Steady State Thermal Modeling and Heat Flux Analysis of Zinc–Calcium–Aluminosilicate (ZCAS) Glass Using COMSOL Multiphysics

Steady State Thermal Modeling and Heat Flux Analysis of Zinc–Calcium–Aluminosilicate (ZCAS) Glass Using COMSOL Multiphysics | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Steady State Thermal Modeling and Heat Flux Analysis of Zinc–Calcium–Aluminosilicate (ZCAS) Glass Using COMSOL Multiphysics Kamal G This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8493418/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A three-dimensional steady-state thermal analysis of zinc–calcium–aluminosilicate (ZCAS) glass was performed using the finite element method implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics® version 6.2. The Heat Transfer in Solids interface was employed to solve the steady-state heat conduction equation under mixed boundary conditions, consisting of two isothermal surfaces and thermally insulated remaining boundaries. The ZCAS glass was modelled as a homogeneous and isotropic solid with density 2500 kg·m⁻³, thermal conductivity 1.20 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹, and specific heat capacity 750 J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹. A tetrahedral mesh comprising 42,857 elements and 85,742 nodes was used. The numerical results show a smooth and monotonic temperature distribution with a maximum temperature difference of 17.2 K across the domain. Conductive heat flux vectors align with the primary temperature gradient, with a peak magnitude of approximately 860 W·m⁻², confirming strict compliance with Fourier’s law. A three-dimensional cut-line temperature profile exhibits a linear variation consistent with the analytical one-dimensional steady-state solution, yielding relative errors below 2.5%. Surface integration of the normal total energy flux gives 103.8 W and +103.8 W at the inlet and outlet boundaries, respectively, corresponding to an energy imbalance below 0.7% and confirming steady-state energy conservation. The validated thermal model demonstrates that ZCAS glass exhibits stable and predictable heat conduction behaviour under moderate thermal gradients. These findings support the suitability of ZCAS glass whether synthesized from high-purity oxides or sustainable waste-derived precursors such as recycled silica and calcium-rich wastes for applications in optical components, electronic packaging, and thermally stable structural systems. Biophysics Steady-state heat conduction ZCAS glass Finite element method COMSOL Multiphysics Heat flux Energy conservation Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8493418","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":567983308,"identity":"a92212fd-a76e-4929-a2dd-e16c3c9b1fc7","order_by":0,"name":"Kamal G","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2264-6112","institution":"Federal University of Lafia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamal","middleName":"","lastName":"G","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-01 06:15:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8493418/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8493418/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99660398,"identity":"235ab31f-8cd5-4535-978b-a28d7989c6de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-07 03:39:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":831069,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SteadyStateThermalModelingandHeatFluxAnalysisofZCASGlassUsingCOMSOL.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8493418/v1_covered_e1bb981c-4cd1-4536-9735-fb6437e11e2d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSteady State Thermal Modeling and Heat Flux Analysis of Zinc–Calcium–Aluminosilicate (ZCAS) Glass Using COMSOL Multiphysics\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Federal University Lafia","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Steady-state heat conduction, ZCAS glass, Finite element method, COMSOL Multiphysics, Heat flux, Energy conservation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8493418/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8493418/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA three-dimensional steady-state thermal analysis of zinc–calcium–aluminosilicate (ZCAS) glass was performed using the finite element method implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics® version 6.2. The Heat Transfer in Solids interface was employed to solve the steady-state heat conduction equation under mixed boundary conditions, consisting of two isothermal surfaces and thermally insulated remaining boundaries. The ZCAS glass was modelled as a homogeneous and isotropic solid with density 2500 kg·m⁻³, thermal conductivity 1.20 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹, \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;and specific heat capacity 750 J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹. A tetrahedral mesh comprising 42,857 elements and 85,742 nodes was used. The numerical results show a smooth and monotonic temperature distribution with a maximum temperature difference of 17.2 K across the domain. Conductive heat flux vectors align with the primary temperature gradient, with a peak magnitude of approximately 860 W·m⁻², confirming strict compliance with Fourier’s law. A three-dimensional cut-line temperature profile exhibits a linear variation consistent with the analytical one-dimensional steady-state solution, yielding relative errors below 2.5%. Surface integration of the normal total energy flux gives 103.8 W and +103.8 W at the inlet and outlet boundaries, respectively, corresponding to an energy imbalance below 0.7% and confirming steady-state energy conservation. The validated thermal model demonstrates that ZCAS glass exhibits stable and predictable heat conduction behaviour under moderate thermal gradients. These findings support the suitability of ZCAS glass whether synthesized from high-purity oxides or sustainable waste-derived precursors such as recycled silica and calcium-rich wastes for applications in optical components, electronic packaging, and thermally stable structural systems.\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Steady State Thermal Modeling and Heat Flux Analysis of Zinc–Calcium–Aluminosilicate (ZCAS) Glass Using COMSOL Multiphysics","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-07 03:38:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8493418/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a5066ad9-5094-4b9b-bb5f-95108fb522bc","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 7th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":60446250,"name":"Biophysics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-07T03:38:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-07 03:38:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8493418","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8493418","identity":"rs-8493418","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}