Temporal prediction captures retinal spiking responses across animal species

The retina’s role in visual processing has been viewed as two extremes: an efficient compressor of incoming visual stimuli akin to a camera, or as a predictor of future stimuli. Addressing this dichotomy, we developed a biologically-detailed spiking retinal model trained on natural movies under metabolic-like constraints to either encode the present or to predict future scenes. Our findings reveal that when optimized for efficient prediction ∼ 100 ms into the future, the model not only captures retina-like receptive fields and their mosaic-like organizations, but also exhibits complex retinal processes such as latency coding, motion anticipation, differential tuning, and stimulus-omission responses. Notably, the predictive model also more accurately predicts the way retinal ganglion cells respond across different animal species to natural images and movies. Our findings demonstrate that the retina is not merely a compressor of visual input, but rather is fundamentally organized to provide the brain with foresight into the visual world.