Effect of Irrigation Frequency and Weed Management on Growth and Yield of Sesame

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Shahidul Islam, khalid syfullah This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5593672/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study evaluates the impact of irrigation frequency and weed management on the growth and yield of sesame ( Sesamum indicum L. ), conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. A split-plot design with four irrigation levels and four weed management strategies was employed. Results indicated that three irrigations at 20, 40, and 60 days after sowing significantly enhanced plant height, branch number, and seed yield. Weed control using herbicide applications and manual weeding effectively minimized competition, leading to improved crop performance. The findings emphasize the importance of efficient water use and integrated weed management in maximizing sesame productivity. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 INTRODUCTION Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.), one of the oldest oilseed crops, is renowned for its high nutritional value and adaptability to harsh environments. Originating in India and Africa, it now thrives in tropical and subtropical regions, with India, China, and Sudan being the top producers. Globally, sesame is cultivated over approximately 9.5 million hectares, yielding around 6.5 million metric tons annually [ 1 ]. Its seeds contain 50–60% oil, rich in antioxidants like sesamin and sesamol, contributing to health benefits such as reducing cholesterol and offering anti-inflammatory properties [ 2 , 3 ]. Despite its economic significance, sesame production faces constraints such as irregular irrigation, weed infestations, and the crop's vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stresses. These issues can lead to significant yield losses, exacerbated by climate change and limited water resources. Understanding the interplay between irrigation and weed control is essential to ensure the crop's profitability and sustainability. Weeds alone can reduce sesame yields by up to 70% in poorly managed fields [ 2 ]. Effective solutions include optimizing irrigation schedules and employing integrated weed management strategies, such as mulching, crop rotation, and selective herbicides [ 3 ]. This study aims to evaluate the effects of irrigation frequency and weed management on sesame growth and yield, contributing to a broader effort to enhance its production in regions where it holds economic and social significance. Insights gained can guide the development of more resilient production systems to meet growing global demand [ 2 ] MATERIALS AND METHODS In this chapter, the details of different materials used and methodology followed during the experimental period are described. Experiment site and soil A field experiment was conducted at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka, Bangladesh during Kharif-1 (March – June), 2014 to study the effect of irrigation frequency and weed management practices on growth and yield of sesame. The experimental field is located at 23 0 41' N latitude and 90 0 22' E longitude at a height of 8.6 m above the mean sea level. It belongs to the AEZ 28,(Madhupur Tract). It was Deep Red Brown Terrace soil and belonged to Nodda cultivated series. The soil was sandy loam in texture having pH ranged from 5.47 to 5.63, a member of hyperthermic Aeric Haplaquept under the order Inceptisol having only few horizons. Climate The experimental field was situated under Sub-tropical climate; usually the rainfall is heavy during kharif season (April to September) and scantly in rabi season (October to March). In rabi season, temperature is generally low and there is a plenty of sunshine. The temperature tends to increase from February as the season proceeds towards kharif . The site, where the experiment was conducted, has a subtropical climate kharif -1 season extends from March to early June. Crop BARI Til-4 ( Sesamum indicum L.) is a broadleaf plant of about 0.9-1.2m tall, although height dependent on the variety and growing conditions. Large, white, bell-shaped flowers, each about an inch long, appear from leaf axils on the lower stem, then gradually appear up the stem over a period of weeks as the stem keeps elongating. Depending on the variety, either one or three seed capsules will develop at each leaf axil. Seed capsules are 1 to 1 1/2 inches long, with 8 rows of seeds in each capsule. Some varieties are branched, while others are unbranched. Treatments Four levels of irrigation and four levels of weed management and their interaction were used in the experiment. These were: Factor- A: Four levels of irrigation I 0 = No irrigation I 1 = One irrigation at 20 DAS I 2 = Two irrigation at 20 and 40 DAS I 3 = Three irrigation at 20, 40 and 60 DAS Factor- B: Four levels of weed management W 0 = No weeding W 1 = One hand weeding at 20DAS W 2 = Two hand weeding at 20 DAS and 40 DAS W 3 = Post emergent herbicide at 20 DAS and 40 DAS Interaction between irrigation and weed management I 0 × W 0 I 1 × W 1 I 2 ×W 2 I 3 × W 3 I 0 × W 1 I 1 × W 2 I 2 ×W 3 I 3 × W 0 I 0 × W 2 I 1 × W 3 I 2 ×W 0 I 3 × W 1 I 0 × W 3 I 1 ×W 0 I 2 × W 1 I 3 × W 2 Experimental design The experiment was laid out in Split plot design with 3 replications. Irrigation frequency was applied in main plot and weed management in sub plot.The size of unit plot was 2.0 m x 2.0 m. The total number of treatments was (4 levels of irrigation × 4 levels of weed management) 16 and the number of plots were 48 as there was three numbers of replication. Layout of the experiment The experiment was laid out on March 12, 2014. The whole area was divided into 48 plots. The replications were separated by 0 .75m distance and plots were separated by 0.25m. Cowdung at the rate of 10 tons per hectare was applied during land preparation. Other fertilizer- nutrients, at the rate of 125 kg Urea ha − 1 , 150 kg TSP ha − 1 , 50 kg MP ha − 1 and 110 kg Gypsum ha − 1 were applied at the time of final land preparation. All fertilizers were broadcasted and incorporated into the soil before sowing of seeds. Additional quantity of 20 kg Urea per hectare was top dressed during flower initiation. Land preparation The experimental land was ploughed with a tractor followed by harrowing to attain a desirable filth. All uprooted weeds and stubbles of the previous crop were removed from the experimental field. The land was finally prepared with power tiller to ensure a good land preparation. The land was leveled by tractor drawn leveler. Sowing The seeds of the variety BARI Til-4 were collected from the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur. Seeds were subjected to germination test and were treated with Vitavex-200 at the rate of 2.5 g kg − 1 of seeds before sowing. Seeds were sown on March 15, 2014 in solid lines. Three to five seeds were sown per hill. Missing hills were sown with seeds to maintain desired plant population. Cultural practices The desired population density was maintained by thinning plants 8 days after emergence. Irrigation and weeding were performed as per treatments. Plant protection measures were performed as needed to uniform germination, better crop establishment and proper plant growth. Sampling The sampling was done first at 15 days after sowing and it was continued at an interval of 15 days, viz. 30, 45, 60 days after sowing (DAS). At each harvest, three plants were selected randomly from each plot. The selected plants of each plot were uprooted carefully by a khurpi and washed in running tap water to remove the soil. The number of leaves, branches and pods were recorded separatety. The components were oven dried at 60 0 for 72 hours to record constant dry weight. From each plot the weight of the straw were taken. Biological yield and the harvest index were also calculated from this data. Data collection The data on the following parameters of three plants were recorded at each harvest. Plant height (cm) Number of branch plant − 1 Number of leaves plant − 1 Number of capsule plant − 1 Number of seeds capsule − 1 1000 seeds weight (g) Yield plant − 1 (g) Total seed yield(t ha − 1 ) Stover yield (t ha − 1 ) Harvest Index Harvesting Harvesting at maturity, the crop was harvested from an area of 1 m 2 from each plot. The data on agronomic parameters and yield components of sampled plants were recorded. The harvested plants were segmented into components such as straw (leaf, branch and stem together) and seed. The straw and capsule were then dried in a drier at 70°C for 72 hours and weighed. The seeds were dried in the sun and weighed. The seed weight was adjusted at 8% moisture content. Statistical analysis The data collected on different parameters were statistically analyzed to obtain the level of significance using the MSTAT- C computer package program. Mean difference among the treatments were tested with least significant differences (LSD) at 5% level of significance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant height Effect of irrigation frequency Plant height of sesame was significantly influenced by irrigation frequency (Fig. 1). Higher irrigation frequency resulted in increased plant height at different days after sowing. At 30, 45, 60 DAS, and harvest, the highest plant height was observed with three irrigations (I3) at 25.54, 47.26, 98.04, and 103.2 cm, respectively. The lowest plant height was recorded with no irrigation (I0) at 23.17, 41.85, 75.62, and 89.45 cm, respectively. The significant effect on growth might be due to improved nutrient availability from irrigation. This observation aligns with findings from several studies. For instance, Sezen et al [ 4 ]) demonstrated that deficit irrigation practices enhanced water use efficiency and plant growth, including height, in Salvia splendens L. This suggests that controlled irrigation positively influences plant height even under limited water resources [ 4 ]. Similarly, Si et al [ 5 ] observed that higher irrigation frequency significantly boosted the growth and yield of winter wheat, underlining the importance of consistent water availability during critical growth stages [ 5 ]. Additionally, Romero et al [ 6 ] found that regulated deficit irrigation improved vegetative growth, including plant height, in almond trees when applied at optimal intervals [ 6 ]. Effect of weed management Weed management significantly influenced plant height in sesame (Fig. 2 ). While there was no significant effect at 15 and 30 DAS, the highest plant heights at 45 DAS, 60 DAS, and harvest were observed with herbicide application (W3) at 47.37 cm, 92.71 cm, and 101.5 cm, respectively. These results were not significantly different from two hand weedings (W2). The lowest plant heights were recorded with no weeding (W0) at 41.94 cm, 82.09 cm, and 93.56 cm, respectively, likely due to reduced competition from weeds. This pattern highlights the critical role of weed management in optimizing plant growth. Herbicide-based control, such as the use of glyphosate, has been shown to significantly reduce weed competition, allowing for better growth conditions for sesame and other crops. The effectiveness of herbicides, particularly in combination with manual weeding, has been demonstrated in numerous studies [ 7 , 8 ].In contrast, the lack of weed management results in reduced plant vigor and yield, as plants face increased competition for water, nutrients, and light .Thus, efficient weed control is essential for achieving optimal growth and yield in sesame. Number of branches plant − 1 Effect of irrigation frequency The number of branches per plant in sesame was significantly influenced by irrigation frequency (Fig. 3 ). Higher irrigation frequency resulted in more branches per plant, while lower frequency resulted in fewer branches. At 45, 60 DAS, and harvest, the highest number of branches per plant was recorded with three irrigations (I3) at 5.003, 5.317, and 6.015, respectively. The lowest number of branches per plant was recorded with no irrigation (I0) at 3.485, 3.961, and 4.210, respectively. These findings align with broader research indicating that precise irrigation management positively impacts crop growth parameters. For instance, Guo and Li [ 9 ] reviewed the effects of drip irrigation, highlighting its ability to improve crop growth by maintaining optimal soil moisture, which supports processes like photosynthesis and nutrient mobilization. Similarly, Wang et al. [ 10 ] emphasized the role of consistent irrigation in reducing water stress and enhancing vegetative growth, which is critical for branching. This suggests that improved water availability under higher irrigation frequencies promotes better plant performance by enabling efficient physiological and metabolic processes. Effect of weed management Weed management significantly influenced the number of branches per plant in sesame (Fig. 4 ). At 45 and 60 DAS, the highest number of branches per plant was observed with two hand weedings (W2) at 4.692 and 4.950, respectively, which was similar to herbicide application (W3). At harvest, W3 showed the highest number of branches per plant, comparable to W2. The lowest number of branches per plant was recorded with no weeding (W0). These results align with broader studies on weed management's impact on crop morphology. Su [ 11 ] emphasized that integrated weed management (IWM), combining chemical and manual approaches, effectively improves crop growth by mitigating weed competition during critical growth stages. Manual weeding and herbicide application both reduce resource competition, allowing plants to allocate more resources to secondary growth, such as branch formation. Furthermore, research highlights that environmental factors and herbicide efficacy are interconnected, influencing crop-weed interactions and overall plant development [ 12 ]. Effective weed management not only improves branching but also enhances overall crop yield and quality. Number of Leaves palnt − 1 Effect of irrigation frequency Irrigation frequency significantly influenced the number of leaves per plant in sesame (Fig. 5 ). Higher irrigation frequency resulted in more leaves per plant. At 30, 45, and 60 DAS, plants receiving three irrigations (I3) demonstrated the highest number of leaves per plant, with 13.08, 69.13, and 96.61 leaves, respectively. The lowest number of leaves per plant was recorded under no irrigation (I0) at 11.47, 56.86, and 69.39 leaves, respectively. These findings are consistent with studies indicating that improved water availability promotes photosynthesis and nutrient uptake, which are critical for leaf development. Rakibuzzaman et al [ 13 ] highlighted that precision irrigation enhances water use efficiency and supports optimal crop growth, particularly under water-sensitive conditions. Similarly, research by YH et al [ 14 ] emphasized the role of irrigation in delaying leaf senescence and improving photosynthetic efficiency, thereby increasing assimilate accumulation and leaf area. This underscores the importance of efficient irrigation management in boosting sesame growth and yield potential. Effect of weed management Weed management significantly influenced the number of leaves per plant in sesame at different days after sowing (Fig. 6 ). At 30 and 45 DAS, the highest number of leaves per plant was observed with herbicide application at 20 and 40 DAS (W3), showing 14.14 and 70.00 leaves, respectively. This result was significantly similar to two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS (W2) at 45 DAS. At 60 DAS, the highest number of leaves per plant was recorded with W2. The lowest number of leaves per plant was consistently observed with no weeding (W0). This observation aligns with broader findings on weed management practices. Herbicide application, when timed appropriately, can significantly enhance plant growth by reducing competition for nutrients, water, and light. Mechanical weed control, such as hand weeding, has also proven effective in reducing weed density and improving plant vigor, especially when applied during critical growth stages [ 15 ].Moreover, sustainable practices like mulching suppress weed growth by preventing germination and blocking light, while simultaneously improving soil conditions [ 16 , 17 ]. These strategies underscore the importance of integrated weed management approaches in enhancing crop performance, including leaf production. Number of capsules plant − 1 Effect of irrigation frequency Number of capsules plant-1Number of seeds capsule − 1 Weight of 1000 seeds (g) Irrigation frequency significantly influences sesame's growth and yield components, including the number of capsules per plant and seeds per capsule. Studies have shown that optimized irrigation schedules enhance these parameters. In this context, three irrigations at 20, 40, and 60 days after sowing (DAS) resulted in the highest number of capsules per plant (51.99) and seeds per capsule (56.29). Conversely, no irrigation resulted in the lowest values (45.21 capsules per plant and 49.98 seeds per capsule). Intermediate results were observed with two irrigations (I2). The weight of 1000 seeds was also highest (3.172 g) with three irrigations (I3), while no irrigation (I0) resulted in the lowest weight (2.963 g), not significantly differing from one irrigation (I1). Advanced irrigation technologies, such as Variable Rate Irrigation (VRI) systems, have demonstrated improved water use efficiency, crucial for sesame cultivation in water-scarce regions [ 18 ]. Additionally, seed treatments, including pelleting, are known to enhance plant height, lateral branching, and the number of capsules per plant, highlighting the role of pre-sowing interventions alongside irrigation management [ 19 ]. Seed priming techniques further improve germination uniformity and yield under stress conditions, which may complement irrigation strategies for better crop performance [ 20 ]. Table 1 Effect of irrigation frequency on different yield contributing characters of sesame Treatments Number of capsules plant − 1 Number of seeds capsule − 1 Weight of 1000 seeds (g) I 0 45.21 d 49.98 d 2.963 b I 1 46.14 c 52.56 c 3.082 b I 2 48.97 b 53.97 b 3.155 a I 3 51.99 a 56.29 a 3.172 a CV% 7.22 6.12 6.87 LSD (0.05) 0.80 0.18 0.091 I 0 = No irrigation; I 1 = Single irrigation at 20 DAS; I 2 = Two times irrigation at 20 and 40 DAS; I 3 = Three times irrigation at 20, 40 and 60 DAS. Effect of weed management On Number of capsules plant-1,Number of seeds capsule − 1 , Weight of 1000 seeds (g) Weed management significantly influenced the number of capsules per plant, seeds per capsule, and the weight of 1000 seeds in sesame. The application of herbicides at 20 and 40 DAS (W3) resulted in the highest number of capsules per plant (49.67) and seeds per capsule (54.48), with the lowest values recorded in the no weeding treatment (W0) at 44.92 capsules per plant and 49.97 seeds per capsule. The application of herbicides at 20 and 40 DAS significantly enhanced yield parameters in sesame, including capsules per plant and seeds per capsule, compared to untreated plots. This result aligns with studies demonstrating that herbicide use during early crop stages minimizes competition for resources like light, water, and nutrients, allowing for better crop establishment and reproductive development [ 21 ]. Moreover, such timely weed management practices are known to optimize photosynthesis and resource allocation, ultimately improving yield quality and quantity in oilseed crops [ 21 ]. . Table 2. Effect of weed management on different yield contributing characters of sesame Treatments Number of capsules plant − 1 Number of seeds capsule − 1 Weight of 1000 seeds (g) W 0 44.92 d 49.97 c 3.026 b W 1 48.22 c 53.93 b 3.091 b W 2 49.51 b 54.41 a 3.122 a W 3 49.67 a 54.48 a 3.132 a CV% 5.23 6.42 7.62 LSD (0.05) 0.15 0.45 0.041 W 0 = No weeding; W 1 = One hand weeding at 20 DAS; W 2 = Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS; W 3 = Application of herbicide at 20 and 40 DAS. Effect of irrigation frequency Seed yield plant − 1 (g) Seed yield (tha − 1 ) Stover yield (tha − 1 ) Harvest Index (%) Seed yield per plant and per hectare, along with stover yield and harvest index, were significantly influenced by irrigation frequency (Table 3 ). Three irrigations at 20, 40, and 60 DAS (I3) resulted in the highest seed yield per plant (9.261 g) and per hectare (1.28 t ha-1), stover yield (3.424 t ha-1), and harvest index (27.13%). The lowest values for these metrics were recorded with no irrigation (I0). Two irrigations (I2) and a single irrigation (I1) showed intermediate results, consistent with findings by, Garai and Datta [ 22 ] and Islam et al. [ 23 ] Table 3 Effect of irrigation frequency on yield parameters of sesame Treatments Yield plant − 1 Seed yield (tha − 1 ) Stover yield (tha − 1 ) Harvest Index (%) I 0 6.798 d 0.957 c 2.669 d 26.43 b I 1 7.434 c 1.025 bc 2.955 c 25.74 c I 2 8.257 b 1.144 ab 3.338 b 25.48 c I 3 9.261 a 1.282 a 3.424 a 27.13 a CV% 5.37 7.40 8.53 9.35 LSD (0.05) 0.532 0.155 0.059 0.547 I 0 = No irrigation; I 1 = Single irrigation at 20 DAS; I 2 = Two times irrigation at 20 and 40 DAS; I 3 = Three times irrigation at 20, 40 and 60 DAS. Effect of weed management Seed yield plant − 1 (g) Seed yield (tha − 1 ) Stover yield (tha − 1 ) Harvest Index (%) Weed management significantly influenced seed yield per plant, total seed yield, stover yield, and harvest index in sesame (Table 4 ). The highest seed yield per plant (8.451 g) and total seed yield (1.171 t ha-1) were observed with herbicide application at 20 and 40 DAS (W3), which was statistically similar to two hand weedings at the same times (W2). The lowest yields were recorded with no weeding (W0). Similarly, the highest stover yield (3.162 t ha-1) and harvest index (27.08%) were observed with W3, while the lowest values were recorded with W0. Intermediate results were seen with other weed management practices. These findings align with results reported by Ahmad [ 18 ] and Singh [ 7 ], as well as Garai and Datta [ 22 ] and Chaudhuri and Ghosh [ 24 ]. Table 4 Effect weed management practices on yield parameters of sesame Treatments Seed yield plant − 1 Seed yield (tha − 1 ) Stover yield (tha − 1 ) Harvest Index W 0 6.804 c 0.967 c 3.002 c 24.54 c W 1 8.071 b 1.106 b 3.104 b 26.24 b W 2 8.425 a 1.164 a 3.119 a 27.08 a W 3 8.451 a 1.171 a 3.162 a 26.93 a CV% 8.20 8.60 7.79 8.25 LSD (0.05) 0.026 0.053 0.057 0.381 W 0 = No weeding; W 1 = One hand weeding at 20 DAS; W 2 = Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS; W 3 = Application of herbicide at 20 and 40 DAS. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that three irrigations at 20, 40, and 60 days after sowing significantly enhanced sesame growth and yield metrics. Herbicide application, combined with manual weeding, proved most effective in reducing weed competition, thereby optimizing resource utilization. These practices together improved seed yield, stover yield, and harvest index. Adoption of efficient irrigation schedules and integrated weed management strategies can sustainably maximize sesame productivity, particularly in resource-constrained regions. Future research should explore advanced irrigation technologies and eco-friendly weed control methods for broader applicability. Declarations Contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Authors 1 & 2 designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors 3 managed the analyses of the study, wrote the final draft, did all the editing after submitting the paper and correspondence Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2023) World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 . Rome, Italy: FAO. ISBN: 978-92-5-138262-2. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5593672","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":390886602,"identity":"48827f7c-6293-4ede-a3e2-fc74a9fd1763","order_by":0,"name":"Zohirul Islam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zohirul","middleName":"","lastName":"Islam","suffix":""},{"id":390886603,"identity":"a4eacc86-7c0c-4dcb-98bd-2221d0899cf6","order_by":1,"name":"Prof Dr Md. Shahidul Islam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prof","middleName":"Dr Md. Shahidul","lastName":"I","suffix":"Md."},{"id":390886604,"identity":"b74a3bd4-4e24-4db3-8ff8-c6d4e509240f","order_by":2,"name":"khalid syfullah","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgcMDwoYEiQkGBgPJLBJ8PCDBBMK8GlhNmBIMABrYQBqsZCRbABpMSBWCwNbhY3BAZAoHi3yM5LZJBIM7PIkZzc/OPCgTILH+PzqxA8PDBjk+cUOYNVicAOsJblYWuaYwYGEcxI8ZjfebgaKMBjOnJ2AXYtE/jGgAubEeUDyQGIbSMvZDSAtCQa3sWuBOqweqCX9A1iL8Yyzm3/g08IAcdjhxNkSORBbDPh7t+G1xeDMY2aLBIPjiTNn5BSA/SJxg3cbUEQCp1/k25MZb3yoqE6ccSN948MfZXX2/P1nN9/8UWEjzy+Nw2ECGOISYBEJ7MpBgP8AYZFRMApGwSgY4QAAobpirj1rnw0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"khalid","middleName":"","lastName":"syfullah","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-06 12:23:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5593672/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5593672/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":71629623,"identity":"62d3c770-0cd0-46ea-a575-92ff76c4f967","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 09:23:00","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55231,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of irrigation frequency on plant height of sesame at different days after sowing (I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = No irrigation; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Single irrigation at 20 DAS; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Two times irrigation at 20 and 40 DAS; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e= Three times irrigation at 20, 40 and 60 DAS).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5593672/v1/83e39eb6e01bdaf179a5bf66.png"},{"id":71628645,"identity":"1b0a9ab0-bb36-4bc3-84aa-7e00885652fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 09:15:00","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55528,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of weed management on plant height of sesame at different days after sowing (W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = No weeding; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = One hand weeding at 20 DAS; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e= Application of herbicide at 20 and 40 DAS).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5593672/v1/9e5ae57dca01268d1b828bbd.png"},{"id":71630639,"identity":"03775666-f76b-4d36-b002-48c046e22caa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 09:31:00","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":165908,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of irrigation frequency on number of branches plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eof sesame at different days after sowing (I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = No irrigation; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Single irrigation at 20 DAS; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Two times irrigation at 20 and 40 DAS; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e= Three times irrigation at 20, 40 and 60 DAS).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5593672/v1/ae985391ee96f503d485c514.png"},{"id":71628647,"identity":"62ea15b1-86c8-45f6-bb46-9b9e291b3146","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 09:15:00","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":182911,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of weed management on number of branches plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eof sesame at different days after sowing (W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = No weeding; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = One hand weeding at 20 DAS; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Application of herbicide at 20 and 40 DAS).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5593672/v1/8c075bd22cf2132269c16c08.png"},{"id":71629625,"identity":"e013965d-4946-4fee-843f-ee821998202e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 09:23:00","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":165893,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of irrigation frequency on number of leaves plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eof sesame at different days after sowing (I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = No irrigation; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Single irrigation at 20 DAS; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Two times irrigation at 20 and 40 DAS; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e= Three times irrigation at 20, 40 and 60 DAS).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5593672/v1/52dfc37fba3e66a612f2a6c7.png"},{"id":71628649,"identity":"6ccf1939-0125-4386-9810-bb9ffb07a4a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 09:15:00","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":180497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of weed management on number of leaves plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eof sesame at different days after sowing (W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = No weeding; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = One hand weeding at 20 DAS; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e = Application of herbicide at 20 and 40 DAS).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5593672/v1/c386f2ba8021165a37a873dd.png"},{"id":71632761,"identity":"3233f71a-cd3c-48fc-844f-08a172cfba16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-17 09:47:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1932945,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5593672/v1/a62f93ce-82ae-4f3a-8959-1d996477be80.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Irrigation Frequency and Weed Management on Growth and Yield of Sesame\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSesame (\u003cem\u003eSesamum indicum\u003c/em\u003e L.), one of the oldest oilseed crops, is renowned for its high nutritional value and adaptability to harsh environments. Originating in India and Africa, it now thrives in tropical and subtropical regions, with India, China, and Sudan being the top producers. Globally, sesame is cultivated over approximately 9.5\u0026nbsp;million hectares, yielding around 6.5\u0026nbsp;million metric tons annually [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Its seeds contain 50\u0026ndash;60% oil, rich in antioxidants like sesamin and sesamol, contributing to health benefits such as reducing cholesterol and offering anti-inflammatory properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite its economic significance, sesame production faces constraints such as irregular irrigation, weed infestations, and the crop's vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stresses. These issues can lead to significant yield losses, exacerbated by climate change and limited water resources. Understanding the interplay between irrigation and weed control is essential to ensure the crop's profitability and sustainability. Weeds alone can reduce sesame yields by up to 70% in poorly managed fields [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Effective solutions include optimizing irrigation schedules and employing integrated weed management strategies, such as mulching, crop rotation, and selective herbicides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to evaluate the effects of irrigation frequency and weed management on sesame growth and yield, contributing to a broader effort to enhance its production in regions where it holds economic and social significance. Insights gained can guide the development of more resilient production systems to meet growing global demand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this chapter, the details of different materials used and methodology followed during the experimental period are described.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eExperiment site and soil\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA field experiment was conducted at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka, Bangladesh during \u003cem\u003eKharif-1\u003c/em\u003e (March \u0026ndash; June), 2014 to study the effect of irrigation frequency and weed management practices on growth and yield of sesame. The experimental field is located at 23\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 41' N latitude and 90\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e 22' E longitude at a height of 8.6 m above the mean sea level. It belongs to the AEZ 28,(Madhupur Tract). It was Deep Red Brown Terrace soil and belonged to Nodda cultivated series. The soil was sandy loam in texture having pH ranged from 5.47 to 5.63, a member of hyperthermic Aeric Haplaquept under the order Inceptisol having only few horizons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eClimate\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental field was situated under Sub-tropical climate; usually the rainfall is heavy during \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e season (April to September) and scantly in \u003cem\u003erabi\u003c/em\u003e season (October to March). In \u003cem\u003erabi\u003c/em\u003e season, temperature is generally low and there is a plenty of sunshine. The temperature tends to increase from February as the season proceeds towards \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e. The site, where the experiment was conducted, has a subtropical climate \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e-1 season extends from March to early June. \u003cstrong\u003eCrop\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBARI Til-4 (\u003cem\u003eSesamum indicum\u003c/em\u003e L.) is a broadleaf plant of about 0.9-1.2m tall, although height dependent on the variety and growing conditions. Large, white, bell-shaped flowers, each about an inch long, appear from leaf axils on the lower stem, then gradually appear up the stem over a period of weeks as the stem keeps elongating. Depending on the variety, either one or three seed capsules will develop at each leaf axil. Seed capsules are 1 to 1 1/2 inches long, with 8 rows of seeds in each capsule. Some varieties are branched, while others are unbranched.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTreatments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour levels of irrigation and four levels of weed management and their interaction were used in the experiment. These were:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFactor- A: Four levels of irrigation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No irrigation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;One irrigation at 20 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Two irrigation at 20 and 40 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Three irrigation at 20, 40 and 60 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFactor- B: Four levels of weed management\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No weeding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;One hand weeding at 20DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Two hand weeding at 20 DAS and 40 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Post emergent herbicide at 20 DAS and 40 DAS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eInteraction between irrigation and weed management\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026times;W\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026times;W\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026times;W\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026times;W\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026times; W\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was laid out in Split plot design with 3 replications. Irrigation frequency was applied in main plot and weed management in sub plot.The size of unit plot was 2.0 m x 2.0 m. The total number of treatments was (4 levels of irrigation \u0026times; 4 levels of weed management) 16 and the number of plots were 48 as there was three numbers of replication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLayout of the experiment\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was laid out on March 12, 2014. The whole area was divided into 48 plots. The replications were separated by 0 .75m distance and plots were separated by 0.25m. Cowdung at the rate of 10 tons per hectare was applied during land preparation. Other fertilizer- nutrients, at the rate of 125 kg Urea ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 150 kg TSP ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 50 kg MP ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 110 kg Gypsum ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e were applied at the time of final land preparation. All fertilizers were broadcasted and incorporated into the soil before sowing of seeds. Additional quantity of 20 kg Urea per hectare was top dressed during flower initiation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLand preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental land was ploughed with a tractor followed by harrowing to attain a desirable filth. All uprooted weeds and stubbles of the previous crop were removed from the experimental field. The land was finally prepared with power tiller to ensure a good land preparation. The land was leveled by tractor drawn leveler.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSowing\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe seeds of the variety BARI Til-4 were collected from the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur. Seeds were subjected to germination test and were treated with Vitavex-200 at the rate of 2.5 g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of seeds before sowing. Seeds were sown on March 15, 2014 in solid lines. Three to five seeds were sown per hill. Missing hills were sown with seeds to maintain desired plant population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCultural practices\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe desired population density was maintained by thinning plants 8 days after emergence. Irrigation and weeding were performed as per treatments. Plant protection measures were performed as needed to uniform germination, better crop establishment and proper plant growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSampling\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sampling was done first at 15 days after sowing and it was continued at an interval of 15 days, viz. 30, 45, 60 days after sowing (DAS). At each harvest, three plants were selected randomly from each plot. The selected plants of each plot were uprooted carefully by a khurpi and washed in running tap water to remove the soil. The number of leaves, branches and pods were recorded separatety. The components were oven dried at 60\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e for 72 hours to record constant dry weight. From each plot the weight of the straw were taken. Biological yield and the harvest index were also calculated from this data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data on the following parameters of three plants were recorded at each harvest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant height (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of branch plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of leaves plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of capsule plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of seeds capsule\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1000 seeds weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal seed yield(t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStover yield (t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHarvest Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHarvesting\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHarvesting at maturity, the crop was harvested from an area of 1 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e from each plot. The data on agronomic parameters and yield components of sampled plants were recorded. The harvested plants were segmented into components such as straw (leaf, branch and stem together) and seed. The straw and capsule were then dried in a drier at 70\u0026deg;C for 72 hours and weighed. The seeds were dried in the sun and weighed. The seed weight was adjusted at 8% moisture content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collected on different parameters were statistically analyzed to obtain the level of significance using the MSTAT- C computer package program. Mean difference among the treatments were tested with least significant differences (LSD) at 5% level of significance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePlant height\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEffect of irrigation frequency\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant height of sesame was significantly influenced by irrigation frequency (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Higher irrigation frequency resulted in increased plant height at different days after sowing. At 30, 45, 60 DAS, and harvest, the highest plant height was observed with three irrigations (I3) at 25.54, 47.26, 98.04, and 103.2 cm, respectively. The lowest plant height was recorded with no irrigation (I0) at 23.17, 41.85, 75.62, and 89.45 cm, respectively. The significant effect on growth might be due to improved nutrient availability from irrigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis observation aligns with findings from several studies. For instance, Sezen et al [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]) demonstrated that deficit irrigation practices enhanced water use efficiency and plant growth, including height, in Salvia splendens L. This suggests that controlled irrigation positively influences plant height even under limited water resources [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, Si et al [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] observed that higher irrigation frequency significantly boosted the growth and yield of winter wheat, underlining the importance of consistent water availability during critical growth stages [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, Romero et al [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] found that regulated deficit irrigation improved vegetative growth, including plant height, in almond trees when applied at optimal intervals [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEffect of weed management\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeed management significantly influenced plant height in sesame (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). While there was no significant effect at 15 and 30 DAS, the highest plant heights at 45 DAS, 60 DAS, and harvest were observed with herbicide application (W3) at 47.37 cm, 92.71 cm, and 101.5 cm, respectively. These results were not significantly different from two hand weedings (W2). The lowest plant heights were recorded with no weeding (W0) at 41.94 cm, 82.09 cm, and 93.56 cm, respectively, likely due to reduced competition from weeds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis pattern highlights the critical role of weed management in optimizing plant growth. Herbicide-based control, such as the use of glyphosate, has been shown to significantly reduce weed competition, allowing for better growth conditions for sesame and other crops. The effectiveness of herbicides, particularly in combination with manual weeding, has been demonstrated in numerous studies [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].In contrast, the lack of weed management results in reduced plant vigor and yield, as plants face increased competition for water, nutrients, and light .Thus, efficient weed control is essential for achieving optimal growth and yield in sesame.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNumber of branches plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEffect of irrigation frequency\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of branches per plant in sesame was significantly influenced by irrigation frequency (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Higher irrigation frequency resulted in more branches per plant, while lower frequency resulted in fewer branches. At 45, 60 DAS, and harvest, the highest number of branches per plant was recorded with three irrigations (I3) at 5.003, 5.317, and 6.015, respectively. The lowest number of branches per plant was recorded with no irrigation (I0) at 3.485, 3.961, and 4.210, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings align with broader research indicating that precise irrigation management positively impacts crop growth parameters. For instance, Guo and Li [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] reviewed the effects of drip irrigation, highlighting its ability to improve crop growth by maintaining optimal soil moisture, which supports processes like photosynthesis and nutrient mobilization. Similarly, Wang et al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] emphasized the role of consistent irrigation in reducing water stress and enhancing vegetative growth, which is critical for branching. This suggests that improved water availability under higher irrigation frequencies promotes better plant performance by enabling efficient physiological and metabolic processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEffect of weed management\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeed management significantly influenced the number of branches per plant in sesame (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). At 45 and 60 DAS, the highest number of branches per plant was observed with two hand weedings (W2) at 4.692 and 4.950, respectively, which was similar to herbicide application (W3). At harvest, W3 showed the highest number of branches per plant, comparable to W2. The lowest number of branches per plant was recorded with no weeding (W0).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese results align with broader studies on weed management's impact on crop morphology. Su [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] emphasized that integrated weed management (IWM), combining chemical and manual approaches, effectively improves crop growth by mitigating weed competition during critical growth stages. Manual weeding and herbicide application both reduce resource competition, allowing plants to allocate more resources to secondary growth, such as branch formation. Furthermore, research highlights that environmental factors and herbicide efficacy are interconnected, influencing crop-weed interactions and overall plant development [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Effective weed management not only improves branching but also enhances overall crop yield and quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNumber of Leaves palnt\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEffect of irrigation frequency\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIrrigation frequency significantly influenced the number of leaves per plant in sesame (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Higher irrigation frequency resulted in more leaves per plant. At 30, 45, and 60 DAS, plants receiving three irrigations (I3) demonstrated the highest number of leaves per plant, with 13.08, 69.13, and 96.61 leaves, respectively. The lowest number of leaves per plant was recorded under no irrigation (I0) at 11.47, 56.86, and 69.39 leaves, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings are consistent with studies indicating that improved water availability promotes photosynthesis and nutrient uptake, which are critical for leaf development. Rakibuzzaman et al [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] highlighted that precision irrigation enhances water use efficiency and supports optimal crop growth, particularly under water-sensitive conditions. Similarly, research by YH et al [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] emphasized the role of irrigation in delaying leaf senescence and improving photosynthetic efficiency, thereby increasing assimilate accumulation and leaf area. This underscores the importance of efficient irrigation management in boosting sesame growth and yield potential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEffect of weed management\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeed management significantly influenced the number of leaves per plant in sesame at different days after sowing (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). At 30 and 45 DAS, the highest number of leaves per plant was observed with herbicide application at 20 and 40 DAS (W3), showing 14.14 and 70.00 leaves, respectively. This result was significantly similar to two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS (W2) at 45 DAS. At 60 DAS, the highest number of leaves per plant was recorded with W2. The lowest number of leaves per plant was consistently observed with no weeding (W0).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis observation aligns with broader findings on weed management practices. Herbicide application, when timed appropriately, can significantly enhance plant growth by reducing competition for nutrients, water, and light. Mechanical weed control, such as hand weeding, has also proven effective in reducing weed density and improving plant vigor, especially when applied during critical growth stages [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].Moreover, sustainable practices like mulching suppress weed growth by preventing germination and blocking light, while simultaneously improving soil conditions [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. These strategies underscore the importance of integrated weed management approaches in enhancing crop performance, including leaf production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNumber of capsules plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEffect of irrigation frequency Number of capsules plant-1Number of seeds capsule\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003eWeight of 1000 seeds (g)\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIrrigation frequency significantly influences sesame's growth and yield components, including the number of capsules per plant and seeds per capsule. Studies have shown that optimized irrigation schedules enhance these parameters. In this context, three irrigations at 20, 40, and 60 days after sowing (DAS) resulted in the highest number of capsules per plant (51.99) and seeds per capsule (56.29). Conversely, no irrigation resulted in the lowest values (45.21 capsules per plant and 49.98 seeds per capsule). Intermediate results were observed with two irrigations (I2). The weight of 1000 seeds was also highest (3.172 g) with three irrigations (I3), while no irrigation (I0) resulted in the lowest weight (2.963 g), not significantly differing from one irrigation (I1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdvanced irrigation technologies, such as Variable Rate Irrigation (VRI) systems, have demonstrated improved water use efficiency, crucial for sesame cultivation in water-scarce regions [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, seed treatments, including pelleting, are known to enhance plant height, lateral branching, and the number of capsules per plant, highlighting the role of pre-sowing interventions alongside irrigation management [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeed priming techniques further improve germination uniformity and yield under stress conditions, which may complement irrigation strategies for better crop performance [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of irrigation frequency on different yield contributing characters of sesame\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of capsules plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of seeds capsule\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeight of 1000 seeds (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.21 d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.98 d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.963 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.14 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.56 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.082 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.97 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.97 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.155 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.99 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56.29 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.172 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csub\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;No irrigation; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Single irrigation at 20 DAS; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Two times irrigation at 20 and 40 DAS; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Three times irrigation at 20, 40 and 60 DAS.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of weed management On Number of capsules plant-1,Number of seeds capsule\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e ,\u003cstrong\u003eWeight of 1000 seeds (g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeed management significantly influenced the number of capsules per plant, seeds per capsule, and the weight of 1000 seeds in sesame. The application of herbicides at 20 and 40 DAS (W3) resulted in the highest number of capsules per plant (49.67) and seeds per capsule (54.48), with the lowest values recorded in the no weeding treatment (W0) at 44.92 capsules per plant and 49.97 seeds per capsule. The application of herbicides at 20 and 40 DAS significantly enhanced yield parameters in sesame, including capsules per plant and seeds per capsule, compared to untreated plots. This result aligns with studies demonstrating that herbicide use during early crop stages minimizes competition for resources like light, water, and nutrients, allowing for better crop establishment and reproductive development [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, such timely weed management practices are known to optimize photosynthesis and resource allocation, ultimately improving yield quality and quantity in oilseed crops [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2. Effect of weed management on different yield contributing characters of sesame\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of capsules plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of seeds capsule\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeight of 1000 seeds (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.92 d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.97 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.026 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.22 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.93 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.091 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.51 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.41 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.122 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.67 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.48 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.132 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csub\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;No weeding; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;One hand weeding at 20 DAS; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Application of herbicide at 20 and 40 DAS.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of irrigation frequency Seed yield plant\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(g) Seed yield (tha\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e) Stover yield (tha\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e) \u003cstrong\u003eHarvest Index (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeed yield per plant and per hectare, along with stover yield and harvest index, were significantly influenced by irrigation frequency (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Three irrigations at 20, 40, and 60 DAS (I3) resulted in the highest seed yield per plant (9.261 g) and per hectare (1.28 t ha-1), stover yield (3.424 t ha-1), and harvest index (27.13%). The lowest values for these metrics were recorded with no irrigation (I0). Two irrigations (I2) and a single irrigation (I1) showed intermediate results, consistent with findings by, Garai and Datta [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] and Islam et al. [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of irrigation frequency on yield parameters of sesame\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeed yield\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(tha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStover yield (tha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHarvest Index (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.798 d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.957 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.669 d\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.43 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.434 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.025 bc\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.955 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.74 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.257 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.144 ab\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.338 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.48 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.261 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.282 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.424 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.13 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCV%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.532\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.155\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.547\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csub\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;No irrigation; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Single irrigation at 20 DAS; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Two times irrigation at 20 and 40 DAS; I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Three times irrigation at 20, 40 and 60 DAS.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of weed management Seed yield plant\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(g) Seed yield (tha\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e) Stover yield (tha\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e) Harvest Index (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeed management significantly influenced seed yield per plant, total seed yield, stover yield, and harvest index in sesame (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The highest seed yield per plant (8.451 g) and total seed yield (1.171 t ha-1) were observed with herbicide application at 20 and 40 DAS (W3), which was statistically similar to two hand weedings at the same times (W2). The lowest yields were recorded with no weeding (W0). Similarly, the highest stover yield (3.162 t ha-1) and harvest index (27.08%) were observed with W3, while the lowest values were recorded with W0. Intermediate results were seen with other weed management practices. These findings align with results reported by Ahmad [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] and Singh [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], as well as Garai and Datta [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] and Chaudhuri and Ghosh [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect weed management practices on yield parameters of sesame\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeed yield plant\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeed yield\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(tha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStover yield (tha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHarvest Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.804 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.967 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.002 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.54 c\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.071 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.106 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.104 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.24 b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.425 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.164 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.119 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.08 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.451 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.171 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.162 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.93 a\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eW\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csub\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;No weeding; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;One hand weeding at 20 DAS; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS; W\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cstrong\u003e=\u0026thinsp;Application of herbicide at 20 and 40 DAS.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study demonstrated that three irrigations at 20, 40, and 60 days after sowing significantly enhanced sesame growth and yield metrics. Herbicide application, combined with manual weeding, proved most effective in reducing weed competition, thereby optimizing resource utilization. These practices together improved seed yield, stover yield, and harvest index. Adoption of efficient irrigation schedules and integrated weed management strategies can sustainably maximize sesame productivity, particularly in resource-constrained regions. Future research should explore advanced irrigation technologies and eco-friendly weed control methods for broader applicability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Authors 1 \u0026amp; 2 designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors 3 managed the analyses of the study, wrote the final draft, did all the editing after submitting the paper and correspondence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2023) \u003cem\u003eWorld Food and Agriculture \u0026ndash; Statistical Yearbook 2023\u003c/em\u003e. Rome, Italy: FAO. ISBN: 978-92-5-138262-2. 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Int J Chem Stud 8(1):2090\u0026ndash;2093. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i1ae.8574\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i1ae.8574\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5593672/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5593672/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluates the impact of irrigation frequency and weed management on the growth and yield of sesame (\u003cem\u003eSesamum indicum L.\u003c/em\u003e), conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. A split-plot design with four irrigation levels and four weed management strategies was employed. Results indicated that three irrigations at 20, 40, and 60 days after sowing significantly enhanced plant height, branch number, and seed yield. Weed control using herbicide applications and manual weeding effectively minimized competition, leading to improved crop performance. The findings emphasize the importance of efficient water use and integrated weed management in maximizing sesame productivity.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Irrigation Frequency and Weed Management on Growth and Yield of Sesame","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-17 09:14:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5593672/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9ef3d592-2893-40ad-af81-fc0d44ed74ce","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-17T09:14:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-17 09:14:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5593672","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5593672","identity":"rs-5593672","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}