CRISPR screens for lipid regulators reveal a role for ER-bound SNX13 in lysosomal cholesterol export

ABSTRACT We report here two genome-wide CRISPR screens carried out to identify genes that when knocked out, alter levels of lysosomal cholesterol or bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. In addition, these screens were also carried out under conditions of NPC1 inhibition to identify modifiers of NPC1 function in lysosomal cholesterol export. The screens confirm tight co- regulation of cholesterol and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate levels in cells, and reveal an unexpected role for the ER-localized, SNX13 protein as a negative regulator of lysosomal cholesterol export. In the absence of NPC1 function, SNX13 knockout decreases lysosomal cholesterol, and is accompanied by triacylglycerol-rich lipid droplet accumulation and increased lysosomal bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. These experiments provide unexpected insight into the regulation of lysosomal lipids and modification of these processes by novel gene products. SUMMARY Genome-wide CRISPR screens carried out with and without NPC1 function identify shared pathways that coordinately control lysosomal cholesterol and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. ER-localized SNX13 protein plays an unexpected regulatory role in modifying NPC1 function to regulate cellular cholesterol localization.