Reliable space Boost converter enabled with an energy conservation-based mathematical framework

Reliable space Boost converter enabled with an energy conservation-based mathematical framework | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Reliable space Boost converter enabled with an energy conservation-based mathematical framework Tao Ye, Yifan Wang, Wenhua Li, Zhenlong Wang, Xinrui Zhang, Jianfeng Sun, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8201863/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Boost converters with unique voltage step-up capacities are key components of modern electrification and intelligent technologies. However, the existing Boost converter models relying on steady-state assumptions fail to predict transient dynamics during input voltage or load fluctuations, so the Boost converters designed based on existing models often exhibit substantial output voltage overshoots, leading to failures of whole electrical systems. This study introduces an energy conservation-based mathematical framework (ECMF) for Boost converters by incorporating non-ideal component coupling. As compared to the existing models, the proposed ECMF reduces steady-state and dynamic-state errors between experimental and simulated output voltages by factors of 11.0 (from 20.9% to 1.9%) and 15.4 (from 77.1% to 5.0%) under input voltage variations, and by factors of 10.2 (from 15.3% to 1.5%) and 35.1 (from 42.1% to 1.2%) under load changes, respectively. Further, the quantitative relations between individual parameters and output voltages were systematically investigated and delineated overshoot mitigation strategies were developed for representative scenarios for the first time. Consequently, a highly reliable Boost converter is accordingly designed and on-orbit deployed for accurate energy conversions in space. Physical sciences/Engineering/Aerospace engineering Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering Physical sciences/Engineering/Energy infrastructure Physical sciences/Physics/Applied physics Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformation.docx Supplementary Information Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8201863","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":566440853,"identity":"992ece9c-c4b2-49ab-8aca-04449044e74a","order_by":0,"name":"Tao Ye","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCCijNQ5xyZiA+Q7IWxjZStBgc7z/44eO8O4nbJRIYH7xtY5A3J6jlzGFmyZnbniXunJHAbDi3jcFwZwMhLTeSGaR5tx3O3XAjgU2at40hweAAIS33HzP/5p0D1sL+mzgtN5iBhjdAbGEmSovkmWQzyxnHDtfv7HnYLDnnnIThBkJa+I4ffHzjQ81hY3P25IMf3pTZyBO0RQGmwICBsQFISRBQDwTyDXAto2AUjIJRMApwAAAIw0PTKoXhOQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9381-8781","institution":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tao","middleName":"","lastName":"Ye","suffix":""},{"id":566440860,"identity":"5f100a44-edd9-4150-9463-aed538dd456e","order_by":1,"name":"Yifan Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yifan","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":566440861,"identity":"76941dc0-a7c6-4619-8219-503bf1d00ace","order_by":2,"name":"Wenhua Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenhua","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":566440863,"identity":"e569c16c-5e8d-4c9c-9ad6-0c3c7b5c1aeb","order_by":3,"name":"Zhenlong Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhenlong","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":566440866,"identity":"6ad7ce59-c38c-4f9d-83ae-3cc6bd807393","order_by":4,"name":"Xinrui Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xinrui","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":566440867,"identity":"7c796ec7-380a-47b9-b8c9-bc43ed34a256","order_by":5,"name":"Jianfeng Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jianfeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":566440872,"identity":"f21b8b43-dd07-47f5-b4d2-e7a5f702428c","order_by":6,"name":"Qianfu Xia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qianfu","middleName":"","lastName":"Xia","suffix":""},{"id":566440873,"identity":"76c99a47-17c0-4916-8a00-66d8a626e98f","order_by":7,"name":"Zhongtao Gou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhongtao","middleName":"","lastName":"Gou","suffix":""},{"id":566440874,"identity":"923f641d-8d33-4923-a61c-681cdb29ed01","order_by":8,"name":"Jiangang Rong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Guoyu Zhilian Aerospace Technology Co., Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiangang","middleName":"","lastName":"Rong","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-25 10:14:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8201863/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8201863/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99587258,"identity":"25d24bb6-e74b-4f6c-aeeb-be0e35164747","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21202113,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/21281fbbaa33e55b0c0b2fb7.docx"},{"id":99587244,"identity":"5c533a30-9b0b-40ca-8fe3-39efae98b4a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9833,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NCOMMS2595376.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/54f12fa58e4b026aa7bab587.json"},{"id":99587252,"identity":"a1cbb189-759a-4a5a-a3e9-0ba69f7de073","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16422698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/e17b325eb42c23f6a64fe989.docx"},{"id":99587248,"identity":"89aa514a-4e0b-45a6-b652-4db92e08ed07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":96883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NCOMMS25953760enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/2402792f9d5bc42f663befd5.xml"},{"id":99587245,"identity":"d54b9de8-cb28-4bae-a795-e9da815d68cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6195182,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/f1f4999608d4b1bc02daf7e8.jpeg"},{"id":99792578,"identity":"d8b33b7a-475a-46fe-81e2-590ce3f9c251","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:22:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2237044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/b1761fdd3cef3b4f90a7eb66.jpeg"},{"id":99587247,"identity":"0c0ef94f-2208-4619-8374-ec129e746b6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3371798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/ad92e7eec7cf346313490d8c.jpeg"},{"id":99587250,"identity":"e624a2ed-0099-4fa6-a330-39c308ad9a7e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5710236,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/0ae51b6f234e1ce8d83ad937.jpeg"},{"id":99793556,"identity":"10b3fe78-537f-4186-a62a-4377fb457e53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:31:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3125102,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/848f705feeaa53457ef52509.jpeg"},{"id":99794000,"identity":"dcb98987-8b5a-4a03-9a63-cc049ee011d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:33:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5536670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/99b7275a4941246601cf1570.jpeg"},{"id":99587249,"identity":"f07a07ee-624f-4312-9db7-543299d0353f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"wmf","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1128,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image3.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/b28050b3f9c49853f61af15a.wmf"},{"id":99793708,"identity":"090f5cfc-2789-48ff-bf21-a1cc21ef65fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:32:14","extension":"wmf","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image4.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/075482ecdb01bd86f9010664.wmf"},{"id":99792768,"identity":"40e207bf-c03e-45cb-8358-2966d0ec401e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:25:42","extension":"wmf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2518,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image5.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/dbc0d8a205fced947be0c5c1.wmf"},{"id":99792913,"identity":"174cd7af-b37e-40bd-a168-a5609e434ad0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:28:39","extension":"wmf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image6.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/94c26c499f152eff0ce7f64e.wmf"},{"id":99792929,"identity":"b4fd7b24-2a75-457d-b5d3-72a75c241335","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:28:45","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":588391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/0c466043c729fb1685ff59aa.png"},{"id":99791957,"identity":"20248721-44f4-4bab-bdca-18465d4f5841","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:11:53","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":233928,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/49ae5e1e52d4111e84a24ced.png"},{"id":99587260,"identity":"ed3f780f-6420-4966-a4e0-586c536be9e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":401839,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/ef2a8c304423d96ffa74a1c2.png"},{"id":99587256,"identity":"a9edd0a9-35f0-44f1-903f-caaf1a216e5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":577610,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/4835c997d1348ab625fe6583.png"},{"id":99793544,"identity":"16662cdf-07c0-4581-a930-0cf05e830fae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:31:50","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":417342,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/83c3db8c5e32b33e311f07fa.png"},{"id":99587265,"identity":"36f09259-dcf5-4e32-8737-20d3b66d1f1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":526662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/6531cc77ecd24caed45a5152.png"},{"id":99587267,"identity":"d64693ce-b3a7-400f-8111-ca22da8b2e24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:17","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1266,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/6403273d2462cb32d002ee17.png"},{"id":99587266,"identity":"cec9e5e9-e04e-4e48-8e68-078cc3463bd2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:17","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3543,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/4756a8ef88e21a51e82f5d3d.png"},{"id":99587263,"identity":"582d01e2-a763-4b39-bff7-74462f42870d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4730,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/c9035df8c2c37e966b5091f2.png"},{"id":99791973,"identity":"45fda3c6-7aed-446f-84d4-1c718a3acc6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:11:55","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2177,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/a11f00b78852c3ad2967225f.png"},{"id":99587269,"identity":"fb450e3b-fdb3-431b-9bf5-d4b6f3330abc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:17","extension":"xml","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":95349,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NCOMMS25953760structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/d4b761e0cdc200c7f2bcd920.xml"},{"id":99587271,"identity":"0f821058-eab3-4da6-a135-5b1a1e84ce90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:17","extension":"html","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":108613,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/1a959fa9fbbf77ccebbe06c1.html"},{"id":104779693,"identity":"2f48fc37-c732-4453-8bb7-393e8255e80b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 07:44:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1217208,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1_covered_f2cf8ea7-a51e-4acc-bed2-e2aafcd56963.pdf"},{"id":99587254,"identity":"bba412c2-4d22-4f3a-84e3-422dee79e45a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 07:58:16","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16422698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Supplementary Information","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8201863/v1/b3940a9ce21e239adcab3891.docx"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Reliable space Boost converter enabled with an energy conservation-based mathematical framework","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8201863/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8201863/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBoost converters with unique voltage step-up capacities are key components of modern electrification and intelligent technologies. However, the existing Boost converter models relying on steady-state assumptions fail to predict transient dynamics during input voltage or load fluctuations, so the Boost converters designed based on existing models often exhibit substantial output voltage overshoots, leading to failures of whole electrical systems. This study introduces an energy conservation-based mathematical framework (ECMF) for Boost converters by incorporating non-ideal component coupling. As compared to the existing models, the proposed ECMF reduces steady-state and dynamic-state errors between experimental and simulated output voltages by factors of 11.0 (from 20.9% to 1.9%) and 15.4 (from 77.1% to 5.0%) under input voltage variations, and by factors of 10.2 (from 15.3% to 1.5%) and 35.1 (from 42.1% to 1.2%) under load changes, respectively. Further, the quantitative relations between individual parameters and output voltages were systematically investigated and delineated overshoot mitigation strategies were developed for representative scenarios for the first time. Consequently, a highly reliable Boost converter is accordingly designed and on-orbit deployed for accurate energy conversions in space.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Reliable space Boost converter enabled with an energy conservation-based mathematical framework","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-06 07:58:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8201863/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1212eea5-bb0d-484a-9b18-84465a181257","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":60294644,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Aerospace engineering"},{"id":60294645,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering"},{"id":60294646,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Energy infrastructure"},{"id":60294647,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Applied physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-10T20:45:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-06 07:58:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8201863","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8201863","identity":"rs-8201863","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}