Dietary Quality and Micronutrient Adequacy, Iron Deficiency Anaemia and their Associated Factors among Adolescent Students in Acholi Sub-region of Uganda

Dietary Quality and Micronutrient Adequacy, Iron Deficiency Anaemia and their Associated Factors among Adolescent Students in Acholi Sub-region of Uganda | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Dietary Quality and Micronutrient Adequacy, Iron Deficiency Anaemia and their Associated Factors among Adolescent Students in Acholi Sub-region of Uganda Gloria Adokorach, Sunday Mark Oyet, Christopher Muggaga, Gerald Obai This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3969902/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Nutrition → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Globally, iron deficiency anaemia is a widespread nutrition problem, a concern for public health that affects nearly 2 billion people, mostly adolescents, young children, infants and the elderly, women of reproductive age and people with chronic inflammatory diseases. As far as Acholi sub-region is concerned, the available information is on women of reproductive age, concealing that of adolescents in regards to iron deficiency. This inadequacy prompted the study to examine status of dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy, iron deficiency anaemia and their associated factors among adolescents in secondary schools of Gulu district. Methods: Using cross sectional study, 341 adolescent boys and girls aged 10-19 years from two schools in rural of Gulu district were recruited for the study. HemoCue method was used to measure the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia where as individual dietary diversity as an indicator of micronutrient adequacy was measured using the Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS), Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was found to be 16% (Girls:18.1%; Boys:13.0%). In addition, the mean measure of haemoglobin (Hb) level was 13.21 g/dl, and was slightly higher in boys (13.46±1.55 g/dl) compared to girls (13.02±1.30 g/dl). Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) was not significantly different (p˃0.05) between adolescent girls and boys, with mean individual dietary diversities measures of 3.47±2.143 and 2.98±1.785, respectively, indicating low dietary diversity. Among all food groups, animal source foods, fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A, other fruits and vegetables were the most consumed by adolescent girls compared to boys. The analysis from binary logistic regression showed that, all the socio-demographic factors in the study did not predict dietary diversity as presented by the p value of (p ˃ 0.05). On the other hand, analysis from linear regression revealed that high education attainment by parent/guardian and nature of menstruation predicted the prevalence of anaemia amongst adolescents (p<0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of anaemia was found to be high and characterised with low dietary diversity among adolescents in Gulu district. This study recommends the need for health education and promotion of agricultural practices that support good nutrition in schools with the view of reducing the burden from iron deficiency anaemia. Anaemia adolescents bioavailability Gulu Uganda Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Globally, anaemia has been considered a public health concern with more than 2 billion people being affected [1], most of whom are adolescents, children under 5 years, infants and elderly persons, women of reproductive age (WRA) (15-49 years) and people with chronic inflammatory diseases [2,3,4]. Of the anaemia cases, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) accounts for half of the global cases [5,6]. The prevalence of anaemia in the world is disproportionately presented; developing countries have higher occurrence than developed countries [1,7,8]. For instance, Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia were reported to have the highest prevalence of anaemia, and at country level, a prevalence of 20% or more of anaemia among women of reproductive age (WRA) persists as public health problem at a moderate-to-severe levels in most WHO member states [9]. The situation is not any better for Uganda where regional disparities exist. Whereas overall in Uganda, the prevalence of anaemia among WRA and children under 5 years of age was 32% and 53%, respectively, Acholi sub-region in northern Uganda experienced the highest prevalence accounting for 47% and 71% among WRA and children below five (5) years, respectively [10]. However, the extent to which anaemia occurs in school-going adolescents is largely unknown in Uganda. As such, it is evident that UBOS and ICF [10] report on anaemia considered broad range of age (15-49 years) for women, where specific information on school-going adolescents is lacking, particularly for both girls and boys. In the face of inadequate national data for anaemia among school-going adolescents in Uganda, some previous studies indicated that the occurrences of anaemia was higher in adolescent females than in males [1,11]. Similarly, prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls was reported to be 6% in developed nations compared to 27% in developing nations [12,13] such as Uganda. Adolescence is characterized by rapid physical growth, cognitive development as well as physiological changes which predisposes them to increased risk of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) [12]. This suggests that IDA is linked to poor brain development, stunted growth, reduced immunity, menstrual irregularities and increased susceptibility to infections [6-8, 13-16). More so, dire effects on academic performance [17,18], and economic development [19]) have been attributed to IDA. Inadequate dietary intake has been regarded as the main cause of IDA [20, 21]. This can result from inadequate intake of bio-available iron or mal-absorption of iron from the diet [22, 23] as well as high consumption of undiversified diets [24-26]. Although the main source of iron is diet related [27], there is insufficient data on dietary iron intake among adolescents in Uganda. Furthermore, there is inadequate information on determinants of iron deficiency anaemia particularly in Acholi sub-region where high prevalence was reported. By implication, paucity of information about the status of anaemia, dietary iron intake and associated predictors among adolescents is likely to complicate efforts towards mitigate IDA in Uganda. Therefore, the present study provides opportunities for new directions in addressing iron deficiency anaemia among adolescents by providing evidence-based information in Acholi sub-region. Nonetheless, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge, which is important in addressing the endemic challenge of IDA amongst adolescent school children in Uganda and beyond. Methods The current study employed a cross-sectional study design in which a quantitative approach was used. The study was carried out in Gulu district situated in the Northern part of Uganda. The district is bordered by Lamwo, Pader, Omoro, Amuru and Gulu City (Figure 1). Administratively, the district has one county (Aswa County) divided in to eleven sub-counties (Figure 1). Gulu district is inhabited by the Acholi tribal community, who speak Acholi (Luo) dialect. The district is located in Acholi sub-region of Uganda, which was reported to have the highest prevalence of child and maternal anaemia [10]. Therefore, the current study was conducted among school-going adolescent girls and boys in Gulu district. In the current study, we considered adolescents as persons aged 10-19 years [13,28]. The number of adolescents was calculated according to Taherdoost [29]. Where, n= the sample size required z = the confidence level at 95% (with standard value of 1.96) P = the estimated prevalence of anaemia among rural non-pregnant women (15-49 years of age) in Acholi sub-region reported at 47.1% [10] d = the margin of error put at 5% (with standard value of 0.05) The number of participants was adjusted to 384 to ensure equal representation of boys and girls. As defined by Melwani et al . [13] and Munira & Viwattanakulvanid [28], adolescent girls and boys less than 10 years and those above 19 years were excluded from this study. In addition, others excluded are: adolescents who had chronic illnesses, or recent infections such as malaria, diarrhoea. A multi-stage sampling technique was used. First, because there was no heterogeneity in the population, simple random sampling of two (2) sub-counties (Bungatira and Paicho) from eleven (11) was undertaken by ballot method. The second stage involved selecting one school by ballot from a list of secondary schools in each of the selected sub-counties. Accordingly, Lukome and Paicho senior secondary schools were selected. In the third stage, a sampling frame was created for adolescent boys and girls from the school register, followed by selecting the participants by systematic random sampling. From the 384 participants, only 341 (89.03%) students (girls and boys) completed the study while 42 declined to take part in the study due to fear of finger prick during collection of blood samples. Data on the status of anaemia were collected by hemocue method [10]. Briefly, blood samples were collected using hemocue method by a qualified medical laboratory technician. Before blood was drawn, the fingertip was sterilised using disinfectant. Thereafter, a finger was pricked and a drop of blood drawn into a microcuvette and inserted in a battery-operated portable hemocue analyser to read the level of haemoglobin (g/dl) on-site. Dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy were assessed using the individual dietary diversity score (IDDS) questionnaire [30] . Individual dietary diversity score was used by previous [31,32] as proxy for micronutrient adequacy, especially considered to be adequate when an individual ate at least four (4) of the nine (9) specified food groups in the previous 24-hours period. The 9 food groups included: (i) starchy staples; (ii) legumes nuts and seeds; (iii) meat and fish; (iv) organ meat; (v) eggs; (vi) milk and its products; (vii) dark green leafy vegetables; (viii) vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; (ix) other fruits and vegetables [30]. The study further collected information on other three food groups oils/fats, sweets and beverages because they are considered vital in the diets of adolescents. Furthermore, socio-demographic data was collected using a structured questionnaire. These included; age of the respondent, caretaker of the respondent, class of the respondent, highest education level of their parent/guardian, size of household, parent/guardian’s occupation, nature of the menstrual flow and duration of menstruation (days). Additionally, data was collected after thorough training of the research assistants about the ethics of the research protocol and tools. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel worksheet and cleaned before exporting to Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20 and STATA software version 13 to generate descriptive statistics. The prevalence of anaemia among the adolescent girls and boys based on haemoglobin (Hb) cut-offs of <12.0g/dl and <13.0g/dl), respectively [33] were presented in frequencies and percentages. Furthermore, an independent sample t-test was undertaken to compare the mean difference in Hb levels between adolescent girls and boys at 5% significance level. Dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy were analysed using descriptive statistics and presented as proportion of adolescent boys and girls who consumed a particular food group, and those who consumed at least four of the nine food groups. Dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy as measured by the individual dietary diversity score (IDDS) was categorized “low” if less than 4 food groups ( < 4) were consumed by the individual and “high” if 4 or more food groups (≥4) were consumed [30]. The association of consumption of food groups by the adolescent girls and boys was analysed using Chi-Square test. And finally, an independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy between adolescent girls and boys. Socio-demographic determinants of iron deficiency anaemia, dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy were analysed by linear regression and binary logistic regression. Linear regression is suitable for models were the dependent variable is continuous (haemoglobin levels) whereas binary logistic regression is used when the dependent variable is dichotomous (Individual dietary diversity score). For both linear regression and binary logistic regression, dummy variables of the socio-demographic factors were first created before analysis with haemoglobin levels (continuous variable) and a binary response function for dietary diversity. A total of 8 socio-economic and demographic variables were included in the models, age of respondent (X 1 ), caretaker of the respondent (X 2 ), class of the respondent (X 3 ), highest level of education of the parent/guardian (X 4 ), household size (X 5 ), occupation of the parent/guardian (X 6 ), nature of the menstrual flow (X 7 ), and duration of menstruation (days) (X 8 ). Results Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their parents More than half of the participants (56.9%) were females. Majority of adolescents (82.7%) were living with their parents at the time of interview. A high proportion of parent/guardians attained primary education (47.8%) followed by secondary (31.7%). In relation to occupation, most of the parents/guardians were primarily peasant farmers (63.3%). The average age and household size of the participants were 15.8 years and 7.2 members, respectively (Table 1). Furthermore, a high the proportion of female participants took four (4) (64.4%) days during menstruation, followed by more than 5 days (12.9%). As far as the nature of menstruation is concerned (Table 2), majority of the participants (69.1%) described their menstrual blood flow as being moderate, where as 10.8% described their menstrual blood flow as being heavy. Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia The results for haemoglobin levels and prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia (Table 3) indicate that generally, the level of haemoglobin (Hb) in the blood of the participants was 13.21±1.43g/dl. However, male adolescents had significantly higher haemoglobin level compared to female adolescents (p = 0.005; male: 13.46±1.55 g/dl; female: 13.02±1.30 g/dl). On the other hand, the overall prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was 16.1% and was significantly higher (p=0.005) in girls (18.0%) than in the boys (13.6%). The status of dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy among adolescent Girls and Boys The results (Table 4) indicate significant differences (p<0.05) in consumption of starchy staples, milk and its products and vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables between the adolescent girls and boys. Other food groups of animal origin including meat and fish, organ meat and eggs were eaten by most adolescent girls accounting for between 60-68% as compared to 32-40% for the boys. Regarding consumption of food groups of plant origin, more than half of the adolescent girls compared to the boys consumed legumes/seeds/nuts, leafy green vegetables together with other fruits and vegetables. In addition, over half of the adolescent girls compared to adolescent boys consumed oils/fats, sweets and beverages . There was generally low dietary diversity among adolescent girls and boys as indicated by the mean number of foods consumed (girls: 3.47±2.143; boys: 2.98±1.785). Low dietary diversity accounted for 53.6% and 46.4% among adolescent girls and boys, respectively. In relation to the nu1mber of food groups consumed, there was no significant difference (p˃0.05) in level of dietary diversity between the adolescent girls and boys (Table 5). Additionally, Figure 2 shows that flesh meat and organ meat (iron rich foods) were mostly consumed by adolescent girls than boys. Socio-demographic factors associated with dietary diversity of adolescent girls and boys From binary logistic regression analysis (Table 6), none of the socio-demographic factors were significant predictors (p>0.05) of dietary diversity among adolescent girls and boys. Furthermore, results of linear regression (Table 7) of socio-economic and demographic factors, and haemoglobin levels showed that only educational level of the parent/guardian and nature of menstrual flow among the adolescent girls were significant predictors (p<0.05) of haemoglobin levels. The relationship is presented in equation 1. Y = 12.966 + 0.623 X 4 + 0.525X 7 ………………………………………………………… (1) Where; Y represents haemoglobin levels, X 4 is the education level of the parent/guardian and X 7 is the nature of menstrual flow among the adolescent girls. However, none of the other socio-economic and demographic factors significantly (p>0.05) predicted haemoglobin levels among the adolescents. Discussion The status of iron deficiency anaemia among the adolescents Iron deficiency anaemia is a public health concern due to the fact that it solely contributes to approximately 50% of the global anaemia cases [28,34]. And adolescents are not excluded as they are highly susceptible to iron deficiency anaemia due to rapid growth spurt and onset of menstruation (particularly the girls), which consequently leads to increased nutrient demands [35]. To ascertain the status of iron deficiency anaemia among adolescents, the haemoglobin levels were measured using the hemocue system [11]. Accordingly, we found that in the present study, the average haemoglobin (Hb) level for the adolescent girls and boys in Gulu district was above the cut-off point established by WHO [32] (Table 3). This implies that generally, adolescents in the study areas had normal haemoglobin level. However, the boys had significantly higher haemoglobin levels (p<0.05) than the girls (Table 3). This finding is similar to a study in India where the haemoglobin level of rural boys was found to be higher than that of girls [36]. The finding of the current study further, agrees with previous studies [11-12, 37-40] that reported a higher prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls than the boys. This could be attributed to the physiological differences between boys and girls and is consistent with the girls’ experience of menstruation (Table 2). It was acknowledged that girls lose blood monthly through menstruation [7,13]. Our study suggests that adolescent girls are more prone than boys to irreversible negative effects of anaemia such as poor growth and cognitive function [1,15], poor work performance [15], low immune system [1], neurological development disorders [16]. On the other hand, the prevalence of anaemia among the adolescent girls and boys in the current study (Table 3) is quite lower than the findings of the previous studies which involved both male and female adolescents as study participants [39]. Similarly, the findings of the present study also report a lower prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls in the study area than in several other previous studies [13, 16, 41-43]. Despite that, anaemia should not be underestimated because Acholi sub-region has the highest prevalence among women of reproductive age and children below five years of age [10]. It is against this background that efforts to address anaemia among adolescents should be considered on public health agenda in Gulu district and city in particular and Acholi sub-region in general although the prevalence still falls under mild category according to public health significance [33]. This is because mild anaemia was reported to have health consequences on the adolescent girls such as reproductive age; risk of low birth, preterm delivery, perinatal mortality, and postpartum haemorrhage [44]. Furthermore, although the results of the current study cannot be generalised to other parts of Uganda and the rest of the world, the findings of the current study still provide an important information that can give insight into a large-scale study and provoke mechanisms for addressing iron deficiency anaemia. The status of dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy among adolescent girls and boys Individual dietary diversity is defined as the type and number of food groups consumed by an individual over 24 hours. It is reflective of an individual’s ability to access a variety of foods and is a proxy of micronutrient adequacy [30, 45-46]. Dietary diversity score (DDS) for adolescents were calculated based on 9 food groups [30]. Adolescents who consumed at least four (4) out of the 9 recommended food groups were categorized as having high dietary diversity whereas those who consumed less than four (4) food groups were categorized as having a less diversified diet. Based on the findings of the present study (Table 5), dietary diversity was not significantly different between girls and boys (p>0.05), but girls consumed slightly more diverse diet than boys. Nonetheless, a high proportion of both adolescent girls and boys had low dietary diversity as assessed by the average number of food groups consumed (Table 5). The finding in the study is not in agreement with previous studies [26,47] that reported a low proportion of adolescents with low dietary diversity. In addition, the mean dietary diversity for the current study was lower compared to previous studies [47-49]. Low dietary diversity is associated with a high risk of micronutrient deficiencies such as anaemia [12, 24-26]. The results (Table 4) further indicate that among the food groups, animal source foods (milk and its products, fish, meat, eggs and meat from animal organ), vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, and other fruits and vegetables were the most consumed among girls compared to boys. Consumption of iron rich foods was also higher among adolescent girls than boys (Figure 2). Similarly, consumption of food groups such as starchy staples, legumes/seeds/nuts, green leafy vegetables, oils/fats, sweets and beverages was high amongst adolescent girls compared to the boys (Table 4). The findings of the present study with respect to adolescent girls is in agreement with [25, 47] who reported high consumption of plant-based diets dominated by starch staples (cereals, roots and tubers), but not with respect to consumption of animal source foods, fruits and vegetables as indicated in Table 4. Moreso, the present study indicates that there were significant differences in consumption of starchy staples, milk and its products and Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables between the adolescent girls and boys (p<0.05). This is in agreement with a previous study in India [50] among adolescent with regard to consumption of milk and meat, attributed to puberty, school enrolment, time use and dietary behaviours. Levin [51] also affirmed that consumption of fruits and vegetables was higher among girls than boys in Scotland. Consumption of a diversified diet, which is low in starchy staples and high in animal source foods is associated with both adequate macronutrient and micronutrient intake [30, 45-46,,48], which consequently reduces the risk of nutritional deficiency diseases and chronic diseases later in life such as obesity, diabetes, cardio vascular and renal diseases [24]. In the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), it was reported that malnutrition among adolescent has implications for health, which can be serious and wide ranging [52]. Consistent with this, the same authors [52] reported that iron deficiency was one of the leading determinants of adolescent disability-adjusted life years, especially in low- and middle-income countries, contributing to 20% of maternal deaths. In another study in India, females aged 15–49 years who appeared to have consumed nutrient-rich foods less frequently were twice more likely than men to suffer from anaemia, a non-communicable condition often caused by nutritionally inadequate diets [50]. Moreover, malnutrition in girls in their adult age or reproductive age is one of the causes a vicious cycle of undernutrition and poverty [53]. However, despite that fact that in the current study, the adolescent girls had better dietary quality than boys (Table 4), the prevalence of anaemia was significantly higher among the girls than boys (Table 3). First because, generally, that dietary diversity for both the adolescent girls and boys was low in the study area (Table 5). Secondly, women as well as adolescent girls are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies on account of their cyclical loss of iron during menstruation and childbearing [53]. Therefore, future interventions should focus on how to increase the number of foods that can be prepared and consumed by adolescents while at either school or home. Such interventions can include promotion of agricultural diversification, promotion of iron fortified and biofortified foods. In addition, there is need to investigate level of knowledge, awareness and attitude towards the consumption of iron-rich foods among adolescents. Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy, and anaemia among adolescent girls and boys Previous authors [44] reported that differences in magnitude of anaemia could be due to differences in economy, socio-culture, and dietary practices. In our study, socio-economic and demographic factors of the adolescents like age of respondent, caretaker of the respondent, class of the respondent, highest level of education of the parent/guardian, household size, occupation of the parent/guardian, nature of the menstrual flow, and duration of menstruation (days) were considered and tested whether they had association with dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy. Interestingly, none of these socio-economic and demographic parameters showed significant relationship (p>0.05) (Table 6). This therefore implies that the dietary diversity among the adolescent girls and boys in Gulu district is independent of the socio-economic and demographic factors stated above. The findings of the present study are not consistent with previous studies [ 26, 47, 49, 54-55] that reported socio-economic and demographic factors such as weak economic situation of households, maternal education, maternal employment, monthly income, staying with a single parent, educational level of adolescents as predictors of dietary diversity amongst adolescents. For the prevalence of anaemia (Table 7), only education level of the parent/guardian and nature of menstruation were significant predictors of anaemia among the girls (p<0.05). This could partly explain why haemoglobin concentration of adolescent girls was below that of boys (Table 3) despite them consuming more animal food groups than boys (Table 4). The findings of the current study are in agreement with [39, 56] where education status of the parent/guardian was a positive predictor of anaemia. A highly educated parent/guardian is able to influence intake of micronutrient foods such as meat, fish, fruits and vegetables which consequently reduces the risk of anaemia amongst adolescents [16]. Furthermore, the results of the current study correlate with previous studies [57,58] that reported menstruation as a predictor of anaemia amongst adolescent girls. Menstruation is associated with blood loss and hence reduces on the iron stores in the body. Should there be no replacement of the lost iron, then anaemia manifests. Our study has shown that even with moderate levels of intake of animal products, adolescent girls are still prone to anaemia compared to boys whose diet was dominated by plant-based foods. Therefore, preventing anaemia among adolescents should take into consideration strengthening the already existing health interventions at schools such as regular deworming and timely diagnosis and treatment of malaria. In addition, consideration should be given to iron supplementation programs to adolescent girls in order to reduce anaemia, and health and nutrition education. Further study is required to understand the effect of iron supplementation and its cost-effectiveness, health and nutrition promotion among adolescents. Conclusions This study investigated the status of anaemia, dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy and their socio-economic and demographic predictors among adolescents. The present study has demonstrated that adolescent girls were more anaemic than boys. Dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy were low among both adolescent girls and boys. Consumption of animal source foods, vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, and other fruits and vegetables was higher among girls compared to boys. Dietary quality was independent of socio-economic and demographic factors among adolescent girls and boys while at level of education of the parent/guardian and nature of the menstrual flow were the main predictors of anaemia amongst girls and not boys. Abbreviations FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization, Hb: Haemoglobin, ICF: Inner City Fund, IDA: Iron Deficiency Anaemia, IDDS: Individual Dietary Diversity Score, IDDSQ: Individual Dietary diversity Score Questionnaire, SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Scientists, UBOS: Uganda Bureau of Statistics Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate in the study Ethical clearance to conduct this study was obtained from the Gulu University Research Ethics Committee (GUREC-052-19). Administrative clearance was also obtained from the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) of Gulu district and the school administration. Informed consent was obtained from all the adolescents and/or their parents/legal guardians. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest Funding This research was self-funded Authors' contributions GA: Conception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, drafting of the manuscript SMO: Conception and design, analysis and interpretation, drafting of the manuscript GO: Conception and design, analysis and interpretation, drafting of the manuscript, Final approval for publication CM: Critical review of the draft manuscript Acknowledgements The authors thank Gulu District Local Government (GDLG) and the head teachers of the secondary schools for permitting this study. Authors' information (optional) Not applicable References Akbari, M., Moosazadeh, M., Tabrizi, R., Khatibi, S. T., Khodadost, M., Heydari, K. B., Tahami, A. N., and Lankarani, S. R. 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Dietary Diversity as a Measure of the Micronutrient Adequacy of Women’s Diets in Resource-Poor Areas: Summary of Results from Five Sites 97. Arimond, M., Wiesmann, D., Ramírez, S. R., Levy, T. S., Ma, S., Zou, Z., Herforth, A., & Beal, T. (2021). Food group diversity and nutrient adequacy: Dietary diversity as aproxy for micronutrient adequacy for different age and sex groups in Mexico and China. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN). DOI: https://doi.org/10.36072/dp.9 WHO 2001 WHO. 2001. Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control. Geneva: World Health Organization. Finkelstein, J. L., Herman, H. S., Guetterman, H. M., Peña-rosas, J. P., and Mehta, S. (2018). “Daily Iron Supplementation for Prevention or Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Infants , Children , and Adolescents.” (12):1–21. Emre, F., and Oguz, O. (2021). “Prevalence of Anaemia and Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Elementary School Children in Turkey.” Annals of Medical Research 28(3):490–95. 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(2021). “Frequent Consumption of Micronutrient-Rich Foods Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Anaemia Among Adolescent Girls and Boys in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Food and Nutrition Bulletin 42(1):S59–71. Gonete, K. A., Tariku, A., Wami, S. D., and Derso, T. (2018). “Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anaemia among Adolescent Girls Attending High Schools in Dembia District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017.” Archives of Public Health 76(1):1–9. Siva, P. M., Sobha, A., and Manjula, V. D. (2016). “Prevalence of Anaemia and Its Associated Risk Factors among Adolescent Girls of Central Kerala.” Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 10(11):19–23. Ahankari, A. S., Myles, P. R., Fogarty, A. W., Dixit, J. V., and Tata, L. J. (2016). Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Risk Factors in 1,010 Adolescent Girls from Rural Maharashtra, India: A Cross-Sectional Survey . 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(2020). “Exploring Rural Adolescents ’ Dietary Diversity and.” Nutrients 12(2230):1–18. Mirmiran, P., Azadbakht, L., Esmaillzadeh, A., and Azizi, F. (2004). “Dietary Diversity Score in Adolescents - a Good Indicator of the Nutritional Adequacy of Diets: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 13(1):56–60. Worku, M., Hailemicael, G., and Wondmu, A. (2017). “Dietary Diversity Score and Associated Factors among High School Adolescent Girls in Gurage Zone , Southwest Ethiopia.” World Journal of Nutrition and Health 5(2):41–45. Aurino, E. (2017). Do boys eat better than girls in India? Longitudinal evidence on dietary diversity and food consumption disparities among children and adolescent. Economics & Human Biology , 25: 99-111. Lev in (2011) Levin, K. (2011). Inequalities in eating behaviour of 11- 15 year old boys and girls in Scotland, 2002-2010. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 65(Suppl 2), A25–A26. doi:10.1136/jech.2011.143586.57 Jabbour, J., Khalil, M., Ronzoni, A. R., Mabry, R., Al-Jawaldeh, A., El-Adawy, M., & Sakr, H. (2023). Malnutrition and gender disparities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: The need for action. Frontiers in Nutrition , 10 , 1113662. Shafiq, A., Hussain, A., Asif, M., Jameel, A., Sadiq, S., Kanwel, S. (2022). Determinants of Gender Disparity in Nutritional Intake among Children in Pakistan: Evidence from PDHS. Children . 9(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010007 Vakili, M., Abedi, P., Sharifi, M., and Hosseini, M. (2013). “Dietary Diversity and Its Related Factors among Adolescents : A Survey in Ahvaz-Iran.” Global Journal of Health Science 5(2):181–86. Doku, D., Koivusilta, L., Raisamo, S., and Rimpela, A. (2011). “Socio-Economic Differences in Adolescents ’ Breakfast Eating , Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Physical Activity in Ghana.” Public Health Nutrition 16(5):864–72. Zhu, Z., Sudfeld, C. R., Cheng, Y., Qi, Q., Li, S., Elhoumed, M., Yang, M. J. Chang, S., Dibley, W. W., Zeng, L., and Fawzi, W. (2021). “Anaemia and Associated Factors among Adolescent Girls and Boys at 10–14 Years in Rural Western China.” BMC Public Health 21(218):1–14. Leenstra, T., Kariuki, S. K., Kurtis, J. D., Oloo, A. J., Kager, P. A., and Kuile, F. O. (2004). “Prevalence and Severity of Anaemia and Iron Deficiency : Cross-Sectional Studies in Adolescent Schoolgirls in Western Kenya.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58:681–91. Regasa, R. T., and Haidar, J. A. (2019). “Anaemia and Its Determinant of In-School Adolescent Girls from Rural Ethiopia: A School Based Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC Women’s Health 19(1):1–7. Tables Table 1 : Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their parents Variable Number of participants Percentage (%) Sex of the respondents Male 147 43.1 Female 194 56.9 Living with parent/guardian Yes 282 82.7 No 59 17.3 Education level (parent/guardian) Primary 163 47.8 Secondary 108 31.7 Tertiary 70 20.5 Occupation (parent/guardian) Peasant farmer 216 63.3 Civil servant 79 23.2 Self employed 46 13.5 Age of the respondents 12-15 years 134 39.3 16-19 years 207 60.7 Household size of respondents 1-5 persons 84 24.6 6-10 persons 227 66.6 11-15 persons 27 7.9 16-20 persons 3 0.9 Table 2: Menstrual characteristics of adolescent girls Menstrual Characteristics n Percentage (%) Number of menstrual days 2 days 40 20.6 Four days 125 64.4 More than 4 days 25 12.9 Have no experiencing yet 4 2.1 Nature of flow Light 33 17.0 Moderate 134 69.1 Heavy 21 10.8 Have not experienced yet 6 3.1 n=194 Table 3: Mean haemoglobin (Hb) level and prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among adolescents segregated by sex Categories Hb level (g/dl) Girls Boys Total n % n % n % p-value Anaemic <12 35 18.0 20 13.6 55 16.1 0.005 Non-anaemic ≥12 159 82.0 127 86.4 286 83.9 Mean Hb (g/dl) 13.02±1.30 13.46±1.55 13.21±1.43 n: number of participants, %: percentage of respondent, P-value significant at 0.05 level Table 4: Proportion of adolescents that consumed various food groups in the previous 24 hours segregated by sex Food groups consumed Girls Boys n % n % p-value Starchy staples 182 58.9 127 41.1 0.020 Legumes, nuts and seeds 168 57.3 125 42.7 0.681 Meat and fish 57 60.0 38 40.0 0.471 Organ meat 24 64.9 13 35.1 0.300 Eggs 34 68.0 16 32.0 0.086 Milk and milk products 29 82.9 6 17.1 0.001 Dark green leafy vegetables 58 56.3 45 43.7 0.887 Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables 70 64.8 38 35.2 0.044 Other fruits and vegetables 51 63.0 30 37.0 0.206 Oils/fats 113 53.8 97 46.2 0.146 Sweets 65 60.7 42 39.3 0.331 Beverages 106 58.2 76 41.8 0.590 n: number of participants, P value significant at 0.05 level Table 5: Proportion of adolescents classified by the level of dietary diversity and the mean number of food groups consumed segregated by sex Number of food groups consumed Level of dietary diversity Girls Boys n % n (%) p-value < 4 Low dietary diversity 120 53.6 104 46.4 0.087 ≥ 4 High dietary diversity 74 63.2 43 36.8 Mean number of food groups consumed (3.47±2.143) (2.98±1.785) Table 6: Socio-demographic factors associated with dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy of adolescent girls and boys Socio-demographic factors Girls Boys Β P-values β P-values Age of the respondent -0.244 0.061 -0.158 0.324 Caretaker of the respondent 0.235 0.569 0.304 0.523 Class of the respondent -0.466 0.195 0.208 0.633 Highest level of education of the parent/guardian -0.169 0.615 0.123 0.774 Household size 0.043 0.467 0.144 0.091 Occupation of the parent/Guardian 0.506 0.167 -0.702 0.170 Nature of the menstrual flow 0.613 0.106 Duration of menstruation (days) -0.159 0.689 Constant -4.518 0.033 -2.757 0.306 P-value significant at 0.05 levels; Girls (Pseudo R2 = 0.0920); Boys (Pseudo R2 = 0.0214) β: regression coefficients; Age (Continuous); Caretaker of respondent (Yes=1, No=0); Class of respondent dummy (Senior three=1, Others=0); Education level of parent/Guardian dummy (Primary=1, Others=0); Household size (Continuous); Occupation of parent/Guardian dummy (Peasant farmer=1, Others=0); Nature of menstrual flow dummy (Moderate=1, Others=0); Duration of menstrual flow dummy (Four days=1, Others=0) Note: Results for nature of menstrual flow and duration of menstruation are only applicable to girls. Table 7: Socio-demographic factors that determine haemoglobin levels of adolescent girls and boys Socio-demographic factors Girls Boys Β P-values β P-values Age of the respondent -0.034 0.673 0.067 0.536 Caretaker of the respondent 0.332 0.200 -0.164 0.637 Class of the respondent -0.279 0.200 -0.009 0.976 Highest level of education of the parent/guardian 0.623 0.003 0.241 0.424 Household size -0.015 0.683 0.067 0.244 Occupation of the parent/Guardian 0.082 0.723 -0.113 0.731 Nature of the menstrual flow 0.525 0.023 Duration of menstruation (days) -0.297 0.224 Constant 12.966 0.000 12.126 0.000 P-value significant at 0.05 levels; Girls (Pseudo R2 = 0.0920); Boys (Pseudo R2 = 0.0214) β: regression coefficients; Age (Continuous); Caretaker of respondent (Yes=1, No=0); Class of respondent dummy (Senior three=1, Others=0); Education level of parent/Guardian dummy (Primary=1, Others=0); Household size (Continuous); Occupation of parent/Guardian dummy (Peasant farmer=1, Others=0); Nature of menstrual flow dummy (Moderate=1, Others=0); Duration of menstrual flow dummy (Four days=1, Others=0) Note: Results for nature of menstrual flow and duration of menstruation are only applicable to girls. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Dec, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Nutrition → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Feb, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 21 Feb, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Feb, 2024 First submitted to journal 19 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3969902","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":274331715,"identity":"d50d1b5d-1e04-464d-9606-269a5685ecf8","order_by":0,"name":"Gloria Adokorach","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gulu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gloria","middleName":"","lastName":"Adokorach","suffix":""},{"id":274331716,"identity":"2c6e7261-137d-4320-9930-c74e1c73da25","order_by":1,"name":"Sunday Mark Oyet","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gulu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sunday","middleName":"Mark","lastName":"Oyet","suffix":""},{"id":274331717,"identity":"8deed61d-bd2e-42c2-a7cd-d92e47e2ea9a","order_by":2,"name":"Christopher Muggaga","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA10lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAD9gaStfAcIFmLRAKRCvkbuNMkv/yys+uf+fyaBEONHYPB+QUEzD7Au01ati85ecbtnDIJhmPJDAY3HuDXYsAA1CLZw5zMcDsnTYKB7QBQywGitNQny988A9Tyj0gtkh9+HLYzuMF+TIKxDajlfAMBvxzm3WzN2HA8wfBMDrNFYl8yj+QN/DoY+Nt7N9788afaXu748Yc3Pnyzk+M7T8BhDMxAxNvGkNjAwGPAkACMUaIiiPHHHwZ7YIp5ALWYkC2jYBSMglEw0gAAVwFFT+J8qKcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Gulu University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christopher","middleName":"","lastName":"Muggaga","suffix":""},{"id":274331718,"identity":"59512c13-4c80-4bd2-8368-2d8bb63749cf","order_by":3,"name":"Gerald Obai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gulu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gerald","middleName":"","lastName":"Obai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-19 11:59:54","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3969902/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3969902/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-024-00982-3","type":"published","date":"2024-12-28T15:57:46+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51568822,"identity":"74a773e5-af80-44cd-ac13-78a72e65baf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 20:35:35","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":278243,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA map of Gulu district (2022) showing the research sub-counties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3969902/v1/0ca247e9c372f1bd9ff8b88f.png"},{"id":51568824,"identity":"b4fdca36-5f70-4c40-8b4d-f2ed424a24f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 20:35:42","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9062,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProportion of adolescent girls and boys that consumed iron rich foods in the previous 24 hours\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3969902/v1/dbfdaceaffdfa020005a8c46.png"},{"id":72640684,"identity":"af176101-f27e-4244-90d8-be86459a569b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-30 16:08:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1480718,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3969902/v1/ce3294a4-d02b-47ba-ad10-7a19aa80ce20.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Dietary Quality and Micronutrient Adequacy, Iron Deficiency Anaemia and their Associated Factors among Adolescent Students in Acholi Sub-region of Uganda","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGlobally, anaemia has been considered a public health concern with more than 2 billion people being affected [1],\u0026nbsp;most of whom are adolescents, children under 5 years, infants and elderly persons, women of reproductive age (WRA) (15-49 years) and people with chronic inflammatory diseases [2,3,4]. Of the anaemia cases, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) accounts for half of the global cases [5,6]. The prevalence of anaemia in the world is disproportionately presented; developing countries have higher occurrence than developed countries\u0026nbsp;[1,7,8].\u0026nbsp;For instance, Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia were reported to have the highest prevalence of anaemia, and at country level, a prevalence of 20% or more of anaemia among women of reproductive age (WRA) persists as public health problem at a moderate-to-severe levels in most WHO member states [9]. The situation is not any better for Uganda where regional disparities exist. Whereas overall in Uganda, the prevalence of\u0026nbsp;anaemia among\u0026nbsp;WRA and children under 5 years of age was 32% and 53%, respectively, Acholi sub-region in northern Uganda experienced the highest prevalence accounting for 47% and 71% among WRA and children below five (5) years, respectively [10]. However, the extent to which anaemia occurs in school-going adolescents is largely unknown in Uganda. As such, it is evident that \u0026nbsp;UBOS and ICF\u0026nbsp;[10] report on anaemia considered broad range of age (15-49 years) for women, where specific information on school-going adolescents is lacking, particularly for both girls \u0026nbsp;and \u0026nbsp;boys. In the face of inadequate national data for anaemia among school-going adolescents in Uganda, some previous studies indicated that the occurrences of anaemia was higher in adolescent females than in males [1,11]. Similarly, prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls was reported to be 6% in developed nations compared to 27% in developing nations [12,13] such as Uganda.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdolescence is characterized by rapid physical growth, cognitive development as well as physiological changes which predisposes them to increased risk of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) [12].\u0026nbsp;This suggests that\u0026nbsp;IDA is linked to poor brain development, stunted growth, reduced immunity, menstrual irregularities and increased susceptibility to infections\u0026nbsp;[6-8, 13-16). More so, dire effects on academic performance [17,18], and economic development\u0026nbsp;[19]) have been attributed to IDA.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInadequate dietary intake has been regarded as the main cause of IDA [20, 21]. This can result from inadequate intake of bio-available iron or mal-absorption of iron from the diet [22, 23] as well as high consumption of undiversified diets [24-26]. Although the main source of iron is diet related [27], there is insufficient data on dietary iron intake among adolescents in Uganda. Furthermore, there is inadequate information on determinants of iron deficiency anaemia particularly in Acholi sub-region where high prevalence was reported. By implication, paucity of information about the status of anaemia, dietary iron intake and associated predictors among adolescents is likely to complicate efforts towards mitigate IDA in Uganda. Therefore, the present study provides opportunities for new directions in addressing iron deficiency anaemia among adolescents by providing evidence-based information in Acholi sub-region. Nonetheless, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge, which is important in addressing the endemic challenge of IDA amongst adolescent school children in Uganda and beyond.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":" Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study employed a cross-sectional study design in which a quantitative approach was used.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe study was carried out in Gulu district situated in the Northern part of Uganda. The district is bordered by Lamwo, Pader, Omoro, Amuru and Gulu City (Figure 1). Administratively, the district has one county (Aswa County) divided in to eleven sub-counties (Figure 1). Gulu district is inhabited by the Acholi tribal community, who speak Acholi (Luo) dialect. The district is located in Acholi sub-region of Uganda, which was reported to have the highest prevalence of child and maternal anaemia [10]. Therefore, the current study was conducted among school-going adolescent girls and boys in Gulu district. In the current study, we considered adolescents as persons aged 10-19 years [13,28]. The number of adolescents was calculated according to Taherdoost \u0026nbsp;[29].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en= the sample size required\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ez = the confidence level at 95% (with standard value of 1.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP = the estimated prevalence of anaemia among rural non-pregnant women (15-49 years of age) in Acholi sub-region reported at 47.1% [10]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ed = the margin of error put at 5% (with standard value of 0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAYMAAAA6CAYAAABS1jUbAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAABfaVRYdFNuaXBNZXRhZGF0YQAAAAAAeyJjbGlwUG9pbnRzIjpbeyJ4IjowLCJ5IjowfSx7IngiOjM4NywieSI6MH0seyJ4IjozODcsInkiOjU4fSx7IngiOjAsInkiOjU4fV19GwjGiAAADF9JREFUeF7tnclrFE8bxzvvXf25nDyIJHoQBcEVxIsX4wJeRBQVERRiJBcRt+hF3BcUJLiAgrcoRvDgfkhARdxRVLyoePKk0eAf4NufSj+xLLtnOjOTZJL5fqDS3TWd6qrq7nqqnuep6rrfMZEQQoia5n/JVgghRA0jYSCEEELCQAghhISBEEKIGAkDIYQQEgZCCCEkDIQQQsRIGAghhJAwqDYuXLgQzZ07N6qrq4vGjRvnjoUQYqCRMKgiHj16FF28eDG6evVqxMTwNWvWRFu2bIk+f/6cnCGEEAODhEEVsXDhwuj58+dRfX29O167dq3b/vr1y23FvyBAlyxZEl25ciWJEaXCKJQOCHUqag8JAw8alClTpkTfv39PYgrDeVu3bnXqHFPr7N27N/k1Hf7HVwUV6vU/fvw4mjNnTjRz5swkpvIcP368L//k6fbt28kv+aEB4f9DSJv4rJDV6OS9D9T9tm3bomPHjrk8hFC3nFPsngwU9nxYecnjmzdvkl/zQRrUBQIvhDi/Pv3APU2rP+K4L2npNTU1RS0tLa5Oh6rOxBDCQnW1zsOHD383NDSwYJ8Lefj27dvvuKF24dOnTy6OdMaOHfu7ubnZHYe8fv3aXWf16tXu3ELYuWwHitbWVpdfrkF5yDflL5Y3n1u3bmXWW9xIu7KGNDY2urKF9Oc+kDbnku8Q4iibpcO5Q4E9H+SHZ4R96jstz1lYOaizEOLOnz+fHPVC2lnPIOfyW1Z6hqURpi1GNjUvDNrb290L5zcgeeBF4dywsbY0TEAYnJf3BRsMQUD+yKefH+qgWEPh4zc8afVGIxwKFsoUXhf6cx8s7wiiNMg/17XyDIUwoDxc27+HJjjz5seEI+VJuydpcYWeS6tzhFKxe2z5D59jMXKpeWHgw0vKC5AHXqa0c3mBiQ8bO3upizEYggCyGg0rFw1pMej1U2f9qTcEBwKkUPrF0iMN6igPpJO38a0k1A3lDCE/NMbFoH4oI88T9yTPswN5nrO86ZF/hIioDWQzGCB6enqSvV4deNzDivbt25fEpIM+d/PmzdGZM2f67ATod/Ma9NAD53VF7erqctvQHjF79my3/fDhg9tmgW3hxYsX0c6dO5OY4lA+6gLd+fjx45PY/kMaixcvTo6qk/v370fz5s1Ljv4QCwJXb8U4deqUKyNOBXnhOeE527hxYxJTHlwfzzZRG0gYlMh///3ntnncPm/cuBHFvSy3b8ZWAvu+ka+jo8M1FMuXL+87Z9euXcmv6Zg3DfmgIZ8+fbprLDEGF+Lnz5/J3t+MGTMm2cuGPK9fvz66fPmyO/YFXyEo348fP5yhslQwwJLG5MmTk5jqhDymkUcIck/PnTsXHThwwB37z0gh2tra3HOWZkwvhVmzZjnhkvf6YngjYVAieF0A3iL2stBbxhMjhN4VjcOdO3eiw4cPo/+I4uG/i1+3bl1yVq83B7+FoVDvkN/Onj0bnTx5Mnr58qXrFT548GBAe3T0WmlwLF9cNw8nTpwo2zvK3GwXLFjgtiMRniHuqQmOPCMJOgPc8+bm5iSmchQbJYqRgYRBidAQtre3Rx8/fowmTJjg3P9u3rwZbd++3f0+adIktzUaGxujQ4cO9c0h4P95ce/du9dvd8OQr1+/Rt3d3U4okQ96zXl6+KUQ9lpDEI5pai1TYVj9VCOFXDXDkOaaWQlQCyIE0nr33N+sER+jLti0aZPbCtFfJAzKgBcWYUDvnS29ubdv37rf0vTFIabqKGdSGY3swYMH3YgDHS92CQRRuY3VqFGjkr2/4VqMchCA1jAi0IB9BEUalVZhDAR37979Z1SWFTi3VExlmAZqQerT6pYAxFHnWaOEo0ePRqtXr+7rbAjRXyQMKgxDdUYBg/VSMsKgYeJ6qGvev3/vGlxmMhfCDMVhL76zs9Nts1Q5aQ0m5QU7NvWRUUkVhgkpJuRVM6jDTEj6EFeoo+DXqwWgjv1jH2xECOgNGzYkMZVl2rRpyZ4YyUgYVBCG+KhrGCH40GOjEQgNca9evXLbSr1sNNR5jbNLly5127BRffbsWcX1zpVUYSCk6Fl/+fIlialOVq1a5ba+sDV1YKW8fQwM+Q0NDdGyZcuSmMrA80m65Xh+iWFE3NMQCfiGUyVpk5nwy+Y3/L5D8NXH9z1upFLnBxDH/3KO+debn/9Q+MAblIk8W5msDP5EI/P5L5RP/OY5J2vuAGlyrbwUug9APvPMM7B6z+PXX2moC8rNtalPjtkP81LouQL+r1AZrIx5nyPSo+74n6z7ZZB/zTOoHWpeGPAyWaPIC2KBl89/EbJeWhouXi7OLfRy8X+k6afPLM+hhPzSsFqeKGMozIoJA///qcMQys1vxcqa9z4AjWuhNDnfr2sC6aaVbyCxMlke/M6AkfVcGdZwE3jWQuz++AI8DerKz4sF4tLqkbg86YqRQx1/4psuxLCChdSwQzx9+lRqjAqDOnPq1KnR7t27+zWpUAxvJAzEsAU3VgzlfAOinLkL4g/YNZgFj2cartCidpABWQxbMNSfPn3auWOWsvS2+BuWMjly5Iir06EWBLZsiS2vzvwZHDTSIJ7fzRU3ayl2jPl0IOxc0vYnjdY8jAyEEKJaMDuILfbo27ZC2xXx2IPM2cA/13dAMNuVb7cxJw7sJkIGZCFElUGDjwOAjzkN+A03Bnri0jyeEBC+wd2EQWjANwO90KqlQogqA6N1OGnSllexBSLBZu6nLb3CxD5/MUYmQsbt3T/OBrHQKDgjvJYYVGGAccp0gOj50OuZ/o5tuWv0CCFGJpcuXXLbPXv2uC3YbPS0CYhMnrRZ9llgQ2B5D+wkIqZ3gDB42HCPYaDpBG0Il+ZHLYSoXVAFoedHnZM2F8PsAzZXwmwGtC+hSsigDUIVRZrWBokhshlw87hhPugC0fMVI23iTFaQYUiIgccMvnlDXvx3nY5i1ox0fvPTpx3Jmlzo59XvkIohFAahV4Dd+MHEHgoFBYXiYaigYbcZ5eFsaYzHNP42asjyJgphdGDnhR3TWqWmhYEQYnhAI0/7gGrHMG+itN49AsI/NwsTMlp2Yxh6E1XDB0iEEH/AGSTt/csKpYAXUNxhdB9IMmyJcD71GoI3kX9uFra6LB+IqnWGnTAYrA+QCCHygSto2vuXFYpBJ46ZwSF4CMU9+eQoimbMmOG2fE42hI9NxSOD5OjPLOWQSi8jP5wZdGFgH5AP3cFsSrimhotyYEkFliOgB4obM8di+MEX8+ze0SYgHPiAz/79+10c8P0GhAPn2vITdi6jgjNnzrg4gzh/+QnSZ7HD1tZWLXYIsaQeVNDlcVmC6frMkEPIo+cTArA7+bYnjIjogE3/a8+VHYvhge9Oau0CHkNprqVmMC52Ls8Az4rZCAjspy3fXasMujAQIw/fg8NexizXvhA8PuxFZhs6FgAvtqUdhrQGwrD/y5sXIWoZLUchygYdL8sHxELBDcUJixYtKqryY2i/fPly95H9+FmMduzY4VYgzVqdMm7c+/TOFsLvLfvwSU/UCFreWogcxC+UECVjX8Tye9/09olL6+X7MBJgFOHD0B1VIqMNw3r4hUYBIeSH9DUqECIfGhmIsrhx44Zb6MvvfduH2a9du+a2abAOlY0gfHD1w1DIF8xKhbRXrlwZXb9+XaMCIXIiYSDK4v79+86nOwT1DIuAZfHkyRO3DX3EzV3w3bt3bttfJAiEKA0JA1EW9OLTKOaq19PTk+z9zejRo5O9f2lra+tb9Tbta1bYKPhkIy6FJgiwP7A6pRCiMBIGouqZOHGiG2m0tLRE3d3dTr0EGJ/9hr6jo8ONRoi32a4YpIUQxZEwEFVPfX2981YyzyGOmSwEjBaMpqamf7yNCIU8joQQvUgYiAEDw3KppH29ygeBAP7XrIQQpSNhIMoC9Y0tGOZDXJph2TBDMXMBfOw4bfExIcTAIWEgysJWffR19/b50o0bN7ptGvPnz3cjh87OziSmFxYOa2ho+Eu1g+7/ypUryVEvtsaVjRCEEGXyW4gyYHIYk8SYLMb6LxyzT/Cx71X4E8eYlEacrVFlE9jCj5IQxzXsf7kO6RPHvhCifDQyEGWBC2lXV5fb0qOfMGGCc/vMs3w4Sx/HAsF95Jze/759+6JYEPRNWjNiIREtXrw4WrFihTsP1RTXwHNIIwMhKkMdEiHZF0IIUaNoZCCEEELCQAghhISBEEKIGAkDIYSoeaLo/4jXAn0X/nanAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of participants was adjusted to 384 to ensure equal representation of boys and girls.\u0026nbsp;As defined by\u0026nbsp;Melwani\u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [13]\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Munira \u0026amp; Viwattanakulvanid\u0026nbsp;[28],\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eadolescent \u0026nbsp;girls and boys less than 10 years and those above 19 years were excluded from this study. In addition, others excluded are: adolescents who had chronic illnesses, or recent infections such as malaria, diarrhoea.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA multi-stage sampling technique was used. First, because there was no heterogeneity in the population, simple random sampling of two (2) sub-counties (Bungatira and Paicho) from eleven (11) was undertaken by ballot method. \u0026nbsp;The second stage involved selecting one school by ballot from a list of secondary schools in each of the selected sub-counties. Accordingly, Lukome and Paicho senior secondary schools were selected. In the third stage, a sampling frame was created for adolescent boys and girls from the school register, followed by selecting the participants by systematic random sampling. From the 384 participants, only 341 (89.03%) students (girls and boys) completed the study while 42 declined to take part in the study due to fear of finger prick during collection of blood samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData on the status of anaemia were collected by hemocue method [10]. Briefly, blood samples were collected using hemocue method by a qualified medical laboratory technician. Before blood was drawn, the fingertip was sterilised using disinfectant. Thereafter, a finger was pricked and a drop of blood drawn into a microcuvette and inserted in a battery-operated portable hemocue analyser to read the level of haemoglobin (g/dl) on-site.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDietary quality and micronutrient adequacy were assessed using the individual dietary diversity score (IDDS)\u0026nbsp;questionnaire\u0026nbsp;[30]\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eIndividual dietary diversity score was used by previous\u0026nbsp;[31,32]\u0026nbsp;as\u0026nbsp;proxy for micronutrient adequacy, especially considered to be adequate when an individual\u0026nbsp;ate at least four (4) of the nine (9) specified food groups in the previous 24-hours period.\u0026nbsp;The 9 food groups included: (i) starchy staples; (ii) legumes nuts and seeds; (iii) meat and fish; (iv) organ meat; (v) eggs; (vi) milk and its products; (vii) dark green leafy vegetables; (viii) vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; (ix) other fruits and vegetables [30]. The study further collected information on other three food groups oils/fats, sweets and beverages because they are considered vital in the diets of adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, socio-demographic data was collected using a structured questionnaire. These included;\u0026nbsp;age of the respondent, caretaker of the respondent, class of the respondent, highest education level of their parent/guardian, size of household, parent/guardian’s occupation, nature of the menstrual flow and duration of menstruation (days). Additionally, data was collected after thorough training of the research assistants about the ethics of the research protocol and tools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were entered into Microsoft Excel worksheet and cleaned before exporting to Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20 and STATA software version 13 to generate descriptive statistics. The prevalence of anaemia among the adolescent girls and boys based on haemoglobin (Hb) cut-offs of \u0026lt;12.0g/dl and \u0026lt;13.0g/dl), respectively [33] were presented in frequencies and percentages. Furthermore, an independent sample t-test was undertaken to compare the mean difference in Hb levels between adolescent girls and boys at 5% significance level. Dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy were analysed using descriptive statistics and presented as proportion of adolescent boys and girls who consumed a particular food group, and those who consumed at least four of the nine food groups. Dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy as measured by the individual dietary diversity score (IDDS) was categorized “low” if less than 4 food groups (\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/strong\u003e4) were consumed by the individual and “high” if 4 or more food groups (≥4) were consumed [30]. The association of consumption of food groups by the adolescent girls and boys was analysed using Chi-Square test. And finally, an independent sample t-test was used to compare the mean dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy between adolescent girls and boys.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic determinants of iron deficiency anaemia, dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy were analysed by linear regression and binary logistic regression. Linear regression is suitable for models were the dependent variable is continuous (haemoglobin levels) whereas binary logistic regression is used when the dependent variable is dichotomous (Individual dietary diversity score). For both linear regression and binary logistic regression, dummy variables of the socio-demographic factors were first created before analysis with haemoglobin levels (continuous variable) and a binary response function for\u0026nbsp;dietary diversity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 8 socio-economic and demographic variables were included in the models, age of respondent (X\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e), caretaker of the respondent (X\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), class of the respondent (X\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), highest level of education of the parent/guardian (X\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), household size (X\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e), occupation of the parent/guardian (X\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e), nature of the menstrual flow (X\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e), and duration of menstruation (days) (X\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their parents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMore than half of the participants (56.9%) were females. Majority of adolescents (82.7%) were living with their parents at the time of interview. A high proportion of parent/guardians attained primary education (47.8%) followed by secondary (31.7%). In relation to occupation, most of the parents/guardians were primarily peasant farmers (63.3%). \u0026nbsp; The average age and household size of the participants were 15.8 years and 7.2 members, respectively (Table 1). \u0026nbsp;Furthermore, a high the proportion of female participants took four (4) (64.4%) days during menstruation, followed by more than 5 days (12.9%). As far as the nature of menstruation is concerned (Table 2), majority of the participants (69.1%) described their menstrual blood flow as being moderate, where as 10.8% described their menstrual blood flow as being heavy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePrevalence of iron deficiency\u0026nbsp;anaemia\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results for haemoglobin levels and prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia (Table 3) indicate that generally, the level of haemoglobin (Hb) in the blood of the participants was 13.21\u0026plusmn;1.43g/dl. However, male adolescents had significantly higher haemoglobin level compared to female adolescents (p = 0.005; male: 13.46\u0026plusmn;1.55 g/dl; female: \u0026nbsp;13.02\u0026plusmn;1.30 g/dl). On the other hand, the overall prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was 16.1% and was significantly higher (p=0.005) in girls (18.0%) than in the boys (13.6%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe status of dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy among adolescent Girls and Boys\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results (Table 4) indicate significant differences (p\u0026lt;0.05) in consumption of starchy staples, milk and its products and vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables between the adolescent girls and boys. Other food groups of animal origin including meat and fish, organ meat and eggs were eaten by most adolescent girls accounting for between 60-68% as compared to 32-40% for the boys. Regarding consumption of food groups of plant origin, more than half of the adolescent girls compared to the boys consumed legumes/seeds/nuts, leafy green vegetables together with other fruits and vegetables. In addition, over half of the adolescent girls compared to adolescent boys consumed oils/fats, sweets and beverages\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was generally low dietary diversity among adolescent girls and boys as indicated by the mean number of foods consumed (girls:\u0026nbsp;3.47\u0026plusmn;2.143; boys: 2.98\u0026plusmn;1.785). Low dietary diversity accounted for 53.6% and 46.4% among adolescent girls and boys, respectively. In relation to the nu1mber of food groups consumed, there was no significant difference (p˃0.05) in level of dietary diversity between the adolescent girls and boys (Table 5). Additionally,\u0026nbsp;Figure 2 shows that flesh meat and organ meat (iron rich foods) were mostly consumed by adolescent girls than boys.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic factors associated with dietary diversity of adolescent girls and boys\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom binary logistic regression analysis (Table 6), none of the socio-demographic factors were significant predictors (p\u0026gt;0.05) of dietary diversity among adolescent girls and boys.\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, results of linear regression (Table 7) of socio-economic and demographic factors, and haemoglobin levels showed that only educational level of the parent/guardian and nature of menstrual flow among the adolescent girls were significant predictors (p\u0026lt;0.05) of haemoglobin levels. The relationship is presented in equation 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eY =\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.966\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;+\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.623\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e + 0.525X\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere; Y represents haemoglobin levels, X\u003csub\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eis the education level of the parent/guardian and X\u003csub\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eis the nature of menstrual flow among the adolescent girls. However, none of the other socio-economic and demographic factors significantly (p\u0026gt;0.05) predicted haemoglobin levels among the adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003ch2\u003eThe status of iron deficiency anaemia among the adolescents\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIron deficiency anaemia is a public health concern due to the fact that it solely contributes to approximately 50% of the global anaemia cases [28,34]. And adolescents are not excluded as they are highly susceptible to iron deficiency anaemia due to rapid growth spurt and onset of menstruation (particularly the girls), which consequently leads to increased nutrient demands [35]. To ascertain the status of iron deficiency anaemia among adolescents, the haemoglobin levels were measured using the hemocue system [11]. Accordingly, we found that in the present study, the average haemoglobin (Hb) level for the adolescent girls and boys in Gulu district was above the cut-off point established by WHO [32] (Table 3). This implies that generally, adolescents in the study areas had normal haemoglobin level. However, the boys had significantly higher haemoglobin levels (p\u0026lt;0.05) than the girls (Table 3). This finding is similar to a study in India where the haemoglobin level of rural boys was found to be higher than that of girls [36]. The finding of the current study further, agrees with previous studies [11-12, 37-40] that reported a higher prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls than the boys. This could be attributed to the physiological differences between boys and girls and is consistent with the girls\u0026rsquo; experience of menstruation (Table 2). It was acknowledged that girls lose blood monthly through menstruation\u0026nbsp;[7,13].\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Our study suggests that adolescent girls are more prone than boys to irreversible negative effects of anaemia such as poor growth and cognitive function [1,15], poor work performance\u0026nbsp;[15], low immune system [1], neurological development disorders \u0026nbsp;[16]. \u0026nbsp; On the other hand, the prevalence of anaemia among the adolescent girls and boys in the current study (Table 3) is quite lower than the findings of the previous studies which involved both male and female adolescents as study participants [39]. Similarly, the findings of the present study also report a lower prevalence of anaemia among adolescent girls in the study area than in several other previous studies [13, 16, 41-43]. Despite that, anaemia should not be underestimated because Acholi sub-region has the highest prevalence among women of reproductive age and children below five years of age [10]. It is against this background that efforts to address anaemia among adolescents should be considered on public health agenda in Gulu district and city in particular and Acholi sub-region in general although the prevalence still falls under mild category according to public health significance [33]. This is because mild anaemia was reported to have health consequences on the adolescent girls such as reproductive age; risk of low birth, preterm delivery, perinatal mortality, and postpartum haemorrhage\u0026nbsp;[44].\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, although the results of the current study cannot be generalised to other parts of Uganda and the rest of the world, the findings of the current study still provide an important information that can give insight into a large-scale study and provoke mechanisms for addressing iron deficiency anaemia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe status of dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy among adolescent girls and boys\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividual dietary diversity is defined as the type and number of food groups consumed by an individual over 24 hours. It is reflective of an individual\u0026rsquo;s ability to access a variety of foods and is a proxy of micronutrient adequacy [30, 45-46]. Dietary diversity score (DDS) for adolescents were calculated based on 9 food groups [30]. Adolescents who consumed at least four (4) out of the 9 recommended food groups were categorized as having high dietary diversity whereas those who consumed less than four (4) food groups were categorized as having a less diversified diet. Based on the findings of the present study (Table 5), dietary diversity was not significantly different between girls and boys (p\u0026gt;0.05), but girls consumed slightly more diverse diet than boys. Nonetheless, a high proportion of both adolescent girls and boys had low dietary diversity as assessed by the average number of food groups consumed (Table 5). The finding in the study is not in agreement with previous studies [26,47] that reported a low proportion of adolescents with low dietary diversity. In addition, the mean dietary diversity for the current study was lower compared to previous studies [47-49]. Low dietary diversity is associated with a high risk of micronutrient deficiencies such as anaemia [12, 24-26].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results (Table 4) further indicate that among the food groups, animal source foods (milk and its products, fish, meat, eggs and meat from animal organ), vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, and other fruits and vegetables were the most consumed among girls compared to boys. Consumption of iron rich foods was also higher among adolescent girls than boys (Figure 2). Similarly, consumption of food groups such as starchy staples, legumes/seeds/nuts, green leafy vegetables, oils/fats, sweets and beverages was high amongst adolescent girls compared to the boys (Table 4). The findings of the present study with respect to adolescent girls is in agreement with [25, 47] who reported high consumption of plant-based diets dominated by starch staples (cereals, roots and tubers), but not with respect to consumption of animal source foods, fruits and vegetables as indicated in Table 4. Moreso, the present study indicates that there were significant differences in consumption of starchy staples, milk and its products and Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables between the adolescent girls and boys (p\u0026lt;0.05). This is in agreement with a previous study in India [50] among adolescent with regard to consumption of milk and meat, attributed to puberty, school enrolment, time use and dietary behaviours. \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLevin [51] also affirmed that consumption of fruits and vegetables was higher among girls than boys in Scotland. Consumption of a diversified diet, which is low in starchy staples and high in animal source foods is associated with both adequate macronutrient and micronutrient intake \u0026nbsp;[30, 45-46,,48], which consequently reduces the risk of nutritional deficiency diseases and chronic diseases later in life such as obesity, diabetes, cardio vascular and renal diseases \u0026nbsp;[24]. In the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), it was reported that malnutrition among adolescent has implications for health, which can be serious and wide ranging [52]. Consistent with this, the same authors [52] reported that iron deficiency was one of the leading determinants of adolescent disability-adjusted life years, especially in low- and middle-income countries, contributing to 20% of maternal deaths. In another study in India, females aged 15\u0026ndash;49 years who appeared to have consumed nutrient-rich foods less frequently were twice more likely than men to suffer from anaemia, a non-communicable condition often caused by nutritionally inadequate diets [50]. Moreover, malnutrition in girls in their adult age or reproductive age is one of the causes a vicious cycle of undernutrition and poverty [53]. However, despite that fact that in the current study, the adolescent girls had better dietary quality than boys (Table 4), the prevalence of anaemia was significantly higher among the girls than boys (Table 3). First because, generally, that dietary diversity for both the adolescent girls and boys was low in the study area (Table 5). Secondly, women as well as adolescent girls are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies on account of their cyclical loss of iron during menstruation and childbearing [53].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, future interventions should focus on how to increase the number of foods that can be prepared and consumed by adolescents while at either school or home. \u0026nbsp;Such interventions can include promotion of agricultural diversification, promotion of iron fortified and biofortified foods. In addition, there is need to investigate level of knowledge, awareness and attitude towards the consumption of iron-rich foods among adolescents.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSocio-economic and demographic factors associated with dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy, and anaemia among adolescent girls and boys\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious authors\u0026nbsp;[44]\u0026nbsp;reported that differences in magnitude of anaemia could be due to differences in economy, socio-culture, and dietary practices. In our study, socio-economic and demographic factors of the adolescents like age of respondent, caretaker of the respondent, class of the respondent, highest level of education of the parent/guardian, household size, occupation of the parent/guardian, nature of the menstrual flow, and duration of menstruation (days) were considered and tested whether they had association with dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy. Interestingly, none of these socio-economic and demographic parameters showed significant relationship (p\u0026gt;0.05) (Table 6). This therefore implies that the dietary diversity among the adolescent girls and boys in Gulu district is independent of the socio-economic and demographic factors stated above. The findings of the present study are not consistent with previous studies [ 26, 47, 49, 54-55] that reported socio-economic and demographic factors such as weak economic situation of households, maternal education, maternal employment, monthly income, staying with a single parent, educational level of adolescents as predictors of dietary diversity amongst adolescents.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the prevalence of anaemia (Table 7), only education level of the parent/guardian and nature of menstruation were significant predictors of anaemia among the girls (p\u0026lt;0.05). This could partly explain why haemoglobin concentration of adolescent girls was below that of boys (Table 3) despite them consuming more animal food groups than boys (Table 4). The findings of the current study are in agreement with [39, 56] where education status of the parent/guardian was a positive predictor of anaemia. A highly educated parent/guardian is able to influence intake of micronutrient foods such as meat, fish, fruits and vegetables which consequently reduces the risk of anaemia amongst adolescents [16]. Furthermore, the results of the current study correlate with previous studies [57,58] that reported menstruation as a predictor of anaemia amongst adolescent girls. Menstruation is associated with blood loss and hence reduces on the iron stores in the body. Should there be no replacement of the lost iron, then anaemia manifests. Our study has shown that even with moderate levels of intake of animal products, adolescent girls are still prone to anaemia compared to boys whose diet was dominated by plant-based foods. Therefore, preventing anaemia among adolescents should take into consideration strengthening the already existing health interventions at schools such as regular deworming and timely diagnosis and treatment of malaria. In addition, consideration should be given to iron supplementation programs to adolescent girls in order to reduce anaemia, and health and nutrition education. Further study is required to understand the effect of iron supplementation and its cost-effectiveness, health and nutrition promotion among adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions ","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the status of anaemia, dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy and their socio-economic and demographic predictors among adolescents. The present study has demonstrated that adolescent girls were more anaemic than boys. Dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy were low among both adolescent girls and boys. Consumption of animal source foods, vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, and other fruits and vegetables was higher among girls compared to boys. Dietary quality was independent of socio-economic and demographic factors among adolescent girls and boys while at level of education of the parent/guardian and nature of the menstrual flow were the main predictors of anaemia amongst girls and not boys.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eFAO: Food and Agricultural Organization,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHb: Haemoglobin, ICF: Inner City Fund,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIDA: Iron Deficiency Anaemia,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIDDS: Individual Dietary Diversity Score,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIDDSQ: Individual Dietary diversity Score Questionnaire,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS: Statistical Package for Social Scientists,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUBOS: Uganda Bureau of Statistics \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate in the study\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance to conduct this study was obtained from the Gulu University Research Ethics Committee (GUREC-052-19). Administrative clearance was also obtained from the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) of Gulu district and the school administration.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all the adolescents and/or their parents/legal guardians.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the authors upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was self-funded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGA:\u003c/strong\u003eConception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, drafting of the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSMO:\u003c/strong\u003e Conception and design, analysis and interpretation, drafting of the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGO:\u003c/strong\u003e Conception and design, analysis and interpretation, drafting of the manuscript, Final approval for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCM:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCritical review of the draft manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank Gulu District Local Government (GDLG) and the head teachers of the secondary schools for permitting this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors' information (optional)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkbari, M., Moosazadeh, M., Tabrizi, R., Khatibi, S. T., Khodadost, M., Heydari, K. B., Tahami, A. N., and Lankarani, S. R. (2017). \u0026ldquo;Estimation of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Iranian Children and Adolescents : A Systematic Review.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eHematology\u003c/em\u003e 22(4):231\u0026ndash;39.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHaehling, S. V., Jankowska, D. J. V., Veldhuisen, P., Ponikowski, S. D., and Anker, E. A. (2015). \u0026ldquo;Iron Deficiency and Cardiovascular Disease.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eNature Publishing Group\u003c/em\u003e 109:1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVellozo, E. P., Passos, M. A. Z., Arcanjo, F. P. N., Vitalle, M. S. de S., Fisberg, M., Enes, C. C., Andrade, A. L. M., Niskier, S. R., Ganen, A. de P., Hall, P. R., and Braga, J. A. P. 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(2001). \u0026ldquo;Iron Deficiency and Cognitive Achievement Among School-Aged Children and Adolescents in the United States.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003ePediatrics\u003c/em\u003e 107(6):1381\u0026ndash;86.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBagchi, K. (2004). \u0026ldquo;Iron Deficiency Anaemia \u0026ndash; an Old.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEastern Mediterranean Health Journal\u003c/em\u003e 10(6):754\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJalambo, M. O., Karim, N. A., Naser, I. A., and Sharif, R. (2018). \u0026ldquo;Prevalence and Risk Factor Analysis of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anaemia among Female Adolescents in the Gaza Strip , Palestine.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003ePublic Health Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e 21(15):2793\u0026ndash;2802.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGwetu, T. P., Craib, M., Taylor, M., Chhagan, M., \u0026amp; Kauchali, S. (2019). Health and educational achievement of school-aged children: The impact of anaemia and iron status on learning.\u0026nbsp;Health SA Gesondheid,\u0026nbsp;24(1), 1-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSamson, K. L., Fischer, J. A., \u0026amp; Roche, M. L. (2022). Iron status, anaemia, and iron interventions and their associations with cognitive and academic performance in adolescents: a systematic review. \u003cem\u003eNutrients\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(1), 224.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLuo, D., Xu, R., Ma, J., Yan, X., Hu, P., Song, Y., ... \u0026amp; Patton, G. C. (2020). The associations of economic growth and anaemia for school‐aged children in China. \u003cem\u003eMaternal \u0026amp; child nutrition\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(2), e12936.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar, S. B., Arnipalli, S. R., Mehta, P., Carrau, S., \u0026amp; Ziouzenkova, O. (2022). Iron deficiency anaemia: efficacy and limitations of nutritional and comprehensive mitigation strategies. \u003cem\u003eNutrients\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(14), 2976.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBathla, S., \u0026amp; Arora, S. (2022). Prevalence and approaches to manage iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). \u003cem\u003eCritical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e62\u003c/em\u003e(32), 8815-8828.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWiafe, M. A., Apprey, C., Annan, R. A. (2021). \u0026ldquo;Knowledge and Practices of Dietary Iron and Anaemia among Early Adolescents in a Rural District in Ghana.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eFood Science and Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e 9(6):2915\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMas, S., Lutpiatina, L., Dwiyanti, R. D., and Utama, R. D. (2021). \u0026ldquo;Analysis of Adolescent Haemoglobin Levels on Knowledge , Body Mass Index , and Menstrual Patterns.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eTropical Health and Medical Research\u003c/em\u003e 3(2):98\u0026ndash;104.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDas, G., Pathania, R., and Das, G. (2008). \u0026ldquo;Assessment of Dietary Pattern of Adolescents in Himachal Pradesh of India.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Paramedical Sciences\u003c/em\u003e 7(3):1\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOchola, S., and Masibo, P. K. (2014). \u0026ldquo;Dietary Intake of Schoolchildren and Adolescents in Developing Countries.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Nutrition and Metabolism\u003c/em\u003e 64(2):24\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIsabirye, N., Bukenya, J. N., Nakafeero, M., Ssekamatte, T., Guwatudde, D., and Fawzi, W. (2020). \u0026ldquo;Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors among Adolescents in Eastern Uganda : A Cross-Sectional Study.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBMC Public Health\u003c/em\u003e 20(534):4\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBailey, Keith and Robert, 2015\u0026nbsp;Bailey RL, West KP Jr, Black RE. The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66 Suppl 2:22-33. doi: 10.1159/000371618. Epub 2015 Jun 2. PMID: 26045325.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMunira, L., and Viwattanakulvanid, P. (2021). \u0026ldquo;Influencing Factors and Knowledge Gaps on Anaemia Prevention among Female Students in Indonesia.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education\u003c/em\u003e 10(1):215\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTaherdoost, H. (2017). \u0026ldquo;Sampling Methods in Research Methodology ; How to Choose a Sampling Sampling Methods in Research Methodology ; How to Choose a Sampling Technique For.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM)\u003c/em\u003e 5(2):18\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFAO. (2010). Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity. FAO Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division Rome, Italy.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eArimond, M., Wiesmann, D., Becquey, E., Carriquiry, A., Daniels, M., Deitchler, M., \u0026amp; \u0026nbsp; Torheim, L.E., (2011). Dietary Diversity as a Measure of the Micronutrient Adequacy \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;of Women\u0026rsquo;s Diets in Resource-Poor Areas: Summary of Results from Five Sites 97.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eArimond, M., Wiesmann, D., Ram\u0026iacute;rez, S. R., Levy, T. S., Ma, S., Zou, Z., Herforth, A., \u0026amp; Beal, T. (2021). Food group diversity and nutrient adequacy: Dietary diversity as aproxy for micronutrient adequacy for different age and sex groups in Mexico and China. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN). DOI: \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;https://doi.org/10.36072/dp.9\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWHO 2001 WHO. 2001. Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control. Geneva: World Health Organization.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFinkelstein, J. L., Herman, H. S., Guetterman, H. M., Pe\u0026ntilde;a-rosas, J. P., and Mehta, S. (2018). \u0026ldquo;Daily Iron Supplementation for Prevention or Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Infants , Children , and Adolescents.\u0026rdquo; (12):1\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEmre, F., and Oguz, O. (2021). \u0026ldquo;Prevalence of Anaemia and Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Elementary School Children in Turkey.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAnnals of Medical Research\u003c/em\u003e 28(3):490\u0026ndash;95.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKaur, I. P., and Kaur, S. (2011). \u0026ldquo;A Comparison of Nutritional Profile and Prevalence of Anaemia among Rural Girls and Boys.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy\u003c/em\u003e 7(1):11\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSoekarjo, D. D., Pee, S. De., Bloem, M. W., Tjiong, R., Yip, R., Schreurs, W. H ., and \u0026nbsp;Muhilal, P. (2001). \u0026ldquo;Original Communication Socio-Economic Status and Puberty Are the Main Factors Determining Anaemia in Adolescent Girls and Boys in East Java , Indonesia.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Clinical Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e 55:932\u0026ndash;39.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAllen, A., Allen, S., Rodrigo, R., Perera, L., Shao, W., Li, C., Wang, D., Olivieri, N., Weatherall, D. J., and Premawardhena, A. (2017). \u0026ldquo;Iron Status and Anaemia in Sri Lankan Secondary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE\u003c/em\u003e 12(11).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTayel, D. I., and Ezzat, S. (2015). \u0026ldquo;Anaemia and Its Associated Factors among Adolescents in Alexandria, Egypt.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Health Sciences \u0026amp; Research\u003c/em\u003e 5(10):260\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKnijff, M., Roshita, A., Suryantan, J., Izwardy, D., and Rah, J. H. (2021). \u0026ldquo;Frequent Consumption of Micronutrient-Rich Foods Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Anaemia Among Adolescent Girls and Boys in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eFood and Nutrition Bulletin\u003c/em\u003e 42(1):S59\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGonete, K. A., Tariku, A., Wami, S. D., and Derso, T. (2018). \u0026ldquo;Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anaemia among Adolescent Girls Attending High Schools in Dembia District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eArchives of Public Health\u003c/em\u003e 76(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSiva, P. M., Sobha, A., and Manjula, V. D. (2016). \u0026ldquo;Prevalence of Anaemia and Its Associated Risk Factors among Adolescent Girls of Central Kerala.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research\u003c/em\u003e 10(11):19\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAhankari, A. S., Myles, P. R., Fogarty, A. W., Dixit, J. V., and Tata, L. J. (2016). \u003cem\u003ePrevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Risk Factors in 1,010 Adolescent Girls from Rural Maharashtra, India: A Cross-Sectional Survey\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBerhe, K., Gebrearegay, F., Gebreegziabher, H. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2022)\u0026nbsp;Kidanemaryam Berhe, Freweini Gebrearegay, Hadush Gebreegziabher, Lemlem Weldegerima, Amaha Kahsay, Haven Hadush, Brhane Gebremariam, Berhane Fseha, Gebrehiwot Gebremariam, Natnael Etsay \u0026amp; Micheale Hailu. Magnitude and associated factors of anaemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. \u003cem\u003eArch Public Health\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80\u003c/strong\u003e, 189 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-00942-y\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFoote, J., Murphy, S., Wilkens, L., Basiotis, P., and Carlson, A. (2004). \u0026ldquo;Dietary Variety Increases the Probability of Nutrient Adequacy among Adults.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e 134:1779\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNithya, D. J., Bhavani, R. V., and Nadu, T. (2018). \u0026ldquo;Dietary Diversity and Its Relationship With Nutrition Status Among Adolescents and Adults in India.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ. Biosoc. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e 50:397\u0026ndash;413.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIslam, M. R., Rahman, S. R., Tarafder, C., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, A., and Ekstr\u0026ouml;m, E. C. (2020). \u0026ldquo;Exploring Rural Adolescents \u0026rsquo; Dietary Diversity and.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eNutrients\u003c/em\u003e 12(2230):1\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMirmiran, P., Azadbakht, L., Esmaillzadeh, A., and Azizi, F. (2004). \u0026ldquo;Dietary Diversity Score in Adolescents - a Good Indicator of the Nutritional Adequacy of Diets: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAsia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e 13(1):56\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWorku, M., Hailemicael, G., \u0026nbsp; and Wondmu, A. (2017). \u0026ldquo;Dietary Diversity Score and Associated Factors among High School Adolescent Girls in Gurage Zone , Southwest Ethiopia.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eWorld Journal of Nutrition and Health\u003c/em\u003e 5(2):41\u0026ndash;45.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAurino, E. (2017).\u0026nbsp;Do boys eat better than girls in India? Longitudinal evidence on dietary diversity and food consumption disparities among children and adolescent. \u003cem\u003eEconomics \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026amp; Human Biology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25:\u003c/em\u003e 99-111.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLev in (2011)\u0026nbsp;Levin, K. (2011).\u0026nbsp;Inequalities in eating behaviour of 11- 15 year old boys and girls in Scotland, 2002-2010.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Journal of Epidemiology \u0026amp; Community Health, 65(Suppl 2), A25\u0026ndash;A26.\u003c/em\u003e doi:10.1136/jech.2011.143586.57\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJabbour, J., Khalil, M., Ronzoni, A. R., Mabry, R., Al-Jawaldeh, A., El-Adawy, M., \u0026amp; Sakr, H. (2023). Malnutrition and gender disparities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: The need for action. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e, 1113662.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShafiq, A., Hussain, A., Asif, M., Jameel, A., Sadiq, S., Kanwel, S. (2022). Determinants of Gender Disparity in Nutritional Intake among Children in Pakistan: Evidence from PDHS. \u003cem\u003eChildren\u003c/em\u003e. 9(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9010007\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVakili, M., Abedi, P., Sharifi, M., and Hosseini, M. (2013). \u0026ldquo;Dietary Diversity and Its Related Factors among Adolescents : A Survey in Ahvaz-Iran.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eGlobal Journal of Health Science\u003c/em\u003e 5(2):181\u0026ndash;86.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDoku, D., Koivusilta, L., Raisamo, S., and Rimpela, A. (2011). \u0026ldquo;Socio-Economic Differences in Adolescents \u0026rsquo; Breakfast Eating , Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Physical Activity in Ghana.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003ePublic Health Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e 16(5):864\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhu, Z., Sudfeld, C. R., Cheng, Y., Qi, Q., Li, S., Elhoumed, M., Yang, M. J. Chang, S., Dibley, W. W., Zeng, L., and Fawzi, W. (2021). \u0026ldquo;Anaemia and Associated Factors among Adolescent Girls and Boys at 10\u0026ndash;14 Years in Rural Western China.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBMC Public Health\u003c/em\u003e 21(218):1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLeenstra, T., Kariuki, S. K., Kurtis, J. D., Oloo, A. J., Kager, P. A., and Kuile, F. O. (2004). \u0026ldquo;Prevalence and Severity of Anaemia and Iron Deficiency : Cross-Sectional Studies in Adolescent Schoolgirls in Western Kenya.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Clinical Nutrition\u003c/em\u003e58:681\u0026ndash;91.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRegasa, R. T., and Haidar, J. A. (2019). \u0026ldquo;Anaemia and Its Determinant of In-School Adolescent Girls from Rural Ethiopia: A School Based Cross-Sectional Study.\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eBMC Women\u0026rsquo;s Health\u003c/em\u003e 19(1):1\u0026ndash;7.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and their parents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex of the respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiving with parent/guardian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level (parent/guardian)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTertiary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation (parent/guardian)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeasant farmer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil servant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge of the respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12-15 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-19 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold size of respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5 persons\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-10 persons\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11-15 persons\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.910149750415975%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-20 persons\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.960066555740433%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.129783693843596%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Menstrual characteristics of adolescent girls\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMenstrual Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of menstrual days\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFour days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than 4 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave no experiencing yet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNature of flow\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLight\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeavy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27922077922078%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave not experienced yet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.59090909090909%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.12987012987013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en=194\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Mean haemoglobin (Hb) level and prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among adolescents segregated by sex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" style=\"margin-right: calc(7%); width: 93%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHb level (g/dl)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.074%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGirls\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.1955%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoys\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.0427%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.6411%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.698412698412698%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.4896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.698412698412698%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.6124%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.535%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.698412698412698%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.6485%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.0689%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.9231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.641%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnaemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.4896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.6124%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.535%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.6485%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.0689%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.9231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.641%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-anaemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49484536082474%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.4896%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.6124%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.535%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.6485%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.0689%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6.9231%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.641%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean Hb (g/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.3265306122449%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.074%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.02\u0026plusmn;1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.1955%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.46\u0026plusmn;1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.0427%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.21\u0026plusmn;1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.6411%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en: number of participants, %: percentage of respondent, P-value significant at 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Proportion of adolescents that consumed various food groups in the previous 24 hours segregated by\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" style=\"margin-right: calc(28%); width: 72%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.6530612244898%\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFood groups consumed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9036%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGirls\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.597%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoys\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.0269%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.46153846153846%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.923076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.692307692307693%\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStarchy staples\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLegumes, nuts and seeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeat and fish\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrgan meat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEggs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk and milk products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDark green leafy vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitamin A rich fruits and vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.044\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther fruits and vegetables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOils/fats\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSweets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.98969072164948%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.4444%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeverages\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.1509%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.0745%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.2484%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.426%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.556701030927837%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41.027%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en: number of participants, P value significant at 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Proportion of adolescents classified by the level of dietary diversity and the mean number of food groups consumed segregated by sex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" style=\"margin-right: calc(7%); width: 93%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of food groups consumed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevel of dietary diversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.224489795918366%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGirls \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Boys\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.517241379310345%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.96551724137931%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3299%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.793103448275861%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.8341%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.24137931034483%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.4682%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.48275862068966%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.7113%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow dietary diversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3299%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.8341%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.4682%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.833333333333332%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.7113%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh dietary diversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10.3299%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.8341%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.4682%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.833333333333332%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.7113%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean number of food groups consumed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.61855670103093%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25.2871%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.47\u0026plusmn;2.143)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.1007%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.98\u0026plusmn;1.785)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.61855670103093%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.7113%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6: Socio-demographic factors associated with dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy of adolescent girls and boys\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" style=\"margin-right: calc(13%); width: 87%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGirls\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoys\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.45098039215686%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026Beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.49019607843137%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of the respondent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaretaker of the respondent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.569\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClass of the respondent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.633\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighest level of education of the parent/guardian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation of the parent/Guardian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.702\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNature of the menstrual flow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of menstruation (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.7655%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.1394%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7.7951%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.3758%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP-value significant at 0.05 levels; Girls (Pseudo R2 = 0.0920); Boys (Pseudo R2 = 0.0214) \u0026beta;: regression coefficients; Age (Continuous); Caretaker of respondent (Yes=1, No=0); Class of respondent dummy (Senior three=1, Others=0); Education level of parent/Guardian dummy (Primary=1, Others=0); Household size (Continuous); Occupation of parent/Guardian dummy (Peasant farmer=1, Others=0); Nature of menstrual flow dummy (Moderate=1, Others=0); Duration of menstrual flow dummy (Four days=1, Others=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e Results for nature of menstrual flow and duration of menstruation are only applicable to girls.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch5\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7: Socio-demographic factors that determine haemoglobin levels of adolescent girls and boys\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h5\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.93877551020408%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGirls\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.489795918367346%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoys\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.45098039215686%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026Beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.49019607843137%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of the respondent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaretaker of the respondent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClass of the respondent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighest level of education of the parent/guardian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.623\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation of the parent/Guardian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNature of the menstrual flow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.525\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of menstruation (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.422680412371136%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.966\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP-value significant at 0.05 levels; Girls (Pseudo R2 = 0.0920); Boys (Pseudo R2 = 0.0214) \u0026beta;: regression coefficients; Age (Continuous); Caretaker of respondent (Yes=1, No=0); Class of respondent dummy (Senior three=1, Others=0); Education level of parent/Guardian dummy (Primary=1, Others=0); Household size (Continuous); Occupation of parent/Guardian dummy (Peasant farmer=1, Others=0); Nature of menstrual flow dummy (Moderate=1, Others=0); Duration of menstrual flow dummy (Four days=1, Others=0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Results for nature of menstrual flow and duration of menstruation are only applicable to girls.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nutrition","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nutn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nutrition](http://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nutn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nutrition","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anaemia, adolescents, bioavailability, Gulu, Uganda","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3969902/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3969902/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eGlobally, iron deficiency anaemia is a widespread nutrition problem, a concern for public health that affects nearly 2 billion people, mostly adolescents, young children, infants and the elderly, women of reproductive age and people with chronic inflammatory diseases. As far as Acholi sub-region is concerned, the available information is on women of reproductive age, concealing that of adolescents in regards to iron deficiency. This inadequacy prompted the study to examine status of dietary quality and micronutrient adequacy, iron deficiency anaemia and their associated factors among adolescents in secondary schools of Gulu district.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eUsing cross sectional study, 341 adolescent boys and girls aged 10-19 years from two schools in rural of Gulu district were recruited for the study. HemoCue method was used to measure the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia where as individual dietary diversity as an indicator of micronutrient adequacy was measured using the Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS),\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was found to be 16% (Girls:18.1%; Boys:13.0%). In addition, the mean measure of haemoglobin (Hb) level was 13.21 g/dl, and was slightly higher in boys (13.46±1.55 g/dl) compared to girls (13.02±1.30 g/dl). Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) was not significantly different (p˃0.05) between adolescent girls and boys, with mean individual dietary diversities measures of 3.47±2.143 and 2.98±1.785, respectively, indicating low dietary diversity. Among all food groups, animal source foods, fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A, other fruits and vegetables were the most consumed by adolescent girls compared to boys. The analysis from binary logistic regression showed that, all the socio-demographic factors in the study did not predict dietary diversity as presented by the p value of (p ˃ 0.05). On the other hand, analysis from linear regression revealed that high education attainment by parent/guardian and nature of menstruation predicted the prevalence of anaemia amongst adolescents (p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions: \u003c/strong\u003eThe prevalence of anaemia was found to be high and characterised with low dietary diversity among adolescents in Gulu district. This study recommends the need for health education and promotion of agricultural practices that support good nutrition in schools with the view of reducing the burden from iron deficiency anaemia.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Dietary Quality and Micronutrient Adequacy, Iron Deficiency Anaemia and their Associated Factors among Adolescent Students in Acholi Sub-region of Uganda","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-23 20:35:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3969902/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-02-22T15:34:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-02-21T14:56:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-02-21T10:19:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nutrition","date":"2024-02-19T11:58:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nutrition","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nutn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nutrition](http://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nutn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nutrition","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3fee0689-6fdb-4eb0-84b4-934461d3ff8b","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-30T16:03:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3969902","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-024-00982-3","journal":{"identity":"bmc-nutrition","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Nutrition"},"publishedOn":"2024-12-28 15:57:46","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 28th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-23 20:35:25","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40795-024-00982-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-024-00982-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3969902","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3969902","identity":"rs-3969902","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}