°C. The net reproduction rate per female was 46.97 at 24°C and 26.93 to 28°C. The largest intrinsic rates of increase ( r m = 0.367) occurred at 28°C, the smallest at 16°C ( r m = 0.177). It was obvious that temperatures over 28°C provided a good development, increased-mortality at the nymphal stages, reduced adult longevity, and diminished fecundity. The optimal growth variation of A. craccivora on beans was 20°C-24°C. Adult longevity life table nymphal stage nonlinear function thermal resistance Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. INTRODUCTION Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are Cosmopolitan and important pests in agroecosystems, and among the most devastating pests in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions (Dedryver et al., 2010 ). From this family, the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora represents one of the most crucial pests that affect the early stages of its host in Africa, Asia, and America and causes intensive losses in horticultural crops as well as in forestry (Obeng-Ofori., 2007; Ou&edraogo et al., 2018). Parthenogenetic reproduction is the most disastrous damage caused by A. craccivora . The adult winged (alatae) causes less damage, but is primarily responsible for the infestation of fields with its ability to fly from one place to another. The adults and nymphs feed on the undersurface of young leaves, stem tissues, growing tips, petioles, flowers, and fresh pods by piercing-sucking sap (Togola et al., 2017 ). Throughout A. craccivora’s direct and indirect damage, A. craccivora directly feeds by sucking sap and releases the honeydew that creates the fumagine (sooty mold) on leaves reducing the plant’s photosynthetic capacity. The injection of bioactive substances through its saliva interacts with plant physiology disturbing growth and development. Indirect damage is the result of virus transmission (Ebert & Cartwright, 1997 ; Blackman & Eastop, 2000 ). Plant damages increase because aphid as a virus host is responsible for spreading viral diseases (Aldryhim & Khalil, 1993 ; Smith & Boyko, 2007 ). such as beans necrotic yellows virus, broad bean yellow mosaic virus, and bean leaf roll virus (Weigand & Bishara, 1991 ). The secretion of aphid's honeydew reduces photosynthesis process by releasing sooty mold on plant leaves (Klingler et al., 2001 ; Smith & Boyko, 2007 ). Throughout all aforementioned aphid damages, abiotic and biotic factors significantly play a predominant role in aphid biological life. Particularly abiotic factors affect aphids by modifying their life cycle. Aphids are ectothermic organisms, abiotic factors greatly affect their development and growth until death. The reported data on the developmental rate and fecundity of the cowpea aphid at several temperature regimes showed different biological variations in Egypt (Hafiz., 2006), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Soffan & Aldawood, 2014 ), China (Zhaozhi et al., 2017 ), Korea (Cho et al., 2018 ), Japon (MOUSA et al., 2019 ). The developmental and fecundity data on all aphid species, from one region to another one, should be taken with considerable prudence for different crops because aphid life table varies with alternating weather conditions. The findings on A. craccivora population parameters can be applied to developing IPM tactics, particularly in monitoring and simplifying the control methods of cowpea aphid in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkiye (Kersting et al., 1999 ; Satar et al., 2005 ).The aim of this work was to investigate some life table parameters on bean aphid A. craccivora at different temperature regimes on bean leaves under laboratory conditions. 2. Material and method Plant culture : Pinto bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) leaves were collected from the Department of Plant Protection field experimental in March 2020 at Adana, Saricam, Turkiye. After collecting, the samples were transported to the lab and washed below flowing water for 5–10 minutes before utilizing. Every five days, the old leaves were substituted with new leaves for better feeding of the individual insects. Insect culture : The cowpea aphid adult ( A. craccivora) were collected from acacia trees at Cukurova University area in Adana/Turkey. Average of 50 adults were reared inside 5 cages on common bean plants ( F. vulgaris L.) at 24 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of long-day 16:8 h (L:D). The aphid fabae cages were established on fava bean seedlings and maintained for five generations prior to the start of the experiment, to recuperate the net generation from the maternal effects reflecting recent rearing conditions. The food, A. craccivora was, supplied daily to maintain the population stock (Fig. 1 ). Experimental design The experiment was conducted with randomly selected apterous females from stock cage culture and individually transferred to the undersurface of bean leaves on plastic Petri dishes (both 5 cm in diameter). For each level of temperature, a total of 4 replications of 10 Petri dishes per block with first instar nymph were placed inside an incubator. 40 Petri dishes were prepared with a wetted cotton pad (0.5 cm) and placed under the leaves, such that the entire surface was covered to avoid them from drying. After that, 40 newborn aphids were carefully taken with a paintbrush from master stock to the new Petri dishes. The moisture content of the cotton wool in the Petri dishes was maintained daily and every 3–5 days the aphids were transferred to the new bean leaves disks. The fresh used leaves were taken from the field and transported to the citrus Entomology laboratory at Çukurova University. The experiments were conducted on the effect of four constant temperature regimes (16, 20, 24, and 28 ± 1°C) and 60 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) and with a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) 24h. For each temperature, the experiment was started with 40 first instar transferred nymphs. Every 24 h the nymphal development was recorded until the adult stage. After the adult period, the number of nymph and survival produced by the mother aphid were registered until the death of all adults of A. craccivora . Statistical analysis Developmental time and reproductive performance of A. craccivora were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The normality of data was checked through Shapiro wilk test. Differences in developmental time, longevity, and reproduction were calculated for each constant temperature. Multiple comparisons were tested using Turkey’s HSD multiple range test (P = 0.05) on significant variables. For each constant temperature, a curve was plotted with the Kaplan-Meier product limit technique. Population growth rates were computed from the equation of Lotka (Birch, 1948) (Eq. 1). 1 = Σ e- * l* m (1) In which: x = age is days (including immature stages), r = intrinsic rate of increase, l x = age-specific survival (including the immature mortality), m x = age-specific number of female offspring. After "r" was computed for the original data (r all ), differences among r m -values were tested for significance differences by estimating variances through the jackknife method (Meyer et al., 1986). The jackknife pseudo-value r j was computed for the n samples using the following (Eq. 2) r j = n* r all - (n-1) * r i (2) The mean of "n" jackknife pseudo-values for each treatment was subjected to analysis of variance. Tukey’s HSD multiple range test was used to compare mean growth rates at different temperature regimes (P < 0.05). Because low probability levels were used, there was no concern about inflation of experiment-wise error rates (Jones, 1984). Each of the above mentioned analysis were conducted using Statgraphics software package version 11.5, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL (Nie et al. 1975 ) The development rates of the individuals reared under the different temperature levels were calculated by linear regression (y = a ± bx). The mean (22°C) of the various temperatures at 16, 20, 24, and 28°C was used in the regression analysis. Afterward, the development threshold (-a/b) and thermal constant (the total effective temperature required to complete a generation, 1/b) of A. craccivora were estimated with linear regression equation (Campbel et al., 1974). Results The developmental time of the cowpea aphid, A. craccivora significantly decreased with the increasing constant temperatures ranging from 5.0 days at 28°C to 10.6 days at 16°C (F = 81.786; fd = 3; P < 0.05) (Table.1). The linear regression analysis applied to the developmental point within the 16°C-28°C range. The temperature range increased linearly with increasing temperature (r (T) = 0.015x – 0.0263; R 2 = 0.7959; F = 245.68; fd = 3; P < 0.05) (Fig. 1 ). The lower developmental threshold (LT) and thermal constant (K) of A. craccivora nymph stages were estimated as 1.77°C and required 66.79 degree-days (DD) for the first instar to become adult (Table. 3). The longevity was significant longer at 16°C (F = 17.858; fd = 3; P < 0.05) (Table. 2). compared to any other temperature regime tested. The constant temperature for the highest offspring days occurred at 24°C (F = 2.74; fd = 3; P < 0.05) (Table 3 ). The highest average value of fecundity per reproduction day occurred at 24°C (F = 1.811; fd = 3; P < 0.05), and the lowest was at 16°C (Table. 2). Table 1 Development times (days ± SE) of Aphis craccivora on bean ( Phaseolus Vulgaris . L) at five constant temperatures, 65 ± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:00(L: D) h. Temperature (°C) n I. Nymph period II. Nymph period III. Nymph period IV. Nymph period Total dev. 16°C 40 2.7 ± 0.14a 2.6 ± 0.16a 2.4 ± 0.31a 3.2 ± 0.28a 10.6 ± 0.42a 20°C 40 1.4 ± 0.08b 1.6 ± 0.12b 1.1 ± 0.10 c 1.7 ± 0.17b 6.0 ± 0.30b 24°C 40 1.0 ± 0.00c 1.1 ± 0.04c 1.8 ± 0.07ab 1.4 ± 0.10b 5.2 ± 0.16b 28°C 40 1.1 ± 0.05c 1.0 ± 0.06c 1.5 ± 0.12 bc 1.3 ± 0.12b 5.0 ± 0.17b Significant differences between means (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01) are expressed by different letters (a–b). The letters compare values in the same column Table 2 Pre-oviposition, oviposition, post- oviposition, longevity, life span, and number of offspring of Aphis craccivora adult female individuals on bean (mean ± SE) Temp (°C) Pre-Oviposition (day) Oviposition (day) Post-Oviposition (day) Longevity (day) Life span (day) Offspring (Aphid) 16 1.17 ± 0.2a 8.95 ± 1.5a 0.25 ± 0.1 22.2 ± 1.71a 11.6 ± 1.75a 32.1 ± 5.4 20 0.85 ± 0.1ab 6.77 ± 0.9ab 0.35 ± 0.4 14.1 ± 1.29b 8.1 ± 1.20ab 40.8 ± 6.2 24 0.45 ± 0.1b 6.32 ± 0.4ab 0.42 ± 0.1 12.4 ± 0.49b 7.2 ± 0.50b 45.2 ± 3.4 28 0.55 ± 0.1b 5.07 ± 0.8b 0.45 ± 0.1 10.8 ± 0.89b 5.8 ± 0.86b 26.9 ± 4.5 Significant differences between means ( * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01) are expressed by different letters (a–c). The letters compare values in the same column. Table 3 Offspring/day, death ratio (%), wingless adults (n), wing adults (n), generation time (T0), net reproduction (Ro), and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of Aphis craccivora on bean leaf discs at five temperature levels Temp (°C) N Offspring reproductıon day(mean ± SE) Death ratio (%) Wingless adults(N) Wing Adult(N) (T 0 ) (R 0 ) (r m ) 16 40 3.6 ± 1.77 20 36 4 22.287 32.175 0.177 20 40 4.2 ± 0.47 20 40 3 13.294 40.850 0.321 24 40 6.5 ± 0.45 5 38 4 13.174 46.975 0.352 28 40 4.1 ± 0.45 28 35 5 10.191 26.925 0.367 Aphis craccivora (a) fourth nymphal stage, (b) Aphid exoskeletons, skins or exuviae, (c) (adult stage, and (d) first nymphal stage. The highest % mortality rate was observed at 28°C, the cause of this could be vulnerability to high temperature at the first nymphal stage (Table. 3). The survival rate of A. craccivora adults sharply diminished after the peak of nymph production at higher temperatures. More wingless adults were observed at 20°C. However, at 28°C there were more winged or alate (Table 3 ). According to the biological development of aphid species at warm temperatures, the possibility of developing winged individuals is higher. At 16°C and 20°C were relatively long to the post oviposition compare to the other temperatures. (Fig. 3 ) (Table. 2). The offspring number of reproduction per period of the day varied between 3.6 days (16 o C) and 6.5 days (24°C) (Table. 3). Augmenting the temperatures resulted in shorter generation times ( T o ) of A. craccivora with 22.3 days at 16°C and 10.2 at 28°C (Table 3 ). The net reproduction rate ( R o ) was highest at 24°C (64.97 aphids/aphid) and the lowest at 28°C (26.93 aphids/aphid) (Table. 3). The population of A. craccivora resulted in higher per capita rate of population growth, as mentioned the intrinsic rate of increase at 28°C (0.367 aphids/aphid per day) compare to the lower at 16°C (0.177 aphids/aphid) (Table 3 ). Developmental rate (r) of A. craccivora at four constant temperatures and all of them alternated (variation cycle) were all fitted with a linear regression equation the developmental rate ranged between 16°C − 28°C (Table. 4). The mean alternating temperatures were used to fit the linear regression equation. The developmental time of A. craccivora increased linearly with an increase of temperature. Development rates of A. craccivora at four temperature regimes were fitted to the linear regression equation y = a ± bx (Table. 4). The outcomes of the regression model were fitted separately for the obtained data from females of A. craccivora at developmental rate. The equation of females was calculated as developmental rate for female aphids was estimated as Y = 0.015 x -0.0263 (R2 = 0.97; P ≤ 0.05) from the first instar to the developmental stage and adult stage (Fig. 2 ). Through these equations, the development thresholds and thermal constants were calculated. Discussions In the ecosystem, insects are not subjected to constant or alternating temperatures. However, laboratory conditions experiments can provide valuable insight into the population dynamics of aphids. The findings reported here clearly show the effects of the temperatures on developmental time, death ratio, longevity, and fecundity of A. craccivora . Aphid species are small ectothermic insects, have an undeniable relationship with temperatures in nature. Recall that temperature influences multiple aspects of insect biology, such as the metabolism system and developmental rate to the timing and level of insect activities. Temperatures beyond the thresholds of development for a given insect can slow growth, and extreme temperatures can kill members of the insect population. It is logical then to expect that temperature fluctuations can cause changes to insect biology. In this study, we have discussed how temperature alternations affect insect biology. Some biological parameters of Aphis craccivora are discussed. The maximum temperature for the development of A. craccivora was 28°C (mean = 5.0 days; F = 81.78; P = 0.05 ) but other literature reported 30°C (Cho et al., 2018 ; Kuo, M. H. & Chen, 2004), and at 29.4°C (Berberet et al., 2009 ; Girão et al., 2019 ) on bean plants. The results correlates with the degree of the temperature in which ectothermic animals that develop under warm conditions tend to grow faster, and mature earlier. On the other hand, are slow in maturation compared to similar animals that develop under cool conditions. The pre-oviposition period of times with a gradual decreasing constant temperature delays fecundity appearance. From the lower 16°C to the higher 24°C temperature similar to 16 o C and 25°C by(Cho et al., 2018 ; Girão et al., 2019 ). Oviposition days depends greatly on the area in which the insect is evaluated by using food and weather resources. Normally at both, low and high tolerated temperatures, the insects can take a long time for reproduction for example, from 16°C to 28°C, (mean = 8.95, 5.07; F = 2.519; P = 0.05), respectively. The same tendency at 15, 20, 25°C was reported according to (Cho and et al., 2018 ) and 18, 22, 25, 28°C. (Girão et al., 2019 ). The Post-oviposition period of time was at 16°C (mean day = 2.05; F = 2.519; P = 0.05) if it is below the lowest relative temperature for good reproduction affects, the time after the offspring period becomes longer than the adaptive temperatures reported at 18, 22, 25, and 28°C (Girão, et al., 2019 ) respectively, (mean days = 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, and 0.2). Longevity increases with the decrease constant temperatures inversely decreases with their increase as we can see at 16°C ( 22.2 days) and at 28°C (10.8 days) although this literature, approximately, the same constant temperatures were reported at 18°C and 28°C by (Girão et al., 2019 ). Although there were differences between the results presented in this research within the life span of A. craccivora . The temperature regimes are shown some significant differences from the highest to lowest, 28°C and 16°C (Mean/days) 5.8, 11.6, F = 4.340; P = 0.05), respectively. The mean value between the temperatures on life span presented a similarity within them, from 28°C the lowest at 16°C to the highest at 28°C. these were noticed that there were not any significant differences. Those involve that the range of these temperatures there is accessible for good survival for aphid species. (Table 2 ). In general, these observations established the inverse proportional relationship between oviposition periods and immature stages produced per female per day in the thermal range of 16 to 28ºC, compared to the results presented by(Berberet et al., 2009 ; Girão et al., 2019 ). Table 4 Regression equations and parameters of development period rates of Aphis craccivora on bean leaves under different constant temperatures Parameters Nymph I Nymph II Nymph III Nymph IV Adult Equation of regression y = -0.13x + 4.4 R² =0.730 y= -0.13x + 4.49 R² = 0.873 y = -0.05x + 2.8 R² = 0.222 y = -0.15x + 5.2 R² = 0.769 y = -0.44x + 16.38 R² = 0.743 Thermal constant (1/a) (°C day) 7.69 7.54 20 6.67 2.27 Development threshold (b/a) (°C) 260.08 225.50 1120 231.22 84.51 Table 5 ANOVA’s table of some biological parameters of Aphis craccivora at five temperature regimes on the bean. Statistically, if P-value is inferior to 0.05, it means that there are significant differences between parameters in this study. As we can see only on offspring per day, post-oviposition, and lifespan, there is any difference significant, because p-value > 0.05. Biological parameters Between Groups Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Lifespan 726.069 3 242.023 4.340 0.006‘**’ Offspring 8192.725 3 2730.908 2.744 0.045 ʿ*ʾ Longevity 3043.850 3 1014.617 17.858 0.000*** N1 79.269 3 26.423 80.311 0.000*** N2 69.525 3 23.175 44.938 0.000*** N3 35.469 3 11.823 9.221 0.000*** N4 93.869 3 31.290 22.590 0.000*** Total-development 824.269 3 274.756 81.786 0.000*** Pre-oviposition 12.819 3 4.273 5.024 0.002‘**’ Oviposition 312.919 3 104.306 2.519 0.060‘*’ Post-oviposition 85.119 3 28.373 10.715 0.000*** Offspring/day 205.626 3 68.542 1.811 0.147‘.’ According to the results, there are a lot of possibilities for adaptation between several studied aphid populations. For example, the variations observed on thermal constants development based on the suitable temperature for black-aphid on the bean might be explained in part about the functional theory of its life which relates with the highest value for a development threshold and the smallest value for total thermal requirement as expected for species more adapted to the tropical regions and also temperate regions (Trudgill & Perry, 1994 ; Brown et al., 1995 ). Declarations Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. Authors‘ contributions RD and SS conceived, designed and performed research. Both of the authors analyzed data, and wrote the maniscript. Both authors read and aprouved the manuscript. Funding The study was supported by Cukurova University. (Grants Code: FYL-2020-12688). Author Contribution Rochelyn Dona (ab), Serda Satar (cb) Acknowledgments We would like to thank the team management of the Project Development and Coordination Unit. This research was part of the Master’s degree thesis of Rochelyn DONA was funded by Project Development and Coordination Unit from Çukurova University (Grants Code: FYL-2020-12688). References Aldryhim, Y., & Khalil, A. (1993). Influence of temperature and day length on population development of Aphis gossypii on Cucurbita pepo. Entomol. Exp. Appl , 67 , 167–172. Berberet, R. C., Giles, K. L., Zarrabi, A. A., & Payton, M. E. (2009). Development, reproduction, and within-plant infestation patterns of Aphis craccivora (Homoptera: Aphididae) on alfalfa. Environmental Entomology , 38 , 1765–1771. Blackman, R. L., & Eastop, V. F. (2000). Aphids on the world’s crops. An Identification and Information Guide , No. Ed. 2 . Brown, D. J. F., Robertson, W. M., & Trudgill, D. L. (1995). Transmission of viruses by plant nematodes. 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Biology and demographic growth parameters of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora on faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars. Journal of Insect Science , no 1 , 120. Togola, A., Boukar, O., Belko, N., Chamarthi, S. K., Fatokun, C., Tamo, M., & Oigiangbe, N. (2017). Host plant resistance to insect pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.): achievements and future prospects. Euphytica , 213 . Trudgill, D. L., & Perry, J. N. (1994). Thermal time and ecological strategies‐a unifying hypothesis. Annals of Applied Biology , no 3 , 521-532. Weigand, S., & Bishara, S. I. (1991). Status of insect pests of faba bean in the Mediterranean region and methods of control. Serie A: Seminaires Mediterraneens . Zhaozhi, L., Likai, F., Guizhen, G., Ling-Ling, G., Han, P., Sharma, S., & Zalucki, M. P. (2017). Differences in the high-temperature tolerance of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cotton and soybean: implications for ecological niche switching among hosts. Applied Entomology and Zoology , 52 , 9-18. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4930464","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":354341020,"identity":"cd69e9e6-f13d-41b4-b52d-8741f06deade","order_by":0,"name":"Rochelyn Dona","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAxAqgYGdsYHhQ4UNkM3YeIA4LcyMDYwzzqSBtDQQq4WBgZm37TCyIHbAd7z34OeKCrs8fmbmtocz287brW0/DLSlxiYalxbJM+eSJc+cSS6WbGZsN/hw7nbytjOJQC3H0nIbcGgxuJFjINnYdiBxw2HGNskZZbeTzQ4AtTA2HManxfgnSMt+oBZpHrZzyWbnHxLUYgaxhRmkpe2AndkNArYA/WFm2XAmOXEG2GFnkhPMbgBtScDjF77jPcY3GyrsEvvb259JfKiwszc7n/7wwYcaG5xaMEAiWGUCscpBwJ4UxaNgFIyCUTAyAAD4BmtKMa2zQwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Çukurova University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rochelyn","middleName":"","lastName":"Dona","suffix":""},{"id":354341021,"identity":"121ef5d2-1deb-48d8-b256-3059b5a9758b","order_by":1,"name":"Serdar Satar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Çukurova University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Serdar","middleName":"","lastName":"Satar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-17 15:32:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4930464/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4930464/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":64664116,"identity":"9c7f115c-236c-4ebb-ab1b-446a9b888077","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 08:42:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":310532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e (a) fourth nymphal stage, (b) Aphid exoskeletons, skins or exuviae, (c) (adult stage, and (d) first nymphal stage\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4930464/v1/c3a2b009342570a5987a73f3.png"},{"id":64664115,"identity":"404d9e7a-d87c-498c-b0ed-7bb4b198cace","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 08:42:39","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExplains the developmental degree day of \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e at four (4) temperature regimes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4930464/v1/25c84be843dae69d982f40f5.png"},{"id":64664117,"identity":"19f4129e-5514-476b-b775-8de55d6dd93a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-17 08:42:39","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79596,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAge-specific survival rate (l\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e) and fecundity (m\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e) of\u003cem\u003e Aphis craccivora \u003c/em\u003ereared on bean leaves (\u003cem\u003ePhaseolus Vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e L.) at four constant temperatures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4930464/v1/704241fa29596b613d6dc0b6.png"},{"id":65105289,"identity":"904a410d-52f9-4813-b486-eb3d62256cb0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 16:14:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1005881,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4930464/v1/a48df70d-4274-4516-a221-eb033f344e07.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Thermal effects on the biological parameters of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on bean","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are Cosmopolitan and important pests in agroecosystems, and among the most devastating pests in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions (Dedryver et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). From this family, the cowpea aphid, \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e represents one of the most crucial pests that affect the early stages of its host in Africa, Asia, and America and causes intensive losses in horticultural crops as well as in forestry (Obeng-Ofori., 2007; Ou\u0026amp;edraogo et al., 2018). Parthenogenetic reproduction is the most disastrous damage caused by \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e. The adult winged (alatae) causes less damage, but is primarily responsible for the infestation of fields with its ability to fly from one place to another. The adults and nymphs feed on the undersurface of young leaves, stem tissues, growing tips, petioles, flowers, and fresh pods by piercing-sucking sap (Togola et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Throughout \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/em\u003e direct and indirect damage, \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e directly feeds by sucking sap and releases the honeydew that creates the fumagine (sooty mold) on leaves reducing the plant\u0026rsquo;s photosynthetic capacity. The injection of bioactive substances through its saliva interacts with plant physiology disturbing growth and development. Indirect damage is the result of virus transmission (Ebert \u0026amp; Cartwright, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Blackman \u0026amp; Eastop, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Plant damages increase because aphid as a virus host is responsible for spreading viral diseases (Aldryhim \u0026amp; Khalil, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Smith \u0026amp; Boyko, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). such as beans necrotic yellows virus, broad bean yellow mosaic virus, and bean leaf roll virus (Weigand \u0026amp; Bishara, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). The secretion of aphid's honeydew reduces photosynthesis process by releasing sooty mold on plant leaves (Klingler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Smith \u0026amp; Boyko, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThroughout all aforementioned aphid damages, abiotic and biotic factors significantly play a predominant role in aphid biological life. Particularly abiotic factors affect aphids by modifying their life cycle. Aphids are ectothermic organisms, abiotic factors greatly affect their development and growth until death. The reported data on the developmental rate and fecundity of the cowpea aphid at several temperature regimes showed different biological variations in Egypt (Hafiz., 2006), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Soffan \u0026amp; Aldawood, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), China (Zhaozhi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), Korea (Cho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), Japon (MOUSA et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The developmental and fecundity data on all aphid species, from one region to another one, should be taken with considerable prudence for different crops because aphid life table varies with alternating weather conditions. The findings on \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e population parameters can be applied to developing IPM tactics, particularly in monitoring and simplifying the control methods of cowpea aphid in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkiye (Kersting et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Satar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).The aim of this work was to investigate some life table parameters on bean aphid \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e at different temperature regimes on bean leaves under laboratory conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and method","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePlant culture\u003c/b\u003e: Pinto bean (\u003cem\u003ePhaseolus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e L.) leaves were collected from the Department of Plant Protection field experimental in March 2020 at Adana, Saricam, Turkiye. After collecting, the samples were transported to the lab and washed below flowing water for 5–10 minutes before utilizing. Every five days, the old leaves were substituted with new leaves for better feeding of the individual insects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInsect culture\u003c/b\u003e: The cowpea aphid adult (\u003cem\u003eA. craccivora)\u003c/em\u003e were collected from acacia trees at Cukurova University area in Adana/Turkey. Average of 50 adults were reared inside 5 cages on common bean plants (\u003cem\u003eF. vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e L.) at 24 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of long-day 16:8 h (L:D). The aphid fabae cages were established on fava bean seedlings and maintained for five generations prior to the start of the experiment, to recuperate the net generation from the maternal effects reflecting recent rearing conditions. The food, \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e was, supplied daily to maintain the population stock (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eExperimental design\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted with randomly selected apterous females from stock cage culture and individually transferred to the undersurface of bean leaves on plastic Petri dishes (both 5 cm in diameter). For each level of temperature, a total of 4 replications of 10 Petri dishes per block with first instar nymph were placed inside an incubator. 40 Petri dishes were prepared with a wetted cotton pad (0.5 cm) and placed under the leaves, such that the entire surface was covered to avoid them from drying. After that, 40 newborn aphids were carefully taken with a paintbrush from master stock to the new Petri dishes. The moisture content of the cotton wool in the Petri dishes was maintained daily and every 3–5 days the aphids were transferred to the new bean leaves disks. The fresh used leaves were taken from the field and transported to the citrus Entomology laboratory at Çukurova University.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiments were conducted on the effect of four constant temperature regimes (16, 20, 24, and 28 ± 1°C) and 60 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) and with a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) 24h. For each temperature, the experiment was started with 40 first instar transferred nymphs. Every 24 h the nymphal development was recorded until the adult stage. After the adult period, the number of nymph and survival produced by the mother aphid were registered until the death of all adults of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopmental time and reproductive performance of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The normality of data was checked through Shapiro wilk test. Differences in developmental time, longevity, and reproduction were calculated for each constant temperature. Multiple comparisons were tested using Turkey’s HSD multiple range test (P = 0.05) on significant variables. For each constant temperature, a curve was plotted with the Kaplan-Meier product limit technique. Population growth rates were computed from the equation of Lotka (Birch, 1948) (Eq.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1 = Σ e- * l* m (1)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn which: x = age is days (including immature stages), r = intrinsic rate of increase,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003el\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e= age-specific survival (including the immature mortality), m\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e = age-specific number of female offspring. After \"r\" was computed for the original data (r\u003csub\u003eall\u003c/sub\u003e), differences among r\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e-values were tested for significance differences by estimating variances through the jackknife method (Meyer et al., 1986). The jackknife pseudo-value r\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e was computed for the \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e samples using the following (Eq.\u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e = n* r\u003csub\u003eall\u003c/sub\u003e - (n-1) * r\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean of \"n\" jackknife pseudo-values for each treatment was subjected to analysis of variance. Tukey’s HSD multiple range test was used to compare mean growth rates at different temperature regimes (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Because low probability levels were used, there was no concern about inflation of experiment-wise error rates (Jones, 1984). Each of the above mentioned analysis were conducted using Statgraphics software package version 11.5, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL (Nie et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe development rates of the individuals reared under the different temperature levels were calculated by linear regression (y = a ± bx). The mean (22°C) of the various temperatures at 16, 20, 24, and 28°C was used in the regression analysis. Afterward, the development threshold (-a/b) and thermal constant (the total effective temperature required to complete a generation, 1/b) of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e were estimated with linear regression equation (Campbel et al., 1974).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe developmental time of the cowpea aphid, \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e significantly decreased with the increasing constant temperatures ranging from 5.0 days at 28°C to 10.6 days at 16°C (F = 81.786; fd = 3; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05) (Table.1). The linear regression analysis applied to the developmental point within the 16°C-28°C range. The temperature range increased linearly with increasing temperature (r \u003csub\u003e(T)\u003c/sub\u003e = 0.015x – 0.0263; R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.7959; F = 245.68; fd = 3; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The lower developmental threshold (LT) and thermal constant (K) of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e nymph stages were estimated as 1.77°C and required 66.79 degree-days (DD) for the first instar to become adult (Table. 3). The longevity was significant longer at 16°C (F = 17.858; fd = 3; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05) (Table. 2). compared to any other temperature regime tested. The constant temperature for the highest offspring days occurred at 24°C (F = 2.74; fd = 3; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The highest average value of fecundity per reproduction day occurred at 24°C (F = 1.811; fd = 3; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05), and the lowest was at 16°C (Table. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment times (days ± SE) of \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e on bean (\u003cem\u003ePhaseolus Vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e. L) at five constant temperatures, 65 ± 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:00(L: D) h.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(°C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI. Nymph period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII. Nymph period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII. Nymph period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV. Nymph period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal dev.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16°C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 ± 0.14a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 ± 0.16a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 ± 0.31a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 ± 0.28a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 ± 0.42a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20°C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 ± 0.08b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 ± 0.12b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 ± 0.10 c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 ± 0.17b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0 ± 0.30b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24°C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0 ± 0.00c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 ± 0.04c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 ± 0.07ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 ± 0.10b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 ± 0.16b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28°C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 ± 0.05c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0 ± 0.06c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 ± 0.12 bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 ± 0.12b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 ± 0.17b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eSignificant differences between means (*P \u0026lt; 0.05 and **P \u0026lt; 0.01) are expressed by different letters (a–b). The letters compare values in the same column\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-oviposition, oviposition, post- oviposition, longevity, life span, and number of offspring of \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e adult female individuals on bean (mean ± SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemp\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(°C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-Oviposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOviposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-Oviposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongevity (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife span (day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOffspring (Aphid)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17 ± 0.2a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.95 ± 1.5a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25 ± 0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 ± 1.71a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 ± 1.75a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1 ± 5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85 ± 0.1ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.77 ± 0.9ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35 ± 0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 ± 1.29b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 ± 1.20ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.8 ± 6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45 ± 0.1b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.32 ± 0.4ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42 ± 0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 ± 0.49b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 ± 0.50b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.2 ± 3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55 ± 0.1b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.07 ± 0.8b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45 ± 0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 ± 0.89b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 ± 0.86b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9 ± 4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eSignificant differences between means (\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.05 and \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.01) are expressed by different letters (a–c). The letters compare values in the same column.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOffspring/day, death ratio (%), wingless adults (n), wing adults (n), generation time (T0), net reproduction (Ro), and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e on bean leaf discs at five temperature levels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemp\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(°C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOffspring reproductıon day(mean ± SE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeath ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWingless adults(N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWing Adult(N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(R\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(r\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 ± 1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 ± 0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 ± 0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 ± 0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e (a) fourth nymphal stage, (b) Aphid exoskeletons, skins or exuviae, (c) (adult stage, and (d) first nymphal stage.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe highest % mortality rate was observed at 28°C, the cause of this could be vulnerability to high temperature at the first nymphal stage (Table. 3). The survival rate of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e adults sharply diminished after the peak of nymph production at higher temperatures. More wingless adults were observed at 20°C. However, at 28°C there were more winged or alate (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). According to the biological development of aphid species at warm temperatures, the possibility of developing winged individuals is higher. At 16°C and 20°C were relatively long to the post oviposition compare to the other temperatures. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) (Table. 2). The offspring number of reproduction per period of the day varied between 3.6 days (16 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC) and 6.5 days (24°C) (Table. 3). Augmenting the temperatures resulted in shorter generation times (\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e with 22.3 days at 16°C and 10.2 at 28°C (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The net reproduction rate (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) was highest at 24°C (64.97 aphids/aphid) and the lowest at 28°C (26.93 aphids/aphid) (Table. 3). The population of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e resulted in higher per capita rate of population growth, as mentioned the intrinsic rate of increase at 28°C (0.367 aphids/aphid per day) compare to the lower at 16°C (0.177 aphids/aphid) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDevelopmental rate (r) of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e at four constant temperatures and all of them alternated (variation cycle) were all fitted with a linear regression equation the developmental rate ranged between 16°C − 28°C (Table. 4). The mean alternating temperatures were used to fit the linear regression equation. The developmental time of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e increased linearly with an increase of temperature. Development rates of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e at four temperature regimes were fitted to the linear regression equation y = a ± bx (Table. 4). The outcomes of the regression model were fitted separately for the obtained data from females of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora at\u003c/em\u003e developmental rate. The equation of females was calculated as developmental rate for female aphids was estimated as Y = 0.015 x -0.0263 (R2 = 0.97; P ≤ 0.05) from the first instar to the developmental stage and adult stage (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Through these equations, the development thresholds and thermal constants were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the ecosystem, insects are not subjected to constant or alternating temperatures. However, laboratory conditions experiments can provide valuable insight into the population dynamics of aphids. The findings reported here clearly show the effects of the temperatures on developmental time, death ratio, longevity, and fecundity of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e. Aphid species are small ectothermic insects, have an undeniable relationship with temperatures in nature. Recall that temperature influences multiple aspects of insect biology, such as the metabolism system and developmental rate to the timing and level of insect activities. Temperatures beyond the thresholds of development for a given insect can slow growth, and extreme temperatures can kill members of the insect population. It is logical then to expect that temperature fluctuations can cause changes to insect biology. In this study, we have discussed how temperature alternations affect insect biology. Some biological parameters of \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e are discussed. The maximum temperature for the development of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e was 28°C (mean = 5.0 days; F = 81.78; P = 0.05 ) but other literature reported 30°C (Cho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Kuo, M. H. \u0026amp; Chen, 2004), and at 29.4°C (Berberet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Girão et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) on bean plants. The results correlates with the degree of the temperature in which ectothermic animals that develop under warm conditions tend to grow faster, and mature earlier. On the other hand, are slow in maturation compared to similar animals that develop under cool conditions. The pre-oviposition period of times with a gradual decreasing constant temperature delays fecundity appearance. From the lower 16°C to the higher 24°C temperature similar to 16 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and 25°C by(Cho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Girão et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Oviposition days depends greatly on the area in which the insect is evaluated by using food and weather resources. Normally at both, low and high tolerated temperatures, the insects can take a long time for reproduction for example, from 16°C to 28°C, (mean = 8.95, 5.07; F = 2.519; P = 0.05), respectively. The same tendency at 15, 20, 25°C was reported according to (Cho and et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and 18, 22, 25, 28°C. (Girão et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Post-oviposition period of time was at 16°C (mean day = 2.05; F = 2.519; P = 0.05) if it is below the lowest relative temperature for good reproduction affects, the time after the offspring period becomes longer than the adaptive temperatures reported at 18, 22, 25, and 28°C (Girão, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) respectively, (mean days = 1.2, 0.8, 0.8, and 0.2). Longevity increases with the decrease constant temperatures inversely decreases with their increase as we can see at 16°C ( 22.2 days) and at 28°C (10.8 days) although this literature, approximately, the same constant temperatures were reported at 18°C and 28°C by (Girão et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough there were differences between the results presented in this research within the life span of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e. The temperature regimes are shown some significant differences from the highest to lowest, 28°C and 16°C (Mean/days) 5.8, 11.6, F = 4.340; P = 0.05), respectively. The mean value between the temperatures on life span presented a similarity within them, from 28°C the lowest at 16°C to the highest at 28°C. these were noticed that there were not any significant differences. Those involve that the range of these temperatures there is accessible for good survival for aphid species. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In general, these observations established the inverse proportional relationship between oviposition periods and immature stages produced per female per day in the thermal range of 16 to 28ºC, compared to the results presented by(Berberet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Girão et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression equations and parameters of development period rates of \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e on bean leaves under different constant temperatures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNymph I\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNymph II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNymph III\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNymph IV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEquation of regression\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey = -0.13x + 4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR² =0.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey= -0.13x + 4.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR² = 0.873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey = -0.05x + 2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR² = 0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey = -0.15x + 5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR² = 0.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey = -0.44x + 16.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR² = 0.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThermal constant (1/a) (°C day)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDevelopment threshold (b/a) (°C)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANOVA’s table of some biological parameters of \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e at five temperature regimes on the bean. Statistically, if P-value is inferior to 0.05, it means that there are significant differences between parameters in this study. As we can see only on offspring per day, post-oviposition, and lifespan, there is any difference significant, because p-value \u0026gt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"12\" rowspan=\"13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBetween Groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLifespan\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e726.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006‘**’\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOffspring\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8192.725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2730.908\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045 ʿ*ʾ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLongevity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3043.850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1014.617\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.869\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.590\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal-development\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e824.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274.756\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePre-oviposition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002‘**’\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOviposition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.919\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060‘*’\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePost-oviposition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOffspring/day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205.626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.147‘.’\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the results, there are a lot of possibilities for adaptation between several studied aphid populations. For example, the variations observed on thermal constants development based on the suitable temperature for black-aphid on the bean might be explained in part about the functional theory of its life which relates with the highest value for a development threshold and the smallest value for total thermal requirement as expected for species more adapted to the tropical regions and also temperate regions (Trudgill \u0026amp; Perry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Brown et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAuthors\u0026lsquo; contributions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRD and SS conceived, designed and performed research. Both of the authors analyzed data, and wrote the maniscript. Both authors read and aprouved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was supported by Cukurova University. (Grants Code: FYL-2020-12688).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRochelyn Dona (ab), Serda Satar (cb)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the team management of the Project Development and Coordination Unit. This research was part of the Master\u0026rsquo;s degree thesis of Rochelyn DONA was funded by Project Development and Coordination Unit from \u0026Ccedil;ukurova University (Grants Code: FYL-2020-12688).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAldryhim, Y., \u0026amp; Khalil, A. (1993). Influence of temperature and day length on population development of \u003cem\u003eAphis gossypii\u003c/em\u003e on Cucurbita pepo. \u003cem\u003eEntomol. Exp. Appl\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e67\u003c/em\u003e, 167\u0026ndash;172.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerberet, R. C., Giles, K. L., Zarrabi, A. A., \u0026amp; Payton, M. E. (2009). Development, reproduction, and within-plant infestation patterns of \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e (Homoptera: Aphididae) on alfalfa. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Entomology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e38\u003c/em\u003e, 1765\u0026ndash;1771.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBlackman, R. L., \u0026amp; Eastop, V. F. (2000). Aphids on the world\u0026rsquo;s crops. \u003cem\u003eAn Identification and Information Guide\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNo. Ed. 2\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrown, D. J. F., Robertson, W. M., \u0026amp; Trudgill, D. L. (1995). Transmission of viruses by plant nematodes. \u003cem\u003eAnnual Review of Phytopathology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eno 1\u003c/em\u003e, 223-249.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCampbell, A., Frazer, B. D., Gilbert, N. G. A. P., Gutierrez, A. P., \u0026amp; Mackauer, M. (1974). Temperature requirements of some aphids and their parasites. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Ecology\u003c/em\u003e, 431\u0026ndash;438.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCho, J. R., Kim, J. H., Choi, B. R., Seo, B. Y., Kim, K. H., Ji, C. W., ... \u0026amp; Ahn, J. J. (2018). Thermal effects on the development, fecundity and life table parameters of \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.). \u003cem\u003eKorean Journal of Applied Entomology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e57\u003c/em\u003e, 261\u0026ndash;269.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDedryver, C. A., Le Ralec, A., \u0026amp; Fabre, F. (2010). 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Use of life tables to asses host plant resistance in cowpea to \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae). \u003cem\u003eAss Univ Bull Environ Res\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarrewijn, P., \u0026amp; Minks, A. K. (1989). Integrated aphid management: General aspects. Aphids. \u003cem\u003eTheir Biology, Natural Enemies, and Control\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e100\u003c/em\u003e, 267\u0026ndash;272.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKersting, U., Satar, S., \u0026amp; Uygun, N. (1999). Effect of temperature on development rate and fecundity of apterous \u003cem\u003eAphis gossypii\u003c/em\u003e Glover (Hom., Aphididae) reared on Gossypium hirsutum L. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Applied Entomology,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e123\u003c/em\u003e, 23-27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKlingler, J., Kovalski, I., Silberstein, L., Thompson, G. A., \u0026amp; Perl-Treves, R. (2001). Mapping of cotton-melon aphid resistance in melon. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the American Society for Horticultural Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e126\u003c/em\u003e, 56\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKuo, M. H., \u0026amp; Chen, C. Y. (2004). Development and population parameters of the cowpea aphid, \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), at various constant temperatures. \u003cem\u003eForm Entomol\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eno 4\u003c/em\u003e, 305-315.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMOUSA, M. K., RAKHA, M. O., \u0026amp; Ueno, T. (2019). Relationships between Development Time, Reproductive Period, Fecundity and Longevity at the Within\u0026ndash;individual Level in the Cowpea Aphid, \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae). \u003cem\u003eJ. Fac. Agr., Kyushu Univ\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e64\u003c/em\u003e, 101-106.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNie, N. H., Bent, D. H., \u0026amp; Hull, C. H. (1975). SPSS: Statistical package for the social sciences. \u003cem\u003eNew York: McGraw-Hill.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eVol. 227\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eObeng-Ofori, D. (2007). \u003cem\u003eThe use of botanicals by resource poor farmers in Africa and Asia for the protection of stored agricultural products.\u003c/em\u003e Ingentaconnect.Com.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOmoigui, L. O., Ekeuro, G. C., Kamara, A. Y., Bello, L. L., Timko, M. P., \u0026amp; Ogunwolu, G. O. (2017). New sources of aphids [\u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora \u003c/em\u003e(Koch)] resistance in cowpea germplasm using phenotypic and molecular marker approaches. \u003cem\u003eEuphytica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e213\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOu\u0026amp;edraogo, A. P., Batieno, B. J., Traore, F., Tignegre, J. B., Huynh, B. L., Roberts, P. A., ... \u0026amp; Ou\u0026amp;edraogo, J. T. (2018). 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Status of insect pests of faba bean in the Mediterranean region and methods of control. \u003cem\u003eSerie A: Seminaires Mediterraneens\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhaozhi, L., Likai, F., Guizhen, G., Ling-Ling, G., Han, P., Sharma, S., \u0026amp; Zalucki, M. P. (2017). Differences in the high-temperature tolerance of \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cotton and soybean: implications for ecological niche switching among hosts. \u003cem\u003eApplied Entomology and Zoology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e52\u003c/em\u003e, 9-18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Adult longevity, life table, nymphal stage, nonlinear function, thermal resistance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4930464/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4930464/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe cowpea aphid, \u003cem\u003eAphis craccivora\u003c/em\u003e is a polyphagous specie that has spread all over the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the thermal effects on the developmental period times, longevity, and fecundity of apterous females of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e. The experiment was conducted under the effects of four temperature regimes, which are 16\u0026deg;C, 20\u0026deg;C, 24\u0026deg;C, and 28\u0026deg;C, with 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% relative humidity (RH) and a photoperiod of long-day 16:8 (L:D) h. After transferring the nymphs developed successfully until the adult stage at all temperature regimes. The developmental periods of the immature \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e ranged from 10.6 days at 16\u0026deg;C to 5.0 days at 28\u0026deg;C. The nymph viability and survival were longer at 24\u0026deg;C than the others. However, at the constant temperature of 28\u0026deg;C, the death ratio was higher than others at the immature stages of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e. The lower developmental threshold for cowpea aphid was estimated at 1.77\u0026deg;C and 66.79 degree-days (DD) at the first instar until adult. The average longevity of adult females decreased from 22.2 days at 16\u0026deg;C to 10.8 days at 28\u0026deg;C. The net reproduction rate per female was 46.97 at 24\u0026deg;C and 26.93 to 28\u0026deg;C. The largest intrinsic rates of increase (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.367) occurred at 28\u0026deg;C, the smallest at 16\u0026deg;C (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.177). It was obvious that temperatures over 28\u0026deg;C provided a good development, increased-mortality at the nymphal stages, reduced adult longevity, and diminished fecundity. The optimal growth variation of \u003cem\u003eA. craccivora\u003c/em\u003e on beans was 20\u0026deg;C-24\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Thermal effects on the biological parameters of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on bean","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-17 08:42:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4930464/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b7f711c4-255b-4626-bedb-aff39ae78255","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-23T16:14:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-17 08:42:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4930464","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4930464","identity":"rs-4930464","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"zQwnuV7TCBrMSSSToR1PI","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}