Evaluation of The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalogram in The Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in School Age Children

Evaluation of The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalogram in The Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in School Age Children | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalogram in The Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in School Age Children Wafaa Abd Elhakim Elbahaey, Mahmoud Ahmed Elwasify, Youmna Mohammed Sabri, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7701982/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Middle East Current Psychiatry → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is among the most frequently diagnosed and treated conditions in child psychiatry. Quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) has recently shown diagnostic value across psychiatric disorders, including ADHD. Studies consistently report elevated theta and/or reduced beta activity as characteristic of ADHD, with potential to support clinical subgrouping.Aim: This study examined the diagnostic efficiency of QEEG in distinguishing children with ADHD from healthy controls, evaluated the relationship between QEEG variables—particularly the theta/beta ratio (TBR)—and ADHD behavioral patterns, and explored the potential of QEEG-based subgrouping. Methods : A case-control design included 45 children with ADHD (aged 6–12 years, IQ ≥ 90) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. EEG data were recorded using 19 scalp electrodes according to the International 10–20 System, with artifact-free epochs analyzed over an average of 60 seconds. Results: Compared to controls, ADHD children demonstrated reduced alpha power across all regions, with significant reductions in frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital sites (e.g., F7, F3, C3, O1, Cz). Beta 1 power was lower, notably in F3, while theta power was elevated across channels, especially at Fp1 and F3. Consequently, ADHD subjects exhibited significantly higher TBR, suggesting its utility as a diagnostic marker. Subgroup analysis revealed four ADHD EEG patterns: excess beta activity, excess delta (slow) waves, excess theta activity, and non-spectral elevation (NSE). The highest TBR occurred in the excess-theta subgroup, followed by excess-delta, while NSE and excess-beta groups showed lower or control-like ratios. This challenges TBR as a stand-alone diagnostic tool but supports its complementary value. Behavioral analysis showed inattentive symptoms were most pronounced in the excess-theta group, followed by excess-delta and excess-beta groups, while NSE showed minimal difference. Hyperactivity/impulsivity was significantly increased in the excess-theta subgroup. Overall ADHD severity was highest in the excess-theta group, followed by excess-beta, excess-delta, and NSE. Conclusion: QEEG demonstrates clinical utility in ADHD diagnosis by revealing distinct electrographic abnormalities, most notably reduced alpha power, increased slow-wave (theta) activity, and decreased fast-wave (beta) power. While TBR can support diagnostic differentiation, it is not universally reliable across subtypes. Findings highlight ADHD as a heterogeneous disorder with multiple electrophysiological subtypes, underscoring the need for further research into their behavioral, prognostic, and treatment correlations. Quantitative Electroencephalogram Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale Background Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is listed within the commonest illnesses that child psychiatrists diagnose and treat, exhibiting approximately 3% to 5% prevalence within school-aged children [ 1 ]. Children with ADHD exhibit high intensity physical activity, distractibility, lack of attention, and impulsive behavior, making them tough to manage., causing substantial disruption within social interactions and affecting performance at school and home. [ 2 ]. Two main categories of symptoms, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, are highlighted in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) [ 3 ]. ADHD adversely affects school performance and academic outcome, improvement of achievement test outcomes as well as academic performance occurred most consistently with multimodal treatment [ 4 ]. Diagnosis of ADHD depends mainly on presence of diagnostic criteria and application of psychometric and rating scales that also determine severity [ 5 ]. More recently, quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) was shown to have diagnostic value of various psychiatric diseases including ADHD. Moreover, it may have a role in ADHD subgrouping [ 6 ]. For children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the theta/beta ratio (TBR) is the most studied QEEG diagnostic measure [ 7 ]. A range of studies have highlighted elevated theta levels and/ or diminished beta levels to be representative of ADHD-affected individuals [ 7 – 12 ]. It is clear that ADHD is associated with increased theta/alpha and theta/beta power ratios, as well as reduced relative alpha and beta power, as demonstrated by Barry and colleagues. Their attention was directed towards the variety of ADHD and the possibility of establishing different EEG profiles [ 13 ]. In 2015, Snyder et al. , contributed significantly to the theta/beta ratio's (TBR) approval by the FDA (Neuropsychiatric Electroencephalogram Based Assessment Aid or NEBA) in a large-scale, prospective, triple-blinded, multi-center study [ 12 ]. We aimed to assess diagnostic efficiency of QEEG in discriminating children with ADHD from normal controls, compare the QEEG variables, mainly the theta\beta ratio, with behavioral patterns related to ADHD. and to investigate the role of QEEG in ADHD subgrouping. MATERIAL AND METHODS This case control study comprised children who visited the child and adolescent psychiatric clinic at Mansoura University Hospital in 2023 and were diagnosed with ADHD as stated by the DSM-5 criteria. ADHD diagnosis was built upon ACE diagnostic interview of ADHD in children which is a semi-structured interview tool. Diagnoses were verified by 2 senior physicians of child and adolescent psychiatry. This study included 45 patients aged between 6 to 12 years from both genders with IQ level of 90 or more on Stanford Binet intelligence scale (Arabic version), with no history of any psychotropic medication for not fewer than 90 days before the assessment and those whose caregivers agree to give informed consent for their involvement in the study but we excluded patients with history suggestive of past or present neurological disorders or medical diseases, with history suggestive of other psychiatric disorders, drug or alcohol abuse and with history suggestive of medical diseases or head injury. The control group included 30 healthy children matching the case group in sex and age range. Methods For the purpose of diagnosing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, the ADHD child evaluation (ACE) diagnostic interview was developed to aid medical professionals in evaluating children with ADHD ranging in age from 5 to 16 years old. The interview measures the severity of functional impairment caused by ADHD symptoms. ACE details a list of questions that consistent with the distinctive symptoms involving deficits in attention, heightened activity, impulsive actions, and typical instances showing how these symptoms manifest and examine if the distinctive symptoms are responsible for significant interference in two or more settings, ACE encourages each symptom assessment in children across the household and school settings. It was used the Arabic version of Conner's Parent Rating Scale—revised L. It was shown to be stable, reliable, and valid by the National Institute of Mental Health. It is a screening questionnaire for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that parents can fill out with their children (ages 3–17) to assist determine the likelihood of the disorder. Each of the 80 questions had four possible answers: 0 (not at all), 1 (just a little), 2 (very much), or 3 (very much), and parents were required to fill them out. It calculates the severity of impulsive conduct, lack of focus, and high-intensity physical activity in addition to ADHD diagnosis. To determine if it was typical or atypical for that age and gender, T-scores are applied to the raw values on Conner's scale. The mean and standard deviation of all T-scores were 50 and 10, respectively. People of that age and gender had an average T-score of 50, which is the same as the mean score. If T-scores were under 60, the child fell within normal limits, T-scores above 60 indicated there may be an issue, ADHD, T-scores ranging from 61 to 70 reflected moderate severity, and those exceeding 70 represented greater severity. Stanford Binet intelligence scale was applied to ensure all participants are within normal IQ range. A validated Arabic translated version of the Stanford Binet-V was used to gauge IQ scores in the patient and control groups. Both verbal and nonverbal components made up the test, which measured five characteristics with varying weights. This test measures five different abilities: knowledge, reasoning with numbers, processing visual-spatial information, working memory, and fluid reasoning. Average scores ranged from 90 to 109 on the intelligence quotient (IQ), a ratio used to compare test results. Regarding EEG recordings, subjects received oral chloral hydrate for comfortable sedation to abstain from both movement and speech. EEG signals were collected using 19 scalp electrodes placed across the entire head, following the International 10–20 System (Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, T3, C3, Cz, C4, T4, T5, P3, Pz, P4, T6, O1, O2), utilizing Neurovirtual device, a PC-controlled electroencephalographic system. Double banana montage was used. Electrode impedance stayed beneath 10 kΩ. Low pass filter 0.5 and high pass filter of 35 were used, a notch filter was applied. The mathematical processing of digitally recorded EEG was known as quantitative EEG. This processing might either identify certain waveform components, convert the EEG to a domain or format that clarifies important information, or provide numerical results to the EEG data for comparison or study later on. The patient underwent a quantitative EEG test for a minimum of 20 minutes. Thirty epochs, each lasting 2 seconds, were carefully chosen for their minimal artifacts. The duration of the final segment of EEG under analysis was averagely 60 seconds, and characteristics were extracted using relative power in each case. At first, the BW III software analysis system was used to compute the power spectral density of the EEG rhythms using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) approach. Delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta 1 (12-15 Hz), beta 2 (15-20 Hz), and beta 3 (20-30 Hz) were the frequency ranges into which the signal was divided. The average power during recording was computed and utilized as a feature for every channel and frequency band. Nineteen channels divided into six frequency bands resulted in a total of eleven2 features. Subgrouping There are numerous studies discussing the subgrouping of ADHD cases based on QEEG findings, in our study cases were sub grouped using cluster analysis into groups based on Clarke et al., 2001 subgrouping (hyper arousal, hypo arousal and maturational lag) [14] and Loo et al., (excess beta, theta, alpha, delta and group with no spectral elevation) [15] . Statistical analysis Software developed by SPSS Inc., PASW Statistics for Windows version 25, was used to conduct the data analysis. Statistical and percentage-based descriptions of qualitative data were provided. The quantitative data was summarized using the median for data that did not follow a normal distribution and the mean±standard deviation for data that did follow a normal distribution. Normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results were considered significant at the (≃0.05) level. In this study, two separate groups with normally distributed data were compared using the student-t test. Results Prevalence of alpha rhythm: Case group had lower alpha powers in comparison with control group in all channels being statistically significant in (F7, T3, T5, F3, C3, P3, O1, F8, T4, T6, Fp2, F4, C4, O2 and Cz.). Prevalence of Beta 1 rhythm: Case group had lower mean Beta 1 than control group in all channels but being statistically significant only at F3. Prevalence of Theta rhythm: Case group had higher mean Theta1 than control group in all channels, being statistically significant at Fp1 and F3. From those findings we can conclude that ADHD group generally have Lower alpha and lower Beta 1 than control group while having more Theta than controls. Regarding age, IQ and sex were insignificantly difference between studied groups. Table 1 Table 1 Demographic characteristics and IQ between control and cases groups Control group (n = 30) Cases group (n = 45) Test P Age ( years) 8.93 ± 2.33 8.96 ± 2.14 0.042 0.966 IQ 95.57 ± 5.69 93.47 ± 5.37 1.62 0.110 Sex Male 20(66.7%) 36(80.0%) 1.69 0.193 Female 10(33.3%) 9(20.0%) Data are presented as mean ± SD or frequency (%). *Significant p value < 0.05 .ꭓ2: Chi-Square test. IQ: Intelligence quotient. Theta and beta were insignificantly difference between studied groups. TBR was significant higher among cases than control group. Table 2 Table 2 Theta average, beta average and TBR findings between control and cases groups Control group (n = 30) Cases group (n = 45) Test P Theta average 14.89 ± 2.04 16.33 ± 4.27 1.71 0.091 Beta average 35.10 ± 3.56 33.50 ± 10.02 0.839 0.404 TBR 43.15 ± 9.15 54.72 ± 23.88 2.53 0.014* Data are presented as mean ± SD or frequency (%). *Significant p value < 0.05 .ꭓ2: Chi-Square test, TBR: Theta\Beta ratio. The conner's inattention, hyperactivity, and total symptoms were not significantly correlated with the theta\beta ratio. A weak a negative correlation was found between age and hyperactivity/impulsivity and total symptoms in Conner, as well as a negative link between age and inattention. Table 3 Table 3 Correlation between TBR values and Conner`s inattention, Conner`s hyperactivity\impulsivity and Conner`s ADHD total and between age in years and Conner`s inattention, Conner`s hyperactivity\impulsivity and Conner`s total symptoms Conner`s inattention Conner`s hyperactivity\impulsivity Conner`s ADHD total TBR r -0.053 -0.189 -0.02 P 0.858 0.517 0.946 Age ( years) r -0.151 -0.228 -0.304 P 0.321 0.132 0.04* *Significant p value < 0.05. r: correlation coefficient, ADHD: Attention deficit\hyperactivity disorder, TBR: Theta\Beta ratio. Based on previous studies, mainly Clarke et al.[ 17 , 18 ], loo et al. [ 15 ] Cases were classified by cluster randomization into four groups: 1- Group with excess beta waves (n = 14). (Clarke`s hyperarousal group), group with Excess Slow (Delta) waves (maturational lag) (n = 12), group with increased theta waves (hypoarousal) (n = 10) and fourth group was identified with no significant deviation from control group (no spectral elevation NSE) (n = 9). In the frontal and central region, excess beta group had significant higher beta, lower theta and delta compared to other groups, excess slow (delta) group had significant higher delta, lower alpha and beta, excess theta group had significant higher theta, lower beta and group with no spectral elevation had no significant difference from the control group. Table 4 Table 4 Comparative analysis of frequency distribution in the frontal (Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8) and central region (T3, C3, CZ, C4, T4) between the four case subgroups and control group Control group (n = 30) Excess Beta waves group (n = 14) Excess Slow (Delta)waves group (n = 12) Excess Theta group (n = 10) Group with NSE (n = 9) Test P Frontal delta (0.54Hz) 31.88 ± 3.56 23.79 ± 3.3 45.41 ± 2.54 31.90 ± 3.61 34.63 ± 4.21 64.41 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P1 = 0.989 P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P1 = 0.04* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P4 = 0.092 Frontal theta (4–8 Hz) 13.96 ± 1.58 12.08 ± 1.41 14.74 ± 1.73 22.7 ± 0.74 14.1 ± 1.75 81.95 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P1 = 0.135 P2 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P1 = 0.829 P2 = 0.003* P3 = 0.328 P4 = 0.001* Frontal alpha (8–13 Hz) 16.1 ± 2.0 15.54 ± 1.7 13.82 ± 0.8 14.88 ± 1.22 15.14 ± 0.9 4.27 0.004* P1 = 0.331 P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.01* P1 = 0.053 P2 = 0.335 P3 = 0.138 P1 = 0.146 P2 = 0.572 P3 = 0.073 P4 = 0.730 Frontal beta (> 13 Hz) 38.1 ± 4.1 48.58 ± 5.02 26.03 ± 2.9 30.51 ± 4.1 36.15 ± 5.6 50.39 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.018* P1 = 0.241 P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P4 = 0.006* Frequency distribution in the central region (T3, C3, CZ, C4, T4) Central delta (0.5-4 Hz) 32.44 ± 3.87 24.55 ± 3.9 46.16 ± 1.98 31.67 ± 3.1 35.46 ± 3.52 64 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P1 = 0.549 P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P1 = 0.027* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P4 = 0.02* Central theta (4–8 Hz) 15.18 ± 2.30 12.83 ± 1.34 15.71 ± 1.96 22.92 ± 0.85 15.73 ± 1.98 43.63 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P1 = 0.419 P2 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P1 = 0.451 P2 = 0.001 * P3 = 0.982 P4 = 0.001* Central alpha (8–13 Hz) 17.55 ± 2.84 16.35 ± 1.85 14.58 ± 1.32 16.79 ± 2.03 16.94 ± 1.25 3.94 0.006* P1 = 0.101 P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.046* P1 = 0.352 P2 = 0.638 P3 = 0.023* P1 = 0.472 P2 = 0.540 P3 = 0.019* P4 = 0.884 Central beta (> 13 Hz) 34.83 ± 3.9 46.27 ± 4.55 23.56 ± 2.08 28.61 ± 3.71 31.87 ± 4.23 40.38 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.003* P1 = 0.048* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P4 = 0.07 Data are presented as mean ± SD. *Significant p value < 0.05. NSE: No spectral elevation, F: One Way ANOVA test, P1: difference between each group and control group, P2: difference between each group and excess beta group, P3: difference between each group and Excess Slow (Delta) group, P4: difference between excess Theta group and NSE group. In posterior region, excess beta group had significant higher beta and lower alpha, theta and delta compared to other groups, excess slow (delta) group had significant higher delta and lower alpha and beta, excess theta group had significant higher theta and lower beta, group with no spectral elevation had no significant difference from control group. Table 5 Table 5 Comparative analysis of frequency distribution in the posterior region (T5, P3, PZ, P4, T6, O1, O2) among the four case subgroups and control group Control group (n = 30) Excess Beta waves group (n = 14) Excess Slow (Delta)waves group (n = 12) Excess Theta group (n = 10) Group with NSE (n = 9) Test P Posterior delta (0.5-4 Hz) 32.54 ± 4.96 24.77 ± 4.18 46.11 ± 3.16 32.64 ± 3.17 36.28 ± 4.87 40.38 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P1 = 0.952 P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P1 = 0.027* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P4 = 0.073 Posterior theta (4–8 Hz) 15.62 ± 2.5 13.1 ± 1.4 15.95 ± 2.44 24.47 ± 2.6 16.4 ± 2.7 37.29 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P1 = 0.686 P2 = 0.002* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P1 = 0.384 P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.661 P4 = 0.001* Posterior alpha (8–13 Hz) 19.50 ± 4.12 16.96 ± 2.7 15.8 ± 2.9 17.92 ± 2.7 19.71 ± 2.2 3.61 0.01* P1 = 0.02* P1 = 0.002* P2 = 0.377 P1 = 0.202 P2 = 0.494 P3 = 0.143 P1 = 0.868 P2 = 0.059 P3 = 0.01* P4 = 0.249 Posterior beta (> 13 Hz) 32.34 ± 4.6 45.21 ± 5.58 22.16 ± 1.95 24.97 ± 2.97 27.61 ± 4.92 55.93 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.137 P1 = 0.006* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.006* P4 = 0.193 Data are presented as mean ± SD. *Significant p value < 0.05. Hz: Herpes zoster, NSE: No spectral elevation, F: One Way ANOVA test, P1: difference between each group and control group, P2: difference between each group and excess beta group, P3: difference between each group and Excess Slow (Delta) group, P4: difference between excess Theta group and NSE group. There was a significant difference was detected between studied groups pertaining to TBR (p = 0.001) with the highest mean value is detected for excess theta group followed by excess delta group. Post hoc test was done to compare between each pair of the studied groups and significant difference between each of the studied pairs (p < 0.05) except between control group and NSE group (p = 0.076). There was insignificantly different between studied groups as regard conner`s inattention score, conner`s total score and IQ level. There was a significant higher conner`s hyperactivity between theta group followed by beta group, delta group and NSE group, respectively. Table 6 Table 6 Comparison of TBR, conner’s Parent Rating Scale and IQ level between control and studied subgroups Control group (n = 30) Case group Test P Excess Beta group (n = 14) Excess Slow (Delta) group (n = 12) Excess Theta group (n = 10) Group with NSE (n = 9) TBR 43.15 ± 9.15 27.42 ± 4.47 65.21 ± 11.71 84.84 ± 10.46 49.75 ± 12.77 70.84 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001 P2 = 0.001* P1 = 0.001* P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P1 = 0.076 P2 = 0.001* P3 = 0.001* P4 = 0.001* Conner’s Parent Rating Scale Conner`s inattention -- 70.21 ± 9.24 74.75 ± 6.72 76.4 ± 12.56 70.89 ± 9.41 1.10 0.360 -- P1 = 0.234 P1 = 0.125 P2 = 0.689 P1 = 0.869 P2 = 0.364 P3 = 0.216 Conner`s Hyperactivity\impulsivity -- 77.36 ± 6.56 74.25 ± 5.85 77.50 ± 6.80 67.89 ± 12.04 3.25 0.03* -- P1 = 0.319 P1 = 0.965 P2 = 0.338 P1 = 0.007 P2 = 0.073 P3 = 0.01* Conner`s ADHD Total -- 75.50 ± 6.58 75.33 ± 5.05 76.90 ± 9.04 69.56 ± 12.72 1.43 0.249 -- P1 = 0.960 P1 = 0.688 P2 = 0.664 P1 = 0.104 P2 = 0.125 P3 = 0.063 IQ 95.57 ± 5.69 93.43 ± 5.21 92.75 ± 5.82 96.0 ± 6.7 91.67 ± 2.18 1.48 0.216 Data are presented as mean ± SD. *Significant p value < 0.05. NSE: No spectral elevation, ADHD: Attention deficit\hyperactivity disorder, IQ: Intelligence quotient, TBR: Theta\Beta ratio, F: One Way ANOVA test, P1: difference between each group and control group, P2: difference between each group and excess beta group, P3: difference between each group and Excess Slow (Delta) group, P4: difference between excess Theta group and NSE group. In differentiating between Control group and Excess Beta group, AUC = 0.969 with the best identified cut off point is ≥ 34.23 yielding sensitivity of 92.9% and specificity 86.7% for TBR. In differentiating between Control group and Excess Slow delta group, AUC = 0.931 with the best detected cut off point is ≥ 51.52 yielding sensitivity of 91.7% and specificity 80% for TBR. In differentiating between Control group and Excess Theta group, area under curve is excellent (AUC = 1.0) with the best identified cut off point is ≥ 67.79 yielding sensitivity of 100% and specificity 100% for TBR. In differentiating between control group and group with NSE, AUC = 0.644 with the best detected cut off point is ≥ 37.15 yielding sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity 26.7%. Table 7 Table 7 Validity of TBR in differentiang between studied groups AUC (95%CI) P Cut off point Sensitivity % Specificity % Between control group and excess beta group TBR 0.969(0.924-1.0) 0.001* ≥ 34.23 92.9 86.7 Between control group and excess slow (Delta) group TBR 0.931(0.857-1.0) 0.001* ≥ 51.52 91.7 80.0 Between control group and excess theta group TBR 1.0(1.0–1.0) 0.001* ≥ 67.79 100.0 100.0 Between control group and group with NSE TBR 0.644(0.420–0.869) 0.194 ≥ 37.15 88.9 26.7 *Significant p value < 0.05. AUC: Area under curve, NSE: No spectral elevation, CI: confident interval, TBR: Theta\Beta ratio. Discussion Even with the unavailability of an immediate and effective treatment for ADHD, it is fortunate that several ADHD symptoms, such as lack of attention, high intensity physical activity, impulsive behavior, and disruption of response inhibition, can be effectively managed and improved. Case group had lower alpha powers in comparison with control group in all channels being statistically significant in (F7, T3, T5, F3, C3, P3, O1, F8, T4, T6, Fp2, F4, C4, O2 and Cz.) in Fp1, P4, Fz and Pz despite not being statistically significant but case group had lower mean alpha also. This suggests that ADHD cases generally have lower alpha rhythm than healthy controls. This is in contrast to Chabot et al. [ 19 ] established that ADHD children had increased theta or alpha power, greatest in frontal regions. Case group had higher mean Theta1 than control group in all channels, being statistically significant at Fp1 and F3. From those findings we can conclude that ADHD group generally has Lower alpha and lower Beta 1 in comparison with control group while having more Theta than controls. It is the most studied QEEG marker for ADHD which has often been debatable. in present study we have found statistically significant higher mean theta/beta ratio among cases as opposed to control group. suggesting that theta\beta ratio can function as a marker to distinguish ADHD from healthy controls. This corresponds to our results, Snyder et al. [ 11 , 12 ] and Bong and Kim [ 16 ]discovered a large decrease in beta-1 power, with no discernible change in theta power; this finding indicated that the majority of the variation in TBR was due to this decrease in beta-1 power. When correlating each group with theta\beta ratio, it was found that ratio was highest for the excess Theta group, followed by excess delta group followed by group with no spectral elevation which was like control group, TBR was lowest for the excess beta group. This means that certain subgroups (excess beta and NSE) of ADHD weren`t associated with elevated theta\beta ratio. Early studies, particularly those with limited sample sizes, might have disproportionately involved children from a specific EEG subgroup, which could have influenced the findings[ 15 ]. Validity of theta\beta ratio in differentiating between studied groups: Theta\Beta ratio had significantly high sensitivity and specificity for differentiating between control group and excess theta group, excess delta group and excess beta group. For the group with no spectral elevation (NSE): while having a sensitivity of 88.9%, it had a specificity of only 26.7%, suggesting that it is less valid for differentiating this group. This is concordant with Arns, M., et al. [ 20 ] shown that a large subset of ADHD patients has elevated levels of theta and TBR. In addition, they noted that it can be used as a predictive tool rather than a diagnostic one, which is useful for predicting how stimulant medication and neurofeedback will work as medications. Wang TS et al. [ 21 ]maintained that there was substantial group-to-group overlap in TBR values, which led to decreased sensitivity and negative predictive value as a possible neurophysiological biomarker for ADHD. Correlating QEEG subtypes with ADHD symptomatology, we correlated each subgroup with: Inattention, hyperactivity\impulsivity, overall ADHD symptoms. As obtained from Conner`s parent rating scale revised L. It was found that: First, inattentive symptoms were most prominent in excess theta group, followed by excess delta group then excess beta group and lastly NSE. Subgroups displaying noticeable delta and theta waves showed a heightened likelihood of behavioral disturbances and cognitive deficits, whereas those exhibiting prominent alpha and beta waves tended to lean towards emotional dysregulation as per Loo et al. [ 15 ] NSE group, a subgroup that had no spectral power elevations in any of the frequency bands, had relatively enhanced behavior and cognitive abilities. Which is conforming to the findings of loo et al. [ 15 ] Previous investigations on the behavioral, cognitive, and neurobiological functional heterogeneity of ADHD corroborate the results of this research. Comparing studied subgroups according to IQ level: There was no significant difference between studied subgroups and controls pertaining to IQ level. This is consistent with Mohammad Rostami, Farnaz Faridi, and Reza Khosrowabadi [ 22 ] Their results clarified that the association between IQ score and EEG power is dissimilar across different ADHD subtypes and healthy controls. When correlating age with severity as measured by Conner`s parent rating scale, it was found that there was a significant negative correlation between age and conner`s total symptoms. Conner`s inattention showed nearly negligible negative correlation. This is concordant with Joseph Biederman et al. [ 23 ] found out that age was significantly correlated with a reduction in total ADHD symptoms and symptoms of high intensity physical activity, impulsive behavior, and lack of attention. Martha Gilbert et al. [ 24 ] observed a decrease in ADHD symptoms on the Total Score and subscale Hyperactivity/Impulsivity in older children. Limitations : This study has several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. The relatively small number of participants limits the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the number of participants in the case and control groups did not match exactly, primarily due to the difficulty in recruiting adequately matched controls. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of age and sex, the sex distribution was not perfectly matched, partly because ADHD is more common in males. Furthermore, the control group was recruited through advertisements in a child psychiatry clinic, which may have resulted in a control sample with lower attention spans compared to the general population. The evaluation of children relied solely on the parent version of the Conners Rating Scale, without inclusion of other disruptive behavior scales, potentially limiting the comprehensiveness of behavioral assessment. Moreover, this study did not include follow-up assessments to evaluate the role of quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) in prognosis or medication response. Finally, the analysis employed the relative distribution of frequency bands rather than absolute power measures, which may influence interpretation of the QEEG data. Conclusions QEEG has been employed successfully in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment evaluation for ADHD, illustrating significant differences in neural communication among ADHD-diagnosed children and healthy controls. Study identified different patterns of brain rhythms, with ADHD cases generally exhibiting lower alpha and beta 1 rhythms and higher theta compared to controls. The TBR was found to be a useful marker that aids diagnosis of ADHD but not diagnostic in itself and is not necessarily reflective of symptom severity. Subgrouping of ADHD cases based on QEEG patterns revealed distinct profiles, including excess Delta, Excess Theta, Excess Beta, and a group with no significant deviations from the control group (No spectral elevation group NSE). Different subgroups showed varying levels of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and overall ADHD symptoms, with those displaying delta and theta waves showing more behavioral disturbances and cognitive impairment. IQ levels did not significantly differ between studied subgroups and controls, suggesting compensatory mechanisms in ADHD individuals to maintain normal IQ ranges. Age was negatively correlated with overall ADHD symptom severity, with symptoms of inattention persisting more than hyperactivity/impulsivity as children grow older. The results show that ADHD is a complex disorder with many different causes and symptoms, and they point to the possibility of tailored treatments based on QEEG profiles. This discovery calls for more studies to identify better ways to diagnose and treat ADHD. Abbreviations ADHD : Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. QEEG : Quantitative Electroencephalogram. TBR : Theta Beta Ratio. ACE : ADHD Child Evaluation (diagnostic interview). DSM-5 : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. IQ : Intelligence Quotient. EEG : Electroencephalogram. FFT : Fast Fourier Transform. NSE : No Spectral Elevation. Hz : Hertz (frequency unit). ANOVA : Analysis of Variance. SPSS : Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Declarations Availability of data and materials : All the data are available when requested. Financial support and sponsorship: Nil Conflict of Interest: Nil Ethics approval and consent to participate Mansoura University's Faculty of Medicine's Ethical Committee gave its approval for the study and the patients' participation. Ethics of Humanity was given the all-clear by the Mansoura University Faculty of Medicine's Ethics Committee. References Polanczyk G, Jensen P . Epidemiologic considerations in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and update. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008;17(2):245-60. Hinshaw SR . Is ADHD an impairing condition in childhood and adolescence? 2002. Association AP . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text revision. 2000. Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Kahle J, Madhoo M , et al. Long-Term Outcomes of ADHD: Academic Achievement and Performance. J Atten Disord. 2020;24(1):73-85. Lee M-S, Park S-B, Kim G-M, Kim H-J , et al. The revised Korean practice parameter for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (II)-diagnosis and assessment. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017;28(2):58-69. Bong SH, Kim JW . The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalogram in the Diagnosis and Subgrouping of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak. 2021;32(3):85-92. Monastra VJ, Lubar JF, Linden M, VanDeusen P , et al. Assessing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder via quantitative electroencephalography: an initial validation study. Neuropsychology. 1999;13(3):424-33. Monastra VJ, Lubar JF, Linden M . The development of a quantitative electroencephalographic scanning process for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: reliability and validity studies. Neuropsychology. 2001;15(1):136-44. Chabot RJ, di Michele F, Prichep L . The role of quantitative electroencephalography in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2005;14(1):21-53, v-vi. Quintana H, Snyder SM, Purnell W, Aponte C , et al. Comparison of a standard psychiatric evaluation to rating scales and EEG in the differential diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2007;152(2-3):211-22. Snyder SM, Quintana H, Sexson SB, Knott P , et al. Blinded, multi-center validation of EEG and rating scales in identifying ADHD within a clinical sample. Psychiatry research. 2008;159(3):346-58. Snyder SM, Rugino TA, Hornig M, Stein MA . Integration of an EEG biomarker with a clinician's ADHD evaluation. Brain and behavior. 2015;5(4):e00330. Barry RJ, Clarke AR, Johnstone SJ . A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(2):171-83. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M . Excess beta activity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an atypical electrophysiological group. Psychiatry Res. 2001;103(2-3):205-18. Loo SK, McGough JJ, McCracken JT, Smalley SL . Parsing heterogeneity in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder using EEG‐based subgroups. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2018;59(3):223-31. Bong SH, Kim JW . The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalogram in the Diagnosis and Subgrouping of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021;32(3):85. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M . EEG-defined subtypes of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2001;112(11):2098-105. Clarke AR, Barry RJ, Dupuy FE, Heckel LD , et al. Behavioural differences between EEG-defined subgroups of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2011;122(7):1333-41. Chabot RJ, di Michele F, Prichep L, John ER . The clinical role of computerized EEG in the evaluation and treatment of learning and attention disorders in children and adolescents.J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.2001;13:171-86. Arns M, Conners CK, Kraemer HC . A decade of eeg theta/beta ratio research in adhd: A meta-analysis.J Atten Disord.2013;17:374-83. Wang T-S, Wang S-S, Wang C-L, Wong S-B . Theta/beta ratio in EEG correlated with attentional capacity assessed by Conners Continuous Performance Test in children with ADHD.Frontiers in Psychiatry.2024;14:1305397. Rostami M, Faridi F, Khosrowabadi R . Brain Functional Correlates of Intelligence Score in ADHD Based on EEG. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2022 Nov-Dec;13(6):883-900. Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV . Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 May;157(5):816-8. Gilbert, M., Boecker, M., Reiss, F. et al. Gender and Age Differences in ADHD Symptoms and Co-occurring Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents in the BELLA Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev (2023). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Children with ADHD exhibit high intensity physical activity, distractibility, lack of attention, and impulsive behavior, making them tough to manage., causing substantial disruption within social interactions and affecting performance at school and home. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Two main categories of symptoms, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, are highlighted in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eADHD adversely affects school performance and academic outcome, improvement of achievement test outcomes as well as academic performance occurred most consistently with multimodal treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Diagnosis of ADHD depends mainly on presence of diagnostic criteria and application of psychometric and rating scales that also determine severity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. More recently, quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) was shown to have diagnostic value of various psychiatric diseases including ADHD. Moreover, it may have a role in ADHD subgrouping [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. For children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the theta/beta ratio (TBR) is the most studied QEEG diagnostic measure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA range of studies have highlighted elevated theta levels and/ or diminished beta levels to be representative of ADHD-affected individuals [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. It is clear that ADHD is associated with increased theta/alpha and theta/beta power ratios, as well as reduced relative alpha and beta power, as demonstrated by Barry and colleagues. Their attention was directed towards the variety of ADHD and the possibility of establishing different EEG profiles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2015, \u003cb\u003eSnyder\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eet al.\u003c/b\u003e, contributed significantly to the theta/beta ratio's (TBR) approval by the FDA (Neuropsychiatric Electroencephalogram Based Assessment Aid or NEBA) in a large-scale, prospective, triple-blinded, multi-center study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe aimed to assess diagnostic efficiency of QEEG in discriminating children with ADHD from normal controls, compare the QEEG variables, mainly the theta\\beta ratio, with behavioral patterns related to ADHD. and to investigate the role of QEEG in ADHD subgrouping.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis case control study comprised children who visited the child and adolescent psychiatric clinic at Mansoura University Hospital in 2023 and were diagnosed with ADHD as stated by the DSM-5 criteria. ADHD diagnosis was built upon ACE diagnostic interview of ADHD in children which is a semi-structured interview tool. Diagnoses were verified by 2 senior physicians of child and adolescent psychiatry. This study included 45 patients aged between 6 to 12 years from both genders with IQ level of 90 or more on Stanford Binet intelligence scale (Arabic version), with no history of any psychotropic medication for not fewer than 90 days before the assessment and those whose caregivers agree to give informed consent for their involvement in the study but we excluded patients with history suggestive of past or present neurological disorders or medical diseases, with history suggestive of other psychiatric disorders, drug or alcohol abuse and with history suggestive of medical diseases or head injury. The control group included 30 healthy children matching the case group in sex and age range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the purpose of diagnosing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, the ADHD child evaluation (ACE) diagnostic interview was developed to aid medical professionals in evaluating children with ADHD ranging in age from 5 to 16 years old. The interview measures the severity of functional impairment caused by ADHD symptoms. ACE details a list of questions that consistent with the distinctive symptoms involving deficits in attention, heightened activity, impulsive actions, and typical instances showing how these symptoms manifest and examine if the distinctive symptoms are responsible for significant interference in two or more settings, ACE encourages each symptom assessment in children across the household and school settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was used the Arabic version of Conner's Parent Rating Scale—revised L. It was shown to be stable, reliable, and valid by the National Institute of Mental Health. It is a screening questionnaire for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that parents can fill out with their children (ages 3–17) to assist determine the likelihood of the disorder. Each of the 80 questions had four possible answers: 0 (not at all), 1 (just a little), 2 (very much), or 3 (very much), and parents were required to fill them out. It calculates the severity of impulsive conduct, lack of focus, and high-intensity physical activity in addition to ADHD diagnosis. To determine if it was typical or atypical for that age and gender, T-scores are applied to the raw values on Conner's scale. The mean and standard deviation of all T-scores were 50 and 10, respectively. People of that age and gender had an average T-score of 50, which is the same as the mean score. If T-scores were under 60, the child fell within normal limits, T-scores above 60 indicated there may be an issue, ADHD, T-scores ranging from 61 to 70 reflected moderate severity, and those exceeding 70 represented greater severity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStanford Binet intelligence scale was applied to ensure all participants are within normal IQ range. A validated Arabic translated version of the Stanford Binet-V was used to gauge IQ scores in the patient and control groups. Both verbal and nonverbal components made up the test, which measured five characteristics with varying weights. This test measures five different abilities: knowledge, reasoning with numbers, processing visual-spatial information, working memory, and fluid reasoning. Average scores ranged from 90 to 109 on the intelligence quotient (IQ), a ratio used to compare test results.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding EEG recordings, subjects received oral chloral hydrate for comfortable sedation to abstain from both movement and speech. EEG signals were collected using 19 scalp electrodes placed across the entire head, following the International 10–20 System (Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, T3, C3, Cz, C4, T4, T5, P3, Pz, P4, T6, O1, O2), utilizing Neurovirtual device, a PC-controlled electroencephalographic system. Double banana montage was used. Electrode impedance stayed beneath 10 kΩ. Low pass filter 0.5 and high pass filter of 35 were used, a notch filter was applied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mathematical processing of digitally recorded EEG was known as quantitative EEG. This processing might either identify certain waveform components, convert the EEG to a domain or format that clarifies important information, or provide numerical results to the EEG data for comparison or study later on. The patient underwent a quantitative EEG test for a minimum of 20 minutes. Thirty epochs, each lasting 2 seconds, were carefully chosen for their minimal artifacts. The duration of the final segment of EEG under analysis was averagely 60 seconds, and characteristics were extracted using relative power in each case. At first, the BW III software analysis system was used to compute the power spectral density of the EEG rhythms using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) approach. Delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta 1 (12-15 Hz), beta 2 (15-20 Hz), and beta 3 (20-30 Hz) were the frequency ranges into which the signal was divided. The average power during recording was computed and utilized as a feature for every channel and frequency band. Nineteen channels divided into six frequency bands resulted in a total of eleven2 features.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubgrouping\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are numerous studies discussing the subgrouping of ADHD cases based on QEEG findings, in our study cases were sub grouped using cluster analysis into groups based on Clarke et al., 2001 subgrouping (hyper arousal, hypo arousal and maturational lag) \u003cstrong\u003e[14]\u003c/strong\u003e and Loo\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e (excess beta, theta, alpha, delta and group with no spectral elevation)\u003cstrong\u003e[15]\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoftware developed by SPSS Inc., PASW Statistics for Windows version 25, was used to conduct the data analysis. Statistical and percentage-based descriptions of qualitative data were provided. The quantitative data was summarized using the median for data that did not follow a normal distribution and the mean±standard deviation for data that did follow a normal distribution. Normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The results were considered significant at the (≃0.05) level. In this study, two separate groups with normally distributed data were compared using the student-t test. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of alpha rhythm: Case group had lower alpha powers in comparison with control group in all channels being statistically significant in (F7, T3, T5, F3, C3, P3, O1, F8, T4, T6, Fp2, F4, C4, O2 and Cz.). Prevalence of Beta 1 rhythm: Case group had lower mean Beta 1 than control group in all channels but being statistically significant only at F3. Prevalence of Theta rhythm: Case group had higher mean Theta1 than control group in all channels, being statistically significant at Fp1 and F3. From those findings we can conclude that ADHD group generally have Lower alpha and lower Beta 1 than control group while having more Theta than controls.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding age, IQ and sex were insignificantly difference between studied groups. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics and IQ between control and cases groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCases group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge ( years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIQ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36(80.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10(33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9(20.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD or frequency (%). *Significant p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 .ꭓ2: Chi-Square test. IQ: Intelligence quotient.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTheta and beta were insignificantly difference between studied groups. TBR was significant higher among cases than control group. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTheta average, beta average and TBR findings between control and cases groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCases group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTheta average\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBeta average\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTBR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD or frequency (%). *Significant p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 .ꭓ2: Chi-Square test, TBR: Theta\\Beta ratio.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe conner's inattention, hyperactivity, and total symptoms were not significantly correlated with the theta\\beta ratio. A weak a negative correlation was found between age and hyperactivity/impulsivity and total symptoms in Conner, as well as a negative link between age and inattention. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation between TBR values and Conner`s inattention, Conner`s hyperactivity\\impulsivity and Conner`s ADHD total and between age in years and Conner`s inattention, Conner`s hyperactivity\\impulsivity and Conner`s total symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConner`s inattention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConner`s hyperactivity\\impulsivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConner`s ADHD total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTBR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003er\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.189\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.946\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge ( years)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003er\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.228\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.04*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*Significant p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. r: correlation coefficient, ADHD: Attention deficit\\hyperactivity disorder, TBR: Theta\\Beta ratio.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on previous studies, mainly Clarke et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], loo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] Cases were classified by cluster randomization into four groups: 1- Group with excess beta waves (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14). (Clarke`s hyperarousal group), group with Excess Slow (Delta) waves (maturational lag) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12), group with increased theta waves (hypoarousal) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10) and fourth group was identified with no significant deviation from control group (no spectral elevation NSE) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the frontal and central region, excess beta group had significant higher beta, lower theta and delta compared to other groups, excess slow (delta) group had significant higher delta, lower alpha and beta, excess theta group had significant higher theta, lower beta and group with no spectral elevation had no significant difference from the control group. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparative analysis of frequency distribution in the frontal (Fp1, Fp2, F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8) and central region (T3, C3, CZ, C4, T4) between the four case subgroups and control group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcess Beta waves group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcess Slow\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Delta)waves group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcess Theta group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup with NSE (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrontal delta\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(0.54Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.989\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrontal theta (4\u0026ndash;8 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.135\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.829\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.328\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrontal alpha\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(8\u0026ndash;13 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.004*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.331\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.335\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.146\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.572\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.073\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.730\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrontal beta (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;13 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.241\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency distribution in the central region (T3, C3, CZ, C4, T4)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCentral delta (0.5-4 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001* P2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.549 \u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001* P3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027* P2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001* P3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001* P4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCentral theta (4\u0026ndash;8 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.419 \u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001* P2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001* P3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.451\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.982\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCentral alpha (8\u0026ndash;13 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.006*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001* P2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.046*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.352 P2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.638 \u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.472 P2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.540 \u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019*\u003c/b\u003e P4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.884\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCentral beta (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;13 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001* P2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001* P2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.048* P2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e P4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. *Significant p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. NSE: No spectral elevation, F: One Way ANOVA test, P1: difference between each group and control group, P2: difference between each group and excess beta group, P3: difference between each group and Excess Slow (Delta) group, P4: difference between excess Theta group and NSE group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn posterior region, excess beta group had significant higher beta and lower alpha, theta and delta compared to other groups, excess slow (delta) group had significant higher delta and lower alpha and beta, excess theta group had significant higher theta and lower beta, group with no spectral elevation had no significant difference from control group. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparative analysis of frequency distribution in the posterior region (T5, P3, PZ, P4, T6, O1, O2) among the four case subgroups and control group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcess Beta waves group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcess Slow\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Delta)waves group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcess Theta group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup with NSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePosterior delta\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(0.5-4 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.952\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.027*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.073\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePosterior theta\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(4\u0026ndash;8 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.686\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.384\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.661\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePosterior alpha\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(8\u0026ndash;13 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.377\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.202\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.494\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.143\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.868\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.059\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.249\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePosterior beta\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;13 Hz)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. *Significant p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Hz: Herpes zoster, NSE: No spectral elevation, F: One Way ANOVA test, P1: difference between each group and control group, P2: difference between each group and excess beta group, P3: difference between each group and Excess Slow (Delta) group, P4: difference between excess Theta group and NSE group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere was a significant difference was detected between studied groups pertaining to TBR (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) with the highest mean value is detected for excess theta group followed by excess delta group. Post hoc test was done to compare between each pair of the studied groups and significant difference between each of the studied pairs (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) except between control group and NSE group (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.076). There was insignificantly different between studied groups as regard conner`s inattention score, conner`s total score and IQ level. There was a significant higher conner`s hyperactivity between theta group followed by beta group, delta group and NSE group, respectively. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of TBR, conner\u0026rsquo;s Parent Rating Scale and IQ level between control and studied subgroups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCase group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcess Beta group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcess Slow (Delta) group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcess Theta group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroup with NSE (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTBR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.076\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConner\u0026rsquo;s Parent Rating Scale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConner`s inattention\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e--\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.360\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e--\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.234\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.689\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.869\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.364\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.216\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConner`s Hyperactivity\\impulsivity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e--\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e--\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.319\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.965\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.338\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.073\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConner`s ADHD Total\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e--\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e--\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.960\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.688\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.664\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.104\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIQ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. *Significant p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. NSE: No spectral elevation, ADHD: Attention deficit\\hyperactivity disorder, IQ: Intelligence quotient, TBR: Theta\\Beta ratio, F: One Way ANOVA test, P1: difference between each group and control group, P2: difference between each group and excess beta group, P3: difference between each group and Excess Slow (Delta) group, P4: difference between excess Theta group and NSE group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn differentiating between Control group and Excess Beta group, AUC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.969 with the best identified cut off point is \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;34.23 yielding sensitivity of 92.9% and specificity 86.7% for TBR. In differentiating between Control group and Excess Slow delta group, AUC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.931 with the best detected cut off point is \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;51.52 yielding sensitivity of 91.7% and specificity 80% for TBR. In differentiating between Control group and Excess Theta group, area under curve is excellent (AUC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.0) with the best identified cut off point is \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;67.79 yielding sensitivity of 100% and specificity 100% for TBR. In differentiating between control group and group with NSE, AUC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.644 with the best detected cut off point is \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;37.15 yielding sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity 26.7%. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValidity of TBR in differentiang between studied groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAUC (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCut off point\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSensitivity %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecificity %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetween control group and excess beta group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTBR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.969(0.924-1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;34.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBetween control group and excess slow (Delta) group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTBR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.931(0.857-1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;51.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBetween control group and excess theta group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTBR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0(1.0\u0026ndash;1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;67.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBetween control group and group with NSE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTBR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.644(0.420\u0026ndash;0.869)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;37.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*Significant p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. AUC: Area under curve, NSE: No spectral elevation, CI: confident interval, TBR: Theta\\Beta ratio.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEven with the unavailability of an immediate and effective treatment for ADHD, it is fortunate that several ADHD symptoms, such as lack of attention, high intensity physical activity, impulsive behavior, and disruption of response inhibition, can be effectively managed and improved.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCase group had lower alpha powers in comparison with control group in all channels being statistically significant in (F7, T3, T5, F3, C3, P3, O1, F8, T4, T6, Fp2, F4, C4, O2 and Cz.) in Fp1, P4, Fz and Pz despite not being statistically significant but case group had lower mean alpha also. This suggests that ADHD cases generally have lower alpha rhythm than healthy controls. This is in contrast to Chabot et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] established that ADHD children had increased theta or alpha power, greatest in frontal regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCase group had higher mean Theta1 than control group in all channels, being statistically significant at Fp1 and F3.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom those findings we can conclude that ADHD group generally has Lower alpha and lower Beta 1 in comparison with control group while having more Theta than controls.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is the most studied QEEG marker for ADHD which has often been debatable. in present study we have found statistically significant higher mean theta/beta ratio among cases as opposed to control group. suggesting that theta\\beta ratio can function as a marker to distinguish ADHD from healthy controls. This corresponds to our results, Snyder et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] and Bong and Kim [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]discovered a large decrease in beta-1 power, with no discernible change in theta power; this finding indicated that the majority of the variation in TBR was due to this decrease in beta-1 power.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen correlating each group with theta\\beta ratio, it was found that ratio was highest for the excess Theta group, followed by excess delta group followed by group with no spectral elevation which was like control group, TBR was lowest for the excess beta group. This means that certain subgroups (excess beta and NSE) of ADHD weren`t associated with elevated theta\\beta ratio. Early studies, particularly those with limited sample sizes, might have disproportionately involved children from a specific EEG subgroup, which could have influenced the findings[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eValidity of theta\\beta ratio in differentiating between studied groups: Theta\\Beta ratio had significantly high sensitivity and specificity for differentiating between control group and excess theta group, excess delta group and excess beta group. For the group with no spectral elevation (NSE): while having a sensitivity of 88.9%, it had a specificity of only 26.7%, suggesting that it is less valid for differentiating this group. This is concordant with Arns, M., et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] shown that a large subset of ADHD patients has elevated levels of theta and TBR. In addition, they noted that it can be used as a predictive tool rather than a diagnostic one, which is useful for predicting how stimulant medication and neurofeedback will work as medications. Wang TS et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]maintained that there was substantial group-to-group overlap in TBR values, which led to decreased sensitivity and negative predictive value as a possible neurophysiological biomarker for ADHD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelating QEEG subtypes with ADHD symptomatology, we correlated each subgroup with: Inattention, hyperactivity\\impulsivity, overall ADHD symptoms. As obtained from Conner`s parent rating scale revised L. It was found that: First, inattentive symptoms were most prominent in excess theta group, followed by excess delta group then excess beta group and lastly NSE. Subgroups displaying noticeable delta and theta waves showed a heightened likelihood of behavioral disturbances and cognitive deficits, whereas those exhibiting prominent alpha and beta waves tended to lean towards emotional dysregulation as per Loo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] NSE group, a subgroup that had no spectral power elevations in any of the frequency bands, had relatively enhanced behavior and cognitive abilities. Which is conforming to the findings of loo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] Previous investigations on the behavioral, cognitive, and neurobiological functional heterogeneity of ADHD corroborate the results of this research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparing studied subgroups according to IQ level:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere was no significant difference between studied subgroups and controls pertaining to IQ level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is consistent with Mohammad Rostami, Farnaz Faridi, and Reza Khosrowabadi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] Their results clarified that the association between IQ score and EEG power is dissimilar across different ADHD subtypes and healthy controls.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen correlating age with severity as measured by Conner`s parent rating scale, it was found that there was a significant negative correlation between age and conner`s total symptoms. Conner`s inattention showed nearly negligible negative correlation. This is concordant with Joseph Biederman et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] found out that age was significantly correlated with a reduction in total ADHD symptoms and symptoms of high intensity physical activity, impulsive behavior, and lack of attention. Martha Gilbert et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] observed a decrease in ADHD symptoms on the Total Score and subscale Hyperactivity/Impulsivity in older children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations :\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results. The relatively small number of participants limits the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the number of participants in the case and control groups did not match exactly, primarily due to the difficulty in recruiting adequately matched controls. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of age and sex, the sex distribution was not perfectly matched, partly because ADHD is more common in males. Furthermore, the control group was recruited through advertisements in a child psychiatry clinic, which may have resulted in a control sample with lower attention spans compared to the general population. The evaluation of children relied solely on the parent version of the Conners Rating Scale, without inclusion of other disruptive behavior scales, potentially limiting the comprehensiveness of behavioral assessment. Moreover, this study did not include follow-up assessments to evaluate the role of quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) in prognosis or medication response. Finally, the analysis employed the relative distribution of frequency bands rather than absolute power measures, which may influence interpretation of the QEEG data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eQEEG has been employed successfully in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment evaluation for ADHD, illustrating significant differences in neural communication among ADHD-diagnosed children and healthy controls. Study identified different patterns of brain rhythms, with ADHD cases generally exhibiting lower alpha and beta 1 rhythms and higher theta compared to controls. The TBR was found to be a useful marker that aids diagnosis of ADHD but not diagnostic in itself and is not necessarily reflective of symptom severity. Subgrouping of ADHD cases based on QEEG patterns revealed distinct profiles, including excess Delta, Excess Theta, Excess Beta, and a group with no significant deviations from the control group (No spectral elevation group NSE). Different subgroups showed varying levels of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and overall ADHD symptoms, with those displaying delta and theta waves showing more behavioral disturbances and cognitive impairment. IQ levels did not significantly differ between studied subgroups and controls, suggesting compensatory mechanisms in ADHD individuals to maintain normal IQ ranges. Age was negatively correlated with overall ADHD symptom severity, with symptoms of inattention persisting more than hyperactivity/impulsivity as children grow older. The results show that ADHD is a complex disorder with many different causes and symptoms, and they point to the possibility of tailored treatments based on QEEG profiles. This discovery calls for more studies to identify better ways to diagnose and treat ADHD.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eADHD\u003c/strong\u003e: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQEEG\u003c/strong\u003e: Quantitative Electroencephalogram.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTBR\u003c/strong\u003e: Theta Beta Ratio.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACE\u003c/strong\u003e: ADHD Child Evaluation (diagnostic interview).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDSM-5\u003c/strong\u003e: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIQ\u003c/strong\u003e: Intelligence Quotient.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEEG\u003c/strong\u003e: Electroencephalogram.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFFT\u003c/strong\u003e: Fast Fourier Transform.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNSE\u003c/strong\u003e: No Spectral Elevation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHz\u003c/strong\u003e: Hertz (frequency unit).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eANOVA\u003c/strong\u003e: Analysis of Variance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSPSS\u003c/strong\u003e: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials :\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the data are available when requested.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial support and sponsorship:\u003c/strong\u003e Nil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e Nil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate Mansoura University\u0026apos;s Faculty of Medicine\u0026apos;s Ethical Committee gave its approval for the study and the patients\u0026apos; participation. Ethics of Humanity was given the all-clear by the Mansoura University Faculty of Medicine\u0026apos;s Ethics Committee.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolanczyk G, Jensen P\u003c/strong\u003e. Epidemiologic considerations in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and update. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008;17(2):245-60.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHinshaw SR\u003c/strong\u003e. Is ADHD an impairing condition in childhood and adolescence? 2002.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation AP\u003c/strong\u003e. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text revision. 2000.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArnold LE, Hodgkins P, Kahle J, Madhoo M\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Long-Term Outcomes of ADHD: Academic Achievement and Performance. J Atten Disord. 2020;24(1):73-85.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLee M-S, Park S-B, Kim G-M, Kim H-J\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e The revised Korean practice parameter for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (II)-diagnosis and assessment. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017;28(2):58-69.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBong SH, Kim JW\u003c/strong\u003e. The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalogram in the Diagnosis and Subgrouping of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak. 2021;32(3):85-92.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonastra VJ, Lubar JF, Linden M, VanDeusen P\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Assessing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder via quantitative electroencephalography: an initial validation study. Neuropsychology. 1999;13(3):424-33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonastra VJ, Lubar JF, Linden M\u003c/strong\u003e. The development of a quantitative electroencephalographic scanning process for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: reliability and validity studies. Neuropsychology. 2001;15(1):136-44.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChabot RJ, di Michele F, Prichep L\u003c/strong\u003e. The role of quantitative electroencephalography in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2005;14(1):21-53, v-vi.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuintana H, Snyder SM, Purnell W, Aponte C\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Comparison of a standard psychiatric evaluation to rating scales and EEG in the differential diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2007;152(2-3):211-22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSnyder SM, Quintana H, Sexson SB, Knott P\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Blinded, multi-center validation of EEG and rating scales in identifying ADHD within a clinical sample. Psychiatry research. 2008;159(3):346-58.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSnyder SM, Rugino TA, Hornig M, Stein MA\u003c/strong\u003e. Integration of an EEG biomarker with a clinician\u0026apos;s ADHD evaluation. Brain and behavior. 2015;5(4):e00330.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBarry RJ, Clarke AR, Johnstone SJ\u003c/strong\u003e. A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(2):171-83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M\u003c/strong\u003e. Excess beta activity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an atypical electrophysiological group. Psychiatry Res. 2001;103(2-3):205-18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLoo SK, McGough JJ, McCracken JT, Smalley SL\u003c/strong\u003e. Parsing heterogeneity in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder using EEG‐based subgroups. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2018;59(3):223-31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBong SH, Kim JW\u003c/strong\u003e. The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalogram in the Diagnosis and Subgrouping of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021;32(3):85.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClarke AR, Barry RJ, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M\u003c/strong\u003e. EEG-defined subtypes of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2001;112(11):2098-105.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClarke AR, Barry RJ, Dupuy FE, Heckel LD\u003cem\u003e, et al.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Behavioural differences between EEG-defined subgroups of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2011;122(7):1333-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChabot RJ, di Michele F, Prichep L, John ER\u003c/strong\u003e. The clinical role of computerized EEG in the evaluation and treatment of learning and attention disorders in children and adolescents.J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci.2001;13:171-86.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArns M, Conners CK, Kraemer HC\u003c/strong\u003e. A decade of eeg theta/beta ratio research in adhd: A meta-analysis.J Atten Disord.2013;17:374-83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWang T-S, Wang S-S, Wang C-L, Wong S-B\u003c/strong\u003e. Theta/beta ratio in EEG correlated with attentional capacity assessed by Conners Continuous Performance Test in children with ADHD.Frontiers in Psychiatry.2024;14:1305397.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRostami M, Faridi F, Khosrowabadi R\u003c/strong\u003e. Brain Functional Correlates of Intelligence Score in ADHD Based on EEG. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2022 Nov-Dec;13(6):883-900. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV\u003c/strong\u003e. Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 May;157(5):816-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGilbert, M., Boecker, M., Reiss, F.\u003c/strong\u003e et al. Gender and Age Differences in ADHD Symptoms and Co-occurring Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents in the BELLA Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev (2023). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"middle-east-current-psychiatry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mecp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Middle East Current Psychiatry](http://mecp.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"43045","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/43045/3","title":"Middle East Current Psychiatry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Quantitative Electroencephalogram, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7701982/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7701982/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is among the most frequently diagnosed and treated conditions in child psychiatry. Quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) has recently shown diagnostic value across psychiatric disorders, including ADHD. Studies consistently report elevated theta and/or reduced beta activity as characteristic of ADHD, with potential to support clinical subgrouping.Aim: This study examined the diagnostic efficiency of QEEG in distinguishing children with ADHD from healthy controls, evaluated the relationship between QEEG variables—particularly the theta/beta ratio (TBR)—and ADHD behavioral patterns, and explored the potential of QEEG-based subgrouping.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: A case-control design included 45 children with ADHD (aged 6–12 years, IQ ≥ 90) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. EEG data were recorded using 19 scalp electrodes according to the International 10–20 System, with artifact-free epochs analyzed over an average of 60 seconds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eCompared to controls, ADHD children demonstrated reduced alpha power across all regions, with significant reductions in frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital sites (e.g., F7, F3, C3, O1, Cz). Beta 1 power was lower, notably in F3, while theta power was elevated across channels, especially at Fp1 and F3. Consequently, ADHD subjects exhibited significantly higher TBR, suggesting its utility as a diagnostic marker. Subgroup analysis revealed four ADHD EEG patterns: excess beta activity, excess delta (slow) waves, excess theta activity, and non-spectral elevation (NSE). \u0026nbsp;The highest TBR occurred in the excess-theta subgroup, followed by excess-delta, while NSE and excess-beta groups showed lower or control-like ratios. This challenges TBR as a stand-alone diagnostic tool but supports its complementary value. Behavioral analysis showed inattentive symptoms were most pronounced in the excess-theta group, followed by excess-delta and excess-beta groups, while NSE showed minimal difference. Hyperactivity/impulsivity was significantly increased in the excess-theta subgroup. Overall ADHD severity was highest in the excess-theta group, followed by excess-beta, excess-delta, and NSE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eQEEG demonstrates clinical utility in ADHD diagnosis by revealing distinct electrographic abnormalities, most notably reduced alpha power, increased slow-wave (theta) activity, and decreased fast-wave (beta) power. While TBR can support diagnostic differentiation, it is not universally reliable across subtypes. Findings highlight ADHD as a heterogeneous disorder with multiple electrophysiological subtypes, underscoring the need for further research into their behavioral, prognostic, and treatment correlations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalogram in The Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in School Age Children","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-09 09:31:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7701982/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-18T08:22:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T19:54:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-12T04:32:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"140431323730887977319732729782306305686","date":"2025-10-05T03:59:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"162333194915601537609051733284337216356","date":"2025-09-29T03:48:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-27T09:04:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-26T13:33:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-26T13:33:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Middle East Current Psychiatry","date":"2025-09-24T09:24:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"middle-east-current-psychiatry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mecp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Middle East Current Psychiatry](http://mecp.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"43045","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/43045/3","title":"Middle East Current Psychiatry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"623fcec1-1237-4996-a1a4-afdfef84964c","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-12T16:13:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7701982","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-025-00611-0","journal":{"identity":"middle-east-current-psychiatry","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Middle East Current Psychiatry"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-07 15:58:36","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 7th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-09 09:31:33","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s43045-025-00611-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-025-00611-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7701982","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7701982","identity":"rs-7701982","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}