The Impact of Parental Bonding, Emotional Intelligence, Self Esteem on Academic Performance Among College Students

The Impact of Parental Bonding, Emotional Intelligence, Self Esteem on Academic Performance Among College Students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Impact of Parental Bonding, Emotional Intelligence, Self Esteem on Academic Performance Among College Students Ashnamol CN, Prabhjyot Kour This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385617/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study examines the interplay of Parental Bonding, Emotional Intelligence, Self Esteem and Academic Performance among College students. A sample of 300 college students (150 males and 150 females) participated in the research, with data collected through online survey. Standardized scales were employed to assess parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance. The results demonstrate strong correlations between emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance, with parental bonding playing a crucial foundational role in shaping emotional and self-conceptual characteristics. Regression analysis identifies emotional intelligence and self-esteem as the most significant predictors of academic success. These findings underscore the pivotal influence of family dynamics and emotional factors in promoting academic achievement during young adulthood. Future research should focus on exploring causal relationships and examining the influence of cultural and socio-economic factors on academic success. Biological sciences/Psychology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences Parental bonding Emotional intelligence Self-esteem Academic performance HIGHLIGHTS The research explores the relationship between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance among college students. A sample of 300 college students (150 males, 150 females) was studied using standardized psychological scales. Findings indicate that self-esteem and emotional intelligence are the strongest predictors of academic success. Parental bonding, particularly paternal care, plays a key role in shaping emotional intelligence and self-esteem. Gender and residential differences exist—males and urban students tend to have higher emotional intelligence. Implication: Educational policies should incorporate emotional intelligence training and self-esteem development while promoting parental involvement programs to enhance academic success. INTRODUCTION Parental bonding, the emotional relationship between parents and children, plays a vital role in shaping a child’s psychological and social development (Parker et al., 1979 ). Parker et al. ( 1979 ) introduced the Parental Bonding Instrument, which categorizes bonding into two key dimensions: care and overprotection. Care involves warmth, love, and empathy, while overprotection includes control and restricting autonomy (Parker et al., 1979 ). These dimensions influence secure attachment and emotional well-being. Bowlby (1982) emphasized how early parental relationships impact cognitive, emotional, and social growth throughout life. Positive parental connections nurture security, self-confidence, and resilience, essential for academic and personal success (Bowlby, 1982). On the other hand, neglect or excessive control can cause rejection and distress, negatively impacting development (Rohner, 2004 ). Adolescence and early adulthood are crucial phases where parental support significantly affects emotional adjustment and academic outcomes (Scharf & Mayseless, 2008 ). Supportive parenting acts as a protective factor, helping individuals manage stress and perform better academically (Scharf & Mayseless, 2008 ). Additionally, authoritative parenting, which combines warmth with clear boundaries, promotes emotional stability and academic success (Baumrind, 1991 ). Research has shown that parental acceptance boosts self-esteem and emotional intelligence, leading to higher motivation and better problem-solving skills (Rohner, 2004 ). Emotional intelligence (EI), described by Salovey and Mayer (1990) as the ability to recognize, manage, and utilize emotions effectively, is another critical factor in success. Goleman ( 1995 ) identified five core components of EI: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills, which significantly contribute to academic and social achievements. High EI helps individuals manage stress, resolve conflicts, and make sound decisions (Mayer et al., 1999 ). Studies have found that students with strong EI tend to excel academically because they can better regulate their emotions and approach problems strategically (Van Rooy & Visweswaran, 2004). Self-esteem, or one’s sense of self-worth, also plays a critical role in academic achievement. Rosenberg ( 1965 ) defined self-esteem as an individual’s evaluation of their own value. High self-esteem fosters motivation, resilience, and a positive outlook, even in challenging situations (Baumeister et al., 2003). According to Harter ( 1999 ), self-esteem evolves based on life experiences, particularly during adolescence. Leary and MacDonald’s ( 2003 ) sociometer theory explain how social acceptance and rejection influence self-esteem levels. High self-esteem is linked to better mental health, intrinsic motivation, and psychological growth (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Together, parental bonding, emotional intelligence, and self-esteem interact to shape academic performance. A supportive parental relationship strengthens self-esteem and EI, laying a foundation for educational success (Smith & Jones, 2018). Additionally, both self-esteem and EI help students cope with academic and social pressures, enhancing resilience and perseverance (Zeidner, 2017). Examining these relationships within cultural contexts can provide valuable insights for developing strategies to support students’ academic and personal development (Chen et al., 2017). Research has extensively examined the interplay between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance, revealing their significant influence on adolescent development and well-being. Rebalde (2022) investigated high school students in the Philippines, finding that paternal care positively impacted emotional intelligence, particularly adaptability, and self-esteem. Additionally, paternal care enhanced overall emotional intelligence, whereas paternal overprotection negatively influenced self-awareness and perceived choice. Similarly, maternal overprotection adversely affected self-awareness, perceived choice, and social self-esteem, indicating that overly protective parenting may hinder adolescents’ emotional and self-regulatory growth. Sun Ah Lim et al. (2015) studied parental emotional support in Korean high school students, showing that maternal and paternal emotional support significantly shaped self-esteem, emotional intelligence, and happiness, with varying effects based on gender. This underscores the role of gender in shaping the impact of parental support. Rahmani (2020) compared emotional intelligence and self-esteem in single-child and two-child adolescents, finding no significant differences, suggesting that sibling count may have limited influence on these factors, with other family or environmental elements playing a greater role. Collectively, these studies highlight the complex relationships between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance. Positive parental care and balanced control are critical for fostering emotional and academic growth, while neglectful or overprotective parenting can have adverse effects. These findings emphasize the need for culturally informed strategies to support adolescents’ emotional well-being and academic success. METHODOLOGY The study employed a survey method to explore the association between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance in college students. Ethical Considerations The procedures followed In this study complied with all applicable guidelines and regulatory standards. The study protocol received approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Lovely Professional University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the research. This quantitative research utilized standardized tools, including the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Academic Performance Scale (APS). Objectives of the study To examine gender difference in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance among college students. To assess nuclear and joint family differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance among college students To investigate rural and urban differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance among college students. To examine the relationship between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance among college students. To explore age, residential type, family type, parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem as a predictor of academic performance. Data Collection Tools The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), introduced by Parker, Tupling, and Brown in 1979, is a 25-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess parent-child attachment patterns. It measures two key dimensions: Care, representing warmth and nurturing, and Overprotection, reflecting control or intrusiveness. Responses are recorded on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (Very unlike) to 3 (Very like). The PBI demonstrates excellent reliability, with internal consistency coefficients between 0.74 and 0.95, and strong construct validity confirmed through factor analyses. Higher Care scores are linked to improved psychological well-being. Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) The Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test developed based on Salovey and Mayer’s model of Emotional Intelligence, is a 33-item questionnaire designed to assess emotional intelligence. Responses are recorded on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The SSEIT demonstrates high reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha values between 0.87 and 0.91, and strong validity, as it aligns closely with other established measures of emotional intelligence. This scale effectively evaluates key aspects of emotional intelligence, such as emotional regulation and social skills. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale developed by Morris Rosenberg in 1965, is a 10-item scale widely used to assess self-esteem. It employs a 4-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 4 (Strongly Agree). Half of the items are negatively worded and require reverse scoring. The RSES demonstrates strong reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha values between 0.77 and 0.88, and test-retest reliability coefficients from 0.82 to 0.88. Its validity is supported by its ability to measure self-esteem accurately and its correlations with psychological constructs like confidence and life satisfaction. Academic Performance Scale (APS) The Academic Performance Scale created by Carson Birchmeier and colleagues, is an 8-item tool designed to assess factors such as study habits, class engagement, effort, and problem-solving skills. Participants respond using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The APS has proven to be highly reliable, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89, and demonstrates strong validity through its correlations with related constructs like mindfulness and resilience. Its criterion validity is supported by significant relationships with academic outcomes, including GPA. Demographic Form It was developed to obtain social demographic details like gender, age, residential type, family type and psychological factors. Participants of the study The sample for this study consisted of 300 participants who were college students. Of these, 150 were male, and 150 were female. Convenience sampling is used to select the sample. The participants are selected based on their ease of access and availability. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The mean age of the population is 21 years. Table 1 Demographics Demographics Variables Frequency Percentage Gender Male Female 150 150 49.8 49.8 Residential type Rural Urban 184 116 61.1 38.5 Family type Nuclear Joint 245 55 81.4 18.3 Occupation father Govt Private None 63 176 61 20.9 58.5 20.3 Occupation mother Govt Private None 33 67 200 11.0 22.3 66.4 Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics of the sample, including gender, residential type, and family structure. Table 2 Skewness and Kurtosis Variables Skewness Kurtosis Care (father) -1.25 1.997 Care (mother) -0.22 -0.696 Overprotection (father) .613 0.31 Overprotection (mother) .211 0.22 Emotional intelligence -1.47 1.892 Self-esteem -0.25 .261 Academic performance -0.674 .445 Table 2 shows the skewness and kurtosis values for the study variables, providing insights into the distribution patterns of the data. The skewness and kurtosis values provide insights into the distribution of the variables. Care (father) (-1.25) and emotional intelligence (-1.47) are negatively skewed, indicating that most participants scored higher on these measures. Care (mother) (-0.22) and self-esteem (-0.25) show near-normal distributions with slight negative skewness, while overprotection (father) (0.613) and overprotection (mother) (0.211) display mild positive skewness, reflecting slightly higher scores among some participants. The kurtosis values reveal that care (father) (1.997) and emotional intelligence (1.892) are leptokurtic, signifying peaked distributions, whereas variables like academic performance (0.445) are closer to normal or slightly platykurtic, indicating moderate variability. These findings suggest varied scoring trends across the constructs. Table 3 Comparison of One-way ANOVA for Family type differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance Variable Family type Mean S.D f-value p-value Parental bonding Nuclear Joint 82.83 83.15 11.41 11.29 0.016 0.91 Care (father) Nuclear Joint 12.79 13.13 4.12 3.42 .322 0.571 Care (mother) Nuclear Joint 11.02 10.47 4.48 4.34 .698 0.405 Overprotection (father) Nuclear Joint 11.45 11.78 3.52 3.11 .397 0.529 Overprotection (mother) Nuclear Joint 7.13 6.32 3.83 3.21 2.07 0.151 Emotional intelligence Nuclear Joint 115.38 118.42 24.21 21.04 0.738 0.391 Self esteem Nuclear Joint 16.84 16.02 4.42 4.24 1.560 0.213 Academic performance Nuclear Joint 27.18 27.98 7.18 7.15 0.556 0.456 A one-way ANOVA was conducted to examine differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance based on family type, as detailed in Table 3 . The table compares psychological and academic variables between nuclear and joint families. The mean scores for variables such as parental bonding, care (father and mother), overprotection (father and mother), emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance show minimal differences between the two-family types. However, since all p-values exceed 0.05, none of these differences are statistically significant. This indicates that family structure (nuclear or joint) does not significantly influence the measured variables in this sample. Table 4 Correlation among study variables Variable Parental bonding Emotional intelligence Self esteem Academic performance Parental Bonding 1.000 0.276 0.213 0.210 Emotional intelligence 1.000 0.571 0.539 Self esteem 1.000 0.616 Academic performance 1.000 Note p < 0.01. Table 4 displays the correlation coefficients among the primary variables, highlighting the interrelationships between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance. The analysis highlights significant interconnections between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance. Emotional intelligence and self-esteem exhibit the strongest correlations, particularly in their influence on academic success. These findings emphasize the importance of fostering emotional intelligence and self-esteem as they play a critical role in improving academic outcomes while also being closely tied to positive parental relationships. Table 5 Comparison of One-way ANOVA for Gender differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance. Variable Gender Mean (M) SD f value p value Parental Bonding Male Female 83.20 82.71 11.40 11.38 0.015 0.407 Care (father) Male Female 13.43 12.27 2.94 4.78 6.47 0.011 Care (mother) Male Female 10.86 10.99 4.21 4.69 .067 0.796 Overprotection(mother) Male Female 11.81 11.22 3.42 3.45 1.252 0.264 Overprotection(father) Male Female 6.50 7.46 3.22 4.15 1.141 0.288 Emotional intelligence Male Female 119.53 112.35 16.84 28.52 7.062 0.008 Self-esteem Male Female 17.03 16.34 3.73 4.96 1.871 0.172 Academic performance Male Female 27.81 26.85 5.64 8.41 1.328 0.250 Gender-based differences across the psychological and academic variables were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and the results are presented in Table 5 . The table compares psychological and academic variables between males and females, showing some differences in mean scores. Males scored higher in care (father), emotional intelligence, and self-esteem, while females scored slightly higher in overprotection (father) and academic performance. Among the variables, only emotional intelligence (p = 0.008) shows a statistically significant difference, with males performing better. For all other variables, the p-values exceed 0.05, indicating no significant gender differences. Table 6 Comparison of One-way ANOVA for Residential type differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance. Variable Residential type Mean S.D f-value p-value Parental Bonding Rural Urban 82.48 83.79 11.52 11.11 0.33 0.567 Care(father) Rural Urban 12.54 13.34 4.14 3.74 2.01 0.157 Care(mother) Rural Urban 10.69 11.29 4.35 4.61 1.28 0.259 Overprotection (mother) Rural Urban 11.54 11.46 3.02 4.04 2.62 0.106 Overprotection (father) Rural Urban 7.26 6.54 3.54 4.01 .041 0.840 Emotional Intelligence Rural Urban 113.73 119.45 25.51 19.99 17.68 0.041 Self-esteem Rural Urban 16.88 16.39 4.43 4.34 0.76 0.351 Academic performance Rural Urban 26.86 28.07 7.52 6.52 4.07 0.157 Note : p < 0.01 Table 6 summarizes the results of the one-way ANOVA comparing rural and urban students on parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance. The table examines psychological and academic variables based on residential type (rural vs. urban). Although slight differences in mean scores are observed, most variables, including parental bonding, care (father and mother), overprotection (father and mother), self-esteem, and academic performance, do not show statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). The only exception is emotional intelligence (p = 0.041), where urban participants scored significantly higher than rural participants. Overall, residential type has little impact on most variables, with emotional intelligence being the notable exception. Table 7 Hierarchical Regression Predicting the Effect of Age, Gender, Residential type, family type, Occupation of father and mother, Care and overprotection of father and mother, Emotional Intelligence and Self-Esteem on Academic Performance. Variable Model 1 B Model 1 t Model 1 p Model 2 B Model 2 t Model 2 p Model 3 B Model 3 t Model 3 p Model 4 B Model 4 t Model 4 p Constant 14.239 2.663 .008 7.496 1.481 .140 5.827 1.231 .219 1.000 .235 .814 Age .559 3.032 .003 .385 2.401 .017 .135 .872 .384 − .098 − .701 .484 Gender − .636 − .771 .441 .368 .518 .605 .699 1.050 .294 .684 1.154 .249 Residential type 1.538 1.800 .073 .712 .973 .331 .223 .325 .745 1.082 1.745 .082 Family type 1.632 1.489 .138 1.150 1.230 .220 .582 .664 .508 1.096 1.398 .163 Father Occupation − .448 − .686 .493 − .566 -1.016 .311 − .509 − .979 .328 − .292 − .630 .529 Mother Occupation − .455 − .744 .458 − .625 -1.198 .232 − .961 -1.963 .051 − .816 -1.870 .063 Care (Father) .976 6.898 .000 .771 5.686 .000 .651 5.353 .000 Care (Mother) − .059 − .512 .609 − .218 -1.992 .047 − .372 -3.751 .000 Overprotective Mother − .036 − .255 .799 − .111 − .826 .409 − .010 − .084 .933 Overprotective Father − .017 − .120 .905 .063 .484 .628 .257 2.169 .031 Emotional Intelligence .115 6.597 .000 .065 3.912 .000 Self-Esteem .827 8.689 .000 R² .045 .323 .412 .534 R² Change .045 .277 .089 .123 F 2.319 .033 13.768 .000 18.315 .000 27.422 .000 Note: p < .05, p < .01, p < .001 Table 7 presents the results of the hierarchical regression analysis assessing the predictive power of demographic and psychological variables on academic performance. The table shows regression analyses across four models, showing an improvement in fit (R2R^2R2 increasing from 4.5–53.4%). While early models identify age and residential type as notable predictors, later models highlight the significant influence of father's care (positive), mother's care (negative), emotional intelligence, and self-esteem on the outcome. In the final model, self-esteem (β = 0.827, p < 0.001\beta = 0.827, p < 0.001β = 0.827, p < 0.001) and father's care (β = 0.651, p < 0.001\beta = 0.651, p < 0.001β = 0.651, p < 0.001) emerge as the most impactful predictors. Overall, psychological and relational factors play a more substantial role in explaining the outcome than demographic variables. Self-esteem was found to be the most impactful predictor of academic performance. Higher self-esteem likely enhances confidence, resilience, and perseverance, enabling students to set and achieve academic goals. Parental involvement, particularly paternal care, was strongly associated with better academic performance. Supportive relationships with fathers likely provide emotional security and motivation, which enhance academic engagement. Paternal overprotection also had a positive effect, though its influence was less significant. Gender differences were observed in emotional intelligence, with males scoring higher than females. Additionally, urban residents showed higher emotional intelligence compared to rural residents, possibly due to greater exposure to diverse social and educational environments. However, self-esteem and academic performance did not significantly differ based on gender or residence, indicating that these outcomes might be shaped by other factors.Family structure (nuclear vs. joint) did not significantly affect emotional intelligence, self-esteem, or academic performance. This suggests that the quality of parental interactions, rather than family structure itself, plays a more vital role in influencing students' psychological and academic development. CONCLUSION This study explored the impact of emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and parental influence on college students’ academic performance. Self-esteem emerged as the strongest predictor, highlighting its role in confidence, resilience, and goal-setting. Emotional intelligence also played a key role, emphasizing the importance of managing emotions and motivation. Paternal care positively influenced academic success, though excessive paternal overprotection indicated the need for balance. Males and urban students showed higher emotional intelligence, likely due to cultural and environmental factors. Family structure had no significant effect, suggesting that the quality of parental relationships matters more. Future research could explore causal links and develop interventions to enhance these psychological and relational factors for academic success. Declarations Author Contribution Ashnamol C.N- Done the research and wrote the Manuscript.Prabhjyot Kour - Done statistical analysis and reviewed the paper. Data Availability The data collected and analyzed in this study are not publicly accessible in order to protect participant confidentiality and comply with institutional guidelines. Researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data can request the data by contacting the corresponding author, Ashnamol C. N, at [email protected] , and providing a justified research purpose along with ethical clearance. References Baumrind, D. The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. J. Early Adolescence . 11 (1), 56–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111006 (1991). Barber, B. K. Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. 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Two views of the self: Low self-esteem and insecurity. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 1–58). Academic Press. (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(01)80004-X Van Rooy, D. L. & Viswesvaran, C. Emotional intelligence: A meta-analytic review. J. Vocat. Behav. 65 (3), 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.003 (2004). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6385617","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":452826902,"identity":"1343e184-ec38-4c45-8260-6a77a15816df","order_by":0,"name":"Ashnamol CN","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHjApA+PKgYgDD4jQwgPjGoO1JJCiJbEBROLTwt9/9tiDnzk2PAzSzY8/fKi4lz4/7PBDoC12croN2LVI3MhLN+zdlsbDIHPMwHDGmeLcjbfTDIBako3NDuCw5gaPmQTvtsM8DBIJBsm8bQm5G2cngLQcSNyGQ4v8+TNmkn/BWtI/HP77LyHdcHb6B7xaDA7kmElDbMkxbGZsSEiQl87Bb4vhDaAWWaBf2CRyihl7jiUYbpDOKTgAdCROv8iBHPZ2m40cv0T65g8/ahLk5WcDGR8q7ORweh8G2BBOBZMElKMA+QZSVI+CUTAKRsFIAAAEfV2EDevgdgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashnamol","middleName":"","lastName":"CN","suffix":""},{"id":452826903,"identity":"dbf2fca3-021f-47d9-8a8f-8ce5ef78267d","order_by":1,"name":"Prabhjyot Kour","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prabhjyot","middleName":"","lastName":"Kour","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-06 08:38:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385617/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385617/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104890013,"identity":"dd92e8f0-0a10-4877-a617-0a7b0b76791d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-18 10:28:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":766068,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6385617/v1/8364b3b6-e946-4e0e-889d-89bdf20ceee7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe Impact of Parental Bonding, Emotional Intelligence, Self Esteem on Academic Performance Among College Students\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"HIGHLIGHTS","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe research explores the relationship between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance among college students.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA sample of 300 college students (150 males, 150 females) was studied using standardized psychological scales.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFindings indicate that self-esteem and emotional intelligence are the strongest predictors of academic success.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eParental bonding, particularly paternal care, plays a key role in shaping emotional intelligence and self-esteem.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGender and residential differences exist\u0026mdash;males and urban students tend to have higher emotional intelligence.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eImplication: Educational policies should incorporate emotional intelligence training and self-esteem development while promoting parental involvement programs to enhance academic success.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eParental bonding, the emotional relationship between parents and children, plays a vital role in shaping a child\u0026rsquo;s psychological and social development (Parker et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e). Parker et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e) introduced the Parental Bonding Instrument, which categorizes bonding into two key dimensions: care and overprotection. Care involves warmth, love, and empathy, while overprotection includes control and restricting autonomy (Parker et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e). These dimensions influence secure attachment and emotional well-being. Bowlby (1982) emphasized how early parental relationships impact cognitive, emotional, and social growth throughout life. Positive parental connections nurture security, self-confidence, and resilience, essential for academic and personal success (Bowlby, 1982). On the other hand, neglect or excessive control can cause rejection and distress, negatively impacting development (Rohner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Adolescence and early adulthood are crucial phases where parental support significantly affects emotional adjustment and academic outcomes (Scharf \u0026amp; Mayseless, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Supportive parenting acts as a protective factor, helping individuals manage stress and perform better academically (Scharf \u0026amp; Mayseless, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, authoritative parenting, which combines warmth with clear boundaries, promotes emotional stability and academic success (Baumrind, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). Research has shown that parental acceptance boosts self-esteem and emotional intelligence, leading to higher motivation and better problem-solving skills (Rohner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Emotional intelligence (EI), described by Salovey and Mayer (1990) as the ability to recognize, manage, and utilize emotions effectively, is another critical factor in success. Goleman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e) identified five core components of EI: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills, which significantly contribute to academic and social achievements. High EI helps individuals manage stress, resolve conflicts, and make sound decisions (Mayer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). Studies have found that students with strong EI tend to excel academically because they can better regulate their emotions and approach problems strategically (Van Rooy \u0026amp; Visweswaran, 2004). Self-esteem, or one\u0026rsquo;s sense of self-worth, also plays a critical role in academic achievement. Rosenberg (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e) defined self-esteem as an individual\u0026rsquo;s evaluation of their own value. High self-esteem fosters motivation, resilience, and a positive outlook, even in challenging situations (Baumeister et al., 2003). According to Harter (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), self-esteem evolves based on life experiences, particularly during adolescence. Leary and MacDonald\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) sociometer theory explain how social acceptance and rejection influence self-esteem levels. High self-esteem is linked to better mental health, intrinsic motivation, and psychological growth (Deci \u0026amp; Ryan, 2000). Together, parental bonding, emotional intelligence, and self-esteem interact to shape academic performance. A supportive parental relationship strengthens self-esteem and EI, laying a foundation for educational success (Smith \u0026amp; Jones, 2018). Additionally, both self-esteem and EI help students cope with academic and social pressures, enhancing resilience and perseverance (Zeidner, 2017). Examining these relationships within cultural contexts can provide valuable insights for developing strategies to support students\u0026rsquo; academic and personal development (Chen et al., 2017). Research has extensively examined the interplay between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance, revealing their significant influence on adolescent development and well-being. Rebalde (2022) investigated high school students in the Philippines, finding that paternal care positively impacted emotional intelligence, particularly adaptability, and self-esteem. Additionally, paternal care enhanced overall emotional intelligence, whereas paternal overprotection negatively influenced self-awareness and perceived choice. Similarly, maternal overprotection adversely affected self-awareness, perceived choice, and social self-esteem, indicating that overly protective parenting may hinder adolescents\u0026rsquo; emotional and self-regulatory growth. Sun Ah Lim et al. (2015) studied parental emotional support in Korean high school students, showing that maternal and paternal emotional support significantly shaped self-esteem, emotional intelligence, and happiness, with varying effects based on gender. This underscores the role of gender in shaping the impact of parental support. Rahmani (2020) compared emotional intelligence and self-esteem in single-child and two-child adolescents, finding no significant differences, suggesting that sibling count may have limited influence on these factors, with other family or environmental elements playing a greater role. Collectively, these studies highlight the complex relationships between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance. Positive parental care and balanced control are critical for fostering emotional and academic growth, while neglectful or overprotective parenting can have adverse effects. These findings emphasize the need for culturally informed strategies to support adolescents\u0026rsquo; emotional well-being and academic success.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study employed a survey method to explore the association between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance in college students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The procedures followed In this study complied with all applicable guidelines and regulatory standards. The study protocol received approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Lovely Professional University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis quantitative research utilized standardized tools, including the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Academic Performance Scale (APS).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjectives of the study\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine gender difference in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance among college students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess nuclear and joint family differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance among college students\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate rural and urban differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance among college students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the relationship between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance among college students.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo explore age, residential type, family type, parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem as a predictor of academic performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Collection Tools\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), introduced by Parker, Tupling, and Brown in 1979, is a 25-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess parent-child attachment patterns. It measures two key dimensions: Care, representing warmth and nurturing, and Overprotection, reflecting control or intrusiveness. Responses are recorded on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (Very unlike) to 3 (Very like). The PBI demonstrates excellent reliability, with internal consistency coefficients between 0.74 and 0.95, and strong construct validity confirmed through factor analyses. Higher Care scores are linked to improved psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test developed based on Salovey and Mayer\u0026rsquo;s model of Emotional Intelligence, is a 33-item questionnaire designed to assess emotional intelligence. Responses are recorded on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The SSEIT demonstrates high reliability, with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha values between 0.87 and 0.91, and strong validity, as it aligns closely with other established measures of emotional intelligence. This scale effectively evaluates key aspects of emotional intelligence, such as emotional regulation and social skills.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale developed by Morris Rosenberg in 1965, is a 10-item scale widely used to assess self-esteem. It employs a 4-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 4 (Strongly Agree). Half of the items are negatively worded and require reverse scoring. The RSES demonstrates strong reliability, with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha values between 0.77 and 0.88, and test-retest reliability coefficients from 0.82 to 0.88. Its validity is supported by its ability to measure self-esteem accurately and its correlations with psychological constructs like confidence and life satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic Performance Scale (APS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Academic Performance Scale created by Carson Birchmeier and colleagues, is an 8-item tool designed to assess factors such as study habits, class engagement, effort, and problem-solving skills. Participants respond using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The APS has proven to be highly reliable, with a Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha of 0.89, and demonstrates strong validity through its correlations with related constructs like mindfulness and resilience. Its criterion validity is supported by significant relationships with academic outcomes, including GPA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic Form\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was developed to obtain social demographic details like gender, age, residential type, family type and psychological factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants of the study\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample for this study consisted of 300 participants who were college students. Of these, 150 were male, and 150 were female. Convenience sampling is used to select the sample. The participants are selected based on their ease of access and availability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mean age of the population is 21 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDemographics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidential type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation father\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovt\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation mother\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovt\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the demographic characteristics of the sample, including gender, residential type, and family structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSkewness and Kurtosis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare (father)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.997\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare (mother)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverprotection (father)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverprotection (mother)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional intelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-esteem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic performance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.674\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the skewness and kurtosis values for the study variables, providing insights into the distribution patterns of the data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe skewness and kurtosis values provide insights into the distribution of the variables. Care (father) (-1.25) and emotional intelligence (-1.47) are negatively skewed, indicating that most participants scored higher on these measures. Care (mother) (-0.22) and self-esteem (-0.25) show near-normal distributions with slight negative skewness, while overprotection (father) (0.613) and overprotection (mother) (0.211) display mild positive skewness, reflecting slightly higher scores among some participants. The kurtosis values reveal that care (father) (1.997) and emotional intelligence (1.892) are leptokurtic, signifying peaked distributions, whereas variables like academic performance (0.445) are closer to normal or slightly platykurtic, indicating moderate variability. These findings suggest varied scoring trends across the constructs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComparison of One-way ANOVA for Family type differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ebonding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare (father)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare (mother)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.698\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverprotection\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(father)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverprotection\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mother)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eintelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf esteem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic performance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.456\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA one-way ANOVA was conducted to examine differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance based on family type, as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table compares psychological and academic variables between nuclear and joint families. The mean scores for variables such as parental bonding, care (father and mother), overprotection (father and mother), emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance show minimal differences between the two-family types. However, since all p-values exceed 0.05, none of these differences are statistically significant. This indicates that family structure (nuclear or joint) does not significantly influence the measured variables in this sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorrelation among study variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ebonding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional intelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf esteem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic performance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Bonding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional intelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.539\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf esteem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic performance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e displays the correlation coefficients among the primary variables, highlighting the interrelationships between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis highlights significant interconnections between parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance. Emotional intelligence and self-esteem exhibit the strongest correlations, particularly in their influence on academic success. These findings emphasize the importance of fostering emotional intelligence and self-esteem as they play a critical role in improving academic outcomes while also being closely tied to positive parental relationships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComparison of One-way ANOVA for Gender differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (M)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Bonding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(father)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mother)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverprotection(mother)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverprotection(father)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional intelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e112.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-esteem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic performance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender-based differences across the psychological and academic variables were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and the results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table compares psychological and academic variables between males and females, showing some differences in mean scores. Males scored higher in care (father), emotional intelligence, and self-esteem, while females scored slightly higher in overprotection (father) and academic performance. Among the variables, only emotional intelligence (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008) shows a statistically significant difference, with males performing better. For all other variables, the p-values exceed 0.05, indicating no significant gender differences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eComparison of One-way ANOVA for Residential type differences in parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidential type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBonding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare(father)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare(mother)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverprotection (mother)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverprotection (father)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.840\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-esteem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.351\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic performance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e summarizes the results of the one-way ANOVA comparing rural and urban students on parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table examines psychological and academic variables based on residential type (rural vs. urban). Although slight differences in mean scores are observed, most variables, including parental bonding, care (father and mother), overprotection (father and mother), self-esteem, and academic performance, do not show statistically significant differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The only exception is emotional intelligence (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.041), where urban participants scored significantly higher than rural participants. Overall, residential type has little impact on most variables, with emotional intelligence being the notable exception.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHierarchical Regression Predicting the Effect of Age, Gender, Residential type, family type, Occupation of father and mother, Care and overprotection of father and mother, Emotional Intelligence and Self-Esteem on Academic Performance.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1 B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1 t\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 1 p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2 B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2 t\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 2 p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 3 B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 3 t\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 3 p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 4 B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 4 t\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel 4 p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.401\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.701\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.771\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.699\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidential type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.538\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.712\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.325\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.489\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.508\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.398\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFather Occupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.493\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.509\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother Occupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.744\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.458\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.816\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.870\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare (Father)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.976\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.771\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCare (Mother)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.609\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverprotective Mother\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.826\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverprotective Father\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.905\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Intelligence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.597\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Esteem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u0026sup2; Change\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.277\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.315\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003eNote: p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the hierarchical regression analysis assessing the predictive power of demographic and psychological variables on academic performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table shows regression analyses across four models, showing an improvement in fit (R2R^2R2 increasing from 4.5\u0026ndash;53.4%). While early models identify age and residential type as notable predictors, later models highlight the significant influence of father's care (positive), mother's care (negative), emotional intelligence, and self-esteem on the outcome. In the final model, self-esteem (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.827, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\\beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.827, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.827, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and father's care (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.651, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\\beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.651, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.651, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) emerge as the most impactful predictors. Overall, psychological and relational factors play a more substantial role in explaining the outcome than demographic variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-esteem was found to be the most impactful predictor of academic performance. Higher self-esteem likely enhances confidence, resilience, and perseverance, enabling students to set and achieve academic goals. Parental involvement, particularly paternal care, was strongly associated with better academic performance. Supportive relationships with fathers likely provide emotional security and motivation, which enhance academic engagement. Paternal overprotection also had a positive effect, though its influence was less significant. Gender differences were observed in emotional intelligence, with males scoring higher than females. Additionally, urban residents showed higher emotional intelligence compared to rural residents, possibly due to greater exposure to diverse social and educational environments. However, self-esteem and academic performance did not significantly differ based on gender or residence, indicating that these outcomes might be shaped by other factors.Family structure (nuclear vs. joint) did not significantly affect emotional intelligence, self-esteem, or academic performance. This suggests that the quality of parental interactions, rather than family structure itself, plays a more vital role in influencing students' psychological and academic development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explored the impact of emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and parental influence on college students\u0026rsquo; academic performance. Self-esteem emerged as the strongest predictor, highlighting its role in confidence, resilience, and goal-setting. Emotional intelligence also played a key role, emphasizing the importance of managing emotions and motivation. Paternal care positively influenced academic success, though excessive paternal overprotection indicated the need for balance. Males and urban students showed higher emotional intelligence, likely due to cultural and environmental factors. Family structure had no significant effect, suggesting that the quality of parental relationships matters more. Future research could explore causal links and develop interventions to enhance these psychological and relational factors for academic success.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAshnamol C.N- Done the research and wrote the Manuscript.Prabhjyot Kour - Done statistical analysis and reviewed the paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data collected and analyzed in this study are not publicly accessible in order to protect participant confidentiality and comply with institutional guidelines. Researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data can request the data by contacting the corresponding author, Ashnamol C. N, at [email protected], and providing a justified research purpose along with ethical clearance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaumrind, D. The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. \u003cem\u003eJ. Early Adolescence\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e (1), 56\u0026ndash;95. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/0272431691111006\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (1991).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarber, B. K. 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Behav.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e65\u003c/b\u003e (3), 71\u0026ndash;95. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.003\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jvb.2003.10.003\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2004).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Parental bonding, Emotional intelligence, Self-esteem, Academic performance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385617/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385617/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study examines the interplay of Parental Bonding, Emotional Intelligence, Self Esteem and Academic Performance among College students. A sample of 300 college students (150 males and 150 females) participated in the research, with data collected through online survey. Standardized scales were employed to assess parental bonding, emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic performance. The results demonstrate strong correlations between emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and academic performance, with parental bonding playing a crucial foundational role in shaping emotional and self-conceptual characteristics. Regression analysis identifies emotional intelligence and self-esteem as the most significant predictors of academic success. These findings underscore the pivotal influence of family dynamics and emotional factors in promoting academic achievement during young adulthood. Future research should focus on exploring causal relationships and examining the influence of cultural and socio-economic factors on academic success.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Impact of Parental Bonding, Emotional Intelligence, Self Esteem on Academic Performance Among College Students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-08 06:20:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6385617/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7233bcdb-2dd7-465a-9945-ed033ff82770","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":48235947,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"},{"id":48235948,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-18T10:27:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-08 06:20:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6385617","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6385617","identity":"rs-6385617","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}