Floristic Records, Distribution and Habitat Overview on the Genus Ornithogalum sensu stricto in Montenegro

Floristic Records, Distribution and Habitat Overview on the Genus Ornithogalum sensu stricto in Montenegro | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Floristic Records, Distribution and Habitat Overview on the Genus Ornithogalum sensu stricto in Montenegro Marina Šoškić, Danijela Stešević, Aleksa Popović, Dejan Medojević, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244718/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ornithogalum sensu stricto (Asparagaceae) is a genus of bulbous geophytes characterized by milky white tepals with longitudinal green stripes on the abaxial side and flowers arranged in racemose inflorescences, appearing from late winter to mid-summer. Research on this genus has been limited by a long history of misidentifications, inconsistent taxonomic treatments, and incomplete distribution data across its native range, where taxa occupy diverse habitats and have extended flowering periods. Although diverse, the genus has been largely overlooked in the Montenegrin flora, with existing records remaining fragmented and outdated, underlining the need for a systematic revision. To overcome these ambiguities, a comprehensive investigation of 766 records was undertaken, incorporating a literature review, examination of herbarium specimens, and fieldwork conducted between 2022 and 2025. Analysis of these data revealed previously unrecognized diversity, including taxa newly documented within the national flora. The results of this study expand and supplement previously known distributional ranges for each taxon across the Balkan Peninsula, and demonstrate their broader ecological amplitudes, habitat preferences, and notable ecological plasticity in environments altered by human activity. Finally, an identification key for 13 recognized species is provided, offering a revised account of Ornithogalum s. str. in Montenegro. These findings advance knowledge of geophytic diversity and ecology in the Balkan Peninsula and Mediterranean Basin and lay the groundwork for future research on the genus across the region and within Montenegro. Adriatic coastal flora monocots Balkan plant diversity botanical checklist Mediterranean flora phenology Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction The genus Ornithogalum sensu stricto, although easily recognized by its unique morphological appearance, is characterised by outstanding ecological plasticity, which has led to the description of taxa with high intraspecific variability, making many of the diagnostic traits unreliable (Moret & Galland, 1992 ). Species of this genus show a high degree of polyploidy, thus pronounced ability to adapt to diverse, especially anthropogenically influenced habitats, hence expressing signs of recent and ongoing speciation (Herrmann, 2002 ; Martínez-Azorín et al., 2010, 2011; Speta, 1998 ; Stedje et Nordal, 1984). It represents one of the most diverse, taxonomically challenging and still unresolved genera within the family Asparagaceae, consisting of geophytic species adapted to the drought conditions typical of the Mediterranean climate (Stevens, 2026; Martínez-Azorín et al., 2009a; Howard et al., 2019 ). Consequently, the Eastern Mediterranean represents its center of diversity, while the taxon's native range extends across Europe, Asia and Africa within the Northern Hemisphere (Zahariadi, 1965 ). Some authors (Manning et al., 2004 , 2009 ; Martínez-Azorín et al., 2013; Speta, 1998 ) adopted the concept of Ornithogalum sensu lato , encompassing Ornithogalum s. str. and other segregate genera (e.g. Honorius, Loncomelos, Melomphis, Cathissa ), whereas others (Martínez-Azorín et al., 2011) distinguish these genera as monophyletic taxa, recognizing the former as the youngest evolutionary lineage. These alternative treatments aim to provide a scientifically grounded and standardized framework for European and Mediterranean floras, although available data remain insufficient for well-supported conclusions on generic delimitation (Martínez-Azorín et al., 2011; Speta, 1990b ). For this reason, we have adopted the narrow concept of the genus in this study, focusing on species traditionally included in the O . subg. Ornithogalum (= Ornithogalum sect. Heliocharmos (Baker) Engl.; O . subg. Heliocharmos Baker). This taxon is typical representative of the genus and includes Ornithogalum umbellatum L., designated as the typus generis (Stearn, 1983 ). Morphologically, these species are characterized by elongated, linear to lanceolate leaves with or without a distinctive white adaxial stripe, pseudocorymbose to corymbose (rarely raceme) inflorescences. The group is further distinguished by milky white tepals with a longitudinal green band on the abaxial surface, six-ribbed capsules, and seeds featuring a reticulate testa (Martínez-Azorín et al., 2010, 2011; Rat et al., 2017 ). Despite comprehensive studies across various biogeographical regions (Cullen & Ratter, 1967 ; Garbari et al., 2003 , 2007 ; Landström, 1989 ; Martínez-Azorín et al., 2009a,b, 2010; Rat & Barina, 2017 ; Rat & Bogdanović, 2021 ; Speta, 2000a ), data on the diversity and distribution of Ornithogalum s. str. in Montenegro remain scarce. Botanical exploration began in the early 19th century in Dalmatia and along the Adriatic coast, covering the present-day territory of Montenegro (Pulević, 2005 , 2006 ). One century of floristic knowledge of the genus Ornithogalum s. str. in Montenegro was compiled in a national species list, more than eight decades ago (Rohlena, 1942 ). After that, floristic and vegetation surveys in Montenegro were undertaken frequently and continuously. These records, including previously overlooked ones, were synthesized by Pulević ( 2005 ), and the process is still ongoing (Stešević & Caković, 2013 , 2021 ). Accordingly, in the framework of the last 200 years, 10 taxa, at species and infraspecies level, have been listed for Montenegro: O. tenuifolium Guss., O. tenuifolium var. kochii (Parl.) Beck, O. tenuifolium var. bosniacum Beck, O.umbellatum L., O.umbellatum subsp. divergens Boreau, O. refractum Kit. ex Schldl., O. exscapum Ten., O.comosum L., O. collinum Guss. and O. gussonei Ten. (Pulević, 2005 ; Rohlena, 1942 ). However, some of these names are considered illegitimate or questionable, and are here reassessed, renamed and harmonized in the light of contemporary nomenclature rules. On a broader scale, the genus Ornithogalum s. str. comprises approximately 50 species (Martínez-Azorín et al., 2010; Speta, 1998 ), although updated taxonomic databases indicate a higher number of currently accepted taxa. For the Balkan Peninsula, including the Aegean islands and Crete, about 26 species have been reported (Govaerts, 2024 ; Raab-Straube, 2022+). The number of currently recognized taxa, in neighbouring countries, is nine in Albania (Barina et al., 2018 ), eight in Serbia (Niketić & Tomović, 2018 ), and thirteen both in Croatia and the Republic of Srpska (Nikolić, 2025 ; Stupar et al., 2021 , respectively). For each national flora, various sources, including floristic monographs, flora atlases, and scientific articles, have been published to compile a list of species. With the aim of documenting floristic records of Ornithogalum s. str. in Montenegro and describing its diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences, a comprehensive study based on literature review, critical revision of the nomenclature, floristic fieldwork, and herbarium revision was conducted, and the results were integrated into an identification key. Materials and methods A comprehensive review of literature concerning the territory of Montenegro was conducted, including vegetation and floristic studies from the past 200 years (Pulević, 1980 , 1985 ; Pulević & Bulić 2004 , 2012 ; Stanišić-Vujačić et al., 2023a ). Only literature sources that could be revised or confirmed were included, in total 69 data. To ensure accurate interpretation of toponyms and preserve original information, locality names cited in the literature and herbaria were retained in their original form. Provisional geographic coordinates were assigned to these localities based on knowledge of the Montenegrin terrain for distributional analyses. Field research was conducted from 2022 to 2025, during the period from March to July, resulting in 636 records. The collected material was identified, using standard identification keys for this plant group (Fiori, 1932 ; Landström, 1989 ; Landström & Strid, 1991 ; Markgraf, 1932 ; Martínez-Azorin et al., 2009b , 2010 , 2013 ; Nikolić, 2019 ; Pignatti, 2017 ; Radenkova, 1964 ; Soó, 1972 ; Tatić, 1975 ; Zahariadi, 1962 , 1965 , 1980 ). The plant material collected and used during the research is analysed and preserved in the TGU Herbarium (Thiers, 2026) at the University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology. During fieldwork, locations (coordinates) were recorded using a GPS device. The cartographic presentation of the results was performed in QGIS ver. 3.0, following the geographical regionalization of Montenegro into six biogeographical subregions: Mediterranean (ME), Sub-Mediterranean (SM), Central (C), Eastern (E), Northern (N), and Western (W) (Medojević et al., 2025 ). Furthermore, for each locality, UTM 10 × 10 km squares were used. Habitat types were determined following the Natura 2000 habitat classification system (Milanović et al., 2022) and harmonized with the EUNIS habitat classification (Chytrý et al., 2020 , 2024 ) and are therefore presented in a concise descriptive format. To supplement the data, 61 specimens conserved in the herbaria BEO, BEOU, BP, BUNS, BRNU, K, LJS, LJU, MKNH, PO, SARA, SOM, SO, SOA, W, WU, ZA, ZAGR, ZAHO and NHMM were examined. In addition, digitally accessible collections from B, BM, E, F, FI, G, GE, GZU, HAL, JE, MJG, NAP, OXF, PI, U, and MW were also reviewed. Herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (2026). From these data, an identification key for species present in Montenegro is provided, developed from the authors’ observations and in comparison, with other previously published regional and national keys. Results The checklist of Ornithogalum s. str. inMontenegrin flora includes 13 species: O. collinum , O. comosum , O. dalmaticum , O. divergens , O. exscapum , O. gussonei , O. kochii , O. montanum , O. orbelicum , O. ostrovicense , O. refractum , O. sibthorpii and O. umbellatum (Fig.1, Fig. 2). 1. Ornithogalum collinum Guss. Ind. Sem. Horto Boccad. 1825: 8. (1825) Synonyms: Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss., Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 413. (1827) Literature data: ME, Bar (Speta, 1990b:111); SM, Podgorica : Gorica, CN50(Stešević, 2002:27); Tuzi : Dečić foothill, CM69 (Hadžiablahović, 2010:114). N, Nikšić : Manitovac, CN33 (Bubanja, 2013:32). Field records: no records. Examined specimens: no records. 2. Ornithogalum comosum L. Cent. Pl. 2: 15 (1756). Synonyms: Ornithogalum pannonicum Chaix ex Vill. Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné: 18 (1779); Ornithogalum garganicum Ten., Index Seminum [Naples (Neapolitano)] 1825-1827: 3 (1827); Mem. Acc. Sc. Borb. Nap. 3(2): 110, tab .6 (1832); Ornithogalum saxatile Vis., Flora 12(1): 10 (1829). Literature data: ME, Kotor : Boka Kotorska, CN10, CN11, jadranski listopadni šibljaci, kamenjari jadranskog zimzelenog pojasa (Adamović, 1911a:28,39; Adamović 1911b:9,51); Cattaro, CM19 (Visiani, 1842:141); N, Nikšić : in der Umgebung von Nikšić, Rubeža, CN33, Carpinetum orientalis , z.T. stark degradiert, Trockenrasen, 680 m, 31.5.90. (Parolly, 1995:69); Krupac, CN23 (Bubanja, 2013:32); na brdu Trebjesi kod Nikšića, CN33 (Pulević, 1973:80). Field records : SM, Danilovgrad : Gostilje, CN51, pasture; Nikšić : Kunak, CN32, pasture and thermophilous scrub; Podgorica : Crnci, CN50, Quercus trojana scrub; Crnci, CN51, pasture; Kopilje, CN51, pasture; Radovče, CN51, pasture; Zabjelo, CM59, dry grassland; C, Nikšić : Konjsko, CN44, pasture; N, Nikšić : Bobotovo groblje, CN06, pasture; Bršno, CN33, thermophilous scrub, pasture and lowland hay meadow;Crnodoli,CN23, roadside vegetation; Donje Čarađe, CN16, roadside vegetation;Goslić, CN16, Quercus cerris scrub;Jasikovica – Goslić, CN15, pasture in overgrowth; Javljem, CN16, pasture; Kablena glava, CN33, pasture; Kunak, CN32, pasture; Laz, CN33, lowland hay meadow and pasture; Liverovići, CN43, lowland hay meadow; Lukovo, CN33, rocky ground; Lukovo, Seoca, CN34, pasture, lowland hay meadow and dry grassland; Riđani, CN23, dry grassland; Rubeža, CN33, pasture; Vir – Duga, CN24, thermophilous scrub and pasture; Zaljutnica, CN16, pasture; Zirovnica, CN33, lowland hay meadow; W, Herceg Novi : Petijevići, BN90, pasture; Kotor : Dragalj, CN01, pasture; Dragalj, CN11, pasture; Nikšić : Gornje Srijede,near Turske glave, CN15, pasture; toward Gornje Srijede, CN25, thermophilous scrub; Grahovo, Potkraj, CN02, pasture; Grahovsko Polje, CN02, pasture; Počekovići, BN94. Examined specimens: N, Nikšić : Gornje Polje, rijeka Zeta, CN34, 13.05.2007, leg. Bubanja, N. 1986 (NHMM-7268); Krupac, CN23, 29.05.2006, leg. Bubanja, N. 1164 (NHMM-3488); Nikšićko polje, CN24, 26.06.1936. [sub Ornithogalum tenuifloium Guss.; rev. Milica Rat, 20.04.2025: Ornithogalum comosum L.] (LJU-10096427); CN33, dry grassland on rock outcrops, 660 msm, 22.05.2022, leg. J. Danihelka, P. Hubátka (BRNU-692310); W, Kotor : Dragalj, Krivošije, CN11, 19.06.1906., leg. J. Schneider (W); Nikšić : Crvena Stijena, BN93, 20.04.2016, leg. Vuksanović, S. 2293 (NHMM-9816); Velimlje, CN04, Quercus pubescens forest, 871 m, 26.05.2022, leg. Hubátka, P., Pustková, Š. (BRNU-692311). 3. Ornithogalum dalmaticum Speta in Phyton (Horn) 30: (1) 129. (1990) Literature data: no records. Field records : ME, Bar : Miljevci toward Mala Vrsuta, CM36, rocky ground and pasture; Sutorman, CM46, thermophilous scrub; Herceg Novi : Luštica, CM09, Mediterranean maquis and arborescent matorral; SM, Podgorica : Klopot, CN61, pasture; Pelev Brijeg, CN61, thermophilous scrub; C, Podgorica : Pelev Brijeg, CN61, thermophilous scrub. Examined specimens: ME, Budva : Süddalmatien, auf Hügeln vor Budva, CM28, 12.04.1911, leg. Latzel[sub Ornithogalum umbellatum L.] (BRNU-324086). 4. Ornithogalum divergens Boreau, Bull. Soc. Industr. Angers 18: 419; (1847). Notes Pl. France. 3: 15 (1847). Synonyms: Ornithogalum umbellatum subsp. divergens (Boreau) Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl.3:246. (1905); Ornithogalum umbellatum var. divergens (Boreau) Beck in Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni i Hercegovini 15:210. (1903); Ornithogalum paterfamilias Godron, Mem. Soc. Emul. Doubs ser. 2. 5: 15 (1854); Ornithogalum hortense Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 54 (1866). Literature data: ME, Kotor: am Giovanni di Cattaro, CM19 (Mai, Juni) (Studniczka, 1890:59); SM, Bar : MN, CM66 (Ascherson et Kanitz, 1877:18); E, Podgorica : in m. Kom, CN82 (Pantocsek, 1874:24); N, Šavnik : Mali Durmitor, CN46 (Pantocsek, 1874:24). Field records: SM, Bar : Podgor, CM38, dry grasslands; Cetinje : Cetinjski manastir, CM29;Građani, CM38, roadside vegetation;Ržani Do, CN20, gravel roadside embankment; E, Berane : Batune, near Jasikovac hill, DN04, lowland hay meadow; Bijelo Polje : Gornji Vlah,DN06, Pteridium aquilinum vegetation;Odrin,DN06, degraded forest;Poda, DN05, lowland hay meadow; Petnjica: toward Godočelje, DN15, abandoned lowland hay meadow; Podgorica : Donji Rikavac, CN81, species-rich Nardus grassland; N, Nikšić : Straševina, CN 33, gravel roadside embankment. Examined specimens: ME, Ulcinj : Donji Štoj, CM53, 24.04.2013, leg. Bubanja, N. 3448 (NHMM-12598) [sub Ornithogalum comosum L.]. 5. Ornithogalum exscapum Ten., Fl. Nap. Prod. 1: 22 (1811); Fl. Napol. 1(7): 175, Tab. 34 (1814). Synonyms : Ornithogalum nanum Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 57 (1815); Ornithogalum nanum Sibth. & Sm. var. longipes Boissier (1882) (nom. illeg.). Literature data : ME, Budva : po kamenitim šibljacima više Krsca, CM27 (Adamović, 1913:87); Herceg Novi : In graminosis ad Igalo, BN90, et Zelenika, CN00 (Rohlena, 1922:99); Ulcinj : Nelle colline di Pinés, CM54, sulla macchia soleggiata, ma umida (Baldacci, 1910:121-122) [= Ornithogalum sibthorpii ]; Velika plaža and its vicinity in Ulcinj, CM63, NATURA 2000- 92A0 (Bubanja, 2019:28); Zogaj, CM54 (Baldacci, 1910:121-122); SM, Bar : Đuravci, CM57 (Hadžiablahović, 2018:11); Cetinje : Djevojački do bei Njeguši, CM19 (Kr. Pejović) (Rohlena, 1903:57); Njeguši, CM29, na livadama (Tomić-Stanković, 1972:39); Ad Njeguši, loco Ljut, CM29 (Rohlena, 1936:12); Ad Njeguši distr. Katunska (c.1000 m), CM29 (Rohlena, 1902:18); Podgorica : Ćemovsko polje, CM59, dry grasslands (Stanišić-Vujačić et al., 2023b:4); Tuzi : Omerbožovići, CM69, dry grasslands (Stanišić-Vujačić et al., 2023b:4). Field records: ME, Bar : Lisinj, CM55, pasture; southern slopes of Mala Vrsuta, CM46, pasture; Mišići, CM37, abandoned Olea europaea groves; Tuđemili, CM46, thermophilous scrub; Vrteljak, CM46, pasture; Budva : Kaluđerac, Manastir Gradište, CM37, roadside vegetation;Fort Mogren, CM28, rocky ground; Herceg Novi : Kumbor, Portonovi, CN00, dry grassland; Manastir Savina, BN90, dry grassland on a stone wall; Marići, BN90, dry grassland; Zelenika, Crkva Sv. Trojice, CN00, Olea europaea groves and dry grassland; Kotor : Crkva Sv. Đorđa, CM19, dry grassland; Fort Goražda, CM19, pasture; Perast, CN10, trampled xeric grasslands with annuals, near the sea;Pržice, CM19, roadside vegetation; Risan, CN10, roadside vegetation; Sutvara, CM19, rocky ground;Škaljari, CM19, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Vrmac, CM19, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; Tivat : Lepetane, CN00, roadside vegetation; Pržno, CM09, parking lot with trampled xeric grassland with annuals; Ulcinj : Kruče, CM44, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands;toward Krute, CM44, dry grassland;Rastiš, CM65, roadside vegetation; toward Valdanos, CM44, thermophilous scrub; SM, Bar : Godinje, CM47, roadside vegetation;Gornja Seoca, CM47,Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Koštanjica, CM56, roadside vegetation; near Kruševica, Milovići, CM48, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Limljani, CM47, in cracks of concrete along the roadside; Limljani toward Sutorman, CM47, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Seoca, CM47, limestone rock; Cetinje : Donja Sela, near Dubovik, CM38, thermophilous scrub; Riječani, CM48, roadside vegetation; Danilovgrad : Donji Martinići, CN41, dry grassland and trampled xeric grasslands with annuals; Donje Selo, Gorevićko groblje, CN51, dry grassland; Gorica, CN41, dry grassland; near Frutak, CN41, thermophilous scrub; Kujava, CN31, submediterranean moist meadow and roadside vegetation; Lazarev Krst, CN40, stone retaining wall; Manastir Ždrebaonik; CN41, dry grassland; Novo Selo, CN40, dry grassland, graveyard; Oraška Jama, CN41, stone retaining wall and thermophilous scrub; Orja Luka, CN41, stone retaining wall in thermophilous scrub and dry grassland in overgrowth; Spuž, CN50, thermophilous scrub; Zagarač, CN40, thermophilous scrub; Zagarač, Đuričkovići, CN40, stone retaining wall; Zagarač, near Mustrovići, CN31, rocky ground; Zgorak, CN31, roadside vegetation; Nikšić : Drenovštica, CN32, graveyard and dry grassland; Tunjevo, CN32, gravel roadside embankment; Podgorica : Bioče, CN60, roadside vegetation; Ćemovsko Polje, CM59, dry grassland; Dahna, CM59, dry grassland; Dajbabe, CM59, dry grassland; Doljani, CM59, pasture; Donja Gorica, Lješkopolje, CM59, pasture and dry grassland; Fundina, CN60, thermophilous scrub; Gorica, CN50, pasture; Gornji Kokoti, CM49, pasture; Kakaricka gora, CM69, dry grassland; Klopot, CN61, thermophilous scrub; Kopilje, CN51, pasture; Ljubović, CM59, dry grassland; Medun, CN60, thermophilous scrub; Pelev Brijeg, CN61, thermophilous scrub and closely grazed dry grassland; Piperi, Stanjevića Rupa, CN51, thermophilous scrub; Rogami, CN50, pasture; Stari Aerodrom, CM59, dry grassland; Trijebač, CN50, thermophilous scrub; Velje brdo, CN50, pasture; Zabjelo, CM59, dry grassland; Tuzi : Ćemovsko Polje, near Cemi river, CM69, pasture; Dinoša, Cemi river, CM69, a gravel embankment along the road; Dinoša, Crkva Sv. Mihaila, CM69, trampled xeric grassland near a graveyard; Donji Milješ, CM69, dry grassland; Dušići, CM68, recently abandoned arable land; Gornji Milješ, CM69, closely grazed dry grassland; Omerbožovići, CM69, dry grassland; Podhum, CM68, pasture; Rakića kuće, near Cemi river, CM59, pasture; Rogame, CM69, pasture; Zeta : Golubovci, CM59, pasture; Goričani, CM58, pasture; C, Danilovgrad : Vukotica – Rujište, CN51, roadside vegetation and thermophilous scrub; Podgorica : Cvilin, CN70, thermophilous scrub;Fundina, CM69, thermophilous scrub; W, Herceg Novi : toward Kruševice, BN91, pasture;Mokrine, BN90, trampled xeric grassland;Sutorina, Gornji Šćepoševići, BN90, dry grassland and thermophilous grassland. Examined specimens: ME, Herceg Novi : Boka Kotorska, BN90, 25.031940, leg. Smerečinskaja (BEO-28311); Budva : Buljarice, Kanjoši, CM 37, 11 mnv, krečnjak, 15.04.2005., leg. Rajčević, N., Dodoš, T., Rabrenović, D., Milojević, S. [sub Ornithogalum umbellatum L.] [rev. Milica Rat, 26.02.2020] (BEOU); Petrovac na moru, Virpazar, CM37, n. vis. 650 m, 27.04.1965, leg. M. Jank. (BEOU); Kotor : Adriatic coast, Yugoslavia, CN10, sea level, rocky limestone, slope in the open, 02.05.1965, leg. B. Matthew & A. J. Tomlinson [sub Ornithogalum sp.] (K-4024); G. Stoliv, CN10, kamenjar, 30.04.’94. leg. V. Karaman [rev. Milica Rat, 26.02.2020] (BEOU); Tivat : CN10, stari maslinjaci, 22.03.2000., leg. Stevanović, V. [sub Ornithogalum sp.] (BEOU); SM, Podgorica : park rijeke Ribnice, 08.04.1947, leg. Z. Pavlović (BEOU-28283) [sub Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss.]; Tuzi : Kanjon Cijevna, Dinoša, CM69, 10.04.2017, leg. Vuksanović, S . 2068 [sub Ornithogalum collinum Guss.]; W, Nikšić : Petrovići, BN93, 26.04.2018, leg. Bubanja, N. 4681N (NHMM-17971) [sub Ornithogalum umbellatum L.]. 6. Ornithogalum gussonei Ten., Fl. Napol. 3: 371. 1829 Synonym: Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss., Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 413. (1827), nom. illeg . Literature data: SM, Cetinje : Lovćen, CM19 (Leute, 1978:93). Field records: ME, Bar: Rumija, CM46, pasture; SM, Cetinje : Njeguši, CM19, rocky ground. Examined specimens: no records. 7. Ornithogalum kochii Parl. Fl. Ital. 2(2): 440 (1857). Synonyms: Ornithogalum umbellatum subsp. kochii (Parl.) Maire & Weiller in Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 5: 180. (1958); Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. kochii (Parl.) Zahar. in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 357. (1978). Literature data: ME, Bar : Tuđemili, CM46, Quercus trojana forest (Šilc et al., 2025); SM, Bar : Vučedabići, CM47, Quercus trojana forest (Šilc et al., 2025); Cetinje : Golo Brdo, CN20, und Bukovica unter dem Lovćen, CM29 (Rohlena, 1932:20); auf dem Lovćen, CM29 (leg. Kašpar) (Rohlena, 1913:115); Ivanova Korita, CM29, na livadama [sub Ornithogalum tenuifolium var. kochii ] (Tomić-Stanković, 1972:38); C, Nikšić : auf der Piperska Lukavica, CN54, ca 1900 m [sub Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss.] (Rohlena, 1903:57); W, Nikšić : Um Viljuša, CN03 (leg. Kašpar) (Rohlena, 1913:115). Field records : ME, Bar : Lisinj, Loška mt. peak, CM45, pasture; Mali Mikulići, CM46, closely grazed dry grassland; Rumija, toward Bijela skala, CM46, pasture; near Tuđemili, CM46, thermophilous scrub; Zupci, CN44, thermophilous scrub; Budva : Brajići, CM28, roadside vegetation; Petrovac, CM27, olive groves; Podmaine, CM28, rocky ground; Kotor : Bogdašići, CN10, maquis; SM, Bar : Godinje, CM47, roadside vegetation;Komarno, CM48, gravel roadside embankment;Kruševica, CM48, roadside vegetation; Seoca, CM47, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Cetinje : Bajice, CM29, dry grassland;Bokovo, CM39, thermophilous scrub;Bukovica, CM29;Crna Greda, CM29, thermophilous scrub; Dobra Gora, Bata, CN21, gravel roadside embankment; Donja Sela, CM38, calcareous rocky slopes and pasture; Donje Polje, CM29, roadside vegetation;Đinovići, CM39, thermophilous scrub; near Gađi, CM38, roadside vegetation; Gornji Ulići, CM39, thermophilous scrub; Građani, toward Začir, CM38, roadside vegetation and thermophilous scrub;Humci, CM29, roadside vegetation;Kosijeri, CM39, thermophilous scrub; Ljubotinj, CM38, pasture and rocky ground;Rijeka Crnojevića, CM39, pasture; Štitari, CN30, thermophilous scrub;Ugnji, CM28, thermophilous oak-hornbeam forest; Danilovgrad : Gornji Martinići – Gostilje, CN51, Quercus cerris scrub;Kujava, CN31, a stand of Robinia pseudoacacia ; Park Landža, near Zeta river, CN41, dry grassland; Podgorica : Čepurci, CM59, dry grassland on a graveyard; Releza, CM49, rocky ground; Releza, CM39, thermophilous scrub; Zeta : Dajbabe, CM59, dry grassland; C, Danilovgrad : Gostilje, CN51, thermophilous scrub; Kolašin : Crkvine, CN73, mountain hay meadow; Moračke planine, Bučun-Javorje, CN55; Moračke planine, Lola, CN55, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Telač do, CN54, mountain hay meadow; Nikšić : Bojovića bare, CN54, wetland; Zagrad, CN43, rocky ground beside the road and hay meadow; Podgorica : Bezjovo, CN60, thermophilous scrub; Gornje Stravče, Kalac, CN71, edge of Fagus sylvatica forest; E, Andrijevica : Andželate, DN03, temperate thorn scrub; Konjic, CN92, alpine heaths; Konjuhe – Brod, CN92, lowland hay meadow and edge of Fagus sylvatica forest; near Kruševo, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Luge, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Lukin Fir, DN03, lowland hay meadow; Potrk, CN94, semi-natural dry grasslands, near the stream; Ulotina, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Zeletin, Prevoj Rogovi, DN02, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Berane : Bioča, DN05, anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation; Bjelasica, Gusinjska rupa, CN94, acidophilous grassland; Buče, near Lim river, DN04, ruderalis , on gravelly soil; Cvrljevine, DN05, lowland hay meadow; Dapsići, DN14, lowland hay meadow; Gradinsko Polje, DN04, ruderalis ; Kržulje, DN04, mountain hay meadow, near the river; Lubnice, CN94, mountain hay meadow; Pešca, near Lim river, DN04, gravel roadside embankment; Polica, DN15, lowland hay meadow on the edge of Quercus cerris forest; Ravna Jelovica, CN94, semi-natural dry grasslands; near Tmušići, Orahov do, DN14, lowland hay meadows; Bijelo Polje : Poda, DN05, lowland hay meadow;Ribarevine,CN96, lowland hay meadow, near the river;Zaton,DN06, lowland hay meadow; Gusinje : Bor, DN00, calcareous grassland; Dosuđe, DN01, anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation; Grljawaterfall, DN00; near Grlja river, DN00, semi-natural dry grasslands; Kunje, DN00, semi-natural dry grasslands; Vusanje, DN00, mountain hay meadow and roadside vegetation; Ropojana valley, DN00, edge of a pine forest and subalpine Juniperus scrub; Ropojana lake, DN00, edge of Fagus sylvatica forest, near the lake; Vusanje, toward Kusije waterfall, DN00, edge of Fagus sylvatica forest; Kolašin : Međukomlje, CN82, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; near Smailagića Polje, CN74, ruderalis ; Mojkovac: Štitarica, near Štitarička river, CN85, mountain hay meadow; Urban area, CN85, artificially planted lawn on the promenade area; Petnjica : Kalica, DN24, species-rich Nardus grasslands; Plav: near Brezojevica, DN11, lowland hay meadow; Glavice, DN11, abandoned lowland hay meadow; Murino, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Novšiće, DN12, lowland hay meadow; Pepiće, DN12, lowland hay meadow; Plav lake, DN11, lowland hay meadow; Podgorica : Brskutski katun, CN81, semi-natural dry grasslands; Bukumirsko lake, CN81, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Katun Mirkovića, CN81, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Katun Mokra, CN81, semi-natural dry grasslands; Kučka korita, Crkva Sv. Arhiđakona Stefana, CN70, mountain hay meadow; the lower slopes of Ljevorečki Kom, CN82, alpine heaths; Orahovo toward Kučka korita, CN70, mountain hay meadow; near katun Rikavačko lake, CN81, species-rich Nardus grassland; Rupa Popovića, CN81, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Rožaje : Bijela Crkva, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands and Juniperus scrub; Komkuće, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands; Tuzi : Kučka korita, CN70; N, Bijelo Polje : Čokrlje, CN87, lowland hay meadow; Kolašin : Donje Lipovo, CN74, mountain hay meadow; Gornje Lipovo, near Plašnica river, CN74, mountain hay meadow; GornjeVučje, CN74, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Sinjajevina: near mt Kukavica, CN65, semi-natural dry grasslands; mt. peak Umovi, CN74, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Mojkovac : Polja, CN85, ruderalis ; Nikšić : near Ivanje, CN44, mountain hay meadow; Rubeža, CN33, pasture; near Straševina, CN33, thermophilous scrub; Vir – Duga, CN24, gravel roadside embankment; Pljevlja : Poros, CP40, mountain hay meadow; Plužine : Crkvičko Polje, Božurev do, CP30, dry grassland; near Piva lake, CN28, dry grassland; Nedajno, CN38, semi-natural dry grasslands; Vojvodići, CN38, semi-natural dry grasslands; Vučje Selište, CN38, Juniperus communis formations; Žabljak : Durmitor, Crvena Greda, CN48, calcareous grassland; Durmitor, Sedlena Greda, CN47, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Jančev Do, CN47, scrub; Šavnik : Komarnica, CN46, semi-natural dry grasslands; W, Herceg Novi : Orjen, Veliki Kabao mt. peak, BN91, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Orjen Sedlo, BN91, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Vrbanj toward Orjen Sedlo, BN91, edge of Fagus sylvatica forest, Pinus heldreichii forest and pasture; Nikšić : near Grahovac, CN02, thermophilous scrub. Examined specimens: ME, Bar : Süddalmatien, am Golo brdo nächst Sutomore, CM36, 16.4.1911, leg. Latzel [sub Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss.] (BRNU-324089); Budva : Maine, CM28, makija, 30.04.2005., leg. R. Perić [sub O. collinum Guss. (syn. O. gussonei Ten); rev. Milica Rat, 21.4.2015: Ornithogalum kochii Parl.] (PZZP); Herceg Novi : Dalmatien, Boccha – Zelenika, CN00, c. 150 m, 19.05.1915, leg. Latzel [sub Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss.] (BRNU-324074); Tivat : Vrmac, između tvrđave i Sv. Ilije, UTM CN10, 01.05.2012, leg. R. Perić [rev. Milica Rat, 01.03.2017: Ornithogalum kochii Parl.] (PZZP); SM, Bar : Skadarsko jezero, CM47, na pjeskovito-šljunkovitoj livadi, 12.04.1947, leg. Z. Pavlović [sub Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss.] (BEO-28282); Cetinje : Bjeloši, CM29, Fagus sylvatica forest, 1003 msm, 23.05.2022, leg. N. Janišová, V. Sobotka, M. Chytrý (BRNU-692315); Bjeloši, CM29, Fagus sylvatica forest, 1055 msm, 23.05.2022, leg. K. Klinkovská, M. Krejčová, E. Šmerdová (BRNU-692314); Malošin do, CN20, Quercus pubescens and Carpinus orientalis forest, 849 msm, 24.05.2022, leg. Rohel, J.,D. Kadoš, Stanišić-Vujačić, M. (BRNU-692313); C, Podgorica : Bezjovo, CN70, Quercus cerris and Quercus pubescens forest, 790 m, 27.05.2022, leg. K. Klinkovská, M. Krejčová, M. Večeřa (BRNU-692312); E, Andrijevica : Komovi Mts., CN92, 2021 msm, 12.07.2022, leg. Hana Galušková, Tadeáš N. et al. (BRNU-691324); Komovi, in pratis alpinis declivitatis Rogam dictae, CN82, 1830 msm, 19.07.1980, leg. A. Podobnik et N. Praprotnik [rev. Milica Rat, 21.4.2015: Ornithogalum kochii Parl.] (LJU-10121677); Konjuhe, CN92, 1909, leg. Kosta Marić [sub Ornithogalum tenuifloium Guss.] (BEOU); Berane : Pl. Bjelasica, in pascuis supra vallem fluvii Jelovica ad radices montis Zekova Glava, CN94, 1350 m, 16.7.1976, leg. A. Podobnik & P. Skoberne [rev. Milica Rat: Ornithogalum kochii Parl. 21.4.2015.] (LJU-10121701); Gusinje : Montes Prokletije, in trac. montium Bjelić supra vicum Vusanje, DN00, solo calcareo, supra 1700 msm, 6.07.1973, leg. M. Lovka et A. Martinčić [rev. Milica Rat, 21.4.2015: Ornithogalum kochii Parl.] (LJU-10121679); Kolašin : Kom, CN82, 1909., leg. Kosta Marić [sub Ornithogalum tenuifloium Guss. var. bosniacum Beck.] (BEOU); Podgorica : Kom Kučki, CN82, 1900m, 24.06.’34., leg. Thompson (K-318); Komovi, in pratis lapidosis declivitatis meridional orientalis montis Kom Vasojevićki inter Štavna et stabulam alpinum Katun Carine dictam., CN82, Solo calc., 1750 msm, 20.7.1980, leg. B. Vreš [rev. Milica Rat, 21.4.2015: Ornithogalum kochii Parl.] (LJU-10121676); N, Kolašin : B. zub, Popov krš, CN65, trava, 06.07.2001, leg. Vuksanović, S. 1479 (NHMM-2859) [sub Ornithogalum gussonei Ten. var. gussonei ] ; Žabljak : Crvena Greda, CN48, stene, sipari, 16.07.1990., leg. S.Y., M.M . [sub Ornithogalum gussonei Ten.] (BEOU); Durmitor, in pratis prope vicum Žabljak, CN47, 8.07.1971, leg. Z. Kolenc [rev. Milica Rat, 21.4.2015: Ornithogalum kochii Parl.] (LJU-10121682); Međed, Durmitor, CN47, po kršu, 21.06.1930., leg. M. [sub Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss.] (BEOU); Suvodo, CN57, kamenito, 20.04.1929., (BEOU); Nikšić : Budoške bare, CN33, 17.04.2007., leg. Bubanja, N. [sub Ornithogalum collinum ] (BEOU, KEGB29301); Plužine : Zakamen, CN27, livada, 22.06.1948, leg. Blečić, V. [sub Ornithogalum sp.] (BEOU); W, Kotor : Krivošije, CN01, 1917, leg. Hruboš [sub Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss.] (BRNU-57076). Ornithogalum montanum Ten., Fl. Napol.:Prod. 1: 22 (1811); Cirillo ex Ten., Fl. Napol. 1(7): 176, Tab. 33 (1814). Synonyms: Ornithogalum nyssanum Petrovič, Fl. Agr. Nyss.: 799 (1882). Literature data: no records. Field records: N, Plužine : Šćepan Polje, CP20, vegetation along the river bank. Examined specimens: no records. 8. Ornithogalum orbelicum Velen. in Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 2: 57. (1890) Synonyms: Ornithogalum orthophyllum subsp. orbelicum (Velen.) Zahar. in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 356. (1978); Ornithogalum kochii subsp. orbelicum (Velen.) Stoj. Literature data: no records. Field records: C, Kolašin : Bojići, CN64, lowland hay meadows; Ljevišta, CN54, mountain hay meadow; Moračke planine: beneath Kovijačka Glava, CN55; Široki do, CN74, edge of Fagus sylvatica forest; E, Andrijevica : Bojoviće, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Božići-Andželate, DN03, temperate thorn scrub; Berane : Kujovača, DN04, lowland hay meadows; Vinicka, DN03, lowland hay meadow; Bijelo Polje : Palska Luka, CN96, lowland hay meadow; Rožaje : near Balotići, DN34, mountain hay meadow; Bijela Crkva, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands and Juniperus scrub; Jablanica, DN44, mountain hay meadow; Komkuće, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands; Mahala, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands; Male Crnokrpe, DN35, mountain hay meadow; Njeguši, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands, mountain hay meadow and Juniperus scrub; Radetina, DN34, mountain hay meadow; N, Kolašin : Sinjajevina, Katun Potrk, CN65; Sinjajevina, Prevoj Vratlo, CN65; Mojkovac : Sinjajevina, beneath Mali Starac, CN65; Štitarica, CN75, mountain hay meadow; Pljevlja : Čavanj, CN67, acidophilous Picea forest; Šavnik : Sinjajevina, Crkva Sv. Arh. Stefana, CN65, semi-natural dry grasslands; Sinjajevina, Katun Podstarac, CN65, semi-natural dry grasslands; Sinjajevina, Milački Priboj, CN65; Žabljak : Mala Crna Gora, CN38, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Sušičko lake, CN38, semi-natural dry grasslands. Examined specimens: no records. 9. Ornithogalum ostrovicense F. K. Mey. in Haussknechtia Beih. 15: 15. (2011). Literature data: E, Kolašin : in pratis subalp. et alp. Kom, CN92; N, Plužine : Ledenica planina CN17 [sub Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss. var. bosniacum Beck] (Rohlena, 1936:12). Field records: SM, Bar : Rumija, Dedići, CM47, Mediterranean closely grazed dry grassland. Examined specimens: no records. 10. Ornithogalum refractum Kit. ex Schldl. , in Enum. Pl. Suppl. [Willdenow] 18 (1814); Kit. ex Schultes, Österreichs Flora: 559 (1814). Synonyms: Ornithogalum adalgisae E. Groves in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 9: 71. (1877); Ornithogalum millegranum Janka in Term. Füz. 8: 29. (1884); Ornithogalum brutium N. Terracc. in Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 4: 16. (1891). Literature data: ME, Kotor: Boka Kotorska, CN10, jadranski listopadni šibljaci, kamenjari jadranskog zimzelenog pojasa, korovi (Adamović, 1911a:28,38,49; Adamović 1911b:9,51); SM, Cetinje : Zwischen Kotor und Njeguši, CM19 (Rohlena, 1932:20); primorske padine Lovćena, CM19, na kamenjaru u šikari bjelograbića (Tomić-Stanković, 1972:39). Field records : ME, Budva : Paštrovići, CM37, thermophilous scrub; SM, Bar : Kruševica, CM47, roadside vegetation; Cetinje : urban area, CM29, roadside vegetation; Bokovo, CM39, thermophilous scrub; Donje Polje, CM29, roadside vegetation; Velestevo, CN31, roadside vegetation; Podgorica : Stanjevića Rupa, CN51, rocky ground; W, Nikšić : Grahovo, CN12, gravel roadside embankment. Examined specimens: po njivama, 30.03.1909, leg. J.Petrović (BEOU). 11. Ornithogalum sibthorpii Greuter , Boissiera 13: 160 (1967) Synonyms: Ornithogalum nanum Smith in Sibth. et Smith, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1: 230 (1809); Fl. Graec. (Sibthorp). 4: 28, t. 333 (1823); non O. nanum (Burm. f.) Thunb., Prodr. Fl. Cap. 62 (1794). Literature data: no records. Field records : ME, Bar : Burtaiši, CM46, dry grassland; Crni Rt, CM36, dump site, trampled xeric grasslands with annuals; Čanj, CM36, trampled xeric grassland; near Đenđinovići, CM36, rocky slope; Đurmani, tunnel Haj Nehaj, CM36, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Gluhi do, CM37, dry grassland; near Grdovići, CM45, pseudomaquis; Haj Nehaj, CM36, Quercus pubescens forest and rocky ground; Jasen, CM37, dry grassland on rocky outcrops; Mrkovsko Polje, CM55, abandoned dry grassland; Presjeka, CM37, dry grassland and thermophilous scrub;Spičansko Polje, near Maljevik beach, CM36,trampled xeric grassland with annuals; Sustaš, CM46, thermophilous scrub; Zagrađe, CM36, roadside vegetation; Velja Gorana, CM54, pasture; Budva : Brajići, Fort Kosmač, CM28, rocky ground and pasture;Buljarica, CM37, dry grassland, thermophilous scrub and trampled xeric grassland;Čelobrdo, CM28, dry grassland; Fort Presjeka, toward Kosa ploča, CM37, Submediterranean pseudomaquis; Manastir Duljevo, CM28, dry grassland; Paštrovići, CM37, roadside vegetation; Presjeka, CM37, thermophilous scrub; Stanišići, CM28, dry grasslands; Velja glava-Presjeka, CM37, pasture; Cetinje: Očinići, CM29, rocky ground; Herceg Novi : Baošići, Crkva Sv. Nikole, CN00, graveyard and dry grassland; Igalo, BN90, dry grassland by a bus stop; Kuti, near Crkva Sv. Trojice, thermophilous scrub; Manastir Savina, BN90, dry grassland on a stone wall; Vala, CN00, graveyard and dry grassland; Kotor : Bigova, CM19, dry grassland on private land; Crkva Sv. Đorđa, CM19, thermophilous scrub; Kavač, CM19, Olea europaea groves; Kovačko Polje, CM18, roadside vegetation; Lješevići, CM19, open thermophilous scrub; Njeguši toward Škaljari, CM19, roadside vegetation; Risan, CN10, rocky slope; Trojica, CM19, roadside vegetation; Tivat : Mrčevac, CM19, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Škaljari, CM19, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Oblatno, CM09, Mediterranean maquis and arborescent matorral; Tivatska Solila, CM19, dry grassland; Ulcinj : Ambula, CM64, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; near Ćurke, CM64, dry grassland; Donji Štoj, CM54, dry grassland; Donji Štoj, CM63, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; Donji Štoj, CM63, sand; Gornji Štoj, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; CM63, Kodra Dake, CM64, citrus orchards and dry grassland; toward Krute, CM55, roadside vegetation; Krute, CM55, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; Maslinjaci, CM44, olive groves; Rastiš, CM65, roadside vegetation; Sukobin, CM65, thermophilous scrub; Šas, CM64, roadside vegetation; Šas lake, CM64, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; Zoganje, CM54, roadside vegetation; SM, Cetinje : Cekanje, CM29, pasture;Čevo, CN21, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands and closely grazed dry grasslands; Donji Ulići, CM39, rocky ground; Donje Polje, CM29, roadside vegetation; Košćele, CM39, roadside vegetation; Kućišta, CN20, gravel roadside embankment; Njeguši, CN20, pasture; Očinići, CM29, roadside vegetation; Park 13. jul, CM29; Resna, CN20, thermophilous scrub, gravel roadside embankment and rocky ground; Vojkovići, CN20, roadside vegetation; Vuči Do, CN20, closely grazed dry grassland; Danilovgrad : Novo Selo, CN40, dry grassland; Slap, CN41, thermophilous scrub; Nikšić : Drenovštica, CN32, graveyard and dry grassland; Podgorica : Sadine, CN50, pasture; Tuzi : Drešaj, CM68, recently abandoned arable land; Dušići, CM68, recently abandoned arable land;Gornji Milješ, CM69, closely grazed dry grassland; Kotrabudan, CM68, vineyard; Podhum, CM68, Punica granatum orchard; Sukuruć, CM68, roadside vegetation; Zeta : Mataguži, CM58, fruit tree orchard; N, Nikšić : Riđani, CN23, thermophilous scrub and dry grassland; W, Herceg Novi : Mokrine, BN90, trampled xeric grassland;Sutorina, Gornji Šćepoševići, BN90, dry grassland; Tomaševići, toward Kruševice, BN91, thermophilous scrub and pasture; Kotor : Dragalj, CN01, trampled xeric grassland; Nikšić : Baćovići, CN04, Grahovo, CN02, closely grazed dry grassland, bordering arable fields; Grahovo, toward Duboki Do, CN12, gravel roadside embankment; Klenak, anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation; BN93, thermophilous scrub; Sijerkovići, BN93, thermophilous scrub; Vraćenovići, BN94, thermophilous scrub. Examined specimens: ME, Budva : Buljarice, Kanjoši, CM37, 11 mnv, krečnjak, 15.04.2005, leg. Rajčević, N., Dodoš, T., Rabrenović, D., Milojević, S. [sub Ornithogalum umbellatum L.] [rev. Milica Rat, 26.02.2020] (BEOU); Kuljače, 200 m SSW of the Duljevo monastery, CM28, Quercus pubescens forest, 448 msm, leg. A. Kučerová, K. Slachová & J. Danihelka (BRNU-692316); Herceg Novi : Kameno b. Castelnuovo, BN90, 20.04.1905 [sub. Ornithogalum comosum L., sub. Ornithogalum nanum Sibth. (Asch.)](GZU-000311711); Kotor : Dalmatien, Cattaro, Umgebung, CM19, 26.03.1910, leg. Wettstein [sub Ornithogalum comosum L.] (WU-2912); Dalmatien, Cattaro, an der Straße oberhalb Škaljari, CM19, 14.05.1928, leg. Dr Korb. [sub Ornithogalum exscapum Ten.] (W-5348); Camenari, Cattaro, D., CN00, 19.03.1905, leg. G. J. Schneider [sub Ornithogalum exscapum Ten. f. biflorum Jour. et Fourr.] (W-5652); Tivat : Tivatske solane, CM19, 23.03.2000., leg. Stevanović, V. [sub Ornithogalum ] (BEOU); Ulcinj : Donji Štoj, CM54, 23.03.2013, leg. Bubanja, N. 3447 (NHMM-12597) [sub Ornithogalum exscapum Ten.]; SM, Cetinje : Orlov Krsch, 1907, leg. Bierbach [sub Ornithogalum tenuifolium Guss.] (BEOU). 12. Ornithogalum umbellatum L., Sp. Pl.: 307 (1753). Synonyms: Ornithogalum vulgare Sailer, Fl. Oberöstr. 1: 190 (1841); Ornithogalum angustifolium Boreau, Notes Pl. Franç. 3: 14 (1847). Literature data: ME, Bar : Sehr häufig an den oberen Kalkhügeln des Sutorman auf feuchten, quellreichen Stellen, CM46 (Ebel, 1844:9); SM, Bar : MN (Ascherson et Kanitz, 1877:18); Skadarsko jezero, CM57, Carpinetum orientalis punicosum (Černjavski et al., 1949:52,81); Cetinje : In graminosis ad Cetinje, CM29, et supra Boljevići distr. Crmnicae, CM47 (Pančić, 1875:91); Obzovica, CM28, na livadama i pašnjačkim kamenjarima (Tomić-Stanković, 1972:38); Vrela, CM28, na livadama i pašnjačkim kamenjarima (Tomić-Stanković, 1972:38); C, Nikšić : Lukavica, CN54 (Horak, 1900:211); E, Rožaje : Hajla, DN23 (Markišić, 1986:137); N, Nikšić : Crveno ždrijelo, CN24 (Horak, 1900:211); Pljevlja : 10 km NW of Pljevlja, CP40, Alt. ca. 1150 m (Aalto et al., 1972:30); Šavnik : Bobotov Kuk, CN47 (Barret, 1969:147); 40 km NNE of Nikšić, NW of Žabljak, CN47. Alt. ca. 1400 m (Aalto et al., 1972:33); Žabljak : kanjonska dolina rijeke Tare, CN67 (Bulić, 1989:131); Zminje jezero, CN48 (Barret, 1969:146). Field records : ME, Bar : mt Lisinj – Loška, CM45, pasture; Sutorman, CM46, thermophilous scrub; Budva : Paštrovići, Brda – Kopac fortress, CM37, thermophilous scrub; Tivat : Boka Kotorska, Sv. Marko, CM19, maquis; SM, Bar : Godinje, near Skadar lake, CM47, thermophilous scrub; Limljani, CM47, calcareous rocky slopes and thermophilous scrub; Rumija, Pinčići, CM56, thermophilous scrub and dry grassland; Virpazar, CM47, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Cetinje : urban area, CM29, garden; near Boguti, CM38, thermophilous scrub; near Gađi, CM38, roadside vegetation; Gradina, CN21, gravel roadside embankment and thermophilous scrub; Malošin Do, CN20, gravel roadside embankment; Podgor toward Građani, CM38, stone retaining wall with trampled xeric grassland; Ržani Do, CN20, gravel roadside embankment; Žanjev Do, CM19, dry grassland; Nikšić : Bogetići, CN32, gravel roadside embankment; Podgorica : Ćepetići, CM39, thermophilous scrub; Gornja Gorica, Cetinjski put, CM59, artificial grassland; Gradac, CM49, stone retaining wall; Tološi, CN50, dry grassland; E, Andrijevica : Luge, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Berane : Babino, DN15, lowland hay meadows, graveyard; Gradinsko Polje, DN04, ruderalis ; Pešca, near Lim river, DN04, roadside vegetation; Bijelo Polje : Donji Vlah,DN06, lowland hay meadow;Tomaševo,CN86, lowland hay meadow; Zaton, DN06, abandoned lowland hay meadow; Gusinje : Dosuđe, DN01, anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation; Mojkovac: Štitarica, near Štitarička river, CN85, anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation; Podgorica : Brskutski katun, CN81, semi-natural dry grasslands; Bukumirsko lake, CN81, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Katun Mirkovića, CN81, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Katun Mokra, CN81, semi-natural dry grasslands; Kučka korita, Crkva Sv. Arhiđakona Stefana, CN70, mountain hay meadow; Rožaje : near Balotići, DN34, mountain hay meadow; Njeguši, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands and Juniperus scrub; N, Mojkovac : Zapoda, CN75, near the river; Nikšić : Jasenovo Polje, CN35, Quercus cerris scrub; Krnovo, CN45, roadside vegetation; Pljevlja : urban area, CP60, roadside vegetation; Plužine : Vučje Selište, CN38, Juniperus communis formations on calcareous grasslands; Zaborje – Bukovac, CN26, closely grazed dry grassland; Šavnik : Gradac, CN45, semi-natural dry grasslands; Previš, CN45, Corylus avellana scrub. Examined specimens: ME, pored puta, 30.03.1909, leg. Petrović [sub Ornithogalum umbellatum L.] (BEOU); Herceg Novi : Bocche – Kameno, BN90, c. 523 m, 04.05.1916, leg. Latzel (BRNU-324092); Tivat : Tivatske solane, CM19, 27.04.1976., leg. Stevanović, V. (BEOU); N, Nikšić : Budoške bare, CN33, 02.05.2006, leg. Bubanja, N. 1155 (NHMM-3471) [sub Ornithogalum collinum Guss.]; Plužine : Veliko Škrčko jezero, Durmitor, CN37, Festuco-Brometum, do kraja sjeverne obale, 19.07.1992., leg. S. J. [sub Ornithogalum gussonei ] (BEOU); W, Kotor : Crkvice, Orjen, CN01, 01.06.2022, leg. Vuksanović, S. 4110 (NHMM-16519); Krivošije, CN01, 1917, leg. Hruboš [sub Ornithogalum sp.] (BRNU-57082). Identification key for Ornithogalum s. str . species in Montenegro: 1a. Leaves flat, without a white stripe on the upper surface, present or withered at anthesis; inflorescence a corymb, pseudocorymb, including raceme forms; carpels with rounded apices………………………………………………2 1b. Leaves canaliculate, with a white stripe on upper surface; inflorescence corymb or pseudocorymb; carpels with winged or attenuate apices……………………………………………………………………………………………..3 2a. Leaves glaucous or pale green, regularly ciliate on the margins, usually withered at anthesis; inflorescence more or less raceme-like, or pseudocorymb, with 5-20(30) flowers; bracts as long as pedicels; fruiting pedicels ascending………………………………………………………………………………………….……….. O.comosum (Flowering time: May-June; MN: SM, C, E, N, W; Habitats: pastures, dry grasslands, thermophilous scrubs). 2b. Leaves green or slightly glaucous, glabrous, present at anthesis, partially sheathing the scape; inflorescence corymbiform to pseudocorymbiform, bracts shorter than pedicels, fruiting pedicels ascending to divergent………………………………………………………………………………………………….. O.montanum (Flowering time: May; MN: N; Habitats: mountain meadows by the river and mountain pastures). 3a. Bulb with bulbils…………………………………………………………………………………………………4 3b. Bulb without or rarely with only a few (1-3) lateral small bulbils………………………………………………6 4a. Bulbils growing in clusters around main bulb, sessile, usually of different sizes, pyriform, longer than 3 mm and large as ⅓ of the main bulb, some of them bearing leaves in their first year; ≥ 6 flowers per stem; bracts usually longer than half of the length of the fruiting pedicels; pedicels patent, up to 50 mm long……………………………………………………………………………………………………… O.umbellatum (Flowering time: April-June; MN: ME, SM, E, N, W; Habitats: roadside vegetation, thermophilous scrubs, lowland hay meadows). 4b. Bulbils within the outer tunic, numerous, pediculate, usually rounded, equal in size, up to 3mm in diameter…….5 5a. Main bulb rounded, with small, rounded bulbils inside of tunics; scape hypogeous, rarely partly epigeous; 2-12 flowers per stem; bracts about as long as pedicels; fruiting pedicels deflexed, long up to 40 mm…………. O.refractum (Flowering time: March-April; MN: ME, SM, W, Habitats: roadside vegetation, thermophilous scrubs, rocky ground). 5b. Main bulb ovoid depressed, with small, ovoid to spherical bulbils, usually not leaved; epigeal part of plant is long; ≥ 6 flowers per stem; fruiting pedicels patent to slightly reflexed, longer than 15 cm; bracts shorter than half of the length of the fruiting pedicels………………………………………………………………………… O.divergens (Flowering time: April-June; MN: SM, E, N; Habitats: roadside vegetation, abandoned hay meadows). 6a. Bulbs with free bulbscales; scape ±hypogeous; fruiting pedicels refracted to divergent…………………………7 6b. Bulbs with concrescent or free bulbscales; scape epigeous, fruiting pedicels ascending to ± patent……………8 7a. Scape hypogeous, long up to 50 mm; inflorescence corymbiform, sessile on surface of soil; base of the pedicels with prominent motor pulvinus, long up to 30 mm, deflexed in fruit; bracts subequal or slightly longer than the fruiting pedicels; capsule obovoid to cylindrical, with 6 keeled angles…………………………………. O.sibthorpii (Flowering time: February-April (May); MN: ME, SM, N, W; Habitats: dry grasslands, pastures, roadside vegetation, thermophilous scrubs, thermophilous forests). 7b. Scape only partly hypogeous, long up to 30 mm; motor pulvinus absent; basal pedicels erect to divergent, long up to 40 mm; bracts shorter than fruiting pedicels; capsule ovoid, with 6 keeled angles ……………… O.exscapum (Flowering time: March-May; MN: ME, SM, C, W; Habitats: roadside vegetation, dry grasslands and pastures, rocky ground). 8a. Leaves persistent at anthesis…………………………………………………………………………….…….9 8b. Bulbs with free bulb scales; leaves withered at anthesis; anthers with a dark brown spot on the connective tissue………………………………………………………………………………………………………... O.gussonei (Flowering time: May-June; MN: SM, most probably ME; Habitats: pastures, dry grasslands, rocky ground); 9a. Bulbs with concrescent bulbscales; leaves glabrous…………………………………………………………10 9b. Bulbs with free bulbscales; leaves with more or less prominent papilles, 1-1.5(2.5) mm wide, green and present at anthesis………………………….…………………………………………………………………... O. collinum (Flowering time: May-June; MN: no field records for this species, most probably to be found in M and SM parts of the country; Habitats: pastures, dry grasslands, thermophilous scrub). 10a. Robust plants, with numerous leaves (more than 10), width >3mm, longer than inflorescence, glaucous-green in colour; bulb large, globose, >2 cm in diameter; scape longer than 40 mm; numerous flowers (7-20); bract slightly shorter than the fruiting pedicel……………….……………………………………………………. O. dalmaticum (Flowering time: April-May; MN: ME, SM, C; Habitats: rocky slopes, thermophilous scrubs, macquis). 10b. Gracile plants; bulb ovoid to elongate-ovoid, small, diameter up to 2(2.5) cm; leaves number less than 10, narrow, width less than 3 mm, green in colour; fruiting pedicels erect; ovary and capsule with thickened and keeled or ±winged angles…………………………………………….…………………………………………………....11 11a. Plants with fewer than 3 flowers; epigeal scape up to 40 mm long; fruiting pedicels ascending; bracts up to 20 mm long, subequal or slightly longer than the pedicels………………………….…………………… O. ostrovicense (Flowering time: April-May; MN: ME, SM; Habitats: dry grasslands, rocky ground). 11b. Plants with more than 4 flowers, epigeal scape longer than 40 mm…………………………………………….12 12a. Scape up to 60 mm long; bracts shorter than the half of pedicels; flower number 4-7; fruiting pedicels ascending, less than 40 mm long………………………………………………………………………….. O. kochii (Flowering time: April-July; MN: ME, SM, C, E, N, W; Habitats: lowland and mountain hay meadows, alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands, semi-natural dry grasslands). 12b. Scape elongated (>150 mm), at least twice as long as the inflorescence length; flower number (5)6-10; pedicels longer than 70 mm, ascending in fruit; bracts longer than the half of fruiting pedicels…………………. O. orbelicum (Flowering time: May-June; MN: C, E, N; Habitats: lowland and mountain hay meadows, ruderal sites, semi-natural dry grasslands). Discussion In recent years, targeted research efforts in the Balkan Peninsula (Andrić et al., 2015 ; Dimopoulos et al., 2013 , 2016 ; Nikolić, 2025 ; Niketić & Tomović, 2018 ; Rat & Bogdanović, 2021 ; Rat & Barina, 2017 ; Stupar et al., 2021 ) have considerably advanced knowledge of Ornithogalum diversity, particularly in terms of species delimitation and distribution patterns, thereby providing a solid base for future genus-level studies. Montenegro, as an integral part of this biogeographically complex region, shares its intricate geological and biological history. The country’s biodiversity ranks among the highest in Europe, particularly in terms of species richness relative to its total land area (Griffiths et al., 2004 ; Stevanović et al., 1995 ), reflecting its complex mosaic of ecological conditions and pronounced climatic heterogeneity within a relatively small spatial extent. However, the lack of a national flora and a comprehensive identification key (Stešević & Caković, 2013 ) limits the accurate identification of certain plant groups, such as Ornithogalum s. str., thus leading to misidentifications and conflicting records that have accumulated in both the literature and herbarium collections. In this context, the present study clarifies these ambiguities and demonstrates that Ornithogalum s. str. is more diverse in Montenegro than previously recognized, highlighting the country's floristic richness even within a single genus compared to the other neighbouring countries. Diverse national and regional floras and identification keys often use varying criteria for species delimitation, leading to inconsistent identifications. In Flora Europaea (Zahariadi, 1980 ), the most widely used resource, this genus is divided into seven subgenera based on limited morphological characters, which artificially separate closely related species. Furthermore, the understanding of the genus across Europe and the Mediterranean has been complicated by the description of numerous new taxa over the past four decades, many of which remain excluded from existing keys. Through a systematic approach to Ornithogalum research in Montenegro, integrated with data from surrounding regions, we addressed these taxonomic inconsistencies. In this regard, the present study provides a detailed identification key for 13 species occurring within Montenegrin territory, clearly delimiting taxa based on stable morphological traits observable across different phenophases. The literature on the national flora serves as the foundation and initial point for genus-level research, and it is essential to critically evaluate and clarify these records to prevent misinterpretation over time. To date, Rohlena’s Conspectus florae Montengrinae (1942) remains the most comprehensive account of the country’s flora and provides valuable insight into the historical understanding of this genus. Within this framework, the treatment of Ornithogalum is primarily based on Hayek’s concept (1932–1933), and most of the reported records are confirmed by the present research. In this context, one of the most visible and problematic cases, stemming from both nomenclature and taxonomic issues, concerns the diverse applications of the name O. tenuifolium . Originally described from Europe (Gussone, 1827 ) under an illegitimate name (a later homonym), it continued to be widely used by botanists for many years, leaving a lasting legacy of taxonomic confusion (Garbari et al., 2003 ; Speta, 1990b ). Consequently, historical records of O. tenuifolium from the Mediterranean region, including Montenegro, do not correspond to a single taxon, but rather reflect a collective misapplication of the name to several distinct taxa. In the absence of comprehensive systematic revisions in this region, the name O. tenuifolium was repeatedly misapplied, often to any narrow-leaved Ornithogalum , and confused with taxa such as O. kochii , O. collinum , O. comosum , and O. umbellatum , as Speta ( 1990b ) has noted earlier. In support of this, field research confirmed the presence of nearly all these taxa at multiple locations in Montenegro previously assigned to this illegitimate name, as the revision could not be based solely on literature records without supporting herbarium data. The nomenclatural confusion is further compounded by the occurrence of several infraspecific taxa historically placed under O. tenuifolium . Supporting this, Hayek (1932–1933) recognized four varieties: O. tenuifolium var. kochii , var. bosniacum , var. orbelicum , and var. urumovianum . Of these, O. tenuifolium var. kochii is reliably referred to as O. kochii , as confirmed by our recent field observations. Although some authors and recent databases treat this taxon as O. orthophyllum subsp. kochii (Parl.) Zahar. (Dostál, 1989 ; Govaerts, 2024 ; Zahariadi, 1980 ), this interpretation is not adopted here but aligns with other national floras and relevant publications (Garbari & Tornadore, 1970 ; Dimopoulos et al., 2013 , 2016 ; Nikolić, 2025 ; Niketić & Tomović, 2018 ; Pignatti, 2017 ). The second taxon, O. tenuifolium var. bosniacum Beck-Mannagetta ( 1887 ) descibed from Bosnia and Herzegovina, remains poorly understood. Some databases (Govaerts, 2024 ) treat this taxon as a synonym of O. collinum subsp. collinum , which appears unlikely, given the known distribution and diagnostic traits of the latter (Garbari & Giordani, 1984 ). Moreover, according to earlier authors (Ascherson & Graebner, 1905–1907; Hayek, 1932–1933; Rohlena, 1942 ), the distinction between O. tenuifolium var. kochii and O. tenuifolium var. bosniacum relies primarily on ecological preferences rather than stable morphological characters, with the former occurring mainly in the submontane zone and the latter in alpine habitats. This taxon remains an open question to be resolved in the future, based on a comprehensive field survey and an integrative approach. Another species often synonymized with O. kochii is O. ostrovicense Meyer ( 2011 ). Although Rat and Barina ( 2017 ) treated it as a synonym of O. kochii , it remains recognized in major databases (Govaerts, 2024 ; Raab-Straube, 2022+). This taxon is distinguished from O. kochii by very short pedicels and bracts equal in length to the pedicels. Formerly considered endemic to Albania, it is now known to occur in Montenegro as well. Its biogeographical distribution shows that it occupies a similar ecological niche in both countries, thereby retaining a highly restricted, endemic range. Finally, O. tenuifolium var. orbelicum Velenovský ( 1891 ) described from Bulgaria, represents an overlooked element of the Montenegrin flora, as it has been reported from neighbouring Serbia (Niketić & Tomović, 2018 ). Following the morphological description, the holotype specimen, and habitat preferences, we also confirm the presence and taxonomic status of this species at the national scale in our study ( https://prc.jacq.org/PRC451666 ). A further manifestation of complications in understanding Ornithogalum is evident in the Flora Europaea (Zahariadi, 1980 ), where O. collinum was maintained as the valid name, with O. gussonei and O. tenuifolium considered its synonyms. By contrast, after systematically reviewing Greek material, Landström ( 1989 ) incorporated O. collinum into a broadly defined concept of O. exscapum , thereby including traits inconsistent with the later species. In contemporary treatments, including the Flora d’Italia (Pignatti, 2017 ) and the Greek flora (Dimopoulos et al., 2013 , 2016 ), O. gussonei and O. collinum are recognized as separate species, a distinction confirmed by our present investigation. Based on cytotaxonomic investigations (chromosome number determined as 2n = 14), we confirmed the presence of O. gussonei at two localities in Montenegro. Although our field research did not confirm O. collinum , its occurrence in Montenegro is well established based on its biogeography, ecological preferences (Garbari & Giordani, 1984 ), and published cytological data by Speta ( 1990b ). Similarly, the occurrence of O. dalmaticum at several localities in Montenegro is strongly supported by morphological evidence, in accordance with Speta ( 1990b ). Traditionally regarded as a narrow endemic of the northern Adriatic coast of Croatia and Slovenia (Nikolić, 2025 ; Raab-Straube, 2022+), this species has been recorded in Montenegro in dry, thermophilic grasslands and open scrublands, where it forms sparse and isolated populations. These findings suggest a broader, yet fragmented Adriatic distribution and underscore the need for further investigations, particularly cytological analyses, to confirm its presence and clarify its biogeographical and taxonomic status. Recent and subsequent studies have further clarified the relationships within the historically often misinterpreted O. umbellatum – O. divergens complex, establishing a well-supported distinction between these taxa based on both morphological and cytological evidence (Andrić et al., 2015 ; Martínez-Azorín et al., 2009b, 2011; Mercadal et al., 2017). The present study further supports this approach, confirming the species’ ecological, distributional, and morphological patterns documented in the literature. The two species, O. comosum and O. montanum , which are morphologically distinct from other members of the group by their flat leaves and lack of a white stripe on the adaxial side, have previously been recorded only sporadically in this region. Our research confirms their distribution and ecological characteristics within Montenegro. The species is widely distributed across Europe and the Mediterranean region (Govaerts, 2024 ; Raab-Straube, 2022+; Zahariadi, 1980 ) and occurs predominantly in dry, rocky habitats, exhibiting considerable morphological plasticity, as shown by our results. This is further supported by national-level vegetation surveys that resulted in the provisional description of the new association in the sub-Mediterranean part of Montenegro (Stanišić-Vujačić et al., 2023b ). By contrast, another broad-leaved, late-flowering taxon, O. montanum , differs in its glabrous, shiny leaves and is newly reported for Montenegro, confirmed only from the country's northern locality. Its rarity in Montenegro aligns with its status in several neighbouring countries (Barina et al., 2018 ; Niketić & Tomović, 2018 ; Nikolić, 2025 ; Sabovljević et al., 2025 ). However, the main contribution of our study lies in the recognition of species flowering in late winter and early spring, which have been either overlooked or poorly documented in previous national-level research. In this context, in our analysis of native populations within the investigated area, we have also considered the morphological variability found in populations of the same or similar taxa in other countries (Garbari et al., 2003 ; Landström, 1989 ; Peruzzi & Passalacqua, 2002 ; Peruzzi et al., 2007 ; Rat & Bogdanović, 2021 ; Speta, 2000b ). These taxa, characterized by a shared morphological feature - short and mostly hypogeous scape and refracted fruiting pedicels, are: O. sibthorpii, O. exscapum and O. refractum . All of them have similar distribution ranges and habitat preferences, but flower sequentially (Rat & Bogdanović, 2021 ; Speta, 1990a , 2010 ). Among them, O. sibthorpii flowers first, while the co-occurring O. exscapum flowers later, reaching anthesis as the former begins to fruit. For this reason, O. sibthorpii was overlooked and mostly confused with O. exscapum in previous national researches (e.g. Baldacii, 1910). Notably, O. refractum flowers from late March to May, creating only a brief temporal separation from the other two species, however, it is easily distinguished by the presence of bulbils. Despite its wide distribution throughout Central Europe (Raab-Straube, 2022+; Speta, 2010 ), the occurrence of O. refractum in Montenegro is scattered, and populations are individually poor. Among these taxa, O. exscapum is the most widespread in Montenegro, common in dry, warm grassy habitats across Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean subregions. This distribution supports the recently described association Ornithogalo exscapii-Poetum bulbosae (Stanišić-Vujačić et al. 2023b ). Additionally, these taxa show strong adaptation to intensive grazing, fertilization, and trampling, aligning with earlier reports (Stanišić-Vujačić et al., 2023b ) and the documented resilience of Mediterranean geophytes under environmental pressure (Noy-Meir & Oron, 2001 ). Other Ornithogalum s. str. species follow a similar pattern, where phenological traits align with altitudinal and biogeographical distribution, enabling predictable spatial and temporal occurrences. Within the O. umbellatum aggr ., species flower successionally from April to June, extending into July at higher altitudes. The latest flowering are O. orbelicum and O. montanum . Even when overlapping in habitats, misidentifications are rare due to clear morphological differences. Overall, the genus occurs across all Montenegrin subregions and altitudes, with a flowering period spanning from late winter to mid-summer, consistent with phenological patterns observed across the Balkan Peninsula and the Mediterranean basin (Nikolić, 2019 ; Pignatti, 2017 ; Zahariadi, 1980 ). Conclusion The study of Ornithogalum s. str. in Montenegro demonstrates notable species and ecological diversity, while also revealing persistent taxonomic uncertainties caused by morphological variability, hybridization, and rapid adaptation. Given the complexity of the group, recent research has identified a higher diversity (13 species) than previously recognized (10 species and infraspecific taxa). This includes newly recorded or overlooked taxa: O. montanum, O. sibthorpii, O. dalmaticum, O. orbelicum , and O. ostrovicense , while providing a critical reassessment of earlier records for O. kochii, O. collinum , and O. gussonei . The national checklist presented here provides a baseline for future regional studies that may further refine current taxonomic and biogeographical interpretations. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests. Declaration of AI Use Artificial intelligence-assisted technologies were utilized exclusively for the purpose of performing grammar and spelling verification and correction. Author Contribution M.Š.: conception of the work; acquisition of data; analysis of data; data curation; funding acquisition; writing: original draft, review & editing. D.S.: conception of the work; acquisition of data; analysis of data; funding acquisition; writing: review & editing. A.P.: acquisition of data; analysis of data; D.M.: analysis of data; M.R. conception of the work; acquisition of data; analysis of data; data curation; writing: review & editing; funding acquisition. Acknowledgement The authors also thank the curators of the following herbarium collections: Juraj Paule (B), Marjan Niketić (BEO), Snežana Vukojičić (BEOU), Zoltán Barina (BP), Nejc Jogan (LJU), Vlado Matevski (MKNH), Rubim Almeida da Silva (PO), Sabaheta Abadžić (SARA), Vladimir Vladimirov (SOM), Asen Asenov (SO), Kiril Stoyanov (SOA), Ernst Vitek (W), Miško Plazibat (ZA), Sandro Bogdanović (ZAGR), Ivana Rešetnik (ZAHO), Nada Bubanja and Snežana Vuksanović (NHMM). Data Availability All curated data in this study are openly available in public herbaria that provide unrestricted access. References Aalto, M., Hämet-Ahti, L., Rautajärvi, R., Suominen, J., Taarna, K., Uotila, M., Uotila, P., & Vitikainen, O. (1972). Jugoslavian retki 11.–25. VI. 1971 (Botanical excursion to western Yugoslavia in 11–25 VI 1971, including a list of the collected vascular plants). Helsingin yliopiston kasvimuseon monisteita , 5 , 1–46. Adamović, L. (1913). Građa za floru Kraljevine Crne Gore. 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Flora Bulgarica: Descriptio et enumeratio systematica plantarum vascularium in principatu Bulgariae sponte nascentium . Visiani, R. (1842). Flora Dalmatica: sive enumeratio stirpium vascularium quas hactenus in Dalmatia lectas et sibi observatas descripsit, digessit rariorumque iconibus illustravit (Vol. 1). F. Hofmeister. Zahariadi, C. (1962). Caractères morphologiques, anatomiques et biologiques dans la taxonomie du genre Ornithogalum . Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Série de Botanique , 7 (1), 1–41. Zahariadi, C. (1965). Sous-genres et sections mésogées du genre Ornithogalum L. et la valeur comparative de leurs caractères différentiels. Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Série de Botanique , 10 , 271–291. Zahariadi, C. (1980). Ornithogalum L. In T. G. Tutin, V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D. M. Moore, D. H. Valentine, S. M. Walters, & D. A. Webb (Eds.), Flora Europaea (Vol. 5, pp. 35–40). Cambridge University Press. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9244718","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":620839586,"identity":"40dd6478-6f8d-43f8-90ca-e0b21222d4a5","order_by":0,"name":"Marina Šoškić","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAyCCn3Qtkg0kW2VwgFiVuu1nHx4uqGGwN76R/PgFQ40dUISAfWZn0g0OzzjGkLjtRpqZBcOxZKAIAfvMDqQxHOZhY0gwu5HDZsDAdoDB7EYCAS3nnwG1/AM6bAZIyz+glvsPCGi5AbSFt42BcYNEDvMDxjaQLfh1ABUAbeHtk0icceaZGUNiXzKP2RmCDktj/szzzcaevz358YcP3+zkzI4fIGANBEiACDYJoPk8RKmHAeYPJCkfBaNgFIyCEQMAocVCBMJRicIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Montenegro","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marina","middleName":"","lastName":"Šoškić","suffix":""},{"id":620839588,"identity":"de9735ce-9e13-423d-9890-cfef477f8939","order_by":1,"name":"Danijela Stešević","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Montenegro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Danijela","middleName":"","lastName":"Stešević","suffix":""},{"id":620839591,"identity":"7219c776-e274-4e65-89d9-809779b389a8","order_by":2,"name":"Aleksa Popović","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Natural History Museum of Montenegro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aleksa","middleName":"","lastName":"Popović","suffix":""},{"id":620839594,"identity":"d7eabd46-c9cf-4e14-9785-9844f2606eb2","order_by":3,"name":"Dejan Medojević","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Montenegro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dejan","middleName":"","lastName":"Medojević","suffix":""},{"id":620839595,"identity":"49623516-ca73-42f4-8028-66d1c46cd07d","order_by":4,"name":"Milica Rat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Novi Sad","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Milica","middleName":"","lastName":"Rat","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-27 13:00:00","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244718/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244718/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106744024,"identity":"a48d7a99-337c-4cc3-8ccf-a4aa790806c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-13 04:51:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":660035,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution map of \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str. in Montenegro\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"OrnithogalumMontenegroimages.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244718/v1/585f9da2dcd584a3febbe0b1.jpg"},{"id":106744025,"identity":"d2cec550-9c20-49b8-b99a-ba1e385c7259","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-13 04:51:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4082162,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003es. str. in Montenegro: a) \u003cem\u003eO. comosum\u003c/em\u003e, b) \u003cem\u003eO. divergens\u003c/em\u003e, c) \u003cem\u003eO. dalmaticum\u003c/em\u003e, d) \u003cem\u003eO. exscapum\u003c/em\u003e, e) \u003cem\u003eO. kochii\u003c/em\u003e, f) \u003cem\u003eO. orbelicum\u003c/em\u003e, g) \u003cem\u003eO. ostrovicense\u003c/em\u003e, h) \u003cem\u003eO. sibthorpii\u003c/em\u003e, i) \u003cem\u003eO. refractum\u003c/em\u003e and j) \u003cem\u003eO. umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"OrnithogalumMontenegromap.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244718/v1/28f080dc519690430d4f07b9.jpg"},{"id":106994078,"identity":"ae3d6c45-91fb-4cec-9337-631e4a3fea60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-15 15:03:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":10139576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9244718/v1/3bb13551-063e-4935-9eff-24de0ff2ba56.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Floristic Records, Distribution and Habitat Overview on the Genus Ornithogalum sensu stricto in Montenegro","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe genus \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e sensu stricto, although easily recognized by its unique morphological appearance, is characterised by outstanding ecological plasticity, which has led to the description of taxa with high intraspecific variability, making many of the diagnostic traits unreliable (Moret \u0026amp; Galland, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). Species of this genus show a high degree of polyploidy, thus pronounced ability to adapt to diverse, especially anthropogenically influenced habitats, hence expressing signs of recent and ongoing speciation (Herrmann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Azor\u0026iacute;n et al., 2010, 2011; Speta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Stedje et Nordal, 1984). It represents one of the most diverse, taxonomically challenging and still unresolved genera within the family Asparagaceae, consisting of geophytic species adapted to the drought conditions typical of the Mediterranean climate (Stevens, 2026; Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Azor\u0026iacute;n et al., 2009a; Howard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, the Eastern Mediterranean represents its center of diversity, while the taxon's native range extends across Europe, Asia and Africa within the Northern Hemisphere (Zahariadi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome authors (Manning et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Azor\u0026iacute;n et al., 2013; Speta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) adopted the concept of \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum sensu lato\u003c/em\u003e, encompassing \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str. and other segregate genera (e.g. \u003cem\u003eHonorius, Loncomelos, Melomphis, Cathissa\u003c/em\u003e), whereas others (Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Azor\u0026iacute;n et al., 2011) distinguish these genera as monophyletic taxa, recognizing the former as the youngest evolutionary lineage. These alternative treatments aim to provide a scientifically grounded and standardized framework for European and Mediterranean floras, although available data remain insufficient for well-supported conclusions on generic delimitation (Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Azor\u0026iacute;n et al., 2011; Speta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990b\u003c/span\u003e). For this reason, we have adopted the narrow concept of the genus in this study, focusing on species traditionally included in the \u003cem\u003eO\u003c/em\u003e. subg. \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e sect. \u003cem\u003eHeliocharmos\u003c/em\u003e (Baker) Engl.; \u003cem\u003eO\u003c/em\u003e. subg. \u003cem\u003eHeliocharmos\u003c/em\u003e Baker). This taxon is typical representative of the genus and includes \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e L., designated as the \u003cem\u003etypus generis\u003c/em\u003e (Stearn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e). Morphologically, these species are characterized by elongated, linear to lanceolate leaves with or without a distinctive white adaxial stripe, pseudocorymbose to corymbose (rarely raceme) inflorescences. The group is further distinguished by milky white tepals with a longitudinal green band on the abaxial surface, six-ribbed capsules, and seeds featuring a reticulate testa (Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Azor\u0026iacute;n et al., 2010, 2011; Rat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite comprehensive studies across various biogeographical regions (Cullen \u0026amp; Ratter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e; Garbari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Landstr\u0026ouml;m, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Azor\u0026iacute;n et al., 2009a,b, 2010; Rat \u0026amp; Barina, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rat \u0026amp; Bogdanović, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Speta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000a\u003c/span\u003e), data on the diversity and distribution of \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str. in Montenegro remain scarce. Botanical exploration began in the early 19th century in Dalmatia and along the Adriatic coast, covering the present-day territory of Montenegro (Pulević, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). One century of floristic knowledge of the genus \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str. in Montenegro was compiled in a national species list, more than eight decades ago (Rohlena, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1942\u003c/span\u003e). After that, floristic and vegetation surveys in Montenegro were undertaken frequently and continuously. These records, including previously overlooked ones, were synthesized by Pulević (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), and the process is still ongoing (Stešević \u0026amp; Caković, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, in the framework of the last 200 years, 10 taxa, at species and infraspecies level, have been listed for Montenegro: \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e Guss., \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekochii\u003c/em\u003e (Parl.) Beck, \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ebosniacum\u003c/em\u003e Beck, \u003cem\u003eO.umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eO.umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003edivergens\u003c/em\u003e Boreau, \u003cem\u003eO. refractum\u003c/em\u003e Kit. ex Schldl., \u003cem\u003eO. exscapum\u003c/em\u003e Ten., \u003cem\u003eO.comosum\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eO. collinum\u003c/em\u003e Guss. and \u003cem\u003eO. gussonei\u003c/em\u003e Ten. (Pulević, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Rohlena, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1942\u003c/span\u003e). However, some of these names are considered illegitimate or questionable, and are here reassessed, renamed and harmonized in the light of contemporary nomenclature rules.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn a broader scale, the genus \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str. comprises approximately 50 species (Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Azor\u0026iacute;n et al., 2010; Speta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e), although updated taxonomic databases indicate a higher number of currently accepted taxa. For the Balkan Peninsula, including the Aegean islands and Crete, about 26 species have been reported (Govaerts, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Raab-Straube, 2022+). The number of currently recognized taxa, in neighbouring countries, is nine in Albania (Barina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), eight in Serbia (Niketić \u0026amp; Tomović, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), and thirteen both in Croatia and the Republic of Srpska (Nikolić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Stupar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, respectively). For each national flora, various sources, including floristic monographs, flora atlases, and scientific articles, have been published to compile a list of species. With the aim of documenting floristic records of \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str. in Montenegro and describing its diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences, a comprehensive study based on literature review, critical revision of the nomenclature, floristic fieldwork, and herbarium revision was conducted, and the results were integrated into an identification key.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eA comprehensive review of literature concerning the territory of Montenegro was conducted, including vegetation and floristic studies from the past 200 years (Pulević, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e; Pulević \u0026amp; Bulić \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Stanišić-Vujačić et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e). Only literature sources that could be revised or confirmed were included, in total 69 data. To ensure accurate interpretation of toponyms and preserve original information, locality names cited in the literature and herbaria were retained in their original form. Provisional geographic coordinates were assigned to these localities based on knowledge of the Montenegrin terrain for distributional analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField research was conducted from 2022 to 2025, during the period from March to July, resulting in 636 records. The collected material was identified, using standard identification keys for this plant group (Fiori, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e; Landstr\u0026ouml;m, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Landstr\u0026ouml;m \u0026amp; Strid, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Markgraf, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1932\u003c/span\u003e; Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Azorin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009b\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Nikolić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Pignatti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Radenkova, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e; So\u0026oacute;, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e; Tatić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e; Zahariadi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1962\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). The plant material collected and used during the research is analysed and preserved in the TGU Herbarium (Thiers, 2026) at the University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring fieldwork, locations (coordinates) were recorded using a GPS device. The cartographic presentation of the results was performed in QGIS ver. 3.0, following the geographical regionalization of Montenegro into six biogeographical subregions: Mediterranean (ME), Sub-Mediterranean (SM), Central (C), Eastern (E), Northern (N), and Western (W) (Medojević et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, for each locality, UTM 10 \u0026times; 10 km squares were used. Habitat types were determined following the Natura 2000 habitat classification system (Milanović et al., 2022) and harmonized with the EUNIS habitat classification (Chytr\u0026yacute; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and are therefore presented in a concise descriptive format.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo supplement the data, 61 specimens conserved in the herbaria BEO, BEOU, BP, BUNS, BRNU, K, LJS, LJU, MKNH, PO, SARA, SOM, SO, SOA, W, WU, ZA, ZAGR, ZAHO and NHMM were examined. In addition, digitally accessible collections from B, BM, E, F, FI, G, GE, GZU, HAL, JE, MJG, NAP, OXF, PI, U, and MW were also reviewed. Herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (2026).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom these data, an identification key for species present in Montenegro is provided, developed from the authors\u0026rsquo; observations and in comparison, with other previously published regional and national keys.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe checklist of \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003es. str. inMontenegrin flora includes 13 species: \u003cem\u003eO. collinum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. comosum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. dalmaticum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. divergens\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. exscapum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. gussonei\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. kochii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. montanum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. orbelicum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. ostrovicense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. refractum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. sibthorpii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eO. umbellatum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Fig.1, Fig. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum collinum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGuss.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eInd. Sem. Horto Boccad. 1825: 8. (1825)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e Guss., Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 413. (1827)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data: ME, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e (Speta, 1990b:111);\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;SM, \u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGorica, CN50(Stešević, 2002:27); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTuzi\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Dečić foothill, CM69 (Hadžiablahović, 2010:114). \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Manitovac, CN33 (Bubanja, 2013:32).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eno records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eno records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum comosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e L. Cent. Pl. 2: 15 (1756).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum pannonicum\u003c/em\u003e Chaix ex Vill. Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné: 18 (1779); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum garganicum\u003c/em\u003e Ten., Index Seminum [Naples (Neapolitano)] 1825-1827: 3 (1827); Mem. Acc. Sc. Borb. Nap. 3(2): 110, tab .6 (1832); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum saxatile\u003c/em\u003e Vis., Flora 12(1): 10 (1829).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data: ME, \u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBoka Kotorska, CN10, CN11, jadranski listopadni šibljaci, kamenjari jadranskog zimzelenog pojasa (Adamović, 1911a:28,39; Adamović 1911b:9,51); Cattaro, CM19 (Visiani, 1842:141); \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e in der Umgebung von Nikšić, Rubeža, CN33, \u003cem\u003eCarpinetum orientalis\u003c/em\u003e, z.T. stark degradiert, Trockenrasen, 680 m, 31.5.90. (Parolly, 1995:69); Krupac, CN23 (Bubanja, 2013:32); na brdu Trebjesi kod Nikšića, CN33 (Pulević, 1973:80).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eDanilovgrad\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGostilje, CN51, pasture;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKunak, CN32, pasture and thermophilous scrub;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Crnci, CN50, \u003cem\u003eQuercus trojana\u003c/em\u003e scrub; Crnci, CN51, pasture; Kopilje, CN51, pasture; Radovče, CN51, pasture; Zabjelo, CM59, dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003eC, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKonjsko, CN44, pasture; \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBobotovo groblje, CN06, pasture; Bršno, CN33, thermophilous scrub, pasture and lowland hay meadow;Crnodoli,CN23, roadside vegetation; Donje Čarađe, CN16, roadside vegetation;Goslić, CN16, \u003cem\u003eQuercus cerris\u003c/em\u003e scrub;Jasikovica – Goslić, CN15, pasture in overgrowth; Javljem, CN16, pasture; Kablena glava, CN33, pasture; Kunak, CN32, pasture; Laz, CN33, lowland hay meadow and pasture; Liverovići, CN43, lowland hay meadow; Lukovo, CN33, rocky ground; Lukovo, Seoca, CN34, pasture, lowland hay meadow and dry grassland; Riđani, CN23, dry grassland; Rubeža, CN33, pasture; Vir – Duga, CN24, thermophilous scrub and pasture; Zaljutnica, CN16, pasture; Zirovnica, CN33, lowland hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003eW, \u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePetijevići, BN90, pasture; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Dragalj, CN01, pasture; Dragalj, CN11, pasture; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGornje Srijede,near Turske glave, CN15, pasture; toward Gornje Srijede, CN25, thermophilous scrub; Grahovo, Potkraj, CN02, pasture; Grahovsko Polje, CN02, pasture; Počekovići, BN94.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens: N,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGornje Polje, rijeka Zeta, CN34, 13.05.2007, leg. \u003cem\u003eBubanja, N. 1986\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(NHMM-7268); Krupac, CN23, 29.05.2006, leg. \u003cem\u003eBubanja, N. 1164\u003c/em\u003e (NHMM-3488); Nikšićko polje, CN24, 26.06.1936. [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifloium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGuss.; rev. Milica Rat, 20.04.2025: \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum comosum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.] (LJU-10096427); CN33, dry grassland on rock outcrops, 660 msm, 22.05.2022, leg. \u003cem\u003eJ. Danihelka, P. Hubátka\u003c/em\u003e (BRNU-692310); \u003cstrong\u003eW, \u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDragalj, Krivošije, CN11, 19.06.1906., leg. \u003cem\u003eJ. Schneider\u003c/em\u003e (W); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCrvena Stijena, BN93, 20.04.2016, leg. \u003cem\u003eVuksanović, S. 2293\u003c/em\u003e (NHMM-9816); Velimlje, CN04, \u003cem\u003eQuercus pubescens\u003c/em\u003e forest, 871 m, 26.05.2022, leg. \u003cem\u003eHubátka, P., Pustková, Š.\u003c/em\u003e (BRNU-692311).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum dalmaticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Speta in Phyton (Horn) 30: (1) 129. (1990)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eno records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eME, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Miljevci toward Mala Vrsuta, CM36, rocky ground and pasture; Sutorman, CM46, thermophilous scrub; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLuštica, CM09, Mediterranean maquis and arborescent matorral; \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Klopot, CN61, pasture; Pelev Brijeg, CN61, thermophilous scrub; \u003cstrong\u003eC, \u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Pelev Brijeg, CN61, thermophilous scrub.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens: ME, \u003cu\u003eBudva\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSüddalmatien, auf Hügeln vor Budva, CM28, 12.04.1911, leg. Latzel[sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum umbellatum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.] (BRNU-324086).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum divergens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Boreau, Bull. Soc. Industr. Angers 18: 419; (1847). Notes Pl. France. 3: 15 (1847).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003edivergens\u003c/em\u003e (Boreau) Asch. \u0026amp; Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl.3:246. (1905); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003edivergens\u003c/em\u003e (Boreau) Beck in Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni i Hercegovini 15:210. (1903); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum paterfamilias\u003c/em\u003e Godron, Mem. Soc. Emul. Doubs ser. 2. 5: 15 (1854); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum hortense\u003c/em\u003e Jord. \u0026amp; Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov. 1: 54 (1866).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data: ME, \u003cu\u003eKotor:\u003c/u\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eam Giovanni di Cattaro, CM19 (Mai, Juni) (Studniczka, 1890:59); \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMN, CM66 (Ascherson et Kanitz, 1877:18); \u003cstrong\u003eE, \u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e in m. Kom, CN82 (Pantocsek, 1874:24); \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eŠavnik\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Mali Durmitor, CN46 (Pantocsek, 1874:24).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records: SM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePodgor, CM38, dry grasslands;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCetinjski manastir, CM29;Građani, CM38, roadside vegetation;Ržani Do, CN20, gravel roadside embankment;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;E, \u003cu\u003eBerane\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBatune, near Jasikovac hill, DN04, lowland hay meadow;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eBijelo Polje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGornji Vlah,DN06, \u003cem\u003ePteridium aquilinum\u003c/em\u003e vegetation;Odrin,DN06, degraded forest;Poda, DN05, lowland hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePetnjica:\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e toward Godočelje, DN15, abandoned lowland hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDonji Rikavac, CN81, species-rich \u003cem\u003eNardus\u003c/em\u003e grassland; \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Straševina, CN 33, gravel roadside embankment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens: ME, \u003cu\u003eUlcinj\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Donji Štoj, CM53, 24.04.2013, leg. \u003cem\u003eBubanja, N. 3448\u003c/em\u003e (NHMM-12598) [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum comosum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum exscapum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Ten., Fl. Nap. Prod. 1: 22 (1811); Fl. Napol. 1(7): 175, Tab. 34 (1814).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum nanum\u003c/em\u003e Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 57 (1815); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum nanum\u003c/em\u003e Sibth. \u0026amp; Sm. var.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;longipes\u003c/em\u003e Boissier (1882) (nom. illeg.).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eME, \u003cu\u003eBudva\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e po kamenitim šibljacima više Krsca, CM27 (Adamović, 1913:87); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e In graminosis ad Igalo, BN90, et Zelenika, \u0026nbsp;CN00 (Rohlena, 1922:99); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eUlcinj\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Nelle colline di Pinés, CM54, sulla macchia soleggiata, ma umida (Baldacci, 1910:121-122) [= \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum sibthorpii\u003c/em\u003e]; Velika plaža and its vicinity in Ulcinj, CM63, NATURA 2000- 92A0 (Bubanja, 2019:28); Zogaj, CM54 (Baldacci, 1910:121-122); \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eĐuravci, CM57 (Hadžiablahović, 2018:11);\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDjevojački do bei Njeguši, CM19 (Kr. Pejović) (Rohlena, 1903:57); Njeguši, CM29, na livadama (Tomić-Stanković, 1972:39); Ad Njeguši, loco Ljut, CM29 (Rohlena, 1936:12); Ad Njeguši distr. Katunska (c.1000 m), CM29 (Rohlena, 1902:18); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Ćemovsko polje, CM59, dry grasslands (Stanišić-Vujačić et al., 2023b:4); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTuzi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eOmerbožovići, CM69, dry grasslands (Stanišić-Vujačić et al., 2023b:4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records: ME, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLisinj, CM55, pasture; southern slopes of Mala Vrsuta, CM46, pasture; Mišići, CM37, abandoned \u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e groves; Tuđemili, CM46, thermophilous scrub; Vrteljak, CM46, pasture;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eBudva\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKaluđerac, Manastir Gradište, CM37, roadside vegetation;Fort Mogren, CM28, rocky ground; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKumbor, Portonovi, CN00, dry grassland; Manastir Savina, BN90, dry grassland on a stone wall; Marići, BN90, dry grassland; Zelenika, Crkva Sv. Trojice, CN00, \u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e groves and dry grassland;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCrkva Sv. Đorđa, CM19, dry grassland; Fort Goražda, CM19, pasture; Perast, CN10, trampled xeric grasslands with annuals, near the sea;Pržice, CM19, roadside vegetation; Risan, CN10, roadside vegetation; Sutvara, CM19, rocky ground;Škaljari, CM19, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Vrmac, CM19, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTivat\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Lepetane, CN00, roadside vegetation; Pržno, CM09, parking lot with trampled xeric grassland with annuals; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eUlcinj\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKruče, CM44, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands;toward Krute, CM44, dry grassland;Rastiš, CM65, roadside vegetation; toward Valdanos, CM44, thermophilous scrub;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;SM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGodinje, CM47, roadside vegetation;Gornja Seoca, CM47,Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Koštanjica, CM56, roadside vegetation; near Kruševica, Milovići, CM48, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Limljani, CM47, in cracks of concrete along the roadside; Limljani toward Sutorman, CM47, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Seoca, CM47, limestone rock; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Donja Sela, near Dubovik, CM38, thermophilous scrub; Riječani, CM48, roadside vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eDanilovgrad\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Donji Martinići, CN41, dry grassland and trampled xeric grasslands with annuals; Donje Selo, Gorevićko groblje, CN51, dry grassland; Gorica, CN41, dry grassland; near Frutak, CN41, thermophilous scrub; Kujava, CN31, submediterranean moist meadow and roadside vegetation; Lazarev Krst, CN40, stone retaining wall; Manastir Ždrebaonik; CN41, dry grassland; Novo Selo, CN40, dry grassland, graveyard; Oraška Jama, CN41, stone retaining wall and thermophilous scrub; Orja Luka, CN41, stone retaining wall in thermophilous scrub and dry grassland in overgrowth; Spuž, CN50, thermophilous scrub; Zagarač, CN40, thermophilous scrub; Zagarač, Đuričkovići, CN40, stone retaining wall; Zagarač, near Mustrovići, CN31, rocky ground; Zgorak, CN31, roadside vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Drenovštica, CN32, graveyard and dry grassland; Tunjevo, CN32, gravel roadside embankment; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Bioče, CN60, roadside vegetation; Ćemovsko Polje, CM59, dry grassland; Dahna, CM59, dry grassland; Dajbabe, CM59, dry grassland; Doljani, CM59, pasture; Donja Gorica, Lješkopolje, CM59, pasture and dry grassland; Fundina, CN60, thermophilous scrub; Gorica, CN50, pasture; Gornji Kokoti, CM49, pasture; Kakaricka gora, CM69, dry grassland; Klopot, CN61, thermophilous scrub; Kopilje, CN51, pasture; Ljubović, CM59, dry grassland; Medun, CN60, thermophilous scrub; Pelev Brijeg, CN61, thermophilous scrub and closely grazed dry grassland; Piperi, Stanjevića Rupa, CN51, thermophilous scrub; Rogami, CN50, pasture; Stari Aerodrom, CM59, dry grassland; Trijebač, CN50, thermophilous scrub; Velje brdo, CN50, pasture; Zabjelo, CM59, dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTuzi\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Ćemovsko Polje, near Cemi river, CM69, pasture; Dinoša, Cemi river, CM69, a gravel embankment along the road; Dinoša, Crkva Sv. Mihaila, CM69, trampled xeric grassland near a graveyard; Donji Milješ, CM69, dry grassland; Dušići, CM68, recently abandoned arable land; Gornji Milješ, CM69, closely grazed dry grassland; Omerbožovići, CM69, dry grassland; Podhum, CM68, pasture; Rakića kuće, near Cemi river, CM59, pasture; Rogame, CM69, pasture;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eZeta\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGolubovci, CM59, pasture; Goričani, CM58, pasture; \u003cstrong\u003eC, \u003cu\u003eDanilovgrad\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eVukotica – Rujište, CN51, roadside vegetation and thermophilous scrub; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCvilin, CN70, thermophilous scrub;Fundina, CM69, thermophilous scrub;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;W, \u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003etoward Kruševice, BN91, pasture;Mokrine, BN90, trampled xeric grassland;Sutorina, Gornji Šćepoševići, BN90, dry grassland and thermophilous grassland.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens: ME, \u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Boka Kotorska, BN90, 25.031940, leg. \u003cem\u003eSmerečinskaja\u003c/em\u003e (BEO-28311); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eBudva\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Buljarice, Kanjoši, CM 37, 11 mnv, krečnjak, 15.04.2005., leg. \u003cem\u003eRajčević, N., Dodoš, T., Rabrenović, D., Milojević, S.\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum umbellatum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.] [rev. Milica Rat, 26.02.2020] (BEOU); Petrovac na moru, Virpazar, CM37, n. vis. 650 m, 27.04.1965, leg. \u003cem\u003eM. Jank.\u003c/em\u003e (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAdriatic coast, Yugoslavia, CN10, sea level, rocky limestone, slope in the open, 02.05.1965, leg. \u003cem\u003eB. Matthew \u0026amp; A. J. Tomlinson\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.] (K-4024); G. Stoliv, CN10, kamenjar, 30.04.’94. leg. \u003cem\u003eV. Karaman\u003c/em\u003e [rev. Milica Rat, 26.02.2020] (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTivat\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e CN10, stari maslinjaci, 22.03.2000., leg. \u003cem\u003eStevanović, V.\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.] (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e park rijeke Ribnice, 08.04.1947, leg. \u003cem\u003eZ. Pavlović\u003c/em\u003e (BEOU-28283) [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGuss.]; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTuzi\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Kanjon Cijevna, Dinoša, CM69, 10.04.2017, leg. \u003cem\u003eVuksanović, S\u003c/em\u003e. 2068 [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum collinum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGuss.]; \u003cstrong\u003eW, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePetrovići, BN93, 26.04.2018, leg. \u003cem\u003eBubanja, N.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e4681N\u003c/em\u003e (NHMM-17971) [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum umbellatum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum gussonei\u003c/em\u003e Ten.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFl. Napol. 3: 371. 1829\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonym:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e Guss., Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 413. (1827), nom. illeg\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data: SM, \u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLovćen, CM19 (Leute, 1978:93).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eME,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eBar:\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Rumija, CM46, pasture; \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Njeguši, CM19, rocky ground.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eno records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum kochii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Parl. Fl. Ital. 2(2): 440 (1857).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ekochii\u003c/em\u003e (Parl.) Maire \u0026amp; Weiller in Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 5: 180. (1958); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum orthophyllum\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ekochii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Parl.) Zahar. in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 357. (1978).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data: ME, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTuđemili, CM46, \u003cem\u003eQuercus trojana\u003c/em\u003e forest (Šilc et al., 2025); \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eVučedabići, CM47, \u003cem\u003eQuercus trojana\u003c/em\u003e forest (Šilc et al., 2025); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGolo Brdo, CN20, und Bukovica unter dem Lovćen, CM29 (Rohlena, 1932:20); auf dem Lovćen, CM29 (leg. Kašpar) (Rohlena, 1913:115); Ivanova Korita, CM29, na livadama [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekochii\u003c/em\u003e] (Tomić-Stanković, 1972:38); \u003cstrong\u003eC,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eauf der Piperska Lukavica, CN54, ca 1900 m [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e Guss.] (Rohlena, 1903:57); \u003cstrong\u003eW, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Um Viljuša, CN03 (leg. Kašpar) (Rohlena, 1913:115).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eME, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLisinj, Loška mt. peak, CM45, pasture; Mali Mikulići, CM46, closely grazed dry grassland; Rumija, toward Bijela skala, CM46, pasture; near Tuđemili, CM46, thermophilous scrub; Zupci, CN44, thermophilous scrub; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eBudva\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Brajići, CM28, roadside vegetation; Petrovac, CM27, olive groves; Podmaine, CM28, rocky ground; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Bogdašići, CN10, maquis; \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGodinje, CM47, roadside vegetation;Komarno, CM48, gravel roadside embankment;Kruševica, CM48, roadside vegetation; Seoca, CM47, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBajice, CM29, dry grassland;Bokovo, CM39, thermophilous scrub;Bukovica, CM29;Crna Greda, CM29, thermophilous scrub; Dobra Gora, Bata, CN21, gravel roadside embankment; Donja Sela, CM38, calcareous rocky slopes and pasture; Donje Polje, CM29, roadside vegetation;Đinovići, CM39, thermophilous scrub; near Gađi, CM38, roadside vegetation; Gornji Ulići, CM39, thermophilous scrub; Građani, toward Začir, CM38, roadside vegetation and thermophilous scrub;Humci, CM29, roadside vegetation;Kosijeri, CM39, thermophilous scrub; Ljubotinj, CM38, pasture and rocky ground;Rijeka Crnojevića, CM39, pasture; Štitari, CN30, thermophilous scrub;Ugnji, CM28, thermophilous oak-hornbeam forest; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eDanilovgrad\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGornji Martinići – Gostilje, CN51, \u003cem\u003eQuercus cerris\u003c/em\u003e scrub;Kujava, CN31, a stand of \u003cem\u003eRobinia pseudoacacia\u003c/em\u003e; Park Landža, near Zeta river, CN41, dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Čepurci, CM59, dry grassland on a graveyard; Releza, CM49, rocky ground; Releza, CM39, thermophilous scrub; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eZeta\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Dajbabe, CM59, dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003eC, \u003cu\u003eDanilovgrad\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eGostilje, CN51, thermophilous scrub;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eKolašin\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: Crkvine, CN73, mountain hay meadow; Moračke planine, Bučun-Javorje, CN55; Moračke planine, Lola, CN55, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Telač do, CN54, mountain hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBojovića bare, CN54, wetland; Zagrad, CN43, rocky ground beside the road and hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Bezjovo, CN60, thermophilous scrub; Gornje Stravče, Kalac, CN71, edge of \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e forest; \u003cstrong\u003eE, \u003cu\u003eAndrijevica\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAndželate, DN03, temperate thorn scrub; Konjic, CN92, alpine heaths; Konjuhe – Brod, CN92, lowland hay meadow and edge of \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e forest; near Kruševo, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Luge, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Lukin Fir, DN03, lowland hay meadow; Potrk, CN94, semi-natural dry grasslands, near the stream; Ulotina, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Zeletin, Prevoj Rogovi, DN02, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eBerane\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Bioča, DN05, anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation; Bjelasica, Gusinjska rupa, CN94, acidophilous grassland; Buče, near Lim river, DN04, \u003cem\u003eruderalis\u003c/em\u003e, on gravelly soil; Cvrljevine, DN05, lowland hay meadow; Dapsići, DN14, lowland hay meadow; Gradinsko Polje, DN04, \u003cem\u003eruderalis\u003c/em\u003e; Kržulje, DN04, mountain hay meadow, near the river; Lubnice, CN94, mountain hay meadow; Pešca, near Lim river, DN04, gravel roadside embankment; Polica, DN15, lowland hay meadow on the edge of \u003cem\u003eQuercus cerris\u003c/em\u003e forest; Ravna Jelovica, CN94, semi-natural dry grasslands; near Tmušići, Orahov do, DN14, lowland hay meadows; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eBijelo Polje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePoda, DN05, lowland hay meadow;Ribarevine,CN96, lowland hay meadow, near the river;Zaton,DN06, lowland hay meadow;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eGusinje\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: Bor, DN00, calcareous grassland; Dosuđe, DN01, anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation; Grljawaterfall, DN00; near Grlja river, DN00, semi-natural dry grasslands; Kunje, DN00, semi-natural dry grasslands; Vusanje, DN00, mountain hay meadow and roadside vegetation; Ropojana valley, DN00, edge of a pine forest and subalpine \u003cem\u003eJuniperus\u003c/em\u003e scrub; Ropojana lake, DN00, edge of \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e forest, near the lake; Vusanje, toward Kusije waterfall, DN00, edge of \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e forest; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eKolašin\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Međukomlje, CN82, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; near Smailagića Polje, CN74, \u003cem\u003eruderalis\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eMojkovac:\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Štitarica, near Štitarička river, CN85, mountain hay meadow; Urban area, CN85, artificially planted lawn on the promenade area; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePetnjica\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: Kalica, DN24, species-rich \u003cem\u003eNardus\u003c/em\u003e grasslands; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePlav:\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e near Brezojevica, DN11, lowland hay meadow; Glavice, DN11, abandoned lowland hay meadow; Murino, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Novšiće, DN12, lowland hay meadow; Pepiće, DN12, lowland hay meadow; Plav lake, DN11, lowland hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Brskutski katun, CN81, semi-natural dry grasslands; Bukumirsko lake, CN81, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Katun Mirkovića, CN81, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Katun Mokra, CN81, semi-natural dry grasslands; Kučka korita, Crkva Sv. Arhiđakona Stefana, CN70, mountain hay meadow; the lower slopes of Ljevorečki Kom, CN82, alpine heaths; Orahovo toward Kučka korita, CN70, mountain hay meadow; \u0026nbsp;near katun \u0026nbsp;Rikavačko lake, CN81, species-rich \u003cem\u003eNardus\u003c/em\u003e grassland; Rupa Popovića, CN81, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eRožaje\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: Bijela Crkva, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands and \u003cem\u003eJuniperus\u003c/em\u003e scrub; Komkuće, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTuzi\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Kučka korita, CN70; \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eBijelo Polje\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Čokrlje, CN87, lowland hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eKolašin\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: Donje Lipovo, CN74, mountain hay meadow; Gornje Lipovo, near Plašnica river, CN74, mountain hay meadow; GornjeVučje, CN74, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Sinjajevina: near mt Kukavica, CN65, semi-natural dry grasslands; mt. peak Umovi, CN74, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eMojkovac\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Polja, CN85, \u003cem\u003eruderalis\u003c/em\u003e; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e near Ivanje, CN44, mountain hay meadow; Rubeža, CN33, pasture; near Straševina, CN33, thermophilous scrub; Vir – Duga, CN24, gravel roadside embankment; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePljevlja\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Poros, CP40, mountain hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePlužine\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Crkvičko Polje, Božurev do, CP30, dry grassland; near Piva lake, CN28, dry grassland; Nedajno, CN38, semi-natural dry grasslands; Vojvodići, CN38, semi-natural dry grasslands; Vučje Selište, CN38, \u003cem\u003eJuniperus communis\u003c/em\u003e formations; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eŽabljak\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Durmitor, Crvena Greda, CN48, calcareous grassland; Durmitor, Sedlena Greda, CN47, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Jančev Do, CN47, scrub; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eŠavnik\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Komarnica, CN46, semi-natural dry grasslands; \u003cstrong\u003eW, \u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eOrjen, Veliki Kabao mt. peak, BN91, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Orjen Sedlo, BN91, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Vrbanj toward Orjen Sedlo, BN91, edge of \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e forest, \u003cem\u003ePinus heldreichii\u003c/em\u003e forest and pasture; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e near Grahovac, CN02, thermophilous scrub.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens: ME, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSüddalmatien, am Golo brdo nächst Sutomore, CM36, 16.4.1911, leg. \u003cem\u003eLatzel\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGuss.] (BRNU-324089); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eBudva\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMaine, CM28, makija, 30.04.2005., leg. \u003cem\u003eR. Perić\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eO. collinum\u003c/em\u003e Guss. (syn. \u003cem\u003eO. gussonei\u003c/em\u003e Ten); rev. Milica Rat, 21.4.2015: \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum kochii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eParl.] (PZZP); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDalmatien, Boccha – Zelenika, CN00, c. 150 m, 19.05.1915, leg.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLatzel\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGuss.] (BRNU-324074); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTivat\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Vrmac, između tvrđave i Sv. Ilije, UTM CN10, 01.05.2012, leg. R. Perić [rev. Milica Rat, 01.03.2017: \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum kochii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eParl.] (PZZP); \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSkadarsko jezero, CM47, na pjeskovito-šljunkovitoj livadi, 12.04.1947, leg. \u003cem\u003eZ. Pavlović\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e Guss.] (BEO-28282); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBjeloši, CM29, \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e forest, 1003 msm, 23.05.2022, leg. \u003cem\u003eN. Janišová, V. Sobotka, M. Chytrý\u003c/em\u003e (BRNU-692315); Bjeloši, CM29, \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e forest, 1055 msm, 23.05.2022, leg. \u003cem\u003eK. Klinkovská, M. Krejčová, E. Šmerdová\u003c/em\u003e (BRNU-692314); Malošin do, CN20, \u003cem\u003eQuercus pubescens\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCarpinus orientalis\u003c/em\u003e forest, 849 msm, 24.05.2022, leg. \u003cem\u003eRohel, J.,D. Kadoš, Stanišić-Vujačić, M.\u003c/em\u003e (BRNU-692313); \u003cstrong\u003eC,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBezjovo, CN70, \u003cem\u003eQuercus cerris\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eQuercus pubescens\u003c/em\u003e forest, 790 m, 27.05.2022, leg. \u003cem\u003eK. Klinkovská, M. Krejčová, M. Večeřa\u003c/em\u003e (BRNU-692312); \u003cstrong\u003eE, \u003cu\u003eAndrijevica\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKomovi Mts., CN92, 2021 msm, 12.07.2022, leg. \u003cem\u003eHana Galušková, Tadeáš N. et al.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(BRNU-691324); Komovi, in pratis alpinis declivitatis Rogam dictae, CN82, 1830 msm, 19.07.1980, leg. \u003cem\u003eA. Podobnik et N. Praprotnik\u003c/em\u003e [rev. Milica Rat, 21.4.2015: \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum kochii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eParl.] (LJU-10121677); Konjuhe, CN92, 1909, leg. \u003cem\u003eKosta Marić\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifloium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGuss.] (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eBerane\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Pl. Bjelasica, in pascuis supra vallem fluvii Jelovica ad radices montis Zekova Glava, CN94, 1350 m, 16.7.1976, leg. \u003cem\u003eA. Podobnik \u0026amp; P. Skoberne\u003c/em\u003e [rev. Milica Rat: \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum kochii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eParl. 21.4.2015.] (LJU-10121701); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eGusinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Montes Prokletije, in trac. montium Bjelić supra vicum Vusanje, DN00, solo calcareo, supra 1700 msm, 6.07.1973, leg. \u003cem\u003eM. Lovka et A. Martinčić\u003c/em\u003e [rev. Milica Rat, 21.4.2015: \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum kochii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eParl.] (LJU-10121679); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eKolašin\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Kom, CN82, 1909., leg. \u003cem\u003eKosta Marić\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifloium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGuss. var.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;bosniacum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eBeck.] (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Kom Kučki, CN82, 1900m, 24.06.’34., leg. \u003cem\u003eThompson\u003c/em\u003e (K-318); Komovi, in pratis lapidosis declivitatis meridional orientalis montis Kom Vasojevićki inter Štavna et stabulam alpinum Katun Carine dictam., CN82, Solo calc., 1750 msm, 20.7.1980, leg. \u003cem\u003eB. Vreš\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[rev. Milica Rat, 21.4.2015: \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum kochii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eParl.] (LJU-10121676); \u003cstrong\u003eN,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eKolašin\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e B. zub, Popov krš, CN65, trava, 06.07.2001, leg. \u003cem\u003eVuksanović, S. 1479\u003c/em\u003e (NHMM-2859) [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum gussonei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTen. var. \u003cem\u003egussonei\u003c/em\u003e]\u003cem\u003e;\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eŽabljak\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Crvena Greda, CN48, stene, sipari, 16.07.1990., leg. \u003cem\u003eS.Y., M.M\u003c/em\u003e. [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum gussonei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTen.] (BEOU); Durmitor, in pratis prope vicum Žabljak, CN47, 8.07.1971, leg. \u003cem\u003eZ. Kolenc\u003c/em\u003e [rev. Milica Rat, 21.4.2015: \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum kochii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eParl.] (LJU-10121682); Međed, Durmitor, CN47, po kršu, 21.06.1930., leg. \u003cem\u003eM.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGuss.] (BEOU); Suvodo, CN57, kamenito, 20.04.1929., (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Budoške bare, CN33, 17.04.2007., leg. \u003cem\u003eBubanja, N.\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum collinum\u003c/em\u003e] (BEOU, KEGB29301); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePlužine\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Zakamen, CN27, livada, 22.06.1948, leg. \u003cem\u003eBlečić, V.\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.] (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003eW, \u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKrivošije, CN01, 1917, leg. \u003cem\u003eHruboš\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e Guss.] (BRNU-57076).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum montanum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ten.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFl. Napol.:Prod. 1: 22 (1811); Cirillo ex Ten., Fl. Napol. 1(7): 176, Tab. 33 (1814).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum nyssanum\u003c/em\u003e Petrovič, Fl. Agr. Nyss.: 799 (1882).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eno records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records: N, \u003cu\u003ePlužine\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eŠćepan Polje, CP20, vegetation along the river bank.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eno records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum orbelicum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVelen.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 2: 57. (1890)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum orthophyllum\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003eorbelicum\u003c/em\u003e (Velen.) Zahar. in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 76: 356. (1978); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum kochii\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003eorbelicum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Velen.) Stoj.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eno records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records: C, \u003cu\u003eKolašin\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Bojići, CN64, lowland hay meadows; Ljevišta, CN54, mountain hay meadow; Moračke planine: beneath Kovijačka Glava, CN55; Široki do, CN74, edge of \u003cem\u003eFagus sylvatica\u003c/em\u003e forest;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;E, \u003cu\u003eAndrijevica\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBojoviće, DN02, lowland hay meadow; Božići-Andželate, DN03, temperate thorn scrub;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eBerane\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKujovača, DN04, lowland hay meadows; Vinicka, DN03, lowland hay meadow;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eBijelo Polje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePalska Luka, CN96, lowland hay meadow;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eRožaje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003enear Balotići, DN34, mountain hay meadow; Bijela Crkva, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands and \u003cem\u003eJuniperus\u003c/em\u003e scrub; Jablanica, DN44, mountain hay meadow; Komkuće, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands; Mahala, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands; Male Crnokrpe, DN35, mountain hay meadow; Njeguši, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands, mountain hay meadow and \u003cem\u003eJuniperus\u003c/em\u003e scrub; Radetina, DN34, mountain hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eKolašin\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Sinjajevina, Katun Potrk, CN65; Sinjajevina, Prevoj Vratlo, CN65; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eMojkovac\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSinjajevina, beneath Mali Starac, CN65; Štitarica, CN75, mountain hay meadow;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003ePljevlja\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eČavanj, CN67, acidophilous \u003cem\u003ePicea\u003c/em\u003e forest; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eŠavnik\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Sinjajevina, Crkva Sv. Arh. Stefana, CN65, semi-natural dry grasslands; Sinjajevina, Katun Podstarac, CN65, semi-natural dry grasslands; Sinjajevina, Milački Priboj, CN65; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eŽabljak\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMala Crna Gora, CN38, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Sušičko lake, CN38, semi-natural dry grasslands.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eno records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum ostrovicense\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eF. K. Mey.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein Haussknechtia Beih. 15: 15. (2011).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data: E, \u003cu\u003eKolašin\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein pratis subalp. et alp. Kom, CN92; \u003cstrong\u003eN,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePlužine\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Ledenica planina CN17 [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e Guss. var. \u003cem\u003ebosniacum\u003c/em\u003e Beck] (Rohlena, 1936:12).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records: SM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRumija, Dedići, CM47, Mediterranean closely grazed dry grassland.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eno records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum refractum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eKit. ex Schldl.\u003c/strong\u003e, in Enum. Pl. Suppl. [Willdenow] 18 (1814); Kit. ex Schultes, Österreichs Flora: 559 (1814).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum adalgisae\u003c/em\u003e E. Groves in Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 9: 71. (1877); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum millegranum\u003c/em\u003e Janka in Term. Füz. 8: 29. (1884); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum brutium\u003c/em\u003e N. Terracc. in Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 4: 16. (1891).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data: ME, \u003cu\u003eKotor:\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Boka Kotorska, CN10, jadranski listopadni šibljaci, kamenjari jadranskog zimzelenog pojasa, korovi (Adamović, 1911a:28,38,49; Adamović 1911b:9,51); \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eZwischen Kotor und Njeguši, CM19 (Rohlena, 1932:20); primorske padine Lovćena, CM19, na kamenjaru u šikari bjelograbića (Tomić-Stanković, 1972:39).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eME, \u003cu\u003eBudva\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Paštrovići, CM37, thermophilous scrub; \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKruševica, CM47, roadside vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e urban area, CM29, roadside vegetation; Bokovo, CM39, thermophilous scrub; Donje Polje, CM29, roadside vegetation; Velestevo, CN31, roadside vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Stanjevića Rupa, CN51, rocky ground; \u003cstrong\u003eW, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Grahovo, CN12, gravel roadside embankment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003epo njivama, 30.03.1909, leg. \u003cem\u003eJ.Petrović\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(BEOU).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum sibthorpii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eGreuter\u003c/strong\u003e, Boissiera 13: 160 (1967)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum nanum\u003c/em\u003e Smith in Sibth. et Smith, Fl. Graec. Prodr. 1: 230 (1809); Fl. Graec. (Sibthorp). 4: 28, t. 333 (1823); non \u003cem\u003eO. nanum\u003c/em\u003e (Burm. f.) Thunb., Prodr. Fl. Cap. 62 (1794).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eno records.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eME, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Burtaiši, CM46, dry grassland; Crni Rt, CM36, dump site, trampled xeric grasslands with annuals; Čanj, CM36, trampled xeric grassland; near Đenđinovići, CM36, rocky slope; Đurmani, tunnel Haj Nehaj, CM36, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Gluhi do, CM37, dry grassland; near Grdovići, CM45, pseudomaquis; Haj Nehaj, CM36, \u003cem\u003eQuercus pubescens\u003c/em\u003e forest and rocky ground; Jasen, CM37, dry grassland on rocky outcrops; Mrkovsko Polje, CM55, abandoned dry grassland; Presjeka, CM37, dry grassland and thermophilous scrub;Spičansko Polje, near Maljevik beach, CM36,trampled xeric grassland with annuals; Sustaš, CM46, thermophilous scrub; Zagrađe, CM36, roadside vegetation; Velja Gorana, CM54, pasture;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eBudva\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Brajići, Fort Kosmač, CM28, rocky ground and pasture;Buljarica, CM37, dry grassland, thermophilous scrub and trampled xeric grassland;Čelobrdo, CM28, dry grassland; Fort Presjeka, toward Kosa ploča, CM37, Submediterranean pseudomaquis; Manastir Duljevo, CM28, dry grassland; Paštrovići, CM37, roadside vegetation; Presjeka, CM37, thermophilous scrub; \u0026nbsp;Stanišići, CM28, dry grasslands; Velja glava-Presjeka, CM37, pasture; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eCetinje:\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Očinići, CM29, rocky ground; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Baošići, Crkva Sv. Nikole, CN00, graveyard and dry grassland; Igalo, BN90, dry grassland by a bus stop; Kuti, near Crkva Sv. Trojice, thermophilous scrub; Manastir Savina, BN90, dry grassland on a stone wall; Vala, CN00, graveyard and dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Bigova, CM19, dry grassland on private land; Crkva Sv. Đorđa, CM19, thermophilous scrub; Kavač, CM19, \u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e groves; Kovačko Polje, CM18, roadside vegetation; Lješevići, CM19, open thermophilous scrub; Njeguši toward Škaljari, CM19, roadside vegetation; Risan, CN10, rocky slope; Trojica, CM19, roadside vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTivat\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Mrčevac, CM19, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Škaljari, CM19, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; Oblatno, CM09, Mediterranean maquis and arborescent matorral; Tivatska Solila, CM19, dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eUlcinj\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Ambula, CM64, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; near Ćurke, CM64, dry grassland; Donji Štoj, CM54, dry grassland; Donji Štoj, CM63, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; Donji Štoj, CM63, sand; Gornji Štoj, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; CM63, Kodra Dake, CM64, citrus orchards and dry grassland; toward Krute, CM55, roadside vegetation; Krute, CM55, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; Maslinjaci, CM44, olive groves; Rastiš, CM65, roadside vegetation; Sukobin, CM65, thermophilous scrub; Šas, CM64, roadside vegetation; Šas lake, CM64, trampled xeric grassland with annuals; Zoganje, CM54, roadside vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCekanje, CM29, pasture;Čevo, CN21, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands and closely grazed dry grasslands; Donji Ulići, CM39, rocky ground; Donje Polje, CM29, roadside vegetation; Košćele, CM39, roadside vegetation; Kućišta, CN20, gravel roadside embankment; Njeguši, CN20, pasture; Očinići, CM29, roadside vegetation; Park 13. jul, CM29; Resna, CN20, thermophilous scrub, gravel roadside embankment and rocky ground; Vojkovići, CN20, roadside vegetation; Vuči Do, CN20, closely grazed dry grassland;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eDanilovgrad\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNovo Selo, CN40, dry grassland; Slap, CN41, thermophilous scrub;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDrenovštica, CN32, graveyard and dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSadine, CN50, pasture;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eTuzi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDrešaj, CM68, recently abandoned arable land; Dušići, CM68, recently abandoned arable land;Gornji Milješ, CM69, closely grazed dry grassland; Kotrabudan, CM68, vineyard; Podhum, CM68, \u003cem\u003ePunica granatum\u003c/em\u003e orchard; Sukuruć, CM68, roadside vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eZeta\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMataguži, CM58, fruit tree orchard; \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: Riđani, CN23, thermophilous scrub and dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003eW, \u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMokrine, BN90, trampled xeric grassland;Sutorina, Gornji Šćepoševići, BN90, dry grassland; Tomaševići, toward Kruševice, BN91, thermophilous scrub and pasture;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDragalj, CN01, trampled xeric grassland;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Baćovići, CN04, Grahovo, CN02, closely grazed dry grassland, bordering arable fields; Grahovo, toward Duboki Do, CN12, gravel roadside embankment; Klenak, anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation; BN93, thermophilous scrub; Sijerkovići, BN93, thermophilous scrub; Vraćenovići, BN94, thermophilous scrub.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens: ME, \u003cu\u003eBudva\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBuljarice, Kanjoši, CM37, 11 mnv, krečnjak, 15.04.2005, leg. \u003cem\u003eRajčević, N., Dodoš, T., Rabrenović, D., Milojević, S.\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum umbellatum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.] [rev. Milica Rat, 26.02.2020] (BEOU); Kuljače, 200 m SSW of the Duljevo monastery, CM28, \u003cem\u003eQuercus pubescens\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eforest, 448 msm, leg. \u003cem\u003eA. Kučerová, K. Slachová \u0026amp; J. Danihelka\u003c/em\u003e (BRNU-692316); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eKameno b. Castelnuovo, BN90, 20.04.1905 [sub. \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum comosum\u003c/em\u003e L., sub. \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum nanum\u003c/em\u003e Sibth. (Asch.)](GZU-000311711); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDalmatien, Cattaro, Umgebung, CM19, 26.03.1910, leg. \u003cem\u003eWettstein\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum comosum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.] (WU-2912); Dalmatien, Cattaro, an der Straße oberhalb Škaljari, CM19, 14.05.1928, leg. \u003cem\u003eDr Korb.\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum exscapum\u003c/em\u003e Ten.] (W-5348); Camenari, Cattaro, D., CN00, 19.03.1905, leg. \u003cem\u003eG. J. Schneider\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum exscapum\u003c/em\u003e Ten. f. \u003cem\u003ebiflorum\u003c/em\u003e Jour. et Fourr.] (W-5652); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTivat\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Tivatske solane, CM19, 23.03.2000., leg. \u003cem\u003eStevanović, V.\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e] (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eUlcinj\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Donji Štoj, CM54, 23.03.2013, leg. \u003cem\u003eBubanja, N. 3447\u003c/em\u003e (NHMM-12597) [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum exscapum\u003c/em\u003e Ten.]; \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Orlov Krsch, 1907, leg.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eBierbach\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e Guss.] (BEOU).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e L., Sp. Pl.: 307 (1753).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e Sailer, Fl. Oberöstr. 1: 190 (1841); \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum angustifolium\u003c/em\u003e Boreau, Notes Pl. Franç. 3: 14 (1847).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiterature data:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eME, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: Sehr häufig an den oberen Kalkhügeln des Sutorman auf feuchten, quellreichen Stellen, CM46 (Ebel, 1844:9); \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMN (Ascherson et Kanitz, 1877:18); Skadarsko jezero, CM57, \u003cem\u003eCarpinetum orientalis punicosum\u003c/em\u003e (Černjavski et al., 1949:52,81); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e In graminosis ad Cetinje, CM29, et supra Boljevići distr. Crmnicae, CM47 (Pančić, 1875:91); Obzovica, CM28, na livadama i pašnjačkim kamenjarima (Tomić-Stanković, 1972:38); Vrela, CM28, na livadama i pašnjačkim kamenjarima (Tomić-Stanković, 1972:38); \u003cstrong\u003eC, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Lukavica, CN54 (Horak, 1900:211); \u003cstrong\u003eE, \u003cu\u003eRožaje\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Hajla, DN23 (Markišić, 1986:137); \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCrveno ždrijelo, CN24 (Horak, 1900:211); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePljevlja\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e10 km NW of Pljevlja, CP40, Alt. ca. 1150 m (Aalto et al., 1972:30); \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eŠavnik\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Bobotov Kuk, CN47 (Barret, 1969:147); 40 km NNE of Nikšić, NW of Žabljak, CN47. Alt. ca. 1400 m (Aalto et al., 1972:33); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eŽabljak\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ekanjonska dolina rijeke Tare, CN67 (Bulić, 1989:131); Zminje jezero, CN48 (Barret, 1969:146).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eField records\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003eME, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: mt Lisinj – Loška, CM45, pasture; Sutorman, CM46, thermophilous scrub; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eBudva\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Paštrovići, Brda – Kopac fortress, CM37, thermophilous scrub; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTivat\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Boka Kotorska, Sv. Marko, CM19, maquis; \u003cstrong\u003eSM, \u003cu\u003eBar\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Godinje, near Skadar lake, CM47, thermophilous scrub; Limljani, CM47, calcareous rocky slopes and thermophilous scrub; Rumija, Pinčići, CM56, thermophilous scrub and dry grassland; Virpazar, CM47, Mediterranean subnitrophilous annual grasslands; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eCetinje\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e urban area, CM29, garden; near Boguti, CM38, thermophilous scrub; near Gađi, CM38, roadside vegetation; Gradina, CN21, gravel roadside embankment and thermophilous scrub; Malošin Do, CN20, gravel roadside embankment; Podgor toward Građani, CM38, stone retaining wall with trampled xeric grassland; Ržani Do, CN20, gravel roadside embankment; Žanjev Do, CM19, dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Bogetići, CN32, gravel roadside embankment; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Ćepetići, CM39, thermophilous scrub; Gornja Gorica, Cetinjski put, CM59, artificial grassland; Gradac, CM49, stone retaining wall; Tološi, CN50, dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003eE, \u003cu\u003eAndrijevica\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLuge, DN02, lowland hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eBerane\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBabino, DN15, lowland hay meadows, graveyard; Gradinsko Polje, DN04, \u003cem\u003eruderalis\u003c/em\u003e; Pešca, near Lim river, DN04, roadside vegetation;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eBijelo Polje\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDonji Vlah,DN06, lowland hay meadow;Tomaševo,CN86, lowland hay meadow; Zaton, DN06, abandoned lowland hay meadow;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cu\u003eGusinje\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: Dosuđe, DN01, anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eMojkovac:\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Štitarica, near Štitarička river, CN85, anthropogenic herbaceous vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePodgorica\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Brskutski katun, CN81, semi-natural dry grasslands; Bukumirsko lake, CN81, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Katun Mirkovića, CN81, alpine and subalpine calcareous grassland; Katun Mokra, CN81, semi-natural dry grasslands; Kučka korita, Crkva Sv. Arhiđakona Stefana, CN70, mountain hay meadow; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eRožaje\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: near Balotići, DN34, mountain hay meadow; Njeguši, DN34, semi-natural dry grasslands and \u003cem\u003eJuniperus\u003c/em\u003e scrub; \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eMojkovac\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Zapoda, CN75, near the river; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Jasenovo Polje, CN35, \u003cem\u003eQuercus cerris\u003c/em\u003e scrub; Krnovo, CN45, roadside vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePljevlja\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e urban area, CP60, roadside vegetation; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePlužine\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Vučje Selište, CN38, \u003cem\u003eJuniperus communis\u003c/em\u003e formations on calcareous grasslands; Zaborje – Bukovac, CN26, closely grazed dry grassland; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eŠavnik\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Gradac, CN45, semi-natural dry grasslands; Previš, CN45, \u003cem\u003eCorylus avellana\u003c/em\u003e scrub.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamined specimens: ME,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003epored puta, 30.03.1909, leg. \u003cem\u003ePetrović\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum umbellatum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.] (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eHerceg Novi\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBocche – Kameno, BN90, c. 523 m, 04.05.1916, leg. \u003cem\u003eLatzel\u003c/em\u003e (BRNU-324092); \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eTivat\u003c/u\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTivatske solane, CM19, 27.04.1976., leg. \u003cem\u003eStevanović, V.\u003c/em\u003e (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003eN, \u003cu\u003eNikšić\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Budoške bare, CN33, 02.05.2006, leg. \u003cem\u003eBubanja, N. 1155\u003c/em\u003e (NHMM-3471) [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum collinum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGuss.]; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003ePlužine\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Veliko Škrčko jezero, Durmitor, CN37, Festuco-Brometum, do kraja sjeverne obale, 19.07.1992., leg. \u003cem\u003eS. J.\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum gussonei\u003c/em\u003e] (BEOU); \u003cstrong\u003eW, \u003cu\u003eKotor\u003c/u\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Crkvice, Orjen, CN01, 01.06.2022, leg. \u003cem\u003eVuksanović, S. 4110\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(NHMM-16519); Krivošije, CN01, 1917, leg. \u003cem\u003eHruboš\u003c/em\u003e [sub \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.] (BRNU-57082).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIdentification key for \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003es. str\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e species in Montenegro:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1a.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLeaves flat, without a white stripe on the upper surface, present or withered at anthesis; inflorescence a corymb, pseudocorymb, including raceme forms; carpels with rounded apices………………………………………………2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1b.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLeaves canaliculate, with a white stripe on upper surface; inflorescence corymb or pseudocorymb; carpels with winged or attenuate apices……………………………………………………………………………………………..3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2a.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLeaves glaucous or pale green, regularly ciliate on the margins, usually withered at anthesis; inflorescence more or less raceme-like, or pseudocorymb, with 5-20(30) flowers; bracts as long as pedicels; fruiting pedicels ascending………………………………………………………………………………………….………..\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO.comosum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: May-June; MN: SM, C, E, N, W; Habitats: pastures, dry grasslands, thermophilous scrubs).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2b.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLeaves green or slightly glaucous, glabrous, present at anthesis, partially sheathing the scape; inflorescence corymbiform to pseudocorymbiform, bracts shorter than pedicels, fruiting pedicels ascending to divergent…………………………………………………………………………………………………..\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO.montanum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: May; MN: N; Habitats: mountain meadows by the river and mountain pastures).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3a.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBulb with bulbils…………………………………………………………………………………………………4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3b.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBulb without or rarely with only a few (1-3) lateral small bulbils………………………………………………6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4a.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBulbils growing in clusters around main bulb, sessile, usually of different sizes, pyriform, longer than 3 mm and large as ⅓ of the main bulb, some of them bearing leaves in their first year; ≥ 6 flowers per stem; bracts usually longer than half of the length of the fruiting pedicels; pedicels patent, up to 50 mm long………………………………………………………………………………………………………\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO.umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: April-June; MN: ME, SM, E, N, W; Habitats: roadside vegetation, thermophilous scrubs, lowland hay meadows).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4b.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBulbils within the outer tunic, numerous, pediculate, usually rounded, equal in size, up to 3mm in diameter…….5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5a.\u003c/strong\u003e Main bulb rounded, with small, rounded bulbils inside of tunics; scape hypogeous, rarely partly epigeous; 2-12 flowers per stem; bracts about as long as pedicels; fruiting pedicels deflexed, long up to 40 mm………….\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO.refractum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: March-April; MN: ME, SM, W, Habitats: roadside vegetation, thermophilous scrubs, rocky ground).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5b.\u003c/strong\u003e Main bulb ovoid depressed, with small, ovoid to spherical bulbils, \u0026nbsp;usually not leaved; epigeal part of plant is long; ≥ 6 flowers per stem; fruiting pedicels patent to slightly reflexed, longer than 15 cm; bracts shorter than half of the length of the fruiting pedicels…………………………………………………………………………\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO.divergens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: April-June; MN: SM, E, N; Habitats: roadside vegetation, abandoned hay meadows).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6a.\u003c/strong\u003e Bulbs with free bulbscales; scape ±hypogeous; fruiting pedicels refracted to divergent…………………………7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6b.\u003c/strong\u003e Bulbs with concrescent or free bulbscales; scape epigeous, fruiting pedicels ascending to ± patent……………8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7a.\u003c/strong\u003e Scape hypogeous, long up to 50 mm; inflorescence corymbiform, sessile on surface of soil; base of the pedicels with prominent motor pulvinus, long up to 30 mm, deflexed in fruit; bracts subequal or slightly longer than the fruiting pedicels; capsule obovoid to cylindrical, with 6 keeled angles………………………………….\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO.sibthorpii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: February-April (May); MN: ME, SM, N, W; Habitats: dry grasslands, pastures, roadside vegetation, thermophilous scrubs, thermophilous forests).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7b.\u003c/strong\u003e Scape only partly hypogeous, long up to 30 mm; motor pulvinus absent; basal pedicels erect to divergent, long up to 40 mm; bracts shorter than fruiting pedicels; capsule ovoid, with 6 keeled angles ………………\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO.exscapum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: March-May; MN: ME, SM, C, W; Habitats: roadside vegetation, dry grasslands and pastures, rocky ground).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8a.\u003c/strong\u003e Leaves persistent at anthesis…………………………………………………………………………….…….9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8b.\u003c/strong\u003e Bulbs with free bulb scales; leaves withered at anthesis; anthers with a dark brown spot on the connective tissue………………………………………………………………………………………………………...\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO.gussonei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: May-June; MN: SM, most probably ME; Habitats: pastures, dry grasslands, rocky ground);\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9a.\u003c/strong\u003e Bulbs with concrescent bulbscales; leaves glabrous…………………………………………………………10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9b.\u003c/strong\u003e Bulbs with free bulbscales; leaves with more or less prominent papilles, 1-1.5(2.5) mm wide, green and present at anthesis………………………….…………………………………………………………………...\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. collinum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: May-June; MN: no field records for this species, most probably to be found in M and SM parts of the country; Habitats: pastures, dry grasslands, thermophilous scrub).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10a.\u003c/strong\u003e Robust plants, with numerous leaves (more than 10), width \u0026gt;3mm, longer than inflorescence, glaucous-green in colour; bulb large, globose, \u0026gt;2 cm in diameter; scape longer than 40 mm; numerous flowers (7-20); bract slightly shorter than the fruiting pedicel……………….…………………………………………………….\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. dalmaticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: April-May; MN: ME, SM, C; Habitats: rocky slopes, thermophilous scrubs, macquis).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10b.\u003c/strong\u003e Gracile plants; bulb ovoid to elongate-ovoid, small, diameter up to 2(2.5) cm; leaves number less than 10, narrow, width less than 3 mm, green in colour; fruiting pedicels erect; ovary and capsule with thickened and keeled or ±winged angles…………………………………………….…………………………………………………....11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11a.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePlants with fewer than 3 flowers; epigeal scape up to 40 mm long; fruiting pedicels ascending; bracts up to 20 mm long, subequal or slightly longer than the pedicels………………………….……………………\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. ostrovicense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: April-May; MN: ME, SM; Habitats: dry grasslands, rocky ground).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11b.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePlants with more than 4 flowers, epigeal scape longer than 40 mm…………………………………………….12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12a.\u003c/strong\u003e Scape up to 60 mm long; bracts shorter than the half of pedicels; flower number 4-7; fruiting pedicels ascending, less than 40 mm long…………………………………………………………………………..\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. kochii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: April-July; MN: ME, SM, C, E, N, W; Habitats: lowland and mountain hay meadows, alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands, semi-natural dry grasslands).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12b.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eScape elongated (\u0026gt;150 mm), at least twice as long as the inflorescence length; flower number (5)6-10; pedicels longer than 70 mm, ascending in fruit; bracts longer than the half of fruiting pedicels………………….\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. orbelicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Flowering time: May-June; MN: C, E, N; Habitats: lowland and mountain hay meadows, ruderal sites, semi-natural dry grasslands).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, targeted research efforts in the Balkan Peninsula (Andrić et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Dimopoulos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Nikolić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Niketić \u0026amp; Tomović, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rat \u0026amp; Bogdanović, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Rat \u0026amp; Barina, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Stupar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) have considerably advanced knowledge of \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e diversity, particularly in terms of species delimitation and distribution patterns, thereby providing a solid base for future genus-level studies. Montenegro, as an integral part of this biogeographically complex region, shares its intricate geological and biological history. The country\u0026rsquo;s biodiversity ranks among the highest in Europe, particularly in terms of species richness relative to its total land area (Griffiths et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Stevanović et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e), reflecting its complex mosaic of ecological conditions and pronounced climatic heterogeneity within a relatively small spatial extent. However, the lack of a national flora and a comprehensive identification key (Stešević \u0026amp; Caković, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) limits the accurate identification of certain plant groups, such as \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str., thus leading to misidentifications and conflicting records that have accumulated in both the literature and herbarium collections. In this context, the present study clarifies these ambiguities and demonstrates that \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str. is more diverse in Montenegro than previously recognized, highlighting the country's floristic richness even within a single genus compared to the other neighbouring countries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiverse national and regional floras and identification keys often use varying criteria for species delimitation, leading to inconsistent identifications. In \u003cem\u003eFlora Europaea\u003c/em\u003e (Zahariadi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e), the most widely used resource, this genus is divided into seven subgenera based on limited morphological characters, which artificially separate closely related species. Furthermore, the understanding of the genus across Europe and the Mediterranean has been complicated by the description of numerous new taxa over the past four decades, many of which remain excluded from existing keys. Through a systematic approach to \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e research in Montenegro, integrated with data from surrounding regions, we addressed these taxonomic inconsistencies. In this regard, the present study provides a detailed identification key for 13 species occurring within Montenegrin territory, clearly delimiting taxa based on stable morphological traits observable across different phenophases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe literature on the national flora serves as the foundation and initial point for genus-level research, and it is essential to critically evaluate and clarify these records to prevent misinterpretation over time. To date, Rohlena\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eConspectus florae Montengrinae\u003c/em\u003e (1942) remains the most comprehensive account of the country\u0026rsquo;s flora and provides valuable insight into the historical understanding of this genus. Within this framework, the treatment of \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e is primarily based on Hayek\u0026rsquo;s concept (1932\u0026ndash;1933), and most of the reported records are confirmed by the present research. In this context, one of the most visible and problematic cases, stemming from both nomenclature and taxonomic issues, concerns the diverse applications of the name \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e. Originally described from Europe (Gussone, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1827\u003c/span\u003e) under an illegitimate name (a later homonym), it continued to be widely used by botanists for many years, leaving a lasting legacy of taxonomic confusion (Garbari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Speta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990b\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, historical records of \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e from the Mediterranean region, including Montenegro, do not correspond to a single taxon, but rather reflect a collective misapplication of the name to several distinct taxa. In the absence of comprehensive systematic revisions in this region, the name \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e was repeatedly misapplied, often to any narrow-leaved \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e, and confused with taxa such as \u003cem\u003eO. kochii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. collinum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eO. comosum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eO. umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e, as Speta (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990b\u003c/span\u003e) has noted earlier. In support of this, field research confirmed the presence of nearly all these taxa at multiple locations in Montenegro previously assigned to this illegitimate name, as the revision could not be based solely on literature records without supporting herbarium data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nomenclatural confusion is further compounded by the occurrence of several infraspecific taxa historically placed under \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e. Supporting this, Hayek (1932\u0026ndash;1933) recognized four varieties: \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekochii\u003c/em\u003e, var. \u003cem\u003ebosniacum\u003c/em\u003e, var. \u003cem\u003eorbelicum\u003c/em\u003e, and var. \u003cem\u003eurumovianum\u003c/em\u003e. Of these, \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ekochii\u003c/em\u003e is reliably referred to as \u003cem\u003eO. kochii\u003c/em\u003e, as confirmed by our recent field observations. Although some authors and recent databases treat this taxon as \u003cem\u003eO. orthophyllum\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ekochii\u003c/em\u003e (Parl.) Zahar. (Dost\u0026aacute;l, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Govaerts, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Zahariadi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e), this interpretation is not adopted here but aligns with other national floras and relevant publications (Garbari \u0026amp; Tornadore, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e; Dimopoulos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Nikolić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Niketić \u0026amp; Tomović, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Pignatti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second taxon, \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003ebosniacum\u003c/em\u003e Beck-Mannagetta (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1887\u003c/span\u003e) descibed from Bosnia and Herzegovina, remains poorly understood. Some databases (Govaerts, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) treat this taxon as a synonym of \u003cem\u003eO. collinum\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ecollinum\u003c/em\u003e, which appears unlikely, given the known distribution and diagnostic traits of the latter (Garbari \u0026amp; Giordani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, according to earlier authors (Ascherson \u0026amp; Graebner, 1905\u0026ndash;1907; Hayek, 1932\u0026ndash;1933; Rohlena, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1942\u003c/span\u003e), the distinction between \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium var. kochii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium var. bosniacum\u003c/em\u003e relies primarily on ecological preferences rather than stable morphological characters, with the former occurring mainly in the submontane zone and the latter in alpine habitats. This taxon remains an open question to be resolved in the future, based on a comprehensive field survey and an integrative approach.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother species often synonymized with \u003cem\u003eO. kochii\u003c/em\u003e is \u003cem\u003eO. ostrovicense\u003c/em\u003e Meyer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Although Rat and Barina (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) treated it as a synonym of \u003cem\u003eO. kochii\u003c/em\u003e, it remains recognized in major databases (Govaerts, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Raab-Straube, 2022+). This taxon is distinguished from \u003cem\u003eO. kochii\u003c/em\u003e by very short pedicels and bracts equal in length to the pedicels. Formerly considered endemic to Albania, it is now known to occur in Montenegro as well. Its biogeographical distribution shows that it occupies a similar ecological niche in both countries, thereby retaining a highly restricted, endemic range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003eorbelicum\u003c/em\u003e Velenovsk\u0026yacute; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1891\u003c/span\u003e) described from Bulgaria, represents an overlooked element of the Montenegrin flora, as it has been reported from neighbouring Serbia (Niketić \u0026amp; Tomović, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Following the morphological description, the holotype specimen, and habitat preferences, we also confirm the presence and taxonomic status of this species at the national scale in our study (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://prc.jacq.org/PRC451666\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://prc.jacq.org/PRC451666\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA further manifestation of complications in understanding \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e is evident in the \u003cem\u003eFlora Europaea\u003c/em\u003e (Zahariadi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e), where \u003cem\u003eO. collinum\u003c/em\u003e was maintained as the valid name, with \u003cem\u003eO. gussonei\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eO. tenuifolium\u003c/em\u003e considered its synonyms. By contrast, after systematically reviewing Greek material, Landstr\u0026ouml;m (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e) incorporated \u003cem\u003eO. collinum\u003c/em\u003e into a broadly defined concept of \u003cem\u003eO. exscapum\u003c/em\u003e, thereby including traits inconsistent with the later species. In contemporary treatments, including the \u003cem\u003eFlora d\u0026rsquo;Italia\u003c/em\u003e (Pignatti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and the Greek flora (Dimopoulos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), O. \u003cem\u003egussonei\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eO. collinum\u003c/em\u003e are recognized as separate species, a distinction confirmed by our present investigation. Based on cytotaxonomic investigations (chromosome number determined as 2n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14), we confirmed the presence of \u003cem\u003eO. gussonei\u003c/em\u003e at two localities in Montenegro. Although our field research did not confirm \u003cem\u003eO. collinum\u003c/em\u003e, its occurrence in Montenegro is well established based on its biogeography, ecological preferences (Garbari \u0026amp; Giordani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e), and published cytological data by Speta (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990b\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, the occurrence of \u003cem\u003eO. dalmaticum\u003c/em\u003e at several localities in Montenegro is strongly supported by morphological evidence, in accordance with Speta (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990b\u003c/span\u003e). Traditionally regarded as a narrow endemic of the northern Adriatic coast of Croatia and Slovenia (Nikolić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Raab-Straube, 2022+), this species has been recorded in Montenegro in dry, thermophilic grasslands and open scrublands, where it forms sparse and isolated populations. These findings suggest a broader, yet fragmented Adriatic distribution and underscore the need for further investigations, particularly cytological analyses, to confirm its presence and clarify its biogeographical and taxonomic status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent and subsequent studies have further clarified the relationships within the historically often misinterpreted \u003cem\u003eO. umbellatum\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eO. divergens\u003c/em\u003e complex, establishing a well-supported distinction between these taxa based on both morphological and cytological evidence (Andrić et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Azor\u0026iacute;n et al., 2009b, 2011; Mercadal et al., 2017). The present study further supports this approach, confirming the species\u0026rsquo; ecological, distributional, and morphological patterns documented in the literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe two species, \u003cem\u003eO. comosum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eO. montanum\u003c/em\u003e, which are morphologically distinct from other members of the group by their flat leaves and lack of a white stripe on the adaxial side, have previously been recorded only sporadically in this region. Our research confirms their distribution and ecological characteristics within Montenegro. The species is widely distributed across Europe and the Mediterranean region (Govaerts, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Raab-Straube, 2022+; Zahariadi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e) and occurs predominantly in dry, rocky habitats, exhibiting considerable morphological plasticity, as shown by our results. This is further supported by national-level vegetation surveys that resulted in the provisional description of the new association in the sub-Mediterranean part of Montenegro (Stanišić-Vujačić et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). By contrast, another broad-leaved, late-flowering taxon, \u003cem\u003eO. montanum\u003c/em\u003e, differs in its glabrous, shiny leaves and is newly reported for Montenegro, confirmed only from the country's northern locality. Its rarity in Montenegro aligns with its status in several neighbouring countries (Barina et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Niketić \u0026amp; Tomović, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Nikolić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Sabovljević et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the main contribution of our study lies in the recognition of species flowering in late winter and early spring, which have been either overlooked or poorly documented in previous national-level research. In this context, in our analysis of native populations within the investigated area, we have also considered the morphological variability found in populations of the same or similar taxa in other countries (Garbari et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Landstr\u0026ouml;m, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Peruzzi \u0026amp; Passalacqua, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Peruzzi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Rat \u0026amp; Bogdanović, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Speta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000b\u003c/span\u003e). These taxa, characterized by a shared morphological feature - short and mostly hypogeous scape and refracted fruiting pedicels, are: \u003cem\u003eO. sibthorpii, O. exscapum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eO. refractum\u003c/em\u003e. All of them have similar distribution ranges and habitat preferences, but flower sequentially (Rat \u0026amp; Bogdanović, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Speta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Among them, \u003cem\u003eO. sibthorpii\u003c/em\u003e flowers first, while the co-occurring \u003cem\u003eO. exscapum\u003c/em\u003e flowers later, reaching anthesis as the former begins to fruit. For this reason, \u003cem\u003eO. sibthorpii\u003c/em\u003e was overlooked and mostly confused with \u003cem\u003eO. exscapum\u003c/em\u003e in previous national researches (e.g. Baldacii, 1910). Notably, \u003cem\u003eO. refractum\u003c/em\u003e flowers from late March to May, creating only a brief temporal separation from the other two species, however, it is easily distinguished by the presence of bulbils. Despite its wide distribution throughout Central Europe (Raab-Straube, 2022+; Speta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), the occurrence of \u003cem\u003eO. refractum\u003c/em\u003e in Montenegro is scattered, and populations are individually poor. Among these taxa, \u003cem\u003eO. exscapum\u003c/em\u003e is the most widespread in Montenegro, common in dry, warm grassy habitats across Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean subregions. This distribution supports the recently described association \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalo exscapii-Poetum bulbosae\u003c/em\u003e (Stanišić-Vujačić et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, these taxa show strong adaptation to intensive grazing, fertilization, and trampling, aligning with earlier reports (Stanišić-Vujačić et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023b\u003c/span\u003e) and the documented resilience of Mediterranean geophytes under environmental pressure (Noy-Meir \u0026amp; Oron, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str. species follow a similar pattern, where phenological traits align with altitudinal and biogeographical distribution, enabling predictable spatial and temporal occurrences. Within the \u003cem\u003eO. umbellatum aggr\u003c/em\u003e., species flower successionally from April to June, extending into July at higher altitudes. The latest flowering are \u003cem\u003eO. orbelicum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eO. montanum\u003c/em\u003e. Even when overlapping in habitats, misidentifications are rare due to clear morphological differences. Overall, the genus occurs across all Montenegrin subregions and altitudes, with a flowering period spanning from late winter to mid-summer, consistent with phenological patterns observed across the Balkan Peninsula and the Mediterranean basin (Nikolić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Pignatti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Zahariadi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study of \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str. in Montenegro demonstrates notable species and ecological diversity, while also revealing persistent taxonomic uncertainties caused by morphological variability, hybridization, and rapid adaptation. Given the complexity of the group, recent research has identified a higher diversity (13 species) than previously recognized (10 species and infraspecific taxa). This includes newly recorded or overlooked taxa: \u003cem\u003eO. montanum, O. sibthorpii, O. dalmaticum, O. orbelicum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eO. ostrovicense\u003c/em\u003e, while providing a critical reassessment of earlier records for \u003cem\u003eO. kochii, O. collinum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eO. gussonei\u003c/em\u003e. The national checklist presented here provides a baseline for future regional studies that may further refine current taxonomic and biogeographical interpretations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDeclaration\u0026nbsp;of AI Use\u003c/b\u003e Artificial intelligence-assisted technologies were utilized exclusively for the purpose of performing grammar and spelling verification and correction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.\u0026Scaron;.: conception of the work; acquisition of data; analysis of data; data curation; funding acquisition; writing: original draft, review \u0026amp; editing. D.S.: conception of the work; acquisition of data; analysis of data; funding acquisition; writing: review \u0026amp; editing. A.P.: acquisition of data; analysis of data; D.M.: analysis of data; M.R. conception of the work; acquisition of data; analysis of data; data curation; writing: review \u0026amp; editing; funding acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors also thank the curators of the following herbarium collections: Juraj Paule (B), Marjan Niketić (BEO), Snežana Vukojičić (BEOU), Zolt\u0026aacute;n Barina (BP), Nejc Jogan (LJU), Vlado Matevski (MKNH), Rubim Almeida da Silva (PO), Sabaheta Abadžić (SARA), Vladimir Vladimirov (SOM), Asen Asenov (SO), Kiril Stoyanov (SOA), Ernst Vitek (W), Mi\u0026scaron;ko Plazibat (ZA), Sandro Bogdanović (ZAGR), Ivana Re\u0026scaron;etnik (ZAHO), Nada Bubanja and Snežana Vuksanović (NHMM).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll curated data in this study are openly available in public herbaria that provide unrestricted access.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAalto, M., H\u0026auml;met-Ahti, L., Rautaj\u0026auml;rvi, R., Suominen, J., Taarna, K., Uotila, M., Uotila, P., \u0026amp; Vitikainen, O. 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Sous-genres et sections m\u0026eacute;sog\u0026eacute;es du genre \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e L. et la valeur comparative de leurs caract\u0026egrave;res diff\u0026eacute;rentiels. \u003cem\u003eRevue Roumaine de Biologie, S\u0026eacute;rie de Botanique\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e, 271\u0026ndash;291.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZahariadi, C. (1980). \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e L. In T. G. Tutin, V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D. M. Moore, D. H. Valentine, S. M. Walters, \u0026amp; D. A. Webb (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eFlora Europaea\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 5, pp. 35\u0026ndash;40). Cambridge University Press.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-biosystems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant Biosystems](https://link.springer.com/journal/44473)","snPcode":"44473","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44473/3?","title":"Plant Biosystems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Adriatic coastal flora, monocots, Balkan plant diversity, botanical checklist, Mediterranean flora, phenology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244718/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244718/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e sensu stricto (Asparagaceae) is a genus of bulbous geophytes characterized by milky white tepals with longitudinal green stripes on the abaxial side and flowers arranged in racemose inflorescences, appearing from late winter to mid-summer. Research on this genus has been limited by a long history of misidentifications, inconsistent taxonomic treatments, and incomplete distribution data across its native range, where taxa occupy diverse habitats and have extended flowering periods. Although diverse, the genus has been largely overlooked in the Montenegrin flora, with existing records remaining fragmented and outdated, underlining the need for a systematic revision. To overcome these ambiguities, a comprehensive investigation of 766 records was undertaken, incorporating a literature review, examination of herbarium specimens, and fieldwork conducted between 2022 and 2025. Analysis of these data revealed previously unrecognized diversity, including taxa newly documented within the national flora. The results of this study expand and supplement previously known distributional ranges for each taxon across the Balkan Peninsula, and demonstrate their broader ecological amplitudes, habitat preferences, and notable ecological plasticity in environments altered by human activity. Finally, an identification key for 13 recognized species is provided, offering a revised account of \u003cem\u003eOrnithogalum\u003c/em\u003e s. str. in Montenegro. These findings advance knowledge of geophytic diversity and ecology in the Balkan Peninsula and Mediterranean Basin and lay the groundwork for future research on the genus across the region and within Montenegro.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Floristic Records, Distribution and Habitat Overview on the Genus Ornithogalum sensu stricto in Montenegro","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-13 04:51:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9244718/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-03T11:57:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-01T13:57:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-23T06:53:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-16T07:54:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"182782219078014112926230178909201761862","date":"2026-04-15T21:37:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"226880171910863151145466704982322567898","date":"2026-04-15T09:33:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"136846827928034777341618398869003775431","date":"2026-04-10T09:11:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-06T20:04:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-27T13:42:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-27T13:42:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plant Biosystems","date":"2026-03-27T12:09:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plant-biosystems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plant Biosystems](https://link.springer.com/journal/44473)","snPcode":"44473","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44473/3?","title":"Plant Biosystems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fb8571d4-12ad-4731-bf64-573c73ff7eda","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-03T11:57:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-01T13:57:12+00:00","index":17,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-03T12:09:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-13 04:51:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9244718","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9244718","identity":"rs-9244718","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}