Influence of Breathing Strategies on Maximal Strength Output and Hemodynamic Parameters During Bench Press Exercise

Influence of Breathing Strategies on Maximal Strength Output and Hemodynamic Parameters During Bench Press Exercise | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of Breathing Strategies on Maximal Strength Output and Hemodynamic Parameters During Bench Press Exercise Ismail Emre DENIZ, Ibrahim ERDEMIR This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7356470/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The aim of this research is to assess the performance and cardiovascular impacts of various breathing techniques during maximal resistance exercises, and to identify the optimal breathing method during exercise. Methods Twelve participants, with an average age of 27.92 ± 7.38 years, underwent Bench-press testing using various breathing methods over three weeks. The participants' heart rate was monitored via a holter monitor, and blood pressure was measured before, after the third set, and post-exercise. Statistical analyses, including the Friedman test, Dunn Bonferroni test, and Spearman correlation test, were conducted to evaluate the significance of differences between respiratory types and relationships between variables. Results Different breathing types in maximal resistance exercises have a statistically significant effect on Standard deviation of N-N intervals (X 2 = 6.00, p ≤ 0.05), one of the cardiovascular system parameters; It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference in Percentage of successive NN intervals that differ by more than 50ms, Root mean square of successive N-N interval differences, Low-frequency power, High-frequency power, High-frequency power/Low-frequency power, heart rate, heart rate deceleration capacity and blood pressure parameters (p > 0.05). It was determined that it affected the performance (X 2 = 13.86, p ≤ 0.05) and set (X 2 = 13.07, p ≤ 0.05) parameters at a statistically significant level. Conclusion Inhalation during lifting in maximal resistance exercises negatively impacted performance and cardiovascular parameters. Heart rate variability Blood pressure Inhalation Exhalation Breath holding Background Athletes and people generally prefer resistance training to increase their performance. Because the capacity of the muscles and the way they show resistance during performance are important for the sustainability of sports activities. Strength during exercise is associated with high performance. Being able to gain resistance depends on the intensity, frequency, rest and duration of the exercise. The order, type and frequency of exercises also affect these variables [ 1 ]. There is not much research available to observe the autonomic responses of these different variants. The type of muscle contraction can change the autonomic modulation. For this, it can be said that it is useful to follow some variables (heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP)). Maximal resistance exercise is an exercise method applied with high intensity and low repetitions, increasing strength and maximum power. In maximal resistance exercises, since the athlete exercises with high efficiency by using his maximum power, circulation and respiratory resources may be limited during rest. In this case, it is thought that the athlete's stretching and breathing exercises are effective [ 2 ]. The breathing technique used during the exercise is also very important within the scope of the exercise. Changes in BP are also observed during the athlete's inhalation, exhalation or breath-holding. The load on the heart and BP increases during exhalation or holding the breath. On the other hand, breathing can also contribute to decreasing intrathoracic pressure during resistance exercise and reducing the rise in BP [ 3 ]. During exercise, the need for oxygen increases. This need is met by the increase in cardiac output. This continues throughout the exercise. When the aerobic threshold is crossed, the relationship between cardiac output and oxygen consumption begins to diverge at the level at which anaerobic respiration appears. Cardiac output rises during maximal exercise. This causes an increase in BP. With the onset of exercise, there are some changes in heart rate as well as cardiac output in the cardiovascular system. HRV has been used as a noninvasive method of heart rate (HR) regulation by the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Acute resistance exercise appeared to reduce cardiac parasympathetic modulation more than aerobic exercise in young healthy adults, suggesting an increased risk of cardiovascular dysfunction after resistance exercise. Regardless of age, resistance exercises seem to reduce parasympathetic activity. Evaluating BP with HRV is useful for assessing autonomous cardiovascular control [ 4 ]. Individuals who exercise aim to improve their maximum performance within the framework of body and heart health. The primary adaptive system in responding to increased demands during exercise is the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system plays a key role in many adaptation responses during exercise [ 5 ]. Considering that acute effects during exercise can cause chronic effects in the long term, it can be said that the factors in this acute process are very important. At this point, it should be investigated how the variables on the cardiovascular system (HRV, HR, slowing capacity of heart rate, BP) affect the athlete's recovery and regeneration times, as well as what consequences they cause in terms of heart health. When we look at the literature, it has been seen that there are no detailed and many studies investigating the effects of maximal resistance exercises using different breathing types and HRV in terms of performance and cardiovascular system. In our study, on the effects of the maximal resistance exercises performed by applying different breathing types (in exhalation, in breath-holding, in inhalation) during maximal bench-press on HRV and performance, which type of breathing during maximal resistance exercise has to be used on the cardiovascular system and to determine that it is more suitable and beneficial in terms of performance, was researched. METHODS Subjects 12 male participants, aged between 20–45 years-old who are engaged in bodybuilding sports, have been doing regular strength exercise for at least two years, do not have a chronic disease, do not smoke, do not take any medication that is constantly used (such as hormone drugs), and have done maximal resistance exercise before, were included in the study. Participants were based on volunteering. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The mean of lifting experience and weekly exercise for all subjects was 8.17 years and 4.50 days of training. During routine resistance exercises; 7 of the participants stated that they exhaled while lifting the weight in their daily exercises, and 5 of them stated that they held their breath. “This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval was obtained from the Balıkesir University Ethics Committee ( 08/03/2022 2022/30 ). Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.” Data Collection Tools Body mass index and body fat percentage : Body fat percentage and body mass index (BMI) were determined by the bioelectric impedance method (Tanita BC 545 N, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate (HR) : Holter monitor (DMS 300-3A, DM Software, Nevada, USA) was used to record HRV and HR measurements during maximal bench-press. Blood pressure (Nais EW2720, Düsseldorf, Germany) was monitored and recorded from the participants' left wrist at the beginning (pre-test), middle (between 3 and 4) and end of exercise (post-test. Equipment of exercise : Exercises were performed using free weights, Olympic bench press, Olympic bar (20kg) and weight plates (20 kg, 10 kg, 5 kg, 2.5 kg, and 1 kg) in the bodybuilding and fitness center. The Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is a way of measuring physical activity intensity level (1–10). RPE is how hard the participants feel like their body is working the maximal bench-press performed by applying different breathing types (in exhalation, in breath-holding, in inhalation) during maximal bench-press on every set after the sets. The scores of the participants at the end of each set for maximal bench-press application were collected. It was then divided by the number of sets and the RPE value of the entire exercise was determined. 1 Repetition Maximum (RM) Test 1 RM test was applied to the participants to calculate their maximal strength in the bench press exercise 1 week before the first exercise day. During the 1 RM test, the athlete breathed as he preferred. Participants were ensured that they did not pause between repetitions in the set and that they completed the range of motion defined for the exercise. During the test, participants rested for no less than 10 minutes before each trial. 1 RM trials were performed 3 times, and their averages were taken [ 6 ]. In the calculation, the formula developed by Brzycki [ 7 ] "(1 RM = (Lifted weight) / [1.0278 - (Number of repetitions x 0.0278)])" was used. Exercise: bench-press, 6 sets of 4 RM, 5 min. rest between sets. Volume = (4 RM) load X repetition X set Example 1 RM = 100 kg; 4 RM = 90 kg; repetition = 4; set = 6 Volume = 90 X 4 X 6 = 2160 kg. Resistance Training Athletes performed 90% of 1 RM as a resistance exercise with 6 sets of 4 repetitions. The research was conducted in accordance with the criteria of resistance exercises. Warm-up; 15 min. jogging, 2 sets, 15 reps with 50% of 1 RM bench press. Main Part; Bench-press; 6 sets X 90% (4 RM) of 1 RM, 5 min. of passive rest between sets. Cool Down; 15 minutes of jogging and stretching. Workout Tempo; 2/0/3 Experimental Procedures Participants were asked not to do strenuous exercises 72 hours before the first exercise day and during the week of the exercises. The study lasted 4 weeks. 1 RM test was applied in the first week. The 1 RM of the participants was determined by the bench-press. The weights they would work with (4 RM) were determined. In the second week , the participants had a special warm-up with 2x15 repetitions with 50% of the weight they would use on the bench-press. Then, a rhythm holter monitor was connected to the participant and their BP (pre-test) was measured with a sphygmomanometer. Participants exhaled while lifting (concentric phase) and inhaled while lowering (eccentric phase) the weight (4 RM) during the bench-press. Participants performed the same procedure over 6 sets of 4 RM. At the end of each set, participants evaluated the difficulty level of the set according to the Borg RPE scale [ 8 ]. Participants rested for 5-min. between sets. BP measurement was taken again between the 3rd set and 4th set (inter-test). At the end of the 6th set, BP measurement was taken again (post-test). After 5 min., the Rhythm holter device was removed and cooled down. In the third week , the same test procedure was applied by changing the breathing type. Participants inhaled while lifting (concentric phase) and exhaled while lowering (eccentric phase) the weight (4 RM) during the bench-press. In the fourth week participants performed the same test by changing the breathing type. Participants breath holding while lifting (concentric phase) and inhaled and exhaled while lowering (eccentric phase) the weight (4 RM) during the bench-press. Statistical Analyses Data analysis involved use of SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Descriptive statistics of the data obtained in the study were summarized. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for normality. Since the data is not normally distributed, in determining the significance of the differences between the 3 tests; Friedman test was used. Dunn Bonferroni was used to determine the source of the difference. Spearman correlation test was used to detect correlation between variables. The results were evaluated at 95% and 99% confidence intervals and at 𝑝≤0.05 and 𝑝≤0.01 significance levels. RESULTS Descriptive parameters of the participants in our research; age (27.92 ± 7.38 years), height (174.08 ± 5.60 cm), body weight (81.56 ± 8.23 kg), BMI (26.86 ± 1.90 kg/m2), body fat % (13.88 ± 3.22%), training history (8.17 ± 6.94 years) and weekly exercise numbers (4.50 ± 0.80 #) were determined. Table 1 Comparison of participants' HRV parameters according to breathing types during maximal bench-press. Parameters Exhalation (n = 12) Breathe holding (n = 12) Inhalation (n = 12) \(\:{\text{X}}^{2}\) \(\:\text{p}\) \(\:\stackrel{-}{X}\) ± SD Rank Avg. \(\:\stackrel{-}{X}\) ± SD Rank Avg. \(\:\stackrel{-}{X}\) ± SD Rank Avg. SDNN (ms) 79.17 ± 24.03 2.00 80.25 ± 21.32 * 2.50 76.58 ± 19.84 * 1.50 6.00 0.050 * pNN50 (%) 9.50 ± 9.59 2.08 7.42 ± 6.13 2.08 6.67 ± 4.75 1.83 0.55 0.761 rMSSD (ms) 28.83 ± 14.11 2.17 26.25 ± 9.32 2.04 25.33 ± 7.90 1.79 0.89 0.640 LF (ms 2 ) 928.05 ± 477.71 1.92 878.97 ± 330.13 2.25 812.18 ± 409.51 1.83 1.17 0.558 HF (ms 2 ) 199.74 ± 135.39 2.08 199.88 ± 112.92 2.17 168.76 ± 85.57 1.75 1.17 0.558 Ratio LF/HF 6.08 ± 3.72 2.08 5.45 ± 2.37 2.00 5.27 ± 1.89 1.92 0.17 0.920 \(\:\stackrel{-}{X}\) HR # 91.14 ± 10.84 1.83 92.26 ± 8.33 2.00 91.38 ± 8.11 2.17 0.67 0.640 Max. HR # 130.83 ± 16.68 2.17 130.08 ± 17.27 2.00 129.50 ± 13.81 1.83 0.67 0. 717 DC (ms) 6.08 ± 1.58 2.08 6.16 ± 1.30 1.83 6.26 ± 1.55 2.08 0.50 0.779 * \(\:p\) ≤0.05, \(\:{X}^{2}\) : Chi-Square Test, Friedman test was applied to determine the effect of different breathing types on the HRV of the participants during maximal bench-press. As a result, the Standard deviation of N-N intervals (SDNN) parameter of the participants showed significant differences according to their breathing types [𝑋 2 =6.00, 𝑝≤0.05]. Dunn Bonferroni test was performed to determine which breathing types caused the difference. It showed that there was a significant difference in the SDNN parameter of the participants between the exercises performed in breath holding and inhalation (z=-2.24, p≤0.05) while lifting the weight during maximal bench-press. When lifting weights during maximal bench-press; no significant difference was found between the exercises performed by exhaling and breath holding (z=-0.47, p≤0.05), and between the exercises performed by breath holding and inhalation (z=-0.47, p≤0.05). No difference was found in other HRV parameters (Percentage of successive NN intervals that differ by more than 50 ms, (pNN50), Root mean square of successive N-N interval differences (rMSSD), Low-frequency power (LF), High-frequency power (HF), Low-frequency power/High-frequency power (LF/HF), average HR, max. HR and deceleration capacity (DC) (𝑝>0.05) (Table 1). Table 2. Comparison of systolic and diastolic BP parameters according to the types of breath during maximal bench-press. Parameters Exhalation (n=12) Breath-holding (n=12) Inhalation (n=12) ± SD Rank Avg. ± SD Rank Avg. ± SD Rank Avg. Pre-exercise SBP (mmHg) 131.17 ± 10.59 2.38 128.25 ± 12.60 1.83 126.08 ± 9.20 1.79 2.65 0.266 Between 3 & 4 sets SBP (mmHg) 131.67 ± 12.41 2.29 129.67 ± 11.77 2.04 124.92 ± 9.09 1.67 2.43 0.297 Post-exercise SBP (mmHg) 128.50 ± 8.88 2.38 125.00 ± 9.40 1.75 124.50 ± 7.59 1.88 2.74 0.254 Pre-exercise DBP (mmHg) 78.58 ± 8.82 1.88 81.25 ± 10.20 2.08 79.42 ± 8.27 2.04 0.31 0.856 Between 3 & 4 sets DBP (mmHg) 76.00 ± 10.60 2.00 87.42 ± 18.26 2.46 74.83 ± 8.82 1.54 5.15 0.076 Post-exercise DBP (mmHg) 83.33 ± 10.35 2.42 78.67 ± 6.11 1.75 76.58 ± 12.96 1.83 3.30 0.192 * ≤0.05, : Chi-Square Test, Abbreviations: DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure; SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure. Friedman test was applied to determine the effect of different breathing types on BP after maximal bench-press. As a result, no significant differences were detected in the systolic BP and diastolic BP parameters (p>0.05) (Table 2). Table 3. Comparison of training parameters and BORG scale parameters according to breathing types during maximal bench-press. Parameters Exhalation (n=12) Breath-holding (n=12) Inhalation (n=12) ± SD Rank Avg. ± SD Rank Avg. ± SD Rank Avg. Set (#) 23.50±1.00 2.21 23.83±0.58 2.46 20.75±4.03 1.33 13.86 0.001 * Volume (kg) 2410.42±395.06 2.25 2437.92±361.38 2.42 2132.71±555.08 1.33 13.07 0.001 * RPE (#) 42.83±9.04 2.17 35.75±13.26 1.21 43.42±10.42 2.63 13.68 0.001 * * ≤0.05, : Chi-Square Test Abbreviations: RPE = Rating of Perceived Exertion; SDNN = Standard deviation of N-N intervals; Volume = total weight lifted in the exercise. Friedman test was applied to determine the effect of different breathing types on performance (number of completed sets, volume and RPE scale) in maximal bench-press. According to the results, the participants' set [X 2 =13.86, p≤0.05], volume [ =13.07, ≤0.05] and RPE scale [X 2 =13.68, p≤0.05] parameters showed significant differences according to their breathing types (Tablo 3.). Dunn Bonferroni test was performed to determine which breathing type caused the difference. A statistically significant difference was detected between exhalation and inhalation (z=-2.45, p≤0.05) breathing types in the total number of sets that could be completed while lifting the weight in the maximal bench-press. It was also observed that there was a statistically significant difference between breath holding and inhalation (z=-2.68, p≤0.05) breathing types in the total number of sets that could be completed while lifting the weight on the maximal bench-press. However, no significant difference was found between the exercises performed by exhalation and inhalation in the total number of sets that could be completed while lifting the weight on the maximal bench-press (z=-1.34, p≤0.05) (Table 3). In our research, in the maximal bench-press, a significant difference was detected between exercises performed with exhalation and inhalation (z=-2.37, p≤0.05) while lifting the weight in the volume. A significant difference was also found between breath holding and inhalation exercises (z=-2.67, p≤0.05) while lifting the weight in the volume. But no significant difference was found between Maximal bench-press performed with exhalation and breath holding while lifting the weight in the volume (z=-1.07, p≤0.05) (Table 3). It was observed that there was a significant difference in the RPE values of the participants between the maximal bench-press performed with exhalation and breath holding (𝑧=-2.55, 𝑝≤0.05) while lifting the weight. Additionally, it was observed that there was a significant difference between the maximal bench-press performed by breath holding and inhalation (𝑧=-3.07, 𝑝≤0.05) while lifting the weight. No significant difference was found between the maximal bench-press performed by exhalation and inhalation while lifting the weight (𝑧=-0.40, 𝑝>0.05) (Table 3). Table 4. Correlation analysis among the HRV (SDNN), RPE and volume. Parameters SDNN (Exhalation) SDNN (Breath-holding) SDNN (Inhalation) RPE (Exhalation) RPE (Breath-holding) RPE (Inhalation) Volume (exhalation) Volume (Breath-holding) SDNN (Breath-holding) 0.329 SDNN (Inhalation) 0.622 * 0.883 ** RPE (Exhalation) -0.071 0.387 0.397 RPE (Breath-holding) 0.172 0.286 0.449 0.836 ** RPE (Inhalation) 0.116 0.402 0.484 0.915 ** 0.908 ** Volume (Exhalation) 0.000 -0.240 -0.218 0.429 0.498 0.470 Volume (Breath-holding) -0.123 -0.354 -0.380 0.353 0.388 0.363 0.963 ** Volume (Inhalation) -0.266 -0.676 * -0.713 ** -0.142 -0.144 -0.179 0.669 * 0.728 ** * ≤0.05, ** ≤0.01, Abbreviations: RPE = Rating of Perceived Exertion; SDNN = Standard deviation of N-N intervals; Volume = total weight lifted in the exercise. A significant, above moderate and negative correlation (𝑟=-0.676, 𝑝≤0.05) was found between volume (inhalation) and SDNN (breath-holding) values while lifting weights during the bench-press. In addition, a significant, strong and negative correlation was observed between volume (inhalation) and SDNN (inhalation) values (𝑟=-0.713, 𝑝≤0.01) (Table 4). DISCUSSION In our research, the effect of different breathing types on the cardiovascular system during the bench-press was examined. For this purpose, participants' HRV parameters, mean heart rate, HR max , DC and BP values were analyzed during the bench-press. When we examined the SDNN parameters, a statistically significant change was observed in different breath types [X 2 =6.00, p≤0.05]. When we examined which breathing types caused this difference, it was observed that there was a significant decrease between maximal bench-press exercises performed by breath holding and inhalation (z=-2.24, p≤0.05). When similar studies in the literature were examined, it was seen that these values were lower in those who exercised than in those who did not exercise [9]. These 3 parameters are time period parameters and are related to R-R intervals. A decrease in these values may pose a risk to the development of cardiac diseases. If the SDNN value is above 50, it is defined as high normal. In other words, although the person's autonomic nervous system function is good, the level of stress control is high. A decrease in this value may be a sign of deterioration of the autonomic nervous system. Decreased SDNN also reduces the ability to cope with physical and emotional stress and may indicate overall poor health [10]. In our research, a decrease was observed in SDNN, pNN50 and rMSSD values during the bench-press performed by inhalation while lifting the weight. This may be an indication that this type of breathing may be harmful to health. Morales et al [11]. stated in their study that there was a decrease in rMSDD values of judo athletes exposed to high training and stress. Holmes et al [12]. in their study with 10 participants; They compared the HRV parameters of exercises performed with 4 sets (low volume), 8 sets (medium volume) and 12 sets (high volume). As a result of their research, they found that there was a lesser decrease in the rMSSD value after low-volume exercise, and that the rMSSD value could return to the initial value only 30 minutes after exercise in medium and high-volume exercise. According to research by Gambassi et al [13]. decreases in rMSSD values at the end of high-volume resistance exercise and high-volume exercises similar to hypertrophy cause significant decreases in parasympathetic activity. Kingsley et al [14]. showed in their study that there were significant decreases in parasympathetic activity after acute upper body resistance exercises. Measures to stabilize rMSSD after resistance exercise may help improve HRV. These precautions may be possible with good periodization of variables such as load intensity, RPE, set configuration, rest between sets, and exercise type [15]. In some studies, conducted with runners, rowers, and gymnasts, it is said that low HRV values affect performance negatively [16]. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency domain parameters LF, HF, LF/HF between exercises performed with different breathing types (p>0.05). LF; Although it gives an idea about both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, it generally shows the effect of sympathetic activity. HF; It is mostly associated with parasympathetic activity. The LF/HF ratio is known as the "sympathetic-parasympathetic balance" value. It is known that heart rate increases during inhalation when it decreases during exhalation. When the averages of LF and HF values are examined in our research, it is seen that the average of the LF and HF is higher during the bench-press performed by holding the breath while lifting the weight. This value is also out of the normal value. Some studies similar to our research include Cottin et al [17]. and Warren et al [18]. They argued that the validity of HRV as a measure of parasympathetic activity and sympathetic activity during exercise is uncertain. In order to reach an acceptable and valid result, exercise duration can be increased in studies, or HRV measurement can be continued for a while to examine post-exercise effects. In our research, no statistically significant difference was seen in the time period and frequency parameters, except for the SDNN parameter. This may also be due to the intensity of resistance exercise. Marasingha-Arachchige et al [19]. stated in their meta-analysis study that in order to get the significant results from the parameters in HRV measurements, the rest period may need to be 2 min. or less in resistance exercises consisting of 3 sets or 6 sets. He also states that continuing HRV measurements in 30 min. after training may be healthier in terms of the scope of the studies. In their study, Songsorn et al [20]. examined HRV with exercises such as jumping and mountain climbing with 21 young adults, 11 of whom were in the experimental group and 10 of whom were in the control group, with low physical activity levels. The experimental group, which exercised three days a week for six weeks, showed significant increase in SDNN parameters and a decrease in rMSSD parameters compared to the control group. They found that there was no significant difference in the LF, HF and LF/HF parameters. An increase in SDNN parameters compared to our research may be due to the investigation of the chronic effects of the relevant research, rather than its acute effects. In another study, in which 21 physically healthy men performed 45 minutes of moderate intensity and 45 minutes of high intensity treadmill exercise, non-significant decreases in LF and HF values were observed as exercise intensity increased, parallel to our study [21]. When we examined the average and HR max parameters of our study, there was no statistical difference between these parameters in exhalation, breath holding and inhalation exercises while lifting weight during the bench-press (p>0.05). When we examine the average HR value, it is seen that the lowest HR is in the exercise performed by exhalation, and the highest HT is in the exercise performed by inhalation. A greater exhalation difference in heart rate may indicate greater activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, and this is associated with an increased ability to resist and continue. Neto et al [22]. in their research; similar to our research, in the resistance exercise study performed with 80% of 1 RM for heart rate, observed no statistically significant difference in the HR of the athletes after 10 minutes. In their study, Paz et al [23]. found a decrease in systolic BP with paralympic powerlifting athletes after 1 set of 5 repetitions with 95% of 1 RM and 3 sets of 5 repetitions with 90% of 1 RM, similar to our study. They also found insignificant increases in the HR max during exercise, and that the HR returned to the baseline level after exercise. In the blood pressure measurements, which we made before exercise, in the middle of exercise and at the end of exercise with different breathing types, no statistically significant difference was observed in systolic BP and diastolic BP (p>0.05). However, when we examined the averages, very low values were observed in the maximum resistance exercises performed by inhalation while lifting the weight at both systolic BP and diastolic BP, compared to other breathing types. In our previous statements, breathing can have a blood pressure-lowering effect. In their study, Bentes et al [24]. did not find any statistical difference in systolic and diastolic BP in resistance exercise performed with 80% and 60% of 1 RM and a two-minute rest interval between sets. The reason why there is no difference may be due to the rest intervals. In their study, João et al [25]. found that although there were increases in systolic BP during the bench press, squat and deadlift exercises consisting of 2-5 repetitions with 95% of 1 RM, they have detected that there was no significant difference in diastolic BP during and after the exercises. In another study conducted with 30 participants, the participants performed bench press and squat exercises consisting of 10 repetitions. In the study where breath holding and controlled breathing techniques were applied, it was determined that there was no significant difference in BP and HR in terms of breathing types [26]. This finding may be parallel to our research. When we examined the DC of the heart, according to our research, there was no statistically significant difference during the bench-press performed in different breathing types while lifting weights (p>0.05). However, when we look at the averages, the DC value is higher during the bench-press performed by inhalation while lifting the weight. It may be due to the fact that the heart is strained as a result of maximal bench-press by inhalation and the recovery may be insufficient. Research on the heart's slowing capacity is not yet widespread in the literature. In parallel with our research, in their study on climbers exposed to high altitude, it was determined that the DC value increased when the respiratory rate was high due to hypoxia [27]. Performance In our research, in order to examine the difference in the effect of different breathing types on the performance of the participants during the bench-press, the total set applied in the exercises and the total weight (volume) values they lifted were analyzed. When we examined the number of sets, a statistically significant change was observed in different breath types [X 2 =13.86, p≤0.05]. When the type of breathing that caused the difference was examined, a statistically significant difference was detected between bench-pressing performed by exhalation and inhalation ( =-2.45, ≤0.05) while lifting the weight, and between bench-press performed by holding the breath and inhalation ( =-2.68, ≤0.05). When examining the bench-press volume, a statistically significant change was observed in different breath types [X 2 =13.07, p≤0.05]. A statistically significant difference was observed between the bench-press performed by exhaling and breathing while lifting weights (z=-2.37, p≤0.05), and between the bench-press performed by holding the breath and breathing (z=-2.67, p≤0.05). When the averages were examined, the highest performance was seen in the bench-press performed by holding the breath while lifting the weight. When we look at the literature, in parallel with this research, in the load lifting research conducted by applying breathing control in parallel with the research, breath holding is done for the purpose of natural breathing control while lifting the load and the most consistent breathing pattern is breathing before lifting the weight [28]. In another study conducted by Hagins and Lamberg in different breathing type examinations, they found that if the load lifted was heavy, more breath holding occurred compared to light and moderate loads, and the type of breath depended on the load lifted and timing. In a study involving 100 weightlifters and 100 powerlifters; In research, where arm and shoulder strength at the forefront, it was stated that holding the breath is a strong factor in lifting the weight [29]. Another study conducted with powerlift athletes concluded that breath holding during the bench-press, squat and deadlift exercises increased intraabdominal pressure, and that athletes were able to lift approximately 2.5 kg heavier loads when they held their breath [30]. In research where different breathing techniques (Valsalva maneuver, exhalation, breath holding, inhalation) were applied in the bench-press (1 RM, 4 RM, 8 RM and 12 RM) exercise, it was determined that the performance in reverse breathing (inhalation) decreased in parallel with our study [31]. When the RPE was examined, a statistically significant difference was observed in the different breathing types applied while lifting the weight [X 2 =13.68, p≤0.05]. A statistically significant difference was observed between the bench-press performed by exhalation and breath holding while lifting the weight (z=-2.55, p≤0.05) and between the bench-press performed by breath holding and inhalation (z=-3.07, p≤0.05). The type of breathing that predominantly reveals this difference may be seen as the breath holding exercise when looking at the averages. According to the RPE, in our study, it was easier for the participants to lift the weight by holding their breath. RPE may be very important for coaches and athletes in training program changes. All factors in exercise, such as rest period and number of repetitions, may affect RPE. This is true for both aerobic and anaerobic exercises Foster et al [32]. The use of this method involves participants expressing through verbal instructions how difficult the exercise is at that moment. Participants express their degree of difficulty quantitatively. The perceptual state of resistance exercise gives an idea of exercise intensity [33]. In our research, it can be said that the most important factor affecting the perceptual state is breathing type. After looking at all other analyzes of the study, the relationship (correlation) between SDNN, RPE and total volume, which showed significant differences, was examined. The most striking situation here was a significant, strong and negative relationship between the SDNN and the total volume of the exercise performed by inhalation while lifting the weight (r=-0.713, p≤0.01) during the bench-press. This may be associated with the participants not breathing properly while lifting the weight. This finding supports the results of the research. CONCLUSION The results suggest that inhalation during weight lifting and breath-holding, according to certain parameters, may have negative effects on the cardiovascular system. When performance outcomes were examined, inhalation while lifting weights may have had adverse effects on performance, exhalation and breath-holding showed no significant differences, and only the RPE for breath-holding was significantly reduced. Different breathing strategies during the bench-press may be associated with changes in several cardiovascular and performance variables, with SDNN and rMSSD in particular reflecting parasympathetic regulation across all cardiac cycles. LF and HF frequency also give an idea about parasympathetic modulation [34]. In our research, significant decrease in HRV parameters were observed on bench-press performed by inhalation while lifting weights. A decrease in HRV indicates a decrease in parasympathetic activity [35]. In this case, sympathetic activity also increases [36]. Sympathetic activity; It activates catabolic activities that may cause the consumption of energy produced in the body. Parasympathetic activity also activates anabolic activities that cause energy production and storage in the body. Based on our research, it can be said that the exercise performed by inhalation while lifting weights may create a catabolic effect and excessive stress on the body. Additionally, when exposed to stress, sympathetic activity becomes dominant (shortening of R-R intervals), which may cause an increase in BP. In the study, statistically non-significant decreases in systolic and diastolic BP were observed due to the decrease in parasympathetic activity. When different types of breathing were examined in terms of performance, our research showed that inhalation while lifting weights in maximal resistance exercises affected the performance negatively. How to breathe during exercise, especially when lifting weights, has been a matter of debate. According to Baechle and Earle; the best method is to exhale at the hardest point felt and inhale at the easiest point. Strength training has a controlled breath hold feature. During the breath holding period, tissues use available oxygen and release CO 2 . As a result, the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood increases and the amount of oxygen decreases. Once the respiratory stimulants are aroused, the individual cannot hold his breath any longer [37]. In other words, it can be said that breath holding during exercise should be controlled and may be sufficient. In the research, when we look at the effect of different breathing types on performance (volume and set), it has been determined that volume and set may decrease in exercises performed by inhalation while lifting weights. When the volume and set are examined, although there is no significant difference in the exercises performed by Exhaling and Holding the Breath while lifting the weight; It can be said that the volume and set in the exercise (bench-press) performed by breath holding may be better. It is stated in the literature that breath holding does not make a big difference in performance compared to exhalation. It is observed that athletes use breath holding from time to time only during heavy loads, and in general, athletes determine their breathing types according to the conditions they are in and the load they lift [38]. The wrong type of breathing can also reduce performance as it prevents oxygen from being transported well to the muscles. Although it is thought that breath holding may increases performance, it is quite dangerous for organs and tissues because it increases internal pressure. To give an example of the most effective breathing type: During the bench press, inhale while lowering the weight towards the chest and exhale until the elbows straighten while pushing [39]. In our research, it can be stated that the exercise performed by inhalation while lifting the weight is more difficult for the participants and causes stress, according to the RPE. Insufficient breathing during high-intensity exercises may cause respiratory difficulties and excessive stress. Therefore, inhalation while lifting weights during exercise may not be the most effective breathing strategy, and participants’ perceived exertion levels may be associated with their performance. Many studies show that low HRV is also associated with emotional dysregulation [40]. In this study, it was determined that exercises performed by inhalation while lifting weights may cause decreases in the cardiovascular system and performance parameters. Practical Applications The findings of this study suggest that breath-holding during resistance exercise may not provide a significant advantage in terms of performance compared to exhalation and may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects due to increased intrathoracic pressure. Exhalation during the lifting phase appears to be a safer breathing strategy, as it does not substantially compromise performance and may minimize cardiovascular strain. Therefore, exhalation should be encouraged during strength training, and athletes may need to be informed that inappropriate breathing patterns during lifting could reduce performance and negatively impact cardiac function. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Balıkesir University Ethics Committee (Approval Date: March 8, 2022; Approval No: 2022/30 ). All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors’ contributions Ismail Emre DENIZ conceived and designed the study, collected and analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. Ibrahim ERDEMIR designed the study, supervised the project, contributed to study design, and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all participants for their valuable contribution to this study. References Kraemer WJ, Ratames NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: Progression and exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 674-688. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000121945.36635.61 Karlsen T, Helgerud J, Støylen A, Lauritsen N, Hoff J. 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Changes in heart rate variability with respect to exercise intensity and time during treadmill running. Biomed Eng Online 2018;17:(128):1-12. doi:10.1186/s12938-018-0561-x Neto GR, Sousa M, Costa e Silva G, Gil A, Salles B, et al. Acute resistance exercise with blood flow restriction effects on heart rate, double product, oxygen saturation and perceived exertion. Clin Physiol Funct I 2016;36:(1):53-59. doi:10.1111/cpf.12193 Paz Â, Aidar F, Matos D, Souza R, Grigoletto M, et al. Comparison of Post-Exercise Hypotension Responses in Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes after Completing Two Bench Press Training Intensities. Med 2020;56:(4):1-8. doi:10.3390/medicina56040156 Bentes CM, Costa P, Neto G, Costa SG, F de Salles B, et al. Hypotensive effects and performance responses between different resistance training intensities and exercise orders in apparently health women. Clin Physiol Funct I 2015;35:(3):185-190. doi:10.1111/cpf.12144 João GA, Bocalini D, Rodriguez D, Charro M. Powerlifting sessions promote significant post-exercise hypotension. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2017;23:(2):118-122. doi:10.1590/1517-869220172302166667 Lepley AS, Hatzel B. Effects of weightlifting and breathing technique on blood pressure and heart rate. J of Strength and Cond Res 2010;24:(8):2179-2183. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e2741d Hamm W, Stülpnagel L, Klemm M, Baylacher M, Rizas K, et al. Deceleration Capacity of Heart Rate After Acute Altitude Exposure. High Alt Med Biol 2018; 19:(3):299-302. doi:10.1089/ham.2018.0041 Lamberg EM, Hagins M. Breath control during manual free-style lifting of a maximally tolerated load. Ergon 2010;53:(3):385-392. doi:10.1080/00140130903420228 Kumar R, Sharma S. Comparative Analysis of Strength and Cardiovascular Endurance among Weight Lifters and Power Lifters. Aut Aut Res J 2020;11:(8):537-544. doi:10.0001865.AutAut.2020.V11I8.463782.00719 Hackett DA, Chow CM. The Valsalva maneuver: its effect on intra-abdominal pressure and safety issues during resistance exercise. J of Strength and Cond Res 2013:27:(8):2338-2345. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31827de07d Hlava KD. The effect of breathing strategy on lifted load during the bench press [Bachelor Thesis, Univerzita Karlova], Charles University Digital Repository 2019; https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/105991/130251021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Foster C, Florhaug J, Franklin J, Gottschall L, Hrovatin L, et al. A new approach to monitoring exercise training. J of Strength and Cond Res 2001; 15:(1):109-115. doi:10.1519/00124278-200102000-00019 Sweet TW, Foster C, McGuigan M, Brice G. Quantitation of resistance training using the session rating of perceived exertion method. J of Strength and Cond Res 2004;18:(4):796-802. doi:10.1519/14153.1 Lutfi MF, Sukkar M. Effect of blood pressure on heart rate variability. Khartoum Med J 2011;4:(1):548-549. Marques AH, Silverman M, Sternberg E. Evaluation of Stress Systems by Applying Noninvasive Methodologies: Measurements of Neuroimmune Biomarkers in the Sweat, Heart Rate Variability and Salivary Cortisol. Neuroimmunomodulation 2010;17:(3):205-208. doi:10.1159/000258725 Gorman JM, Sloan R. Heart rate variability in depressive and anxiety disorders. Am Heart J 2000;140:(4 Supple):77-83. doi:10.67/mhj.2000.109981 Lone FA, Hurah N. Effect of weight training on breath holding capacity among sedentary students. Int J Phys Educ Sports 2018;5:(6):113. Devor ST. (2022). Proper Breathing During Exercise: Importance for Safety and Performance . Available at https://www.copcp.com/Media/9b5954b7-dce3-43b5-b1a9-2a8913d7cae7.pdf [accessed 14.11.2022]. J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1996;72:(5-6):460-467. doi:10.1007/BF002422 Gailliot M, Baumeister RF. The physiology of willpower: Linking blood glucose to self-contro. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2007;11:(4):303-327. doi:10.1177/1088868307303030 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 06 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 05 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 18 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7356470","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":524425873,"identity":"80cfe413-f121-40b6-bb72-c0b3fc427909","order_by":0,"name":"Ismail Emre DENIZ","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bursa Uludağ University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ismail","middleName":"Emre","lastName":"DENIZ","suffix":""},{"id":524425875,"identity":"1f5a8a92-2ec2-49a5-a288-7fa7cd26e83e","order_by":1,"name":"Ibrahim ERDEMIR","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNiCWACF+CQbGAwkHICIMPMRokZzBwICiRQKfTWBJgxtALUAIAfi08LH3PrzxMcci3/h284MDD87Y2PNJH2B88LaNoc68AYfDeI4bW87cJmG57c4xgwMJN9IS2/gSmA3ntjFIyBzAoUUijU2ad5uEgdmNBKCWD4cT2HgYgCJALbhcxib/jE36L1CL8Yz0D0At/+2BWth/49UiwcYmzQjUYiCRA3LYAcY2oC3MeLXwpDFb9gK1SNw5U3Ag4UxyYhsPY7PknHMSoFDHCuTbjzHe+LmtzoB/dvvGhz+O2dnL9zAf/PCmzIYfb8SgAcYGBgIxOQpGwSgYBaOAAAAAod9SnKiw3O4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Balikesir University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibrahim","middleName":"","lastName":"ERDEMIR","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-12 13:53:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7356470/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7356470/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01460-4","type":"published","date":"2025-12-10T15:58:48+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92825889,"identity":"28da2f7a-f330-4f8a-97bc-829bd37a36e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 04:21:56","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":112315,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"BMCIsmailIbrahim.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7356470/v1/7d7bc7cdfbab437d03b30320.docx"},{"id":92826336,"identity":"a2f11737-da64-4fc4-9493-1a91fccddcbd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 04:29:56","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4652,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b2f691bd9f3a43fba8becdc1c4460260.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7356470/v1/e8c59a2eaa7b7e008f45b09b.json"},{"id":92825892,"identity":"c7c6d9a4-2116-44e9-8f51-2830d4c4e421","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 04:21:57","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":137345,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b2f691bd9f3a43fba8becdc1c44602601enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7356470/v1/9a753dedcba71e6e518296c5.xml"},{"id":92825891,"identity":"6058b5e4-23c4-433b-bc05-b87704d88aef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 04:21:57","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":135614,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b2f691bd9f3a43fba8becdc1c44602601structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7356470/v1/f7acbb0731744862791a6132.xml"},{"id":92825893,"identity":"cd2a09f4-b920-4253-94db-70161fee2a6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 04:21:57","extension":"html","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":146735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7356470/v1/c42c682c69beae68521f0f91.html"},{"id":98245049,"identity":"53fb0783-d7fd-44a3-a4eb-bbf325dace96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 16:16:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":947890,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7356470/v1/1b5cefb2-2e93-45e0-b4d6-55851dd758f1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Influence of Breathing Strategies on Maximal Strength Output and Hemodynamic Parameters During Bench Press Exercise","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAthletes and people generally prefer resistance training to increase their performance. Because the capacity of the muscles and the way they show resistance during performance are important for the sustainability of sports activities. Strength during exercise is associated with high performance. Being able to gain resistance depends on the intensity, frequency, rest and duration of the exercise. The order, type and frequency of exercises also affect these variables [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. There is not much research available to observe the autonomic responses of these different variants. The type of muscle contraction can change the autonomic modulation. For this, it can be said that it is useful to follow some variables (heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP)).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaximal resistance exercise is an exercise method applied with high intensity and low repetitions, increasing strength and maximum power. In maximal resistance exercises, since the athlete exercises with high efficiency by using his maximum power, circulation and respiratory resources may be limited during rest. In this case, it is thought that the athlete's stretching and breathing exercises are effective [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe breathing technique used during the exercise is also very important within the scope of the exercise. Changes in BP are also observed during the athlete's inhalation, exhalation or breath-holding. The load on the heart and BP increases during exhalation or holding the breath. On the other hand, breathing can also contribute to decreasing intrathoracic pressure during resistance exercise and reducing the rise in BP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. During exercise, the need for oxygen increases. This need is met by the increase in cardiac output. This continues throughout the exercise. When the aerobic threshold is crossed, the relationship between cardiac output and oxygen consumption begins to diverge at the level at which anaerobic respiration appears. Cardiac output rises during maximal exercise. This causes an increase in BP. With the onset of exercise, there are some changes in heart rate as well as cardiac output in the cardiovascular system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHRV has been used as a noninvasive method of heart rate (HR) regulation by the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Acute resistance exercise appeared to reduce cardiac parasympathetic modulation more than aerobic exercise in young healthy adults, suggesting an increased risk of cardiovascular dysfunction after resistance exercise. Regardless of age, resistance exercises seem to reduce parasympathetic activity. Evaluating BP with HRV is useful for assessing autonomous cardiovascular control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividuals who exercise aim to improve their maximum performance within the framework of body and heart health. The primary adaptive system in responding to increased demands during exercise is the cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system plays a key role in many adaptation responses during exercise [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Considering that acute effects during exercise can cause chronic effects in the long term, it can be said that the factors in this acute process are very important. At this point, it should be investigated how the variables on the cardiovascular system (HRV, HR, slowing capacity of heart rate, BP) affect the athlete's recovery and regeneration times, as well as what consequences they cause in terms of heart health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen we look at the literature, it has been seen that there are no detailed and many studies investigating the effects of maximal resistance exercises using different breathing types and HRV in terms of performance and cardiovascular system. In our study, on the effects of the maximal resistance exercises performed by applying different breathing types (in exhalation, in breath-holding, in inhalation) during maximal bench-press on HRV and performance, which type of breathing during maximal resistance exercise has to be used on the cardiovascular system and to determine that it is more suitable and beneficial in terms of performance, was researched.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSubjects\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 male participants, aged between 20\u0026ndash;45 years-old who are engaged in bodybuilding sports, have been doing regular strength exercise for at least two years, do not have a chronic disease, do not smoke, do not take any medication that is constantly used (such as hormone drugs), and have done maximal resistance exercise before, were included in the study. Participants were based on volunteering. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The mean of lifting experience and weekly exercise for all subjects was 8.17 years and 4.50 days of training. During routine resistance exercises; 7 of the participants stated that they exhaled while lifting the weight in their daily exercises, and 5 of them stated that they held their breath. \u003cb\u003e \u0026ldquo;This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval was obtained from\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003ethe Balıkesir University\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthics Committee (\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e08/03/2022 2022/30\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e). Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection Tools\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBody mass index and body fat percentage\u003c/em\u003e: Body fat percentage and body mass index (BMI) were determined by the bioelectric impedance method (Tanita BC 545 N, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate (HR)\u003c/em\u003e: Holter monitor (DMS 300-3A, DM Software, Nevada, USA) was used to record HRV and HR measurements during maximal bench-press. Blood pressure (Nais EW2720, D\u0026uuml;sseldorf, Germany) was monitored and recorded from the participants' left wrist at the beginning (pre-test), middle (between 3 and 4) and end of exercise (post-test.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEquipment of exercise\u003c/em\u003e: Exercises were performed using free weights, Olympic bench press, Olympic bar (20kg) and weight plates (20 kg, 10 kg, 5 kg, 2.5 kg, and 1 kg) in the bodybuilding and fitness center.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is a way of measuring physical activity intensity level (1\u0026ndash;10). RPE is how hard the participants feel like their body is working the maximal bench-press performed by applying different breathing types (in exhalation, in breath-holding, in inhalation) during maximal bench-press on every set after the sets. The scores of the participants at the end of each set for maximal bench-press application were collected. It was then divided by the number of sets and the RPE value of the entire exercise was determined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 Repetition Maximum (RM) Test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM test was applied to the participants to calculate their maximal strength in the bench press exercise 1 week before the first exercise day. During the 1 RM test, the athlete breathed as he preferred. Participants were ensured that they did not pause between repetitions in the set and that they completed the range of motion defined for the exercise.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the test, participants rested for no less than 10 minutes before each trial. 1 RM trials were performed 3 times, and their averages were taken [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In the calculation, the formula developed by Brzycki [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] \"(1 RM = (Lifted weight) / [1.0278 - (Number of repetitions x 0.0278)])\" was used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise: bench-press, 6 sets of 4 RM, 5 min. rest between sets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVolume = (4 RM) load X repetition X set\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 kg; 4 RM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90 kg; repetition\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4; set\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVolume\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90 X 4 X 6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2160 kg.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResistance Training\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAthletes performed 90% of 1 RM as a resistance exercise with 6 sets of 4 repetitions. The research was conducted in accordance with the criteria of resistance exercises. Warm-up; 15 min. jogging, 2 sets, 15 reps with 50% of 1 RM bench press. Main Part; Bench-press; 6 sets X 90% (4 RM) of 1 RM, 5 min. of passive rest between sets. Cool Down; 15 minutes of jogging and stretching. Workout Tempo; 2/0/3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental Procedures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were asked not to do strenuous exercises 72 hours before the first exercise day and during the week of the exercises. The study lasted 4 weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM test was applied in the first week. The 1 RM of the participants was determined by the bench-press. The weights they would work with (4 RM) were determined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn the second week\u003c/em\u003e, the participants had a special warm-up with 2x15 repetitions with 50% of the weight they would use on the bench-press. Then, a rhythm holter monitor was connected to the participant and their BP (pre-test) was measured with a sphygmomanometer. Participants exhaled while lifting (concentric phase) and inhaled while lowering (eccentric phase) the weight (4 RM) during the bench-press. Participants performed the same procedure over 6 sets of 4 RM. At the end of each set, participants evaluated the difficulty level of the set according to the Borg RPE scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Participants rested for 5-min. between sets. BP measurement was taken again between the 3rd set and 4th set (inter-test). At the end of the 6th set, BP measurement was taken again (post-test). After 5 min., the Rhythm holter device was removed and cooled down.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn the third week\u003c/em\u003e, the same test procedure was applied by changing the breathing type. Participants inhaled while lifting (concentric phase) and exhaled while lowering (eccentric phase) the weight (4 RM) during the bench-press.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the fourth week participants performed the same test by changing the breathing type. Participants breath holding while lifting (concentric phase) and inhaled and exhaled while lowering (eccentric phase) the weight (4 RM) during the bench-press.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical Analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis involved use of SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Descriptive statistics of the data obtained in the study were summarized. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for normality. Since the data is not normally distributed, in determining the significance of the differences between the 3 tests; Friedman test was used. Dunn Bonferroni was used to determine the source of the difference. Spearman correlation test was used to detect correlation between variables. The results were evaluated at 95% and 99% confidence intervals and at \u0026#119901;\u0026le;0.05 and \u0026#119901;\u0026le;0.01 significance levels.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eDescriptive parameters of the participants in our research; age (27.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.38 years), height (174.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.60 cm), body weight (81.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.23 kg), BMI (26.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.90 kg/m2), body fat % (13.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.22%), training history (8.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.94 years) and weekly exercise numbers (4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80 #) were determined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of participants' HRV parameters according to breathing types during maximal bench-press.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExhalation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBreathe holding (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInhalation (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\text{X}}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\stackrel{-}{X}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRank Avg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\stackrel{-}{X}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRank Avg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\stackrel{-}{X}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRank Avg.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSDNN (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e80.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.32\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e76.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.84\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.050\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epNN50 (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.761\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erMSSD (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.640\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLF (ms\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e928.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;477.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e878.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;330.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e812.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;409.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.558\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHF (ms\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;135.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;112.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;85.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.558\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRatio LF/HF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.920\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\stackrel{-}{X}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e HR #\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.640\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax. HR #\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0. 717\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDC (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:p\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026le;0.05, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{X}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e: Chi-Square Test,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFriedman test was applied to determine the effect of different breathing types on the HRV of the participants during maximal bench-press. As a result, the Standard deviation of N-N intervals (SDNN) parameter of the participants showed significant differences according to their breathing types [𝑋\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=6.00, 𝑝\u0026le;0.05]. Dunn Bonferroni test was performed to determine which breathing types caused the difference. It showed that there was a significant difference in the SDNN parameter of the participants between the exercises performed in breath holding and inhalation (z=-2.24, p\u0026le;0.05) while lifting the weight during maximal bench-press. When lifting weights during maximal bench-press; no significant difference was found between the exercises performed by exhaling and breath holding (z=-0.47, p\u0026le;0.05), and between the exercises performed by breath holding and inhalation (z=-0.47, p\u0026le;0.05). No difference was found in other HRV parameters (Percentage of successive NN intervals that differ by more than 50 ms, (pNN50), Root mean square of successive N-N interval differences (rMSSD), Low-frequency power (LF), High-frequency power (HF), Low-frequency power/High-frequency power (LF/HF), average HR, max. HR and deceleration capacity (DC) (𝑝\u0026gt;0.05) (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Comparison of systolic and diastolic BP parameters according to the types of breath during maximal bench-press.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"613\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExhalation (n=12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreath-holding (n=12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInhalation (n=12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"13\" height=\"14\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"7\" height=\"14\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAVCAMAAABIbI/BAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOjo6OjpmOma2OpDbZrb/kDoAkLbbkNvbkNv/tmYAtpA6ttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm2////7Zm/9uQ///bXoMANgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAT0lEQVQYV2NgoBGQZGTiF2Jn5AIZL8nIKcwgzsgNZvIwMEjzskpAmQyCCKYoswimqDQvG1gbUJkYkwCYycHOyMIHMRdoGARgZUqxM0JVAAArkwOeCHlvTAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"8\" height=\"15\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAWCAMAAADD5o0oAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjqQOpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtpBmtrZmtv//25A627Zm2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bPezQtwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbUlEQVQoU41P2RZAIBC9I9mKbFHq/79Thbw55mmWuw3wt5ykVHz/ZGw1sdUrIhFhUzEChrrEsU0YpuqieyWg20dL8yX3sDVbs4emmxA2hs35EsScTB6Ak0MQvoJ5FfE6+gIqpj16Kl+9v+8m3AlC4AQ0du6X6gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank Avg.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"8\" height=\"15\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAWCAMAAADD5o0oAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjqQOpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtpBmtrZmtv//25A627Zm2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bPezQtwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbUlEQVQoU41P2RZAIBC9I9mKbFHq/79Thbw55mmWuw3wt5ykVHz/ZGw1sdUrIhFhUzEChrrEsU0YpuqieyWg20dL8yX3sDVbs4emmxA2hs35EsScTB6Ak0MQvoJ5FfE6+gIqpj16Kl+9v+8m3AlC4AQ0du6X6gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank Avg.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"8\" height=\"15\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAWCAMAAADD5o0oAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjqQOpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtpBmtrZmtv//25A627Zm2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bPezQtwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbUlEQVQoU41P2RZAIBC9I9mKbFHq/79Thbw55mmWuw3wt5ykVHz/ZGw1sdUrIhFhUzEChrrEsU0YpuqieyWg20dL8yX3sDVbs4emmxA2hs35EsScTB6Ak0MQvoJ5FfE6+gIqpj16Kl+9v+8m3AlC4AQ0du6X6gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank Avg.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-exercise SBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131.17 \u0026plusmn; 10.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.25 \u0026plusmn; 12.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.08 \u0026plusmn; 9.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBetween 3 \u0026amp; 4 sets SBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131.67 \u0026plusmn; 12.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.67 \u0026plusmn; 11.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124.92 \u0026plusmn; 9.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-exercise SBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.50 \u0026plusmn; 8.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.00 \u0026plusmn; 9.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124.50 \u0026plusmn; 7.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-exercise DBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.58 \u0026plusmn; 8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.25 \u0026plusmn; 10.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.42 \u0026plusmn; 8.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBetween 3 \u0026amp; 4 sets DBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.00 \u0026plusmn; 10.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.42 \u0026plusmn; 18.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.83 \u0026plusmn; 8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost-exercise DBP (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.33 \u0026plusmn; 10.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.67 \u0026plusmn; 6.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.58 \u0026plusmn; 12.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cimg width=\"6\" height=\"13\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAATCAMAAAB1AtffAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGBQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OmaQOma2OpCQOpDbZjoAZmZmZrbbZrb/kDoAkGY6kJC2kNv/tmYAtmY6tpBmttv/tv//25A62////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bsIMOzAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAUklEQVQYV2NgoDKQF2IUkONl5GFgEJcQ5RaWlmKWZGCQF+RiYJBhEmFgkOUAEmAxGVZpoDgb0HpRFkl5MYgyPnZGTgmgEFgZGICUQYAoEz+6WwEX1AQAGGSJlAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026le;0.05, \u003cimg width=\"12\" height=\"13\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e: Chi-Square Test,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: \u003cem\u003eDBP\u003c/em\u003e = Diastolic Blood Pressure;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;SBP =\u003c/em\u003e Systolic Blood Pressure.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFriedman test was applied to determine the effect of different breathing types on BP after maximal bench-press. As a result, no significant differences were detected in the systolic BP and diastolic BP parameters (p\u0026gt;0.05) (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 3. Comparison of training parameters and BORG scale parameters according to breathing types during maximal bench-press.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"609\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExhalation (n=12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreath-holding (n=12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInhalation (n=12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"8\" height=\"15\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAWCAMAAADD5o0oAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjqQOpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtpBmtrZmtv//25A627Zm2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bPezQtwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbUlEQVQoU41P2RZAIBC9I9mKbFHq/79Thbw55mmWuw3wt5ykVHz/ZGw1sdUrIhFhUzEChrrEsU0YpuqieyWg20dL8yX3sDVbs4emmxA2hs35EsScTB6Ak0MQvoJ5FfE6+gIqpj16Kl+9v+8m3AlC4AQ0du6X6gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank Avg.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"8\" height=\"15\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAWCAMAAADD5o0oAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjqQOpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtpBmtrZmtv//25A627Zm2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bPezQtwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbUlEQVQoU41P2RZAIBC9I9mKbFHq/79Thbw55mmWuw3wt5ykVHz/ZGw1sdUrIhFhUzEChrrEsU0YpuqieyWg20dL8yX3sDVbs4emmxA2hs35EsScTB6Ak0MQvoJ5FfE6+gIqpj16Kl+9v+8m3AlC4AQ0du6X6gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank Avg.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"8\" height=\"15\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAWCAMAAADD5o0oAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFdQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OjqQOpC2OpDbZgAAZjoAZrb/kDoAkNv/tmYAtpBmtrZmtv//25A627Zm2////7Zm/9uQ/9u2//+2///bPezQtwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAbUlEQVQoU41P2RZAIBC9I9mKbFHq/79Thbw55mmWuw3wt5ykVHz/ZGw1sdUrIhFhUzEChrrEsU0YpuqieyWg20dL8yX3sDVbs4emmxA2hs35EsScTB6Ak0MQvoJ5FfE6+gIqpj16Kl+9v+8m3AlC4AQ0du6X6gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRank Avg.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"13\" height=\"14\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"7\" height=\"14\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAVCAMAAABIbI/BAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFRQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADo6ADqQAGa2OgAAOjo6OjpmOma2OpDbZrb/kDoAkLbbkNvbkNv/tmYAtpA6ttv/tv//25A625Bm27Zm2////7Zm/9uQ///bXoMANgAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAT0lEQVQYV2NgoBGQZGTiF2Jn5AIZL8nIKcwgzsgNZvIwMEjzskpAmQyCCKYoswimqDQvG1gbUJkYkwCYycHOyMIHMRdoGARgZUqxM0JVAAArkwOeCHlvTAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSet (#)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.50\u0026plusmn;1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.83\u0026plusmn;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.75\u0026plusmn;4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolume (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2410.42\u0026plusmn;395.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2437.92\u0026plusmn;361.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2132.71\u0026plusmn;555.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRPE (#)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.83\u0026plusmn;9.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.75\u0026plusmn;13.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.42\u0026plusmn;10.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cimg width=\"7\" height=\"14\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAVCAMAAABIbI/BAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAFpQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OmaQOma2OpDbZgAAZjoAZrbbZrb/kDoAkJBmkNv/tmYAtmY6tv//25A625Bm27Zm27aQ2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///bFCJCUwAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAYUlEQVQYV7WNSRKAIAwEAwguiArugP//phPwC/YhNUn1VIh+4lmFptPIiejwUS2OgtrwaxcDhvSIobm/+Mw4ViEZNLLV2CNbZaDl6DIsUehGIR2nbKFWUstWoRYKQfT4wLxI6gPsxX1lZwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026le;0.05,\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e:\u0026nbsp;Chi-Square Test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: RPE = Rating of Perceived Exertion; SDNN = Standard deviation of N-N intervals;\u0026nbsp;Volume = total weight lifted in the exercise.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFriedman test was applied to determine the effect of different breathing types on performance (number of completed sets, volume and RPE scale) in maximal bench-press. According to the results, the participants\u0026apos; set [X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=13.86, p\u0026le;0.05], volume\u0026nbsp;[\u003cimg width=\"18\" height=\"19\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e=13.07, \u003cimg width=\"9\" height=\"19\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026le;0.05] and RPE scale [X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=13.68, p\u0026le;0.05] parameters showed significant differences according to their breathing types\u0026nbsp;(Tablo 3.).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDunn Bonferroni test was performed to determine which breathing type caused the difference. A statistically significant difference was detected between exhalation and inhalation (z=-2.45, p\u0026le;0.05) breathing types in the total number of sets that could be completed while lifting the weight in the maximal bench-press. It was also observed that there was a statistically significant difference between breath holding and inhalation (z=-2.68, p\u0026le;0.05) breathing types in the total number of sets that could be completed while lifting the weight on the maximal bench-press. However, no significant difference was found between the exercises performed by exhalation and inhalation in the total number of sets that could be completed while lifting the weight on the maximal bench-press (z=-1.34, p\u0026le;0.05) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our research, in the maximal bench-press, a significant difference was detected between exercises performed with exhalation and inhalation (z=-2.37, p\u0026le;0.05) while lifting the weight in the volume. A significant difference was also found between breath holding and inhalation exercises (z=-2.67, p\u0026le;0.05) while lifting the weight in the volume. But no significant difference was found between Maximal bench-press performed with exhalation and breath holding while lifting the weight in the volume (z=-1.07, p\u0026le;0.05) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was observed that there was a significant difference in the RPE values of the participants between the maximal bench-press performed with exhalation and breath holding (𝑧=-2.55, 𝑝\u0026le;0.05) while lifting the weight. Additionally, it was observed that there was a significant difference between the maximal bench-press performed by breath holding and inhalation (𝑧=-3.07, 𝑝\u0026le;0.05) while lifting the weight. No significant difference was found between the maximal bench-press performed by exhalation and inhalation while lifting the weight (𝑧=-0.40, 𝑝\u0026gt;0.05) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4. Correlation analysis among the HRV (SDNN), RPE and volume.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDNN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Exhalation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDNN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Breath-holding)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDNN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Inhalation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRPE\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Exhalation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRPE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Breath-holding)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRPE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Inhalation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(exhalation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Breath-holding)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDNN\u0026nbsp;(Breath-holding)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSDNN\u0026nbsp;(Inhalation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.622\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRPE\u0026nbsp;(Exhalation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRPE\u0026nbsp;(Breath-holding)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRPE\u0026nbsp;(Inhalation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.915\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.908\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolume\u0026nbsp;(Exhalation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.470\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolume\u0026nbsp;(Breath-holding)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.963\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolume\u0026nbsp;(Inhalation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.676\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.713\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.669\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cimg width=\"6\" height=\"13\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAATCAMAAAB1AtffAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGBQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OmaQOma2OpCQOpDbZjoAZmZmZrbbZrb/kDoAkGY6kJC2kNv/tmYAtmY6tpBmttv/tv//25A62////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bsIMOzAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAUklEQVQYV2NgoDKQF2IUkONl5GFgEJcQ5RaWlmKWZGCQF+RiYJBhEmFgkOUAEmAxGVZpoDgb0HpRFkl5MYgyPnZGTgmgEFgZGICUQYAoEz+6WwEX1AQAGGSJlAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026le;0.05, \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cimg width=\"6\" height=\"13\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAATCAMAAAB1AtffAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGBQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADpmADqQAGa2OgAAOgA6OmaQOma2OpCQOpDbZjoAZmZmZrbbZrb/kDoAkGY6kJC2kNv/tmYAtmY6tpBmttv/tv//25A62////7Zm/9uQ/9u2///bsIMOzAAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAUklEQVQYV2NgoDKQF2IUkONl5GFgEJcQ5RaWlmKWZGCQF+RiYJBhEmFgkOUAEmAxGVZpoDgb0HpRFkl5MYgyPnZGTgmgEFgZGICUQYAoEz+6WwEX1AQAGGSJlAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026le;0.01,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: RPE = Rating of Perceived Exertion; \u003cem\u003eSDNN\u003c/em\u003e = Standard deviation of N-N intervals; Volume = total weight lifted in the exercise.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA significant, above moderate and negative correlation (𝑟=-0.676, 𝑝\u0026le;0.05) was found between volume (inhalation) and SDNN (breath-holding) values while lifting weights during the bench-press. In addition, a significant, strong and negative correlation was observed between volume (inhalation) and SDNN (inhalation) values (𝑟=-0.713, 𝑝\u0026le;0.01) (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn our research, the effect of different breathing types on the cardiovascular system during the bench-press was examined. For this purpose, participants\u0026apos; HRV parameters, mean heart rate, HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e, DC and BP values were analyzed during the bench-press. When we examined the SDNN parameters, a statistically significant change was observed in different breath types [X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=6.00, p\u0026le;0.05].\u0026nbsp;When we examined which breathing types caused this difference, it was observed that there was a significant decrease between maximal bench-press exercises performed\u0026nbsp;by breath holding and inhalation\u0026nbsp;(z=-2.24, p\u0026le;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen similar studies in the literature were examined, it was seen that these values were lower in those who exercised than in those who did not exercise [9]. These 3 parameters are time period parameters and are related to R-R intervals. A decrease in these values may pose a risk to the development of cardiac diseases. If the SDNN value is above 50, it is defined as high normal. In other words, although the person\u0026apos;s autonomic nervous system function is good, the level of stress control is high. A decrease in this value may be a sign of deterioration of the autonomic nervous system. Decreased SDNN also reduces the ability to cope with physical and emotional stress and may indicate overall poor health [10]. In our research, a decrease was observed in SDNN, pNN50 and rMSSD values during the bench-press performed by inhalation while lifting the weight. This may be an indication that this type of breathing may be harmful to health. Morales et al [11]. stated in their study that there was a decrease in rMSDD values of judo athletes exposed to high training and stress. Holmes et al [12]. in their study with 10 participants; They compared the HRV parameters of exercises performed with 4 sets (low volume), 8 sets (medium volume) and 12 sets (high volume). As a result of their research, they found that there was a lesser decrease in the rMSSD value after low-volume exercise, and that the rMSSD value could return to the initial value only 30 minutes after exercise in medium and high-volume exercise.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to research by Gambassi et al [13]. decreases in rMSSD values at the end of high-volume resistance exercise and high-volume exercises similar to hypertrophy cause significant decreases in parasympathetic activity. Kingsley et al [14]. showed in their study that there were significant decreases in parasympathetic activity after acute upper body resistance exercises. Measures to stabilize rMSSD after resistance exercise may help improve HRV. These precautions\u003cs\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/s\u003emay be possible with good periodization of variables such as load intensity, RPE, set configuration, rest between sets, and exercise type [15]. In some studies, conducted with runners, rowers, and gymnasts, it is said that low HRV values affect performance negatively [16].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no statistically significant difference in the frequency domain parameters LF, HF, LF/HF between exercises performed with different breathing types (p\u0026gt;0.05). LF; Although it gives an idea about both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, it generally shows the effect of sympathetic activity. HF; It is mostly associated with parasympathetic activity. The LF/HF ratio is known as the \u0026quot;sympathetic-parasympathetic balance\u0026quot; value. It is known that heart rate increases during inhalation when it decreases during exhalation. When the averages of LF and HF values are examined in our research, it is seen that the average of the LF and HF is higher during the bench-press performed by holding the breath while lifting the weight. This value is also out of the normal value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome studies similar to our research include Cottin et al [17]. and Warren et al [18]. They argued that the validity of HRV as a measure of parasympathetic activity and sympathetic activity during exercise is uncertain. In order to reach an acceptable and valid result, exercise duration can be increased in studies, or HRV measurement can be continued for a while to examine post-exercise effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our research, no statistically significant difference was seen in the time period and frequency parameters, except for the SDNN parameter. This may also be due to the intensity of resistance exercise. Marasingha-Arachchige et al [19]. stated in their meta-analysis study that in order to get the significant results from the parameters in HRV measurements, the rest period may need to be 2 min. or less in resistance exercises consisting of 3 sets or 6 sets. He also states that continuing HRV measurements in 30 min. after training may be healthier in terms of the scope of the studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn their study, Songsorn et al [20]. examined HRV with exercises such as jumping and mountain climbing with 21 young adults, 11 of whom were in the experimental group and 10 of whom were in the control group, with low physical activity levels. The experimental group, which exercised three days a week for six weeks, showed significant increase in SDNN parameters and a decrease in rMSSD parameters compared to the control group. They found that there was no significant difference in the LF, HF and LF/HF parameters. An increase in SDNN parameters compared to our research may be due to the investigation of the chronic effects of the relevant research, rather than its acute effects. In another study, in which 21 physically healthy men performed 45 minutes of moderate intensity and 45 minutes of high intensity treadmill exercise, non-significant decreases in LF and HF values were observed as exercise intensity increased, parallel to our study [21].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen we examined the average and HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e parameters of our study, there was no statistical difference between these parameters in exhalation, breath holding and inhalation exercises while lifting weight during the bench-press (p\u0026gt;0.05). When we examine the average HR value, it is seen that the lowest HR is in the exercise performed by exhalation, and the highest HT is in the exercise performed by inhalation. A greater exhalation difference in heart rate may indicate greater activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, and this is associated with an increased ability to resist and continue. Neto et al [22]. in their research; similar to our research, in the resistance exercise study performed with 80% of 1 RM for heart rate, observed no statistically significant difference in the HR of the athletes after 10 minutes. In their study, Paz et al [23]. found a decrease in systolic BP with paralympic powerlifting athletes after 1 set of 5 repetitions with 95% of 1 RM and 3 sets of 5 repetitions with 90% of 1 RM, similar to our study. They also found insignificant increases in the HR\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e during exercise, and that the HR returned to the baseline level after exercise.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the blood pressure measurements, which we made before exercise, in the middle of exercise and at the end of exercise with different breathing types, no statistically significant difference was observed in systolic BP and diastolic BP (p\u0026gt;0.05). However, when we examined the averages, very low values were observed in the maximum resistance exercises performed by inhalation while lifting the weight at both systolic BP and diastolic BP, compared to other breathing types. In our previous statements, breathing can have a blood pressure-lowering effect. In their study, Bentes et al [24]. did not find any statistical difference in systolic and diastolic BP in resistance exercise performed with 80% and 60% of 1 RM and a two-minute rest interval between sets. The reason why there is no difference may be due to the rest intervals. In their study, Jo\u0026atilde;o et al [25]. found that although there were increases in systolic BP during the bench press, squat and deadlift exercises consisting of 2-5 repetitions with 95% of 1 RM, they have detected that there was no significant difference in diastolic BP during and after the exercises. In another study conducted with 30 participants, the participants performed bench press and squat exercises consisting of 10 repetitions. In the study where breath holding and controlled breathing techniques were applied, it was determined that there was no significant difference in BP and HR in terms of breathing types [26]. This finding may be parallel to our research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen we examined the DC of the heart, according to our research, there was no statistically significant difference during the bench-press performed in different breathing types while lifting weights (p\u0026gt;0.05). However, when we look at the averages, the DC value is higher during the bench-press performed by inhalation while lifting the weight. It may be due to the fact that the heart is strained as a result of maximal bench-press by inhalation and the recovery may be insufficient. Research on the heart\u0026apos;s slowing capacity is not yet widespread in the literature. In parallel with our research, in their study on climbers exposed to high altitude, it was determined that the DC value increased when the respiratory rate was high due to hypoxia [27].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our research, in order to examine the difference in the effect of different breathing types on the performance of the participants during the bench-press, the total set applied in the exercises and the total weight (volume) values they lifted were analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen we examined the number of sets, a statistically significant change was observed in different breath types [X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=13.86, p\u0026le;0.05]. When the type of breathing that caused the difference was examined, a statistically significant difference was detected between bench-pressing performed by exhalation and inhalation (\u003cimg width=\"8\" height=\"19\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAcCAMAAABifa5OAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEVQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADqQAGa2OgAAOma2OpDbZgAAZrb/kDoAkLbbkNv/tmYAtv//25A627Zm2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///b+JgH5QAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAUUlEQVQoU2NgGNRAmBECmHiBzuRj4gGRjBxAUoybC8xmhztfgJEVic0iBOMIMyLYImzM/DBxETawoWAgygmxAGSCGDcTyGhBRhApgGw/pSEFABLQAgmEFAc9AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"image\"\u003e=-2.45,\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg width=\"9\" height=\"19\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026le;0.05)\u0026nbsp;while lifting the weight, and between bench-press performed by holding the breath and inhalation\u0026nbsp;(\u003cimg width=\"8\" height=\"19\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAcCAMAAABifa5OAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAEVQTFRFAAAAAAAAAAA6AABmADqQAGa2OgAAOma2OpDbZgAAZrb/kDoAkLbbkNv/tmYAtv//25A627Zm2////7Zm/9uQ//+2///b+JgH5QAAAAF0Uk5TAEDm2GYAAAAJcEhZcwAAFiUAABYlAUlSJPAAAAAZdEVYdFNvZnR3YXJlAE1pY3Jvc29mdCBPZmZpY2V/7TVxAAAAUUlEQVQoU2NgGNRAmBECmHiBzuRj4gGRjBxAUoybC8xmhztfgJEVic0iBOMIMyLYImzM/DBxETawoWAgygmxAGSCGDcTyGhBRhApgGw/pSEFABLQAgmEFAc9AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"image\"\u003e=-2.68,\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg width=\"9\" height=\"19\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u0026le;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen examining the bench-press volume, a statistically significant change was observed in different breath types [X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=13.07, p\u0026le;0.05]. A statistically significant difference was observed between the bench-press performed by exhaling and breathing while lifting weights (z=-2.37, p\u0026le;0.05), and between the bench-press performed by holding the breath and breathing (z=-2.67, p\u0026le;0.05). When the averages were examined, the highest performance was seen in the bench-press performed by holding the breath while lifting the weight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen we look at the literature, in parallel with this research, in the load lifting research conducted by applying breathing control in parallel with the research, breath holding is done for the purpose of natural breathing control while lifting the load and the most consistent breathing pattern is breathing before lifting the weight [28]. In another study conducted by Hagins and Lamberg in different breathing type examinations, they found that if the load lifted was heavy, more breath holding occurred compared to light and moderate loads, and the type of breath depended on the load lifted and timing. In a study involving 100 weightlifters and 100 powerlifters; In research, where arm and shoulder strength at the forefront, it was stated that holding the breath is a strong factor in lifting the weight [29]. Another study conducted with powerlift athletes concluded that breath holding during the bench-press, squat and deadlift exercises increased intraabdominal pressure, and that athletes were able to lift approximately 2.5 kg heavier loads when they held their breath [30]. In research where different breathing techniques (Valsalva maneuver, exhalation, breath holding, inhalation) were applied in the bench-press (1 RM, 4 RM, 8 RM and 12 RM) exercise, it was determined that the performance in reverse breathing (inhalation) decreased in parallel with our study [31].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the RPE was examined, a statistically significant difference was observed in the different breathing types applied while lifting the weight [X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=13.68, p\u0026le;0.05]. A statistically significant difference was observed between the bench-press performed by exhalation and breath holding while lifting the weight (z=-2.55, p\u0026le;0.05) and between the bench-press performed by breath holding and inhalation (z=-3.07, p\u0026le;0.05). The type of breathing that predominantly reveals this difference may be seen as the breath holding exercise when looking at the averages. According to the RPE, in our study, it was easier for the participants to lift the weight by holding their breath. RPE may be very important for coaches and athletes in training program changes. All factors in exercise, such as rest period and number of repetitions, may affect RPE. This is true for both aerobic and anaerobic exercises Foster et al [32]. The use of this method involves participants expressing through verbal instructions how difficult the exercise is at that moment. Participants express their degree of difficulty quantitatively. The perceptual state of resistance exercise gives an idea of exercise intensity [33]. In our research, it can be said that the most important factor affecting the perceptual state is breathing type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter looking at all other analyzes of the study, the relationship (correlation) between SDNN, RPE and total volume, which showed significant differences, was examined. The most striking situation here was a significant, strong and negative relationship between the SDNN and the total volume of the exercise performed by inhalation while lifting the weight (r=-0.713, p\u0026le;0.01) during the bench-press. This may be associated with the participants not breathing properly while lifting the weight. This finding supports the results of the research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION ","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc123069004\"\u003eThe results suggest that inhalation during weight lifting and breath-holding, according to certain parameters, may have negative effects on the cardiovascular system. When performance outcomes were examined, inhalation while lifting weights may have had adverse effects on performance, exhalation and breath-holding showed no significant differences, and only the RPE for breath-holding was significantly reduced.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent breathing strategies during the bench-press may be associated with changes in several cardiovascular and performance variables, with SDNN and rMSSD in particular reflecting parasympathetic regulation across all cardiac cycles. LF and HF frequency also give an idea about parasympathetic modulation [34]. In our research, significant decrease in HRV parameters were observed on bench-press performed by inhalation while lifting weights. A decrease in HRV indicates a decrease in parasympathetic activity [35]. In this case, sympathetic activity also increases [36]. Sympathetic activity; It activates catabolic activities that may cause the consumption of energy produced in the body. Parasympathetic activity also activates anabolic activities that cause energy production and storage in the body. Based on our research, it can be said that the exercise performed by inhalation while lifting weights may create a catabolic effect and excessive stress on the body. Additionally, when exposed to stress, sympathetic activity becomes dominant (shortening of R-R intervals), which may cause an increase in BP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study, statistically non-significant decreases in systolic and diastolic BP were observed due to the decrease in parasympathetic activity. When different types of breathing were examined in terms of performance, our research showed that inhalation while lifting weights in maximal resistance exercises affected the performance negatively. How to breathe during exercise, especially when lifting weights, has been a matter of debate. According to Baechle and Earle;\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ethe best method is to exhale at the hardest point felt and inhale at the easiest point. Strength training has a controlled breath hold feature. During the breath holding period, tissues use available oxygen and release CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. As a result, the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood increases and the amount of oxygen decreases. Once the respiratory stimulants are aroused, the individual cannot hold his breath any longer [37]. In other words, it can be said that breath holding during exercise should be controlled and may be sufficient.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the research, when we look at the effect of different breathing types on performance (volume and set), it has been determined that volume and set may decrease in exercises performed by inhalation while lifting weights. When the volume and set are examined, although there is no significant difference in the exercises performed by Exhaling and Holding the Breath while lifting the weight; It can be said that the volume and set in the exercise (bench-press) performed by breath holding may be better. It is stated in the literature that breath holding does not make a big difference in performance compared to exhalation. It is observed that athletes use breath holding from time to time only during heavy loads, and in general, athletes determine their breathing types according to the conditions they are in and the load they lift [38]. The wrong type of breathing can also reduce performance as it prevents oxygen from being transported well to the muscles. Although it is thought that breath holding may increases performance, it is quite dangerous for organs and tissues because it increases internal pressure. To give an example of the most effective breathing type: During the bench press, inhale while lowering the weight towards the chest and exhale until the elbows straighten while pushing [39].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our research, it can be stated that the exercise performed by inhalation while lifting the weight is more difficult for the participants and causes stress, according to the RPE. Insufficient breathing during high-intensity exercises may cause respiratory difficulties and excessive stress. Therefore, inhalation while lifting weights during exercise may not be the most effective breathing strategy, and participants\u0026rsquo; perceived exertion levels may be associated with their performance. Many studies show that low HRV is also associated with emotional dysregulation [40].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was determined that exercises performed by inhalation while lifting weights may cause decreases in the cardiovascular system and performance parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePractical Applications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study suggest that breath-holding during resistance exercise may not provide a significant advantage in terms of performance compared to exhalation and may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects due to increased intrathoracic pressure. Exhalation during the lifting phase appears to be a safer breathing strategy, as it does not substantially compromise performance and may minimize cardiovascular strain. Therefore, exhalation should be encouraged during strength training, and athletes may need to be informed that inappropriate breathing patterns during lifting could reduce performance and negatively impact cardiac function.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the \u003cstrong\u003eBalıkesir University\u003c/strong\u003e Ethics Committee (Approval Date: \u003cstrong\u003eMarch 8, 2022; Approval No: 2022/30\u003c/strong\u003e). All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsmail Emre DENIZ conceived and designed the study, collected and analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIbrahim ERDEMIR designed the study, supervised the project, contributed to study design, and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank all participants for their valuable contribution to this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKraemer WJ, Ratames NA. 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The physiology of willpower: Linking blood glucose to self-contro. \u003cem\u003ePers Soc Psychol Rev \u003c/em\u003e2007;11:(4):303-327. doi:10.1177/1088868307303030\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Heart rate variability, Blood pressure, Inhalation, Exhalation, Breath holding","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7356470/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7356470/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this research is to assess the performance and cardiovascular impacts of various breathing techniques during maximal resistance exercises, and to identify the optimal breathing method during exercise.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwelve participants, with an average age of 27.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.38 years, underwent Bench-press testing using various breathing methods over three weeks. The participants' heart rate was monitored via a holter monitor, and blood pressure was measured before, after the third set, and post-exercise. Statistical analyses, including the Friedman test, Dunn Bonferroni test, and Spearman correlation test, were conducted to evaluate the significance of differences between respiratory types and relationships between variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferent breathing types in maximal resistance exercises have a statistically significant effect on Standard deviation of N-N intervals (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.00, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05), one of the cardiovascular system parameters; It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference in Percentage of successive NN intervals that differ by more than 50ms, Root mean square of successive N-N interval differences, Low-frequency power, High-frequency power, High-frequency power/Low-frequency power, heart rate, heart rate deceleration capacity and blood pressure parameters (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was determined that it affected the performance (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.86, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and set (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.07, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) parameters at a statistically significant level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eInhalation during lifting in maximal resistance exercises negatively impacted performance and cardiovascular parameters.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of Breathing Strategies on Maximal Strength Output and Hemodynamic Parameters During Bench Press Exercise","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-06 04:21:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7356470/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-06T08:53:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-03T16:45:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T20:07:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"140270066356529339488967952855027554968","date":"2025-09-24T07:24:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"227098478304333883801692118995463859441","date":"2025-09-23T21:27:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-22T16:19:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-05T11:36:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-18T09:11:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-17T09:33:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","date":"2025-08-17T09:30:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"16e0ad77-fd23-43c6-a36c-c3932ce47122","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-15T16:11:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7356470","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01460-4","journal":{"identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-10 15:58:48","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 10th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-06 04:21:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01460-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01460-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7356470","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7356470","identity":"rs-7356470","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}