Development and validation of a person-centered antenatal care scale for low- and middle-income countries

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Afulani, Hawa Malechi, Daniel Enos Sekwo, Jaffer Okiring, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5597466/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Person-centered antenatal care (PCANC)—antenatal care that is respectful and responsive to people’s needs, values, and preferences—is essential to achieving optimal pregnancy outcomes. Yet, no validated tools exist to comprehensively measure PCANC in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aim to develop and validate a tool to comprehensively measure PCANC relevant to women’s experiences in LMICs. Methods We followed standard procedures for scale development. This included a literature review to adapt items from a prior scale developed in the United States and to generate new items relevant to LMICs; expert reviews with maternal health experts, health care providers, and women with lived experiences (currently pregnant or previously pregnant) to assess content validity; and cognitive interviews and pretesting with pregnant and postpartum women to evaluate clarity, appropriateness, and relevance of the questions. Questions were iteratively revised at each stage and administered in a survey to 300 pregnant (third trimester) and 300 postpartum women (who gave birth within six months of the interview) in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Following data analysis from the first survey, the questions were revised and administered to 2000 postpartum women in Ghana and Kenya (1000 per country). The survey data were used in psychometric analysis to assess construct and criterion validity, and internal consistency reliability. Results Iterative exploratory factor analysis was used to reduce the number of items from over 60 to 36. The 36 items load onto one dominant factor, with three factors having eigenvalues greater than one. Items are grouped into three conceptual domains representing subscales for “dignity and respect,” “communication and autonomy,” and “responsive and supportive care.” The Cronbach’s alpha for the full scale is 0.90, and the subscales are each > 0.7. The summative PCANC scores correlate with global measures of antenatal care quality, satisfaction, and future care location, suggesting good criterion validity. Conclusions The PCANC scale has high validity and reliability in the sample of prenatal and postpartum women in Ghana and Kenya. This scale will facilitate efforts to measure and improve respectful and responsive antenatal care in LMICs. prenatal/antenatal care person-centered care experience of care quality of care respectful maternity care patient-reported experience measure LMIC Ghana Kenya Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background High-quality antenatal care (ANC) is critical for preventing, identifying, and managing pregnancy complications to ensure the health of mothers and their babies[1]. The proportion of women receiving ANC has increased globally, including in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with over 80% of women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) having at least one ANC contact during their pregnancy[2]. Although current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend eight antenatal contacts[1], less than two-thirds of women in SSA achieve the previously recommended four visits [2]. Additionally, significant gaps in quality persist, both in service provision and experience of ANC, which contributes further to the low coverage[3–5]. Person-centered care during the pregnancy and childbirth continuum is critical to maternal health from both a quality of care and human rights perspective[6, 7]. We define person-centered antenatal care (PCANC) as ANC that is respectful, compassionate, and responsive to the needs, preferences, and values of pregnant women and gender-diverse people (women used subsequently for brevity), adapted from the definition of person-centered care by the Institute of Medicine[8]. PCANC has both direct and indirect effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes through its effect on patient care, engagement, and health-seeking behavior, including skilled attendance at birth[9, 10]. The WHO recommendations for ANC highlight the importance of a positive experience[1]. Operationalizing these recommendations requires measuring women’s experiences to identify gaps and inform interventions. However, efforts to measure women’s ANC experiences have lagged, with most efforts focused on childbirth[11]. Studies on ANC have primarily focused on frequency and timing[12–17]. Among the few that address quality of care, most focus on the content of ANC service provision, with relatively fewer on the person-centeredness of care [4, 5, 18–22]. This is due to the lack of validated measures for PCANC. A recent scoping review of measures that align with the WHO recommendations for ANC found that existing measures prioritize clinical content of ANC—with measures for women’s experiences of care notably lacking[23]. The few studies that include some measures of ANC experience have, however, highlighted gaps in PCANC. For example, a study in Kenya found that about one-third of women did not often understand the purposes of tests and medicines received and did not feel able to ask questions to the healthcare provider, only half reported being consistently asked if they had any questions, and about a third reported that they could never discuss issues in private[4]. While studies in LMICs have measured various aspects of PCANC, there is still no validated PCANC scale for LMICs. Similar to ANC, there were few validated quantitative measures of person-centered care during childbirth until recently[24–26]. However, increased interest in women’s experiences during childbirth led to the development of several quantitative tools for this in the last decade[27]. Among the comprehensive validated tools for measuring women’s experiences during childbirth is the Person-centered maternity care (PCMC) scale, initially developed and validated in Kenya and India[26, 28–30]. The PCMC scale, which has domains for communication and autonomy, dignity and respect, and supportive care, has had widespread uptake, with subsequent validation and use in many countries in Africa, Asia, and America[31–36]. The scale has enabled us to extend research on predictors and consequences of PCMC [37–39] and has been used to evaluate interventions to improve PCMC[40, 41]. Furthermore, the PCMC scale informed the development of person-centered family planning and abortion scales[42–44], and notably, a person-centered prenatal (antenatal) care scale, focusing on the experiences of people of color in the United States (the PCPC-US scale)[45]. The PCPC-US scale, which has 34 items with three domains for communication and autonomy, dignity and respect, and responsive and supportive care, was developed in the United States (US) based on standard procedures for scale development but with a focus on the experiences of Black women and other people of color in the US. The psychometric analysis in studies shows that the scale has high validity and reliability in a sample of predominantly Black women [45] and predominantly Latina women in the US [46]. The PCPC-US has, however, not been validated in an LMIC. We seek to address this gap. Our aim in this study is to adapt the PCPC-US scale to make it relevant to LMIC contexts, with an initial validation in Ghana and Kenya. We refer to this scale for LMICs as a PCANC scale (as against PCPC) because the term ‘antenatal care’ is more commonly understood in LMICs than ‘prenatal care,’ although both refer to the same service during pregnancy. Methods We followed standard procedures for scale development as was used in the development of the PCMC and PCPC-US scales to ensure both conceptual and psychometric adequacy[47, 48]. Setting The initial adaptation and validation activities took place in Ghana in the Upper East Region (UER). The final confirmation sample is the baseline data for an ongoing trial in northern Ghana’s Upper East and North East Regions and Migori and Homa Bay Counties in western Kenya. These sites have all been previously described[49, 50]. The Upper East and North East Regions are neighboring regions located in the northeastern corner of Ghana, both sharing borders with Togo to the east. The Upper East Region shares boundaries with Burkina Faso to the north and the North East Region to the south. The Upper East region is divided into 15 districts, with 11 district hospitals, 67 health centers, about 419 Community-Based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) compounds, and one regional hospital that serves as a referral center for the district hospitals[51, 52]. The North East is divided into six districts, with five district hospitals, 21 health centers, and 154 CHPS compounds [53]. Migori and Homabay are also neighboring counties along Lake Victoria in western Kenya. They each have eight sub-counties, each with a sub-county hospital and one county referral hospital. There are about 155 and 263 health facilities in Migori and Homa Bay, respectively, including county and sub-county hospitals, health centers, and faith-based and private health facilities[54]. Procedures to ensure conceptual adequacy The first step was a literature review on women’s experiences during ANC in LMICs to update the items in the PCPC-US scale. Although the PCPC-US scale was developed following a comprehensive literature review to define the construct and domains, the focus for the items was on the experiences of people of color in the US. Thus, we reviewed the literature on women’s experiences during ANC in LMICs to identify issues that are most important during ANC to pregnant people in LMICs. This included reviewing the systematic review of what matters to women during ANC, the WHO guidelines on ANC for a positive pregnancy experience, and previous publications on PCANC[1, 55, 4]. Following the literature review, we assessed the PCPC-US scale to identify which items may apply to ANC in LMICs. We included additional relevant items not already captured based on the literature review. The next phase involved expert reviews to assess content validity by asking experts to judge the comprehensiveness of items for measuring a construct and their relevance to the target population[56, 57]. Experts were purposively recruited to include maternal health experts, healthcare workers, and women with lived experiences with pregnancy (currently pregnant or had previously been pregnant). Eleven external experts—three researchers based in Ghana, three healthcare providers, three pregnant women, and two women who had recently given birth (recruited from health facilities in the Upper East region of Ghana)—in addition to the research team (four maternal health researchers, two of whom have clinical experience), participated in the expert reviews. This number exceeded the recommended sample size of at least six expert reviewers[58]. Each reviewer was first sent the initial list of questions to review individually. For each question, they were asked to think about its relevance to measuring PCANC in general (as defined for them) and to the ANC experiences of pregnant women in Ghana to rank it on a scale of 0 to 3 (“0” not relevant, “1” somewhat relevant, “2” quite relevant, and “3 highly relevant”). Experts were also asked to assess the comprehensiveness of the items for measuring PCANC on a scale of 0 to 3 (0. Not comprehensive; 1. Slightly comprehensive; 2. Comprehensive; 3. Very comprehensive) and whether all relevant aspects of PCANC were covered by these items on a scale of 0 to 3 (0. No; 1. Yes, somewhat; 2. Yes, definitely). In addition, they were asked to make recommendations on what to add, remove, or change. Following the individual reviews, experts were brought together as a group for further discussion and consensus-building in July 2022. This meeting was conducted in person at NHRC and lasted about four hours. We revised the item list based on the expert reviews. Then, we conducted cognitive interviews with potential respondents to assess their understanding of the questions, evaluate problems with the wording of questions, and determine whether they were relevant and context-appropriate[59]. Trained research assistants recruited participants who had recently received ANC (pregnant or within 6 months of giving birth) from health facilities and conducted one-on-one interviews with them using the revised questions. Interviews were conducted at a convenient time and location for the participants in English and two local languages (Gurune and Kasem) following a training that included appropriate translations for the questions. Participants were told that their help was needed to develop the tool and that they should be comfortable recommending changes to how the questions were asked. They were then asked to respond to each question, followed by probes to understand why they answered the way they did, concerns with the wording of the questions, the relevance of the questions to their care experience, and any suggestions they had for improving the questions. We used probes instead of “thinking out loud” because these have worked better in previous cognitive interviews in similar settings. Interviews were recorded, and research assistants were engaged to debrief and make needed changes after six interviews (two in each language). Six additional interviews were conducted, during which only minor changes were suggested. Twelve cognitive interviews were conducted in total in October 2022, meeting the recommended sample size of at least 10 for cognitive interviews[60, 61]. Following revisions from the cognitive interviews, the scale items were integrated with a questionnaire including demographic and other questions, and the full questionnaire was pretested to identify any final issues with the scale items and the full questionnaire. We first pretested the revised tool with 12 pregnant and postpartum women, made relevant changes, and then pretested with another 12 women, which meets the recommended sample size of 15 to 30 for pretesting[62]. No significant changes were identified during the second set of pretests. Survey The final questionnaire was administered in a cross-sectional survey to obtain quantitative data to assess the psychometric adequacy of the scale. Eligible participants were women in the third trimester of pregnancy or who had given birth within the last six months and who received ANC during their pregnancy. The surveys were conducted with 600 women (300 prenatal and 300 postpartum) in August and September 2023. Sample size estimation was based on the rule of thumb of about 5–10 subjects per item on the scale, with 300–500 considered good and 500 and above considered very good, regardless of the number of items[47, 63]. Following an analysis of data from this first survey, the questions were revised and administered as part of the baseline surveys in the Caring for Providers to Improve Patient Experience (CPIPE) trial [50] to 2000 postpartum women in Ghana and Kenya (1000 per country and ~ 500 per region or county) between March and October 2024. Eligible participants were postpartum women who had given birth within the 12 weeks preceding the survey in the 40 study facilities. For both surveys, trained research assistants recruited and interviewed women in study facilities and surrounding communities. Using the delivery registers from the study facilities, the research assistants identified eligible women and contacted them for interviews. Additionally, women who had just delivered and were still in the facility or those who were attending postnatal care (PNC) appointments were recruited. Participants were told about the study, and those who consented to participate were invited to participate in one-on-one interviews at a time and location that was convenient to them. We used a convenient sampling approach where all eligible women identified were interviewed until the required sample size was achieved. The surveys were programmed into REDCap, and data was entered using a tablet. All research participants at each stage provided written informed consent and received a small token of appreciation (two cakes of soap in Ghana and Ksh 400 (~ $ 3) in Kenya). Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and the Navrongo Health Research Center (NHRC) for the validation study and from UCSF, NHRC, and the Kenya Medical Research Institute for the CPIPE trial. Psychometric analysis We assessed the scale’s construct and criterion validity and internal consistency reliability[47, 64]. We used inter-item correlations and factor analysis for item reduction and to assess construct validity—the degree to which the items represent the underlying conceptual structure. We first examined distributions of the items to note items with very low or high occurrences and to recode as needed. Negatively worded items were recoded to ensure higher numbers represent more person-centered care. Further, as in prior analyses, to ensure that all response options ranged from 0 to 3 for scoring, we took the conservative approach that assumes a positive, but not perfect, for not applicable responses. All items that had a "not applicable" or another fourth response were thus recoded to the upper middle category (2: most of the time, for positively worded items and 1: a few times, for negatively worded items)[45]. Next, we examined the correlations between individual items to identify items with very low and high correlations and the average inter-item correlation, aiming for an ideal average inter-item correlation between 0.20 and 0.40[65]. We then conducted iterative exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with the initial Ghana sample, using principal factoring with oblique rotations, which allow for correlation between the rotated factors, given that person-centered care domains are theoretically related[66]. We used the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy to assess the suitability of the variables for factor analysis, aiming for values between 0.8 and 1; Kaiser’s rule of retaining only factors with eigenvalues exceeding one and the “break” in the scree plot to determine the number of factors; and factor loadings and uniqueness to assess the performance of individual items, using a cut-off of 9.0 for high uniqueness to mark items for potential removal (unless there was a strong conceptual rationale for their inclusion)[48, 66, 67]. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, aiming for values ≥ 0.7[47, 64]. Following exploratory factor analysis, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using the CPIPE baseline surveys in Kenya and Ghana to assess if the three-factor structure could be uniformly applied across settings. In model building, we allowed error terms to correlate between items within the same proposed domain and used modification indices to systematically include the covariances of the errors. We assessed the goodness-of-fit of the full and reduced scales and subscales by estimating the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), p of close fit (pclose), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and the Standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) [68–70]. The responses for the final set of items are added to create summative scores, with scores standardized by dividing the mean score by the maximum possible scores (e.g., for a 36-item scale, the maximum score is 108 [36*3] and multiplying by 100). This creates a standardized score ranging from 0-100, where 0 is the worst and 100 is the best. Since there is no gold standard measure of PCANC, we assessed criterion validity—whether the measure is related to other measures in theoretically predictable ways—by examining how scores on the scale are associated with satisfaction and perceived quality of ANC and intent to use the same ANC facility in the future using cross-tabulations and linear regression. We assessed the criterion validity of the short scale by examining its correlation with the full scale and these measures. Results Conceptual adequacy During the Initial review of the items by the study team, we retained all 34 items from the PCPC-US scale on assessment of face validity—at face value, they all appeared relevant to the experiences of women everywhere. We also added nine items we identified as relevant to ANC in LMICs from the literature, bringing the total number of items to 46. These 46 items were then sent out for expert reviews. During the expert review meeting, all items were deemed relevant and recommended to be maintained except for three questions. For the question, “Did providers knock on your room's door and wait for a response before entering,” It was agreed by all that it was not relevant because in the setting, the provider is usually seated in the consulting room, and the patient walks in. This question was thus excluded at this stage. Several people also suggested removing the items on “ preferred clinic” and “preferred provider” because they were generally not feasible in the setting and thus not considered highly relevant. However, a few recommended that they should be maintained. These two items were, therefore, marked for potential deletion later depending on their performance in subsequent phases. All respondents rated the tool as comprehensive or very comprehensive, which, together with the individual item ratings, indicated high content validity. There were, however, various suggestions to reword some questions and recommendations to include questions on physical and financial accessibility of services and counseling on specific issues. This increased the number of items to over 60, although some questions recommended for inclusion were not framed in a way that could facilitate scoring as part of a scale (e.g., questions on how much it costs to pay for services). During cognitive interviews, most participants rated all items as important, with recommendations made to improve the wording of some items and to reorder some questions for better flow in the first round of interviews. No substantive changes were recommended during the second set of cognitive interviews. At the end of cognitive interviews, there were 68 questions, including 47 questions related to the three conceptual domains from the PCPC-US scale: four questions on wait time for various services, six questions on communication regarding specific ANC services, seven questions on counseling on specific issues, and four questions on perceived physical and financial accessibility. These items were all included in the questionnaire for pretesting and administered in the survey. Psychometric adequacy Initial validation sample The analytic sample for the initial psychometric analysis using data from only Ghana was 595 because of incomplete data from five respondents. The demographics of respondents in the analytic sample are shown in Table 1. The average age was 27 years, with 83% between 20 and 34 years old. Most respondents were married or partnered (93%) and had one to three children (73%). Most had less than a college education (86%) and earned or received less than 300 GHS (<$30 at the time) (76%) a month. Distributions of other variables are shown in Table 1. ====Table 1: Sample distribution for Initial sample==== Distributions for individual PCANC items for the initial sample are shown in Appendix 1. In general, most questions had responses across the four response options. However, most of the negatively worded items (neglect, verbal abuse, discrimination, physical abuse, bribe) had a very low frequency of occurrence, with 94% or more responding “no never” to a negative occurrence. A few questions were also not applicable (NA) to all respondents, with > 30% NA for wait time to retrieve folder and family treated with respect and >15% NA on wait time for drugs and labs, support when needed help, support to deal with emotional wellbeing, and preferred ANC provider and clinic. The correlations between the full set of items varied widely from negative to 0.8. Of note was that the wait time and negatively worded variables negatively correlated with most other items. The KMO values ranged from 0.6 to 0.9, with an overall KMO of 85, indicating suitability for factor analysis. Initial exploratory factor analysis with all 68 items yielded nine factors with eigenvalues of >1, accounting for 81% of the cumulative variance, although the scree plot suggested 3-4 factors. Most items from the original PCPC-US scale loaded on the first two factors, and the items on financial and physical accessibility and counseling and communication on specific tests and procedures loaded on the other factors. Therefore, most of these items were removed at this point as the analysis confirmed they were conceptually different from the rest of the items. The six questions about specific examinations and tests were recoded to combine into two variables after being told the results. All the perceived wait time questions also loaded poorly with the rest of the items. However, because of the importance of timeliness to responsiveness, we decided to retain the item on wait time to see the clinical provider and wait time for getting labs done and medications from the pharmacy (because the team thought these were important sources of delay in the facility). We dropped the question on wait time for folders (following clarifications that while some facilities keep folders, in many cases, the antenatal record that mothers keep is used; hence, mothers do not wait for their folders, explaining the high proportion of NA on that question). The two variables on wait time for labs and drugs were, however, recoded to one item on wait time to get labs or drugs because of the large proportion of NA responses for each. We also decided to combine the questions on whether they were asked about their emotional and mental wellbeing because they were interpreted similarly, had similar distributions, and were strongly correlated (r=0.76). Other items from the initial PCPC-US scale loaded poorly were retained at this stage, yielding 50 items for subsequent analysis. EFA of the 50 items yielded five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, accounting for 78% of the cumulative variance. However, most items were loaded on three factors, and the scree plot supported a single dominant factor. Most items had a loading of >0.3 on one of the three factors and on the single factor when constrained to this factor structure (appendix 2). The negatively worded items (discrimination, physical abuse, bribe, and neglect), which had low frequencies in the sample, as noted above, continued to load poorly (0.95), so they were dropped at this stage. In iterative EFAs, more items were dropped based on different rationales to produce a shorter scale. This included removing items based on expert reviews because of low relevance (preferred clinic and provider) and those that had loadings of 0.90 (pressured). Further, for items that were strongly correlated or captured a similar concept, only one was retained, with the one that was conceptually broader or had more favorable loading and uniqueness maintained (e.g., for “explained medicines” and “understood medicines,” we kept “explained medicines;” for “explained examinations and procedures” and “understood examinations and procedures”; we kept “explained examinations and procedures”; for asked “if they had questions “and “encouraged to ask questions,” we kept “encouraged to ask questions”; for “could ask any questions” and “held back from asking questions,” we kept “could ask any question”; for “language they could understand” and “language level they could understand,” we kept “language level they could understand”; and for “showed they cared” and “best care” we kept “best care”). “Family respected” was also removed because of the high NA responses (47%), as most respondents did not have a family with them. Some items with moderate loading (2: privacy, verbal abuse, cleanliness, enough staff, time with the provider, asking about their birth plan, asked physical wellbeing) were, however, retained in this phase to assess potential removal in subsequent phases. The wait time items were also retained despite poor loading because of the conceptual relevance of timeliness. This yielded 36 items. ====Table 2: EFA results for 36 items ==== Fig 1 Factor analysis of the 36 items (Table 2) yields factors with eigenvalues of >1, accounting for 81% of the cumulative variance, but with one dominant factor (Figure 1) with an eigenvalue of 7.5, accounting for 61% of the cumulative variance. All items have loadings ≥3 on the three factors except for the two wait time variables with loadings less than two and six items with loadings between 2 and 3 (privacy, verbal abuse, language level, time with provider, cleanliness, and enough staff). The uniqueness for most items was <0.9 except for five of these items, with a uniqueness of 0.95 for the wait time variables on the three-factor structure (Table 3). When the analysis was restricted to the single factor structure, all items had loadings of >0.3 except 10 items (the two wait time variables have loadings less than two; and eight items—privacy, verbal abuse, time with provider, cleanliness, enough, birth plan, told exams, told results—have loadings between 2 and 3). The best fit in this sample was thus 28 items for a multidimensional scale and 26 for a unidimensional scale. Sequential exclusion of all 10 items with low loading in the 3 or single-factor structure did not significantly change the Cronbach’s alpha, and all versions had correlations >0.96. Thus, we proceeded with the 36 items for testing in subsequent samples. As in prior validation studies, because the loading of the items does not group into clean conceptual categories, we created sub-scales based on conceptual groupings adapted from the World Health Organization's experience of care domains [71]. This gives three subscales for “dignity and respect,” “communication and autonomy,” and “responsive and supportive care.” Factor analysis of items in each subscale yielded a single factor, with all items loading at >0.4 on the single factor and with uniqueness 0.7 (Table 3). This does not change with the exclusion of the wait time and time with provider items. The average interitem correlation is 0.18 for the full 36-item scale and 0.27, 0.20, and 0.15 for the “dignity and respect,” “communication and autonomy,” and “responsive and supportive care” sub-scales, respectively. These increased to 0.20 and 0.22 for the full scale and “responsive and supportive care” subscale, respectively, when the wait time and time with provider variables are excluded (i.e., 33-item scale). ===Table 4: Criterion validity results === The average standardized score for the 36-item PCANC scale is 77.6 out of 100, with scores of 86.4, 73.5, and 76.8. respectively for the “dignity and respect,” “communication and autonomy,” and “responsive and supportive care” sub-scales for the Ghana test sample (Table 4). Cross-tabulating and regressing the full scale on patients’ ratings of satisfaction with ANC services, general perceived quality of ANC, and whether they would receive ANC in the same facility if they were to be pregnant again showed increasing PCANC scores with higher ratings of satisfaction, perceived quality of care, and intent to receive ANC in the same facility (Table 4) Confirmation sample: Among the CPIPE baseline participants, 1,992 received ANC, with incomplete PCANC data from four additional respondents, which yielded an analytic sample of 1,988 for the confirmation sample. The demographics for the validation sample are shown in Table 5 by country. The average age was 26.9 (SD=5.8) and 25.4 (SD=5.6) years for Ghana and Kenya respectively. Most respondents were married or partnered (91.5% and 79.8% for Ghana and Kenya, respectively) and had 1 to 2 children (55.4% and 51.7% for Ghana and Kenya, respectively). Only about 10% of respondents had a college education (9.5 and 11% for Ghana and Kenya, respectively), and most earned or received <$100 a month (1000 or less GHS for 61.3% in Ghana and 10000 or less KES for 68.7% in Kenya). ===Table 5: Sample distribution of confirmation sample === Forty-six PCANC questions were included in the CPIPE trial baseline surveys, including the 36 items from the psychometric analysis, nine other items that the team thought were important to reassess in a new sample, and a new question on the accessibility of washrooms because some respondents noted there was no washroom in the facility in response to the question on cleanliness in the previous survey. The distribution of these items in this sample is shown in Appendix 3. An initial exploratory factor analysis with this sample confirmed that the nine items included that performed poorly in the initial Ghana sample continued to perform poorly in the validation sample (appendix 4), so these were finally dropped. In addition, the item on time with a provider continued to perform poorly in this sample, with a uniqueness of 1 on the single-factor structure. So, this was also dropped at this point. The two wait time questions, however, loaded adequately with the three-factor structure, although they were the only two items loading on the third factor and loaded poorly in the single-factor structure. The new question on the accessibility of washrooms also performed well. A decision was thus made to retain these three items, which maintained a 36-item scale. Fig 2 The average KMO for the 36 items is 0.94 (range of 0.56 to 0.97), with three factors >1, which accounts for 87% of the cumulative variance, and one dominant factor (Figure 2), accounting for 66% of the cumulative variance. All 36 remaining items were loaded at >0.3 on the three factors except for verbal abuse and auditory privacy, which had loadings between 2 and 3 (appendix 6) but were maintained because of their strong conceptual relevance. As in the test sample studies, we created the sub-scales based on conceptual groupings for “dignity and respect,” “communication and autonomy,” and “responsive and supportive care.” Factor analysis of items in each subscale yielded a single factor, with all items loading at >0.4 on the single factor and with uniqueness <0.8, except for verbal abuse, language, and the time variables (appendix 5). Given the very poor loading of the two wait time variables, we also tested a 34-item scale that excludes those two variables. Further, to provide a smaller subset of items for instances where all 36 items might not be feasible to administer, we used an iterative approach where all items with factor loading <.3 were dropped, and additional items dropped based on our assessment of the strength of their relevance and similarity to other retained items, leading to a 20-item short scale (items shown in table 6). ===Table 6: CFA of final 36 items in confirmation sample=== These 36-item and 20-item scales with the three sub-scales were then evaluated in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for the combined sample and each country. The standardized factor loadings from the CFA for the observed items mainly ranged from 0.08 to 0.76, with only one item (wait time for labs or drugs) having a negative factor loading. All factor loadings significantly differed from 0, suggesting that most observed items positively correlated with the latent variables (Table 6). The model in Ghana alone had factor loadings that ranged from -0.84 to 0.84, and in Kenya, the factor loadings ranged from 0.08 to 0.71, with all the factor loadings significantly different from 0. The Goodness-of-Fit Indicators of the three-factor confirmatory model indicated the best-fitted model was the model with covariances of the error terms of 10 or more for the two countries combined indicated by RMSEA0.05, CFI and TLI>.9, and SRMR <0.05 (Table 7 and Appendix 6). ====Table 7: Goodness-of-Fit Indicators of the Three-Factor Confirmatory Model ==== The full 36-item scale has Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92, increasing to 0.93 when the two wait time variables are dropped, and that of the 20-item scale is 0.89. All subscales have Cronbach’s alphas >0.75 (Table 8). The average standardized score for the 36-item PCANC scale for the validation sample is 71.5 out of 100, with a similar score of 71.1 for the 34-item version and 70.6 for the 20-item version. The scores for the “dignity and respect,” “communication and autonomy,” and “responsive and supportive care” sub-scales are 81.2, 65.3, and 72.8, respectively, for the full sample, and that by country is shown in Table 8. ===Table 8: Scale Properties for confirmation sample=== Cross-tabulating and regressing the full scale on patients’ ratings of satisfaction with ANC services, general perceived quality of ANC, and whether they would receive ANC in the same facility if they were to be pregnant again showed increasing PCANC scores with higher ratings of satisfaction, perceived quality of care, and intent to receive ANC in the same facility (Table 9). Scores on the 36, 34, and 20-item scales are strongly correlated (r=1.0 between the 34 and 36-item versions and 0.97 and 0.98 with the 20-item scale), suggesting good criterion validity for the shorter versions. ===Table 9: Criterion validity results for confirmation sample === Table 10 shows all the PCANC items and the reasons for their inclusion/exclusion in the scale's final long and short forms. ====Table 10: All PCPANC scale items and rationale for inclusion/exclusion==== Discussion We developed a PCANC scale with good content, construct, criterion, and known-group validity that is relevant to LMICs using a rigorous scale development process. The initial phases of scale development, including the literature reviews, expert reviews, and cognitive interviews, ensured content validity, the most important form of validity for any measurement tool [56, 57]. The psychometric analysis using a sample of pregnant and postpartum women in Ghana and Kenya yielded a 36-item comprehensive scale with adequate structural validity, three subscales for dignity and respect, communication and autonomy, and responsive and supportive care. We also developed a shorter 20-item version for instances where the 36 items might be too much. The full scales and subscales have good internal consistency reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha > 0.8 for the full scale and > 0.7 for the subscales. Higher scores on the scale are associated with higher satisfaction, perceived quality of care, and intent to use the facility in the future, as hypothesized, indicating criterion validity. In general, the PCANC scale developed for LMICs performed similarly to the original PCPC-US scale[45]. The PCPC-US scale had 34 items on the full scale compared to 36 items on this scale. Most (26) items in the PCPC-US scale were retained in this scale, with nine items (knocking on the door, information showing they cared, family respected, physical abuse, discrimination, hold back on asking questions, coerced, preferred clinic, and provider) excluded. These are replaced with 11 items in the current version (time to get labs and drugs, auditory privacy, attention when needed help, greeted, friendly care, received best care, communication on tests and procedures, assessment of physical wellbeing, competence, availability of washrooms, cleanliness, and enough staff) not included in the PCPC-US scale. These additional items represent issues that are relevant in LMICs. The same three sub-scales are used in both versions as they represent relevant constructs globally. Although wait time, considered very relevant during expert reviews, performed poorly in the psychometric analyses, it is maintained in the current version of the scale. Timeliness is an important aspect of person-centered care, particularly related to responsiveness, and should be measured in any work to improve person-centered care. Including timeliness thus increases the content validity of the scale. Timeliness can, however, be considered a separate construct reflected in the loading of the two wait time variables. This is also reflected in their being presented as separate domains of healthcare quality (Safe, Effective, Patient-centered, Timely, Efficient, and Equitable)[8]. Thus, we could have a 34-item scale with the two items on timeliness. In addition to safety, we have maintained them in one scale because they are unlikely to be measured if excluded or if each domain has a different scale. The current scale thus includes Safety, Patient-centeredness, and Timeliness, which, when used as an outcome, can be used to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of interventions and, when used with equity stratifies, can be used to assess equitable healthcare quality. Many of the negatively worded items (physical abuse, neglect, discrimination, and neglect) were considered relevant; however, they did not perform even moderately well, likely because of their low frequency of occurrence in our sample and were thus excluded. These items may perform better when overt mistreatment during ANC is high. Thus, we recommend assessing all 46 relevant PCANC items in future validation studies to develop the best set of items that perform well across settings. Further, many questions excluded from the scale, including accessibility, service provision, counseling, and overt mistreatment, are still relevant to high-quality PCANC. Thus, although not included in scoring in the PCANC scale, these can be examined separately to get a full picture of the quality of ANC. Like prior scales, the PCANC scale includes a mix of subjective (e.g., felt treated with respect) as well as more objective questions (e.g., procedures explained)[26, 45]. Both types of questions are important in assessing person-centered care in a way that accounts for people’s subjective experiences and reflects what happens during the encounter independent of people’s expectations[72]. The PCANC scale is, therefore, an actionable patient-reported experience measure that can inform quality improvement activities at various levels of the health system. The full scale captures all the key domains of PCANC and can thus be used for comprehensive assessments. The sub-scales can be used independently where some domains are deemed more relevant. The response format ensures that people’s responses are captured on a continuum, increasing the tool's responsiveness to detect change. The PCANC scores can thus be tracked to examine intervention effects or to assess change over time and across settings. Strengths and Limitations The PCANC scale is based on a strong theoretical and empirical foundation, given that it is built on prior work, including the PCMC and PCPC-US scales. The rigorous adaptation process based on standard scale development steps ensured that the final scale had high content validity and was relevant to the target population. A potential limitation is that it may not capture issues of relevance to other LMICs, given that the initial adaptation process was only in Ghana and the final validation samples are only from Ghana and Kenya. However, based on our literature review, we believe the items will apply in most other LMIC settings as they were directly applicable in Kenya without a need for additional adaptation. What might be missing are items that are unique to different settings. For example, the overt mistreatment items fell off because of the low frequency of occurrence of these behaviors in the study samples. They will, however, be important where overt mistreatment during ANC exists. Future testing in diverse settings is therefore needed. The most important but challenging part of tool development is ensuring content validity. Yet most validation efforts focus on just psychometric adequacy. The pool of items we developed will thus provide a starting point for future psychometric assessments in different settings. Given the rapid uptake of the PCMC scale and validation in other settings after the initial validation, we believe this validation study in two LMIC countries will spur further validation in other LMIC settings. Other drawbacks include the length of the scale and associated participant burden. We address this by proposing a shorter version. Conclusions We present a valid and reliable comprehensive tool to measure the key domains of PCANC in LMIC contexts. Like prior person-centered tools, this tool will be valuable for needs assessment to identify gaps in PCANC to inform interventions and for evaluation to assess the effect of interventions on PCANC. In addition, it can be used for research to examine predictors to identify inequities in PCANC and assess its impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes to improve advocacy. It could also be used for routine monitoring for quality improvement and accountability. PCANC is critical to achieving the vision for maternal and newborn health. However, monitoring progress toward this vision will be difficult without measurement tools. This study thus addresses a critical gap in efforts to measure and provide high-quality ANC in LIMICs. Abbreviations PCANC: Person-centered antenatal care LMICs: Low- and middle-income countries US: United States ANC: Antenatal care SSA: sub-Saharan Africa WHO: World Health Organization PCMC: Person-centered maternity care PCPC-US: Person-centered prenatal care scale UER: Upper East Region CHPS: Community-Based Health Planning and Services UCSF: University of California, San Francisco NHRC: Navrongo Health Research Center EFA: Exploratory factor analysis KMO: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin CFA: Confirmatory factor analysis RMSEA: Root mean square error of approximation p of close fit: pclose CFI: Comparative fit index TLI: Tucker-Lewis index SRMR: Standardized root mean squared residual NA: Not applicable Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The included studies have been conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and the Navrongo Health Research Center (NHRC) for the validation study and from UCSF, NHRC, and the Kenya Medical Research Institute for the CPIPE trial. All participants gave their consent prior to their participation. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author [PAA] upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The initial validation study was funded by the UCSF Population Health and Health Equity Scholars Program. The CPIPE trial is funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD110370-02). Authors’ contributions PAA: conceptualization, funding acquisition, resources, supervision, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, writing-original draft and revision. HM: investigation, interpretation of data, manuscript review, and editing. DES: project administration, interpretation of data, manuscript review, and editing; JO: formal analysis, visualization, interpretation of data, manuscript review and editing. MA, OJO, BO, JK, LO: project administration, investigation, manuscript review, and editing. RAA: investigation, resources, supervision, project administration, interpretation of data, manuscript review, and editing. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgments We are grateful to everyone who participated in various stages of the work, including the expert reviews, cognitive interviews, and surveys. We are particularly grateful to the mothers who participated and the research assistants who conducted the interviews. 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Tables Table 1: Characteristic of the initial validation study population, Ghana, N=595 Characteristic Frequency (%) Age in years: Mean (SD) 26.94 (5.57) Below 20 yrs 35 (5.9) 20-24 208 (35.0) 25-29 164 (27.6) 30-34 122 (20.5) 35-39 55 (9.2) 40 or more 11 (1.8) Marital status Married/Partnered 553 (92.9) Single 34 (5.7) Widowed/Divorced/separated 8 (1.3) Parity None 75 (12.6) One 195 (32.8) Two 151 (25.4) Three 90 (15.1) Four 53 (8.9) 5 or more 31 (5.2) Pregnant or give birth in the last 6 months Yes, currently pregnant 297 (49.9) Yes, gave birth in the last 6 months 298 (50.1) Months of pregnancy (Pregnant participants) 6 months 43 (14.5) 7 months 99 (33.4) 8 months 99 (33.4) 9 months 53 (17.9) 10 months 2 (0.7) Months of postpartum (Postpartum participants) 3 wks or less 59 (19.8) 4-7 wks 61 (20.5) 8-11 wks 39 (13.1) 3 months 52 (17.4) 4 months 38 (12.8) 5 months 30 (10.1) 6 months 19 (6.4) Highest grade completed at school None 29 (4.9) Primary or less 128 (21.5) Post-primary/vocational 196 (32.9) Secondary 188 (31.6) College/University 53 (8.9) Refused to answer 1 (0.2) Partner's highest grade completed None 47 (7.9) Primary or less 111 (18.7) Post-primary/vocational 140 (23.5) Secondary 151 (25.4) College/University 111 (18.7) Refused to answer 35 (5.9) Occupation Farming 104 (17.5) Trading/selling 107 (18.0) Hairdressing/dressmaking/Craftsmanship 142 (23.9) Housewife/unemployed 144 (24.2) Teacher/Student 51 (8.6) Other 47 (7.9) Partner's occupation Farming 189 (31.8) Trading/selling 62 (10.4) Hairdressing/dressmaking/Craftsmanship 78 (13.1) unemployed 27 (4.5) Teacher/Student 76 (12.8) Motor/Driver/Mechanic 65 (10.9) Mason/Electrician/Plumbing 30 (5.0) Other 68 (11.4) Read and write No, cannot read and write 147 (24.7) Yes, but with some difficulty with reading or writing 210 (35.3) Yes, can read and write very well 238 (40.0) Money earned/received in a month (GHS) None/undisclosed 64 (10.8) 100 or less 200 (33.6) 101-200 111 (18.7) 201-300 77 (12.9) 301-400 35 (5.9) 401-500 45 (7.6) More than 500 63 (10.6) Household wealth quintile First (poorest) 187 (31.4) Second (poorer) 56 (9.4) Third (middle) 129 (21.7) Fourth (richer) 117 (19.7) Fifth (richest) 106 (17.8) Household member work in a health facility No 517 (87.0) Yes 77 (13.0) Religion Christian 535 (89.9) Muslim 40 (6.7) Traditionalist 18 (3.0) Other 2 (0.3) Ethnicity Nankani/Frafra 291 (48.9) Kasem 211 (35.5) Builsa 63 (10.6) Others 30 (5.0) Timing of first ANC 2 months or less 224 (37.6) 3-4 273 (45.9) 5-6 83 (13.9) 7 or more 15 (2.5) Reason for first ANC visit Just for a routine checkup 475 (79.8) Because of a problem 120 (20.2) Frequency of ANC visits 2 or less 32 (5.4) 3-5 184 (30.9) 6-8 207 (34.8) 9 or more times 172 (28.9) Highest-level ANC facility Government Hospital 105 (17.6) Government HC 195 (32.8) Other lower-level facility 240 (40.3) Private or mission facility 55 (9.2) Highest level provider received ANC from Doctor or Medical assistant/Physician assistant/Clinical Officer 28 (4.7) Midwife/nurse 567 (95.3) Table 2: Exploratory factor analysis of 36 retained items, Ghana, N=595 3 factor structure for full scale single factor structure for full scale Single factor by sub-scale Subscale/items Factor1 Factor2 Factor3 Uniqueness Factor1 Uniqueness Factor1 Uniqueness Dignity and respect Greeted 0.38 0.39 0.60 0.56 0.69 0.52 0.73 Treat you with respect 0.73 0.50 0.65 0.58 0.76 0.43 Friendly care 0.70 0.50 0.67 0.56 0.78 0.39 Knowledge valued 0.71 0.52 0.65 0.58 0.64 0.59 Privacy/not exposed 0.27 0.90 0.23 0.95 0.24 0.94 Info confidentiality 0.53 0.66 0.42 0.82 0.41 0.83 Auditory privacy 0.47 0.70 0.49 0.76 0.50 0.75 Verbal abuse 0.27 0.91 0.30 0.91 0.29 0.92 Communication and Autonomy Introductions by provider 0.35 0.72 0.47 0.78 0.48 0.77 Called preferred name 0.32 0.83 0.34 0.88 0.33 0.89 Heard and listened to 0.66 0.60 0.58 0.67 0.49 0.76 Involved in decisions 0.38 0.69 0.49 0.76 0.47 0.78 Consent 0.63 0.64 0.55 0.70 0.53 0.72 Explain exams/procedures 0.49 0.68 0.53 0.72 0.57 0.68 Explain medications 0.40 0.75 0.49 0.76 0.55 0.69 Told examination results 0.34 0.40 0.75 0.19 0.96 0.26 0.93 Told test results 0.35 0.39 0.75 0.16 0.97 0.22 0.95 Could ask any questions 0.42 0.76 0.46 0.79 0.46 0.78 Encouraged questions 0.34 0.45 0.59 0.55 0.69 0.61 0.63 Questions were answered 0.33 0.33 0.65 0.56 0.68 0.59 0.66 Check understood 0.34 0.30 0.60 0.61 0.63 0.64 0.60 Language level they understood 0.24 0.85 0.34 0.88 0.32 0.89 Asked about birth plan 0.32 0.88 0.24 0.94 0.27 0.93 Responsive and Supportive care Wait time for provider 0.11 0.98 0.10 0.99 0.12 0.99 Wait time for labs and drugs 0.12 0.95 -0.12 0.99 -0.14 0.98 Time with provider 0.28 0.92 0.20 0.96 0.17 0.97 Received best care 0.58 0.58 0.63 0.61 0.63 0.60 Physical wellbeing assessed 0.30 0.75 0.47 0.77 0.51 0.74 Mental/emotions wellbeing assessed 0.67 0.57 0.38 0.85 0.46 0.79 Resources for emotional/mental wellbeing 0.60 0.61 0.42 0.83 0.54 0.71 Attention when needed help 0.31 0.79 0.42 0.82 0.44 0.80 Trust 0.50 0.68 0.56 0.69 0.58 0.67 Competence 0.57 0.56 0.65 0.58 0.63 0.60 Cleanliness 0.25 0.87 0.19 0.96 0.22 0.95 Safe 0.40 0.77 0.38 0.86 0.40 0.84 Enough staff 0.28 0.88 0.22 0.95 0.29 0.92 Table 3: Characteristics of scale items, Ghana, N=595 Internal Consistency Standardized scores Number of items Average interitem correlation Cronbach's alpha Mean Std. dev. Min Max Full 36-item PCANC scale 36 0.18 0.89 77.57 11.87 22.22 96.30 Dignity and Respect subscale 8 0.27 0.74 86.44 14.99 16.67 100.00 Communication and autonomy subscale 15 0.20 0.79 73.49 14.96 15.56 100.00 Responsive and supportive care subscale 13 0.15 0.70 76.82 11.59 28.21 100.00 Table 4: Crosstabulation and Linear Regression on PCANC score, Ghana, N=594 Crosstab Linear Regression on PCANC score N Mean SD Coefficient p-value [95% conf. interval] Satisfaction with ANC Dissatisfied 5 54.44 21.4 -19.28 0.03 -36.17 -2.38 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 19 57.26 13.1 -16.46 0.00 -22.36 -10.57 Satisfied 284 73.72 11 ref Very satisfied 287 83.12 8.54 9.40 0.00 7.78 11.03 Perceived quality of ANC Very Poor 2 43.06 29.5 -27.34 0.07 -56.46 1.79 Poor 9 54.12 13.4 -16.28 0.00 -24.73 -7.82 Fair 20 59.49 13.4 -10.90 0.00 -16.85 -4.95 Good 183 70.39 10.5 ref Very good 236 80.61 8.34 10.22 0.00 8.36 12.09 Excellent 143 86.23 5.93 15.84 0.00 14.03 17.66 Will return for ANC in future No, never 63 70.56 15.3 -9.07 0.00 -12.96 -5.18 Yes, somewhat 56 67.92 12.5 -11.71 0.00 -15.09 -8.33 Yes, definitely 475 79.63 10.3 ref Table 5: Demographics for CPIPE trial Baseline for Ghana and Kenya, N=1988 Characteristic Overall (N=1988) Country Kenya (N=996) Ghana (N=992) p Age in years: Mean (SD) 26.20 (5.78) 25.45 (5.65) 26.96 (5.80) <0.001 Below 20 years 216 (10.9) 133 (13.4) 83 (8.4) <0.001 20-24 683 (34.4) 384 (38.6) 299 (30.1) 25-29 538 (27.1) 243 (24.4) 295 (29.7) 30-34 338 (17.0) 148 (14.9) 190 (19.2) 35-39 165 (8.3) 72 (7.2) 93 (9.4) 40 or more 38 (1.9) 12 (1.2) 26 (2.6) Refused to answer 10 (0.5) 4 (0.4) 6 (0.6) Marital status Single 259 (13.0) 177 (17.8) 82 (8.3) <0.001 Married/Partnered 1,702 (85.6) 795 (79.8) 907 (91.4) Widowed/Divorced/separated 25 (1.3) 23 (2.3) 2 (0.2) Refused to answer 2 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 1 (0.1) Parity 1-2 1,063 (53.5) 515 (51.7) 548 (55.2) 0.006 3-4 652 (32.8) 322 (32.3) 330 (33.3) 5-6 214 (10.8) 118 (11.8) 96 (9.7) 7 or more 59 (3.0) 41 (4.1) 18 (1.8) Months of postpartum 3 wks or less 875 (44.0) 410 (41.2) 465 (46.9) <0.001 4-7 wks 560 (28.2) 310 (31.2) 250 (25.2) 8-11 wks 447 (22.5) 236 (23.7) 211 (21.3) 3 months 105 (5.3) 39 (3.9) 66 (6.7) Highest grade completed at school None 166 (8.4) 3 (0.3) 163 (16.4) <0.001 Primary or less 643 (32.3) 476 (47.8) 167 (16.8) Post-primary/vocational 255 (12.8) 53 (5.3) 202 (20.4) Secondary 719 (36.2) 354 (35.5) 365 (36.8) College/University 205 (10.3) 110 (11.0) 95 (9.6) Partner's highest grade completed None 138 (6.9) 3 (0.3) 135 (13.6) <0.001 Primary or less 504 (25.4) 301 (30.2) 203 (20.5) Post-primary/vocational 195 (9.8) 103 (10.3) 92 (9.3) Secondary 486 (24.4) 212 (21.3) 274 (27.6) College/University 330 (16.6) 142 (14.3) 188 (19.0) Refused to answer 285 (14.3) 199 (20.0) 86 (8.7) Don't Know 50 (2.5) 36 (3.6) 14 (1.4) Occupation Farming 256 (12.9) 127 (12.8) 129 (13.0) <0.001 Trading/selling 352 (17.7) 190 (19.1) 162 (16.3) Hairdressing/dressmaking/Craftsmanship 233 (11.7) 50 (5.0) 183 (18.4) Housewife/unemployed 725 (36.5) 464 (46.6) 261 (26.3) Teacher/Student 241 (12.1) 128 (12.9) 113 (11.4) Others 181 (9.1) 37 (3.7) 144 (14.5) Partner's occupation Farming 538 (27.1) 194 (19.5) 344 (34.7) <0.001 Trading/selling 249 (12.5) 156 (15.7) 93 (9.4) Hairdressing/dressmaking/Craftsmanship 229 (11.5) 145 (14.6) 84 (8.5) unemployed 108 (5.4) 51 (5.1) 57 (5.7) Teacher/Student 178 (9.0) 64 (6.4) 114 (11.5) Motor/Driver/Mechanic 335 (16.9) 229 (23.0) 106 (10.7) Mason/Electrician/Plumbing 10 (0.5) 4 (0.4) 6 (0.6) Others 341 (17.2) 153 (15.4) 188 (19.0) Read and write No, cannot read and write 322 (16.2) 16 (1.6) 306 (30.8) <0.001 Yes, but with some difficulty with reading or writing 310 (15.6) 128 (12.9) 182 (18.3) Yes, can read and write very well 1,350 (67.9) 849 (85.2) 501 (50.5) Refused to answer 6 (0.3) 3 (0.3) 3 (0.3) Money earned/received in a month (Ghana) 1000 to 5000 cedis - 153 (15.5) >5000 to 10000 cedis - 6 (0.6) Refused to answer - 224 (22.7) Money earned/received in a month (Kenya) 10000 to 50000 KSH 229 (23.0) - >50000 to 100000 KSH 12 (1.2) - >100000 to 150000 KSH 2 (0.2) - >200000 KSH 1 (0.1) - Refused to answer 67 (6.7) - Household wealth quintile First 405 (20.4) 153 (15.4) 252 (25.4) <0.001 Second 510 (25.7) 273 (27.4) 237 (23.9) Third 307 (15.4) 175 (17.6) 132 (13.3) Fourth 438 (22.0) 216 (21.7) 222 (22.4) Fifth 328 (16.5) 179 (18.0) 149 (15.0) Religion Christian 1,698 (85.4) 980 (98.4) 718 (72.4) <0.001 Muslim 264 (13.3) 11 (1.1) 253 (25.5) Traditionalist 24 (1.2) 5 (0.5) 19 (1.9) Other 2 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 2 (0.2) Ethnicity in Kenya Luyya 30 (3.0) - . Kuria 95 (9.5) - Abusuba 5 (0.5) - Kisii 29 (2.9) - Luo 815 (81.8) - Other 22 (2.2) - Ethnicity in Ghana Kasem - 69 (7.0) . Nankani/Frafra - 309 (31.1) Builsa - 149 (15.0) Nabdam - 4 (0.4) Kusal - 82 (8.3) Talensi - 50 (5.0) Mampruli - 150 (15.1) Other - 178 (17.9) Refused to answer - 1 (0.1) Timing of first ANC 2 months or less 526 (26.5) 116 (11.7) 410 (41.3) <0.001 3-4 854 (43.0) 432 (43.4) 422 (42.5) 5-6 519 (26.1) 394 (39.6) 125 (12.6) 7 or more 88 (4.4) 53 (5.3) 35 (3.5) Reason for first ANC visit Because of a problem 301 (15.1) 187 (18.8) 114 (11.5) <0.001 Just for a routine checkup 1,681 (84.6) 803 (80.7) 878 (88.5) Don’t Know 4 (0.2) 4 (0.4) 0 (0.0) Not applicable 1 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) Number of ANC visits 2 or less 91 (4.6) 72 (7.2) 19 (1.9) <0.001 3-5 859 (43.2) 683 (68.6) 176 (17.7) 6-8 637 (32.0) 226 (22.7) 411 (41.4) 9 or more times 387 (19.5) 10 (1.0) 377 (38.0) Don't Know/missing 14 (0.7) 5 (0.5) 9 (0.9) Highest-level ANC facility Gov't hospital 851 (43.0) 572 (57.5) 279 (28.4) <0.001 Gov't Health Center/other lower level 961 (48.6) 398 (40.0) 563 (57.3) Private or mission facility 165 (8.3) 24 (2.4) 141 (14.3) Highest level provider received ANC from Doctor/Clinical Officer 343 (17.3) 256 (25.7) 87 (8.8) <0.001 Nurse/Midwife 1,639 (82.6) 738 (74.2) 901 (91.0) Non-skilled attendant/2DK 3 (0.2) 1 (0.1) 2 (0.2) Table 6: Unstandardized and Standardized Loadings for Three-Factor Confirmatory Model of the PCANC scale, N=1988 Latent variable / observed variable Using 36-observed variables Using 20-observed variables Unstandardized (Standard error) Standardized (Standard error) Unstandardized (Standard error) Standardized (Standard error) Dignity and respect Greeted 1 0.62 (0.02) 1 0.64 (0.02) Treat you with respect 0.77 (0.03) 0.69 (0.02) 0.77 (0.03) 0.72 (0.02) Friendly care 0.82 (0.03) 0.70 (0.02) 0.82 (0.03) 0.72 (0.02) Knowledge valued 1.09 (0.05) 0.75 (0.02) - - Privacy not exposed 0.91 (0.05) 0.53 (0.02) 0.87 (0.05) 0.53 (0.02) Info confidentiality 0.59 (0.04) 0.47 (0.02) 0.58 (0.03) 0.48 (0.02) Auditory privacy 0.85 (0.05) 0.45 (0.02) - - Verbal abuse 0.16 (0.02) 0.23 (0.02) - - Communication and autonomy Introductions by provider 1 0.34 (0.02) 1 0.34 (0.02) Called preferred name 0.99 (0.10) 0.34 (0.02) 1.00 (0.10) 0.35 (0.02) Heard and listened to 1.57 (0.12) 0.62 (0.02) 1.59 (0.12) 0.63 (0.02) Consent 1.66 (0.12) 0.53 (0.02) 1.68 (0.12) 0.54 (0.02) Involved in decisions 2.03 (0.15) 0.68 (0.01) 2.10 (0.15) 0.71 (0.02) Explain exams/procedures 2.24 (0.16) 0.69 (0.02) 1.96 (0.15) 0.62 (0.02) Explain medications 2.14 (0.15) 0.71 (0.01) 2.00 (0.14) 0.67 (0.02) Told examination results 1.86 (0.14) 0.57 (0.02) - - Told test results 1.94 (0.15) 0.60 (0.02) - - Could ask any questions 1.93 (0.14) 0.68 (0.01) - - Encouraged questions 2.36 (0.17) 0.72 (0.01) 2.17 (0.16) 0.66 (0.02) Questions were answered 1.78 (0.13) 0.68 (0.02) - - Check understood information 2.27 (0.16) 0.72 (0.01) 2.23 (0.16) 0.71 (0.01) language they understood 0.35 (0.04) 0.25 (0.02) - - Asked about birth plan 1.37 (0.11) 0.40 (0.02) - - Responsive and supportive care Received best care 1 0.76 (0.01) 1 0.65 (0.02) Wait time for provider 0.12 (0.03) 0.08 (0.02) - - Wait time for labs or drugs -0.18 (0.04) -0.10 (0.02) - - Physical wellbeing assessed 0.82 (0.05) 0.43 (0.02) - - Mental/emotions wellbeing assessed 1.28 (0.06) 0.55 (0.02) 1.21 (0.07) 0.44 (0.02 Resources for emotional/mental wellbeing 1.02 (0.06) 0.45 (0.02) - - Attention when needed help 0.98 (0.04) 0.69 (0.01) - - Trust 1.01 (0.03) 0.71 (0.01) 0.98 (0.03) 0.59 (0.02) Competence 0.73 (0.03) 0.57 (0.02) - - Washrooms 0.58 (0.05) 0.31 (0.02) 0.52 (0.05) 0.24 (0.02) Cleanliness 0.78 (0.05) 0.44 (0.02) 0.75 (0.05) 0.36 (0.02) Safe 0.88 (0.03) 0.64 (0.02) 0.74 (0.03) 0.46 (0.02) Enough staff 0.72 (0.04) 0.39 (0.02) - - Table 7: Goodness-of-Fit Indicators of a Three- Factor Confirmatory Model Good-of Fit Statistic* Combined Ghana Kenya 36-observed variables 20-observed variables 36-observed variables 20-observed variables 36-observed variables 20-observed variables Chi-square, p-value 2150.827, p<0.001 694.801, p<0.001 2091.697, p<0.001 587.204, p<0.001 1343.446, p<0.001 417.207, p<0.001 Root mean squared error of approximation 0.048 0.054 0.067 0.069 0.050 0.055 Pclose 0.922 0.050 <0.001 <0.001 0.429 0.054 Comparative fit index 0.941 0.963 0.914 0.952 0.923 0.953 Tucker–Lewis index 0.903 0.931 0.859 0.912 0.873 0.913 Standardized root mean squared residual 0.046 0.041 0.055 0.041 0.045 0.040 * Model adopted is one with modification indices of a covariance of 10 or more Table 8: Characteristics of scale items Internal Consistency reliability Standardized scores Number of items Average interitem correlation Scale reliability coefficient Mean Std. dev. Min Max Combined (N=1988) Full 36-item scale 36 0.25 0.92 71.50 16.35 12.04 100 34-item scale* 34 0.28 0.93 71.13 17.26 10.78 100 20-item short scale 20 0.27 0.89 70.60 18.36 1.67 100 Dignity and Respect subscale 8 0.21 0.78 81.23 17.22 8.33 100 Communication and autonomy subscale 15 0.37 0.88 65.23 21.54 4.44 100 Responsive and supportive care subscale 13 0.22 0.78 72.75 15.16 15.38 100 Responsive and supportive care subscale* 11 0.30 0.82 71.81 17.55 0.00 100 Kenya (N=996) Full 36-item scale 36 0.22 0.91 68.84 15.78 21.30 100 34-item scale* 34 0.24 0.91 68.15 16.43 20.59 100 20-item short scale 20 0.27 0.88 67.27 17.53 15.00 100 Dignity and Respect subscale 8 0.29 0.77 79.69 17.33 20.83 100 Communication and autonomy subscale 15 0.28 0.86 60.36 21.00 13.33 100 Responsive and supportive care subscale 13 0.19 0.75 71.94 14.40 17.95 100 Responsive and supportive care subscale* 11 0.23 0.77 70.38 15.88 18.18 100 Ghana (N=992) Full 36-item scale 36 0.30 0.94 74.18 16.47 12.04 100 34-item scale* 34 0.33 0.94 74.11 17.56 10.78 100 20-item short scale 20 0.37 0.92 73.95 18.59 1.67 100 Dignity and Respect subscale 8 0.37 0.82 82.77 16.99 8.33 100 Communication and autonomy subscale 15 0.38 0.90 70.12 20.97 4.44 100 Responsive and supportive care subscale 13 0.30 0.85 73.56 15.85 15.38 100 Responsive and supportive care subscale* 11 0.37 0.87 73.26 18.98 0.00 100 The 34-item full scale and 11-item responsive and supportive care sub-scale exclude the two wait time variables Table 9: Crosstabulation and Linear Regression on PCANC score, N=1988 Crosstab Linear Regression on PCANC score N Mean SD Coefficient p-value [95% conf. interval] Satisfaction with ANC Dissatisfied 45 55.08 21.01 -15.34 0.00 -21.48 -9.21 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 100 52.57 13.32 -17.85 0.00 -20.58 -15.12 Satisfied 1360 70.42 15.39 Reference Very satisfied 483 79.98 13.50 9.55 0.00 8.10 11.01 Perceived quality of ANC Poor/Very Poor 36 45.81 15.03 -22.39 0.00 -27.34 -17.45 Fair 177 58.50 17.13 -9.71 0.00 -12.40 -7.01 Good 993 68.20 15.35 Reference Very good 616 78.04 12.15 9.84 0.00 8.48 11.19 Excellent 166 86.41 10.79 18.21 0.00 16.31 20.11 Will return for ANC in future No, never 187 69.01 17.07 -5.07 0.00 -7.63 -2.51 Yes, somewhat 304 60.32 16.95 -13.76 0.00 -15.81 -11.71 Yes, definitely 1497 74.08 15.09 Reference Table 10: All PCANC questions and final decisions No Label Question Decision for 36 item scale Reason for inclusion/exclusion from 36 item scale Decision for 20-item short scale 1 Greeted Did they greet you well when you arrived or responded well if you greeted first? Included Adequate performance Included 2 Treat you with respect Did they treat you with respect? Included Adequate performance Included 3 Friendly care Were they friendly or nice to you? Included Adequate performance Included 4 Knowledge valued Did you feel your knowledge was valued? Did they appreciate or accept your ideas or knowledge about your health? Included Adequate performance Excluded 5 Privacy not exposed During physical exams (like abdominal and pelvic exams) were you covered up with a cloth or blanket or screened with a curtain so that you did not feel exposed? Included Adequate performance Included 6 Info confidentiality Did you feel your health information was kept confidential by the health workers? Included Adequate performance Included 7 Auditory privacy Did you feel you could discuss your problems with the health workers, without others not involved in your care overhearing your conversations? Included Adequate performance Excluded 8 Family respected Did the health workers respect your family or companions who were with you? Excluded Excluded because of high not applicable Excluded 9 Verbal abuse Did you feel they talked to you badly (For example, shouted at you, scolded, insulted, or threatened, you)? Included Moderate performance but retained for conceptual relevance Excluded 10 Discrimination Did you feel discriminated against by the health workers in any way? I.e., did you feel you were treated differently based on something about you? Excluded Excluded because of low loading Excluded 11 Neglected Did you feel the health workers avoided, ignored, or neglected you? Excluded Excluded because of low loading Excluded 12 Introductions by provider Did the health workers introduce themselves to you when they first saw you? Included Adequate performance Included 13 Called preferred name Did they call you by your name (or appropriately)? Included Adequate performance Included 14 Heard and listened to Did you feel heard by the health workers? Included Adequate performance Included 15 Consent Did the health workers ask your permission before examining or doing procedures on you? Included Moderate performance Included 16 Involved in decisions Did the health workers involve you in decisions about your care? Included Adequate performance Included 17 Explain exams/procedures Did they explain to you why they were doing examinations or tests on you? Included Adequate performance Included 18 Understood tests Did you understand the purpose of any examinations or tests you were asked to do? ... like urine or blood tests, ultrasound, etc., that you were asked to do including those you were asked to do outside the facility)? Excluded Excluded because of correlation with explain exams/procedures Excluded 19 Told examination results Did they tell you the results of examinations you did like your blood pressure and weight? Included Adequate performance Excluded 29 Told test results Did they tell you the results of tests you did like blood or urine tests? Included Adequate performance Excluded 22 Explain medications Did they explain to you why they were giving or prescribing you any medicine? Included Adequate performance Included 21 Understood medicines Did you understand the purpose of any medicines you were given or prescribed to go and buy? Excluded Excluded because of correlation with explain medicines Excluded 23 Could ask any questions Did you feel you could ask the health workers any questions you had? Included Adequate performance Excluded 24 Encouraged questions Did they encourage you to ask questions? Included Adequate performance 25 Hold back questions Did you hold back from asking questions for any reason? Excluded Excluded because of low loading Excluded 26 Questions were answered Do you feel your questions were answered when you asked them? Included Adequate performance Excluded 27 Check understood information Did they check that you understood information that was given to you? Included Adequate performance Included 28 language they understood Did the health workers speak to you in a language you could understand or using words you could understand? Included Adequate performance Excluded 29 Asked about birth plan Did a health worker discuss your birth plan with you (e.g., where you wanted to give birth or what you wanted during the birth?) Included Adequate performance Included 30 Pressured Did you feel forced into a decision by health workers? Excluded Excluded because of low loading Excluded 31 Wait time for provider How did you feel about the amount of time you had to wait to be seen by a health worker during antenatal visits (i.e., the time from when you arrived at the health facility to when you saw the midwife or doctor)? Included Included despite low loading because of conceptual relevance Excluded 32 Wait time for labs or drugs How did you feel about the amount of time it took you to get your labs done and/or get your drugs at the facility? Included Included despite low loading because of conceptual relevance Excluded 33 Time with provider How did you feel about the amount of time the doctor or midwife spent with you? (i.e., was it rushed or did they take their time with you) Excluded Excluded because of low loading Excluded 34 Received best care Did you feel they took the best care of you? Included Adequate performance 35 Showed they cared Did you feel the health workers cared about you? Excluded Excluded because of correlation with best care Excluded 36 Physical wellbeing assessed Did they ask you about your physical health? Included Adequate performance Excluded 37 Mental/emotional wellbeing assessed Did they ask you about your mental and emotional health? Included Adequate performance Included 38 Resources for emotional/mental wellbeing Did they give you the support to deal with your mental and emotional health? Included Adequate performance Excluded 29 Attention when needed help When you needed support from the providers with regards to your health, did they pay attention? Included Adequate performance Excluded 40 Trust Did you feel you could trust the health workers with regards to your care? Included Adequate performance Included 41 Competence Did you feel the health workers were competent? Included Adequate performance Excluded 42 Washrooms Could you use the washrooms in the facility if you needed to? Included Adequate performance Included 43 Cleanliness Did you feel the health facility environment, including the washrooms were clean? Included Adequate performance Included 44 Safe In general, did you feel safe (physically and psychologically) in the place you received antenatal care? Included Adequate performance Included 45 Enough staff Do you think there was enough health staff in the facility to care for you? Included Adequate performance Excluded 46 Bribe During your antenatal care, did any health worker at the facility ask you or your family for an unofficial payment? Excluded Excluded because of low loading Excluded 47 Physical abuse Did you feel they handled you badly (For example pushed, beat, slapped, pinched or physically restrained you)? Excluded Excluded because of low frequency and loading Excluded 48 Language level they understood Did they speak to you using words you could understand? Excluded Combined with language they understood Excluded 49 Preferred clinic Were you able to go to your preferred place/clinic for antenatal care? Excluded Excluded because of low relevance Excluded 50 Preferred provider Were you able to see your preferred provider for antenatal care? Excluded Excluded because of low relevance Excluded Notes: Last four not included in the CPIPE trial. All response options except noted below are: 0, No, never | 1, Yes, a few times | 2, Yes, most of the time | 3, Yes, all the time | Some include 4, N/a-don't know 9, 10, 11, 47: 0, No, never | 1, Yes, once | 2, Yes, a few times | 3, Yes, many times | 88, Refused to answer 1, 12, 28, 41: 0, No, none of them | 1, Yes, a few of them | 2, Yes, most of them | 3, Yes, all of them | 88, Refused to answer 31, 32: 0, It was just right | 1, It was somewhat long | 2, It was very long | 3, It was extremely long | 4, Not applicable | 88, Refused to answer 33: 0, It was just right | 1, It was too long | 2, It was somewhat short | 3, It was very short | 88, Refused to answer Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Afulani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDklEQVRIie2Qv0oEMRCHZwmsTWTbETzvFSKBw0L2XmVD4KoF2ysEF4TY6NXeW1hazhI4mwXbLSwOAlevjWDhn+yeWAjxChuLfNVMyMf8ZgAikX/ItAKgoWLJGtYAPOubOUBSBRRB7EvZuxRQeOWg/9rsULZwOyj+ZZfy8FjT831+BKhTLM6fDmWrXUdwOrqjwC7XGuplo+VWWW34pJ1NkGAmQ4oADXbfkKrwbIVFar1SpqwDq4JK5sC+Gbqoxs5Pebdc3pbMB/sIK+inJIaKIZgylgsswQejXxQn6hujjw1qdqIWlmOz8bsILZfBYMp1ryYfZ6iTtnux0+yqv9g8Hy0Cyjfpz7NEIpFI5A98AlhwY1p9HpOIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patience","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Afulani","suffix":""},{"id":447712591,"identity":"3b129f9a-e3bc-4375-b0b2-ac2ff398b4a4","order_by":1,"name":"Hawa Malechi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tamale Teaching Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hawa","middleName":"","lastName":"Malechi","suffix":""},{"id":447712592,"identity":"3f2a50fc-7be9-4ba0-8089-c645d0e3f493","order_by":2,"name":"Daniel Enos Sekwo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Navrongo Health Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniel","middleName":"Enos","lastName":"Sekwo","suffix":""},{"id":447712593,"identity":"00b1fa80-1724-4461-9d40-0648532b888f","order_by":3,"name":"Jaffer Okiring","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Global Programs for Research and Training","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jaffer","middleName":"","lastName":"Okiring","suffix":""},{"id":447712594,"identity":"693af2b7-2ff0-4017-bada-84a7a9679fba","order_by":4,"name":"Moro Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Navrongo Health Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moro","middleName":"","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":447712595,"identity":"0d46da47-4b47-4d7e-b162-80d79764d5c6","order_by":5,"name":"Osamuedeme J. Odiase","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Osamuedeme","middleName":"J.","lastName":"Odiase","suffix":""},{"id":447712596,"identity":"e2e96ebf-3e75-4939-bcb4-828dd001483b","order_by":6,"name":"Beryl Ogolla","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Global Programs for Research and Training","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Beryl","middleName":"","lastName":"Ogolla","suffix":""},{"id":447712597,"identity":"d03239b7-f42a-42ea-9b8d-6da374910f27","order_by":7,"name":"Joyceline Kinyua","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joyceline","middleName":"","lastName":"Kinyua","suffix":""},{"id":447712598,"identity":"40b4e620-7e2b-433b-8e0f-6f078f4245ca","order_by":8,"name":"Linnet Ongeri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Linnet","middleName":"","lastName":"Ongeri","suffix":""},{"id":447712599,"identity":"9c7417c6-ad79-4c8c-8509-e0ea3234b6d3","order_by":9,"name":"Raymond A. Aborigo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Navrongo Health Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raymond","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Aborigo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-07 07:08:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5597466/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5597466/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82158762,"identity":"b7b083f3-fcaf-48d9-a6fb-ab58b5946d14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 08:21:30","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5597466/v1/a9fd3a12bade6c55b2986130.jpg"},{"id":82158763,"identity":"683cc00d-38fd-4b82-a455-507fcb71ac44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 08:21:30","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20028,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5597466/v1/0510f6f04b060ceba997bf4c.jpg"},{"id":91611422,"identity":"c88e8af7-0f72-4d46-8aa2-9a2062c656fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-18 09:55:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2980316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5597466/v1/930883ca-441b-45e7-9b02-843602736bcd.pdf"},{"id":82158767,"identity":"edc12046-601e-4ede-a636-f70cab34ed9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 08:21:30","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":142494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PCANCSupplementarytablesFINAL.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5597466/v1/8ed0d2cd68841e06d9a7a56f.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Development and validation of a person-centered antenatal care scale for low- and middle-income countries","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eHigh-quality antenatal care (ANC) is critical for preventing, identifying, and managing pregnancy complications to ensure the health of mothers and their babies[1]. The proportion of women receiving ANC has increased globally, including in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with over 80% of women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) having at least one ANC contact during their pregnancy[2]. Although current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend eight antenatal contacts[1], less than two-thirds of women in SSA achieve the previously recommended four visits [2]. Additionally, significant gaps in quality persist, both in service provision and experience of ANC, which contributes further to the low coverage[3\u0026ndash;5].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerson-centered care during the pregnancy and childbirth continuum is critical to maternal health from both a quality of care and human rights perspective[6, 7]. We define person-centered antenatal care (PCANC) as ANC that is respectful, compassionate, and responsive to the needs, preferences, and values of pregnant women and gender-diverse people (women used subsequently for brevity), adapted from the definition of person-centered care by the Institute of Medicine[8]. PCANC has both direct and indirect effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes through its effect on patient care, engagement, and health-seeking behavior, including skilled attendance at birth[9, 10]. The WHO recommendations for ANC highlight the importance of a positive experience[1]. Operationalizing these recommendations requires measuring women\u0026rsquo;s experiences to identify gaps and inform interventions. However, efforts to measure women\u0026rsquo;s ANC experiences have lagged, with most efforts focused on childbirth[11].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies on ANC have primarily focused on frequency and timing[12\u0026ndash;17]. Among the few that address quality of care, most focus on the content of ANC service provision, with relatively fewer on the person-centeredness of care [4, 5, 18\u0026ndash;22]. This is due to the lack of validated measures for PCANC. A recent scoping review of measures that align with the WHO recommendations for ANC found that existing measures prioritize clinical content of ANC\u0026mdash;with measures for women\u0026rsquo;s experiences of care notably lacking[23]. The few studies that include some measures of ANC experience have, however, highlighted gaps in PCANC. For example, a study in Kenya found that about one-third of women did not often understand the purposes of tests and medicines received and did not feel able to ask questions to the healthcare provider, only half reported being consistently asked if they had any questions, and about a third reported that they could never discuss issues in private[4]. While studies in LMICs have measured various aspects of PCANC, there is still no validated PCANC scale for LMICs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar to ANC, there were few validated quantitative measures of person-centered care during childbirth until recently[24\u0026ndash;26]. However, increased interest in women\u0026rsquo;s experiences during childbirth led to the development of several quantitative tools for this in the last decade[27]. Among the comprehensive validated tools for measuring women\u0026rsquo;s experiences during childbirth is the Person-centered maternity care (PCMC) scale, initially developed and validated in Kenya and India[26, 28\u0026ndash;30]. The PCMC scale, which has domains for communication and autonomy, dignity and respect, and supportive care, has had widespread uptake, with subsequent validation and use in many countries in Africa, Asia, and America[31\u0026ndash;36]. The scale has enabled us to extend research on predictors and consequences of PCMC [37\u0026ndash;39] and has been used to evaluate interventions to improve PCMC[40, 41]. Furthermore, the PCMC scale informed the development of person-centered family planning and abortion scales[42\u0026ndash;44], and notably, a person-centered prenatal (antenatal) care scale, focusing on the experiences of people of color in the United States (the PCPC-US scale)[45].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PCPC-US scale, which has 34 items with three domains for communication and autonomy, dignity and respect, and responsive and supportive care, was developed in the United States (US) based on standard procedures for scale development but with a focus on the experiences of Black women and other people of color in the US. The psychometric analysis in studies shows that the scale has high validity and reliability in a sample of predominantly Black women [45] and predominantly Latina women in the US [46]. The PCPC-US has, however, not been validated in an LMIC. We seek to address this gap. Our aim in this study is to adapt the PCPC-US scale to make it relevant to LMIC contexts, with an initial validation in Ghana and Kenya. We refer to this scale for LMICs as a PCANC scale (as against PCPC) because the term \u0026lsquo;antenatal care\u0026rsquo; is more commonly understood in LMICs than \u0026lsquo;prenatal care,\u0026rsquo; although both refer to the same service during pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e We followed standard procedures for scale development as was used in the development of the PCMC and PCPC-US scales to ensure both conceptual and psychometric adequacy[47, 48].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSetting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe initial adaptation and validation activities took place in Ghana in the Upper East Region (UER). The final confirmation sample is the baseline data for an ongoing trial in northern Ghana\u0026rsquo;s Upper East and North East Regions and Migori and Homa Bay Counties in western Kenya. These sites have all been previously described[49, 50]. The Upper East and North East Regions are neighboring regions located in the northeastern corner of Ghana, both sharing borders with Togo to the east. The Upper East Region shares boundaries with Burkina Faso to the north and the North East Region to the south. The Upper East region is divided into 15 districts, with 11 district hospitals, 67 health centers, about 419 Community-Based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) compounds, and one regional hospital that serves as a referral center for the district hospitals[51, 52]. The North East is divided into six districts, with five district hospitals, 21 health centers, and 154 CHPS compounds [53].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigori and Homabay are also neighboring counties along Lake Victoria in western Kenya. They each have eight sub-counties, each with a sub-county hospital and one county referral hospital. There are about 155 and 263 health facilities in Migori and Homa Bay, respectively, including county and sub-county hospitals, health centers, and faith-based and private health facilities[54].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProcedures to ensure conceptual adequacy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first step was a \u003cb\u003eliterature review\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eon\u003c/b\u003e women\u0026rsquo;s experiences during ANC in LMICs to update the items in the PCPC-US scale. Although the PCPC-US scale was developed following a comprehensive literature review to define the construct and domains, the focus for the items was on the experiences of people of color in the US. Thus, we reviewed the literature on women\u0026rsquo;s experiences during ANC in LMICs to identify issues that are most important during ANC to pregnant people in LMICs. This included reviewing the systematic review of what matters to women during ANC, the WHO guidelines on ANC for a positive pregnancy experience, and previous publications on PCANC[1, 55, 4]. Following the literature review, we assessed the PCPC-US scale to identify which items may apply to ANC in LMICs. We included additional relevant items not already captured based on the literature review.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe next phase involved \u003cb\u003eexpert reviews\u003c/b\u003e to assess content validity by asking experts to judge the comprehensiveness of items for measuring a construct and their relevance to the target population[56, 57]. Experts were purposively recruited to include maternal health experts, healthcare workers, and women with lived experiences with pregnancy (currently pregnant or had previously been pregnant). Eleven external experts\u0026mdash;three researchers based in Ghana, three healthcare providers, three pregnant women, and two women who had recently given birth (recruited from health facilities in the Upper East region of Ghana)\u0026mdash;in addition to the research team (four maternal health researchers, two of whom have clinical experience), participated in the expert reviews. This number exceeded the recommended sample size of at least six expert reviewers[58]. Each reviewer was first sent the initial list of questions to review individually. For each question, they were asked to think about its relevance to measuring PCANC in general (as defined for them) and to the ANC experiences of pregnant women in Ghana to rank it on a scale of 0 to 3 (\u0026ldquo;0\u0026rdquo; not relevant, \u0026ldquo;1\u0026rdquo; somewhat relevant, \u0026ldquo;2\u0026rdquo; quite relevant, and \u0026ldquo;3 highly relevant\u0026rdquo;). Experts were also asked to assess the comprehensiveness of the items for measuring PCANC on a scale of 0 to 3 (0. Not comprehensive; 1. Slightly comprehensive; 2. Comprehensive; 3. Very comprehensive) and whether all relevant aspects of PCANC were covered by these items on a scale of 0 to 3 (0. No; 1. Yes, somewhat; 2. Yes, definitely). In addition, they were asked to make recommendations on what to add, remove, or change. Following the individual reviews, experts were brought together as a group for further discussion and consensus-building in July 2022. This meeting was conducted in person at NHRC and lasted about four hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe revised the item list based on the expert reviews. Then, we conducted \u003cb\u003ecognitive interviews\u003c/b\u003e with potential respondents to assess their understanding of the questions, evaluate problems with the wording of questions, and determine whether they were relevant and context-appropriate[59]. Trained research assistants recruited participants who had recently received ANC (pregnant or within 6 months of giving birth) from health facilities and conducted one-on-one interviews with them using the revised questions. Interviews were conducted at a convenient time and location for the participants in English and two local languages (Gurune and Kasem) following a training that included appropriate translations for the questions. Participants were told that their help was needed to develop the tool and that they should be comfortable recommending changes to how the questions were asked. They were then asked to respond to each question, followed by probes to understand why they answered the way they did, concerns with the wording of the questions, the relevance of the questions to their care experience, and any suggestions they had for improving the questions. We used probes instead of \u0026ldquo;thinking out loud\u0026rdquo; because these have worked better in previous cognitive interviews in similar settings. Interviews were recorded, and research assistants were engaged to debrief and make needed changes after six interviews (two in each language). Six additional interviews were conducted, during which only minor changes were suggested. Twelve cognitive interviews were conducted in total in October 2022, meeting the recommended sample size of at least 10 for cognitive interviews[60, 61].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing revisions from the cognitive interviews, the scale items were integrated with a questionnaire including demographic and other questions, and the full questionnaire was \u003cb\u003epretested\u003c/b\u003e to identify any final issues with the scale items and the full questionnaire. We first pretested the revised tool with 12 pregnant and postpartum women, made relevant changes, and then pretested with another 12 women, which meets the recommended sample size of 15 to 30 for pretesting[62]. No significant changes were identified during the second set of pretests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSurvey\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe final questionnaire was administered in a cross-sectional survey to obtain quantitative data to assess the psychometric adequacy of the scale. Eligible participants were women in the third trimester of pregnancy or who had given birth within the last six months and who received ANC during their pregnancy. The surveys were conducted with 600 women (300 prenatal and 300 postpartum) in August and September 2023. Sample size estimation was based on the rule of thumb of about 5\u0026ndash;10 subjects per item on the scale, with 300\u0026ndash;500 considered good and 500 and above considered very good, regardless of the number of items[47, 63]. Following an analysis of data from this first survey, the questions were revised and administered as part of the baseline surveys in the Caring for Providers to Improve Patient Experience (CPIPE) trial [50] to 2000 postpartum women in Ghana and Kenya (1000 per country and ~\u0026thinsp;500 per region or county) between March and October 2024. Eligible participants were postpartum women who had given birth within the 12 weeks preceding the survey in the 40 study facilities. For both surveys, trained research assistants recruited and interviewed women in study facilities and surrounding communities. Using the delivery registers from the study facilities, the research assistants identified eligible women and contacted them for interviews. Additionally, women who had just delivered and were still in the facility or those who were attending postnatal care (PNC) appointments were recruited. Participants were told about the study, and those who consented to participate were invited to participate in one-on-one interviews at a time and location that was convenient to them. We used a convenient sampling approach where all eligible women identified were interviewed until the required sample size was achieved. The surveys were programmed into REDCap, and data was entered using a tablet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e All research participants at each stage provided written informed consent and received a small token of appreciation (two cakes of soap in Ghana and Ksh 400 (~\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e3) in Kenya). Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and the Navrongo Health Research Center (NHRC) for the validation study and from UCSF, NHRC, and the Kenya Medical Research Institute for the CPIPE trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePsychometric analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe assessed the scale\u0026rsquo;s construct and criterion validity and internal consistency reliability[47, 64]. We used inter-item correlations and factor analysis for item reduction and to assess construct validity\u0026mdash;the degree to which the items represent the underlying conceptual structure. We first examined distributions of the items to note items with very low or high occurrences and to recode as needed. Negatively worded items were recoded to ensure higher numbers represent more person-centered care. Further, as in prior analyses, to ensure that all response options ranged from 0 to 3 for scoring, we took the conservative approach that assumes a positive, but not perfect, for not applicable responses. All items that had a \"not applicable\" or another fourth response were thus recoded to the upper middle category (2: most of the time, for positively worded items and 1: a few times, for negatively worded items)[45]. Next, we examined the correlations between individual items to identify items with very low and high correlations and the average inter-item correlation, aiming for an ideal average inter-item correlation between 0.20 and 0.40[65].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe then conducted iterative exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with the initial Ghana sample, using principal factoring with oblique rotations, which allow for correlation between the rotated factors, given that person-centered care domains are theoretically related[66]. We used the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy to assess the suitability of the variables for factor analysis, aiming for values between 0.8 and 1; Kaiser\u0026rsquo;s rule of retaining only factors with eigenvalues exceeding one and the \u0026ldquo;break\u0026rdquo; in the scree plot to determine the number of factors; and factor loadings and uniqueness to assess the performance of individual items, using a cut-off of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3 for low loadings and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;9.0 for high uniqueness to mark items for potential removal (unless there was a strong conceptual rationale for their inclusion)[48, 66, 67]. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha, aiming for values\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.7[47, 64].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing exploratory factor analysis, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using the CPIPE baseline surveys in Kenya and Ghana to assess if the three-factor structure could be uniformly applied across settings. In model building, we allowed error terms to correlate between items within the same proposed domain and used modification indices to systematically include the covariances of the errors. We assessed the goodness-of-fit of the full and reduced scales and subscales by estimating the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), p of close fit (pclose), comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and the Standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) [68\u0026ndash;70].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe responses for the final set of items are added to create summative scores, with scores standardized by dividing the mean score by the maximum possible scores (e.g., for a 36-item scale, the maximum score is 108 [36*3] and multiplying by 100). This creates a standardized score ranging from 0-100, where 0 is the worst and 100 is the best. Since there is no gold standard measure of PCANC, we assessed criterion validity\u0026mdash;whether the measure is related to other measures in theoretically predictable ways\u0026mdash;by examining how scores on the scale are associated with satisfaction and perceived quality of ANC and intent to use the same ANC facility in the future using cross-tabulations and linear regression. We assessed the criterion validity of the short scale by examining its correlation with the full scale and these measures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConceptual adequacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the Initial review of the items by the study team, we retained all 34 items from the PCPC-US scale on assessment of face validity\u0026mdash;at face value, they all appeared relevant to the experiences of women everywhere. We also added nine items we identified as relevant to ANC in LMICs from the literature, bringing the total number of items to 46. These 46 items were then sent out for expert reviews. During the expert review meeting, all items were deemed relevant and recommended to be maintained except for three questions. For the question, \u0026ldquo;Did providers knock on your room's door and wait for a response before entering,\u0026rdquo; It was agreed by all that it was not relevant because in the setting, the provider is usually seated in the consulting room, and the patient walks in. This question was thus excluded at this stage. Several people also suggested removing the items on \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003epreferred clinic\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;preferred provider\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e because they were generally not feasible in the setting and thus not considered highly relevant. However, a few recommended that they should be maintained. These two items were, therefore, marked for potential deletion later depending on their performance in subsequent phases. All respondents rated the tool as comprehensive or very comprehensive, which, together with the individual item ratings, indicated high content validity. There were, however, various suggestions to reword some questions and recommendations to include questions on physical and financial accessibility of services and counseling on specific issues. This increased the number of items to over 60, although some questions recommended for inclusion were not framed in a way that could facilitate scoring as part of a scale (e.g., questions on how much it costs to pay for services).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring cognitive interviews, most participants rated all items as important, with recommendations made to improve the wording of some items and to reorder some questions for better flow in the first round of interviews. No substantive changes were recommended during the second set of cognitive interviews. At the end of cognitive interviews, there were 68 questions, including 47 questions related to the three conceptual domains from the PCPC-US scale: four questions on wait time for various services, six questions on communication regarding specific ANC services, seven questions on counseling on specific issues, and four questions on perceived physical and financial accessibility. These items were all included in the questionnaire for pretesting and administered in the survey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePsychometric adequacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInitial validation sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analytic sample for the initial psychometric analysis using data from only Ghana was 595 because of incomplete data from five respondents. The demographics of respondents in the analytic sample are shown in Table 1. The average age was 27 years, with 83% between 20 and 34 years old. Most respondents were married or partnered (93%) and had one to three children (73%). Most had less than a college education (86%) and earned or received less than 300 GHS (\u0026lt;$30 at the time) (76%) a month. Distributions of other variables are shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e====Table 1: Sample distribution for Initial sample====\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDistributions for individual PCANC items for the initial sample are shown in Appendix 1. In general, most questions had responses across the four response options. However, most of the negatively worded items (neglect, verbal abuse, discrimination, physical abuse, bribe) had a very low frequency of occurrence, with 94% or more responding \u0026ldquo;no never\u0026rdquo; to a negative occurrence. A few questions were also not applicable (NA) to all respondents, with \u0026gt; 30% NA for wait time to retrieve folder and family treated with respect and \u0026gt;15% NA on wait time for drugs and labs, support when needed help, support to deal with emotional wellbeing, and preferred ANC provider and clinic. The correlations between the full set of items varied widely from negative to 0.8. Of note was that the wait time and negatively worded variables negatively correlated with most other items.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe KMO values ranged from 0.6 to 0.9, with an overall KMO of 85, indicating suitability for factor analysis. Initial exploratory factor analysis with all 68 items yielded nine factors with eigenvalues of \u0026gt;1, accounting for 81% of the cumulative variance, although the scree plot suggested 3-4 factors. Most items from the original PCPC-US scale loaded on the first two factors, and the items on financial and physical accessibility and counseling and communication on specific tests and procedures loaded on the other factors. Therefore, most of these items were removed at this point as the analysis confirmed they were conceptually different from the rest of the items. The six questions about specific examinations and tests were recoded to combine into two variables after being told the results. All the perceived wait time questions also loaded poorly with the rest of the items. However, because of the importance of timeliness to responsiveness, we decided to retain the item on wait time to see the clinical provider and wait time for getting labs done and medications from the pharmacy (because the team thought these were important sources of delay in the facility). We dropped the question on wait time for folders (following clarifications that while some facilities keep folders, in many cases, the antenatal record that mothers keep is used; hence, mothers do not wait for their folders, explaining the high proportion of NA on that question). The two variables on wait time for labs and drugs were, however, recoded to one item on wait time to get labs or drugs because of the large proportion of NA responses for each. We also decided to combine the questions on whether they were asked about their emotional and mental wellbeing because they were interpreted similarly, had similar distributions, and were strongly correlated (r=0.76). Other items from the initial PCPC-US scale loaded poorly were retained at this stage, yielding 50 items for subsequent analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEFA of the 50 items yielded five factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, accounting for 78% of the cumulative variance. However, most items were loaded on three factors, and the scree plot supported a single dominant factor. Most items had a loading of \u0026gt;0.3 on one of the three factors and on the single factor when constrained to this factor structure (appendix 2). The negatively worded items (discrimination, physical abuse, bribe, and neglect), which had low frequencies in the sample, as noted above, continued to load poorly (\u0026lt;2) and had high uniqueness (\u0026gt;0.95), so they were dropped at this stage. In iterative EFAs, more items were dropped based on different rationales to produce a shorter scale. This included removing items based on expert reviews because of low relevance (preferred clinic and provider) and those that had loadings of \u0026lt;0.3 and uniqueness \u0026gt;0.90 (pressured). Further, for items that were strongly correlated or captured a similar concept, only one was retained, with the one that was conceptually broader or had more favorable loading and uniqueness maintained (e.g., for \u0026ldquo;explained medicines\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;understood medicines,\u0026rdquo; we kept \u0026ldquo;explained medicines;\u0026rdquo; for \u0026ldquo;explained examinations and procedures\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;understood examinations and procedures\u0026rdquo;; we kept \u0026ldquo;explained examinations and procedures\u0026rdquo;; for asked \u0026ldquo;if they had questions \u0026ldquo;and \u0026ldquo;encouraged to ask questions,\u0026rdquo; we kept \u0026ldquo;encouraged to ask questions\u0026rdquo;; for \u0026ldquo;could ask any questions\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;held back from asking questions,\u0026rdquo; we kept \u0026ldquo;could ask any question\u0026rdquo;; for \u0026ldquo;language they could understand\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;language level they could understand,\u0026rdquo; we kept \u0026ldquo;language level they could understand\u0026rdquo;; and for \u0026ldquo;showed they cared\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;best care\u0026rdquo; we kept \u0026ldquo;best care\u0026rdquo;). \u0026ldquo;Family respected\u0026rdquo; was also removed because of the high NA responses (47%), as most respondents did not have a family with them. Some items with moderate loading (\u0026lt;3 but \u0026gt;2: privacy, verbal abuse, cleanliness, enough staff, time with the provider, asking about their birth plan, asked physical wellbeing) were, however, retained in this phase to assess potential removal in subsequent phases. The wait time items were also retained despite poor loading because of the conceptual relevance of timeliness. This yielded 36 items.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e====Table 2: EFA results for 36 items ====\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFactor analysis of the 36 items (Table 2) yields factors with eigenvalues of \u0026gt;1, accounting for 81% of the cumulative variance, but with one dominant factor (Figure 1) with an eigenvalue of 7.5, accounting for 61% of the cumulative variance. All items have loadings \u0026ge;3 on the three factors except for the two wait time variables with loadings less than two and six items with loadings between 2 and 3 (privacy, verbal abuse, language level, time with provider, cleanliness, and enough staff). The uniqueness for most items was \u0026lt;0.9 except for five of these items, with a uniqueness of 0.95 for the wait time variables on the three-factor structure (Table 3). When the analysis was restricted to the single factor structure, all items had loadings of \u0026gt;0.3 except 10 items (the two wait time variables have loadings less than two; and eight items\u0026mdash;privacy, verbal abuse, time with provider, cleanliness, enough, birth plan, told exams, told results\u0026mdash;have loadings between 2 and 3). The best fit in this sample was thus 28 items for a multidimensional scale and 26 for a unidimensional scale. Sequential exclusion of all 10 items with low loading in the 3 or single-factor structure did not significantly change the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha, and all versions had correlations \u0026gt;0.96. Thus, we proceeded with the 36 items for testing in subsequent samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs in prior validation studies, because the loading of the items does not group into clean conceptual categories, we created sub-scales based on conceptual groupings adapted from the World Health Organization's experience of care domains [71]. This gives three subscales for \u0026ldquo;dignity and respect,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;communication and autonomy,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;responsive and supportive care.\u0026rdquo; Factor analysis of items in each subscale yielded a single factor, with all items loading at \u0026gt;0.4 on the single factor and with uniqueness \u0026lt;0.8, except for 10 items noted above (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e===Table 3: Scale Properties===\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe full 36-item scale has Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha of 0.89, and all subscales have Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alphas \u0026gt;0.7 (Table 3). This does not change with the exclusion of the wait time and time with provider items. The average interitem correlation is 0.18 for the full 36-item scale and 0.27, 0.20, and 0.15 for the \u0026ldquo;dignity and respect,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;communication and autonomy,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;responsive and supportive care\u0026rdquo; sub-scales, respectively. These increased to 0.20 and 0.22 for the full scale and \u0026ldquo;responsive and supportive care\u0026rdquo; subscale, respectively, when the wait time and time with provider variables are excluded (i.e., 33-item scale).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e===Table 4: Criterion validity results ===\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average standardized score for the 36-item PCANC scale is 77.6 out of 100, with scores of 86.4, 73.5, and 76.8. respectively for the \u0026ldquo;dignity and respect,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;communication and autonomy,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;responsive and supportive care\u0026rdquo; sub-scales for the Ghana test sample (Table 4). Cross-tabulating and regressing the full scale on patients\u0026rsquo; ratings of satisfaction with ANC services, general perceived quality of ANC, and whether they would receive ANC in the same facility if they were to be pregnant again showed increasing PCANC scores with higher ratings of satisfaction, perceived quality of care, and intent to receive ANC in the same facility (Table 4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConfirmation sample: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the CPIPE baseline participants, 1,992 received ANC, with incomplete PCANC data from four additional respondents, which yielded an analytic sample of 1,988 for the confirmation sample. The demographics for the validation sample are shown in Table 5 by country. The average age was 26.9 (SD=5.8) and 25.4 (SD=5.6) years for Ghana and Kenya respectively. Most respondents were married or partnered (91.5% and 79.8% for Ghana and Kenya, respectively) and had 1 to 2 children (55.4% and 51.7% for Ghana and Kenya, respectively). Only about 10% of respondents had a college education (9.5 and 11% for Ghana and Kenya, respectively), and most earned or received \u0026lt;$100 a month (1000 or less GHS for 61.3% in Ghana and 10000 or less KES for 68.7% in Kenya).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e===Table 5: Sample distribution of confirmation sample ===\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForty-six PCANC questions were included in the CPIPE trial baseline surveys, including the 36 items from the psychometric analysis, nine other items that the team thought were important to reassess in a new sample, and a new question on the accessibility of washrooms because some respondents noted there was no washroom in the facility in response to the question on cleanliness in the previous survey. The distribution of these items in this sample is shown in Appendix 3. An initial exploratory factor analysis with this sample confirmed that the nine items included that performed poorly in the initial Ghana sample continued to perform poorly in the validation sample (appendix 4), so these were finally dropped. In addition, the item on time with a provider continued to perform poorly in this sample, with a uniqueness of 1 on the single-factor structure. So, this was also dropped at this point. The two wait time questions, however, loaded adequately with the three-factor structure, although they were the only two items loading on the third factor and loaded poorly in the single-factor structure. The new question on the accessibility of washrooms also performed well. A decision was thus made to retain these three items, which maintained a 36-item scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average KMO for the 36 items is 0.94 (range of 0.56 to 0.97), with three factors \u0026gt;1, which accounts for 87% of the cumulative variance, and one dominant factor (Figure 2), accounting for 66% of the cumulative variance. All 36 remaining items were loaded at \u0026gt;0.3 on the three factors except for verbal abuse and auditory privacy, which had loadings between 2 and 3 (appendix 6) but were maintained because of their strong conceptual relevance. As in the test sample studies, we created the sub-scales based on conceptual groupings for \u0026ldquo;dignity and respect,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;communication and autonomy,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;responsive and supportive care.\u0026rdquo; Factor analysis of items in each subscale yielded a single factor, with all items loading at \u0026gt;0.4 on the single factor and with uniqueness \u0026lt;0.8, except for verbal abuse, language, and the time variables (appendix 5). Given the very poor loading of the two wait time variables, we also tested a 34-item scale that excludes those two variables. Further, to provide a smaller subset of items for instances where all 36 items might not be feasible to administer, we used an iterative approach where all items with factor loading \u0026lt;.3 were dropped, and additional items dropped based on our assessment of the strength of their relevance and similarity to other retained items, leading to a 20-item short scale (items shown in table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e===Table 6: CFA of final 36 items in confirmation sample===\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese 36-item and 20-item scales with the three sub-scales were then evaluated in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for the combined sample and each country. The standardized factor loadings from the CFA for the observed items mainly ranged from 0.08 to 0.76, with only one item (wait time for labs or drugs) having a negative factor loading. All factor loadings significantly differed from 0, suggesting that most observed items positively correlated with the latent variables (Table 6). The model in Ghana alone had factor loadings that ranged from -0.84 to 0.84, and in Kenya, the factor loadings ranged from 0.08 to 0.71, with all the factor loadings significantly different from 0. The Goodness-of-Fit Indicators of the three-factor confirmatory model indicated the best-fitted model was the model with covariances of the error terms of 10 or more for the two countries combined indicated by RMSEA\u0026lt;0.08, p-close \u0026gt;0.05, CFI and TLI\u0026gt;.9, and SRMR \u0026lt;0.05 (Table 7 and Appendix 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e====Table 7: Goodness-of-Fit Indicators of the Three-Factor Confirmatory Model ====\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe full 36-item scale has Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha of 0.92, increasing to 0.93 when the two wait time variables are dropped, and that of the 20-item scale is 0.89. All subscales have Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alphas \u0026gt;0.75 (Table 8). The average standardized score for the 36-item PCANC scale for the validation sample is 71.5 out of 100, with a similar score of 71.1 for the 34-item version and 70.6 for the 20-item version. The scores for the \u0026ldquo;dignity and respect,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;communication and autonomy,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;responsive and supportive care\u0026rdquo; sub-scales are 81.2, 65.3, and 72.8, respectively, for the full sample, and that by country is shown in Table 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e===Table 8: Scale Properties for confirmation sample===\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCross-tabulating and regressing the full scale on patients\u0026rsquo; ratings of satisfaction with ANC services, general perceived quality of ANC, and whether they would receive ANC in the same facility if they were to be pregnant again showed increasing PCANC scores with higher ratings of satisfaction, perceived quality of care, and intent to receive ANC in the same facility (Table 9). Scores on the 36, 34, and 20-item scales are strongly correlated (r=1.0 between the 34 and 36-item versions and 0.97 and 0.98 with the 20-item scale), suggesting good criterion validity for the shorter versions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e===Table 9: Criterion validity results for confirmation sample ===\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 10 shows all the PCANC items and the reasons for their inclusion/exclusion in the scale's final long and short forms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e====Table 10: All PCPANC scale items and rationale for inclusion/exclusion====\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe developed a PCANC scale with good content, construct, criterion, and known-group validity that is relevant to LMICs using a rigorous scale development process. The initial phases of scale development, including the literature reviews, expert reviews, and cognitive interviews, ensured content validity, the most important form of validity for any measurement tool [56, 57]. The psychometric analysis using a sample of pregnant and postpartum women in Ghana and Kenya yielded a 36-item comprehensive scale with adequate structural validity, three subscales for dignity and respect, communication and autonomy, and responsive and supportive care. We also developed a shorter 20-item version for instances where the 36 items might be too much. The full scales and subscales have good internal consistency reliability, with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.8 for the full scale and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.7 for the subscales. Higher scores on the scale are associated with higher satisfaction, perceived quality of care, and intent to use the facility in the future, as hypothesized, indicating criterion validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general, the PCANC scale developed for LMICs performed similarly to the original PCPC-US scale[45]. The PCPC-US scale had 34 items on the full scale compared to 36 items on this scale. Most (26) items in the PCPC-US scale were retained in this scale, with nine items (knocking on the door, information showing they cared, family respected, physical abuse, discrimination, hold back on asking questions, coerced, preferred clinic, and provider) excluded. These are replaced with 11 items in the current version (time to get labs and drugs, auditory privacy, attention when needed help, greeted, friendly care, received best care, communication on tests and procedures, assessment of physical wellbeing, competence, availability of washrooms, cleanliness, and enough staff) not included in the PCPC-US scale. These additional items represent issues that are relevant in LMICs. The same three sub-scales are used in both versions as they represent relevant constructs globally.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough wait time, considered very relevant during expert reviews, performed poorly in the psychometric analyses, it is maintained in the current version of the scale. Timeliness is an important aspect of person-centered care, particularly related to responsiveness, and should be measured in any work to improve person-centered care. Including timeliness thus increases the content validity of the scale. Timeliness can, however, be considered a separate construct reflected in the loading of the two wait time variables. This is also reflected in their being presented as separate domains of healthcare quality (Safe, Effective, Patient-centered, Timely, Efficient, and Equitable)[8]. Thus, we could have a 34-item scale with the two items on timeliness. In addition to safety, we have maintained them in one scale because they are unlikely to be measured if excluded or if each domain has a different scale. The current scale thus includes Safety, Patient-centeredness, and Timeliness, which, when used as an outcome, can be used to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of interventions and, when used with equity stratifies, can be used to assess equitable healthcare quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany of the negatively worded items (physical abuse, neglect, discrimination, and neglect) were considered relevant; however, they did not perform even moderately well, likely because of their low frequency of occurrence in our sample and were thus excluded. These items may perform better when overt mistreatment during ANC is high. Thus, we recommend assessing all 46 relevant PCANC items in future validation studies to develop the best set of items that perform well across settings. Further, many questions excluded from the scale, including accessibility, service provision, counseling, and overt mistreatment, are still relevant to high-quality PCANC. Thus, although not included in scoring in the PCANC scale, these can be examined separately to get a full picture of the quality of ANC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLike prior scales, the PCANC scale includes a mix of subjective (e.g., felt treated with respect) as well as more objective questions (e.g., procedures explained)[26, 45]. Both types of questions are important in assessing person-centered care in a way that accounts for people\u0026rsquo;s subjective experiences and reflects what happens during the encounter independent of people\u0026rsquo;s expectations[72]. The PCANC scale is, therefore, an actionable patient-reported experience measure that can inform quality improvement activities at various levels of the health system. The full scale captures all the key domains of PCANC and can thus be used for comprehensive assessments. The sub-scales can be used independently where some domains are deemed more relevant. The response format ensures that people\u0026rsquo;s responses are captured on a continuum, increasing the tool's responsiveness to detect change. The PCANC scores can thus be tracked to examine intervention effects or to assess change over time and across settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrengths and Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PCANC scale is based on a strong theoretical and empirical foundation, given that it is built on prior work, including the PCMC and PCPC-US scales. The rigorous adaptation process based on standard scale development steps ensured that the final scale had high content validity and was relevant to the target population. A potential limitation is that it may not capture issues of relevance to other LMICs, given that the initial adaptation process was only in Ghana and the final validation samples are only from Ghana and Kenya. However, based on our literature review, we believe the items will apply in most other LMIC settings as they were directly applicable in Kenya without a need for additional adaptation. What might be missing are items that are unique to different settings. For example, the overt mistreatment items fell off because of the low frequency of occurrence of these behaviors in the study samples. They will, however, be important where overt mistreatment during ANC exists. Future testing in diverse settings is therefore needed. The most important but challenging part of tool development is ensuring content validity. Yet most validation efforts focus on just psychometric adequacy. The pool of items we developed will thus provide a starting point for future psychometric assessments in different settings. Given the rapid uptake of the PCMC scale and validation in other settings after the initial validation, we believe this validation study in two LMIC countries will spur further validation in other LMIC settings. Other drawbacks include the length of the scale and associated participant burden. We address this by proposing a shorter version.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe present a valid and reliable comprehensive tool to measure the key domains of PCANC in LMIC contexts. Like prior person-centered tools, this tool will be valuable for needs assessment to identify gaps in PCANC to inform interventions and for evaluation to assess the effect of interventions on PCANC. In addition, it can be used for research to examine predictors to identify inequities in PCANC and assess its impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes to improve advocacy. It could also be used for routine monitoring for quality improvement and accountability. PCANC is critical to achieving the vision for maternal and newborn health. However, monitoring progress toward this vision will be difficult without measurement tools. This study thus addresses a critical gap in efforts to measure and provide high-quality ANC in LIMICs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003ePCANC: Person-centered antenatal care\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLMICs: Low- and middle-income countries\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUS: United States\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eANC: Antenatal care\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSSA: sub-Saharan Africa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePCMC: Person-centered maternity care\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePCPC-US: Person-centered prenatal care scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUER: Upper East Region\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCHPS: Community-Based Health Planning and Services\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUCSF: University of California, San Francisco\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNHRC: Navrongo Health Research Center\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEFA: Exploratory factor analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKMO: Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFA: Confirmatory factor analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRMSEA: Root mean square error of approximation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep of close fit: pclose\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFI: Comparative fit index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTLI: Tucker-Lewis index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSRMR: Standardized root mean squared residual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA: Not applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe included studies have been conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and the Navrongo Health Research Center (NHRC) for the validation study and from UCSF, NHRC, and the Kenya Medical Research Institute for the CPIPE trial. All participants gave their consent prior to their participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author [PAA] upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe initial validation study was funded by the UCSF Population Health and Health Equity Scholars Program. The CPIPE trial is funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD110370-02).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePAA: conceptualization, funding acquisition, resources, supervision, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, writing-original draft and revision. HM: investigation, interpretation of data, manuscript review, and editing. \u0026nbsp;DES: project administration, interpretation of data, manuscript review, and editing; JO: formal analysis, visualization, interpretation of data, manuscript review and editing. MA, OJO, BO, JK, LO: project administration, investigation, manuscript review, and editing. RAA: investigation, resources, supervision, project administration, interpretation of data, manuscript review, and editing. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;We are grateful to everyone who participated in various stages of the work, including the expert reviews, cognitive interviews, and surveys. We are particularly grateful to the mothers who participated and the research assistants who conducted the interviews. We also acknowledge Dr. Özge Tuncalp, who provided feedback on the item reduction for the short version.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. WHO. 2016. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/anc-positive-pregnancy-experience/en/. Accessed 12 Oct 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAntenatal care. UNICEF DATA. 2024. https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/antenatal-care/. Accessed 9 Aug 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDiamond-Smith N, Sudhinaraset M, Montagu D. Clinical and perceived quality of care for maternal, neonatal and antenatal care in Kenya and Namibia: the service provision assessment. Reproductive Health. 2016;13:92.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Buback L, Essandoh F, Kinyua J, Kirumbi L, Cohen CR. Quality of antenatal care and associated factors in a rural county in Kenya: an assessment of service provision and experience dimensions. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19:1\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmponsah-Tabi S, Dassah ET, Asubonteng GO, Ankobea F, Annan JJK, Senu E, et al. An assessment of the quality of antenatal care and pregnancy outcomes in a tertiary hospital in Ghana. PLOS ONE. 2022;17:e0275933.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhite Ribbon Alliance. Respectful Maternity Care: The Universal Rights of Childbearing Women (Full charter). 2011. http://www.healthpolicyproject.com/index.cfm?ID=publications\u0026amp;get=pubID\u0026amp;pubID=46. Accessed 28 Mar 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Prevention and elimination of disrespect and abuse during childbirth. WHO. 2015. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/maternal_perinatal/statement-childbirth/en/. Accessed 1 Apr 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInstitute of Medicine. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. 2001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBohren MA, Hunter EC, Munthe-Kaas HM, Souza JP, Vogel JP, G\u0026uuml;lmezoglu AM. Facilitators and barriers to facility-based delivery in low- and middle-income countries: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Reprod Health. 2014;11:71.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMiller S, Abalos E, Chamillard M, Ciapponi A, Colaci D, Comand\u0026eacute; D, et al. Beyond too little, too late and too much, too soon: a pathway towards evidence-based, respectful maternity care worldwide. Lancet. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31472-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Buback L, McNally B, Mbuyita S, Mwanyika-Sando M, Peca E. A Rapid Review of Available Evidence to Inform Indicators for Routine Monitoring and Evaluation of Respectful Maternity Care. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2020;8:125\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAryeetey R, Aikins M, Dako-Gyeke P, Adongo P. Pathways Utilized for Antenatal Health Seeking Among Women in the Ga East District, Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2015;49:44\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKotoh AM, Boah M. \u0026ldquo;No visible signs of pregnancy, no sickness, no antenatal care\u0026rdquo;: Initiation of antenatal care in a rural district in Northern Ghana. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:1094.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeidu A-A, Okyere J, Budu E, Duah HO, Ahinkorah BO. Inequalities in antenatal care in Ghana, 1998\u0026ndash;2014. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2022;22:478.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManyeh AK, Amu A, Williams J, Gyapong M. Factors associated with the timing of antenatal clinic attendance among first-time mothers in rural southern Ghana. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2020;20:47.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSakeah E, Okawa S, Rexford Oduro A, Shibanuma A, Ansah E, Kikuchi K, et al. Determinants of attending antenatal care at least four times in rural Ghana: analysis of a cross-sectional survey. Global Health Action. 2017;10:1291879.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuodu PA, Bayuo J, Mensah JA, Aduse-Poku L, Arthur-Holmes F, Dzomeku VM, et al. Trends in antenatal care visits and associated factors in Ghana from 2006 to 2018. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2022;22:59.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA. Rural/Urban and socioeconomic differentials in quality of antenatal care in Ghana. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0117996.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHodgins S, D\u0026rsquo;Agostino A. The quality\u0026ndash;coverage gap in antenatal care: toward better measurement of effective coverage. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2014;2:173\u0026ndash;81.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma J, Leslie HH, Kundu F, Kruk ME. Poor Quality for Poor Women? Inequities in the Quality of Antenatal and Delivery Care in Kenya. PLOS ONE. 2017;12:e0171236.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtinga RA, Baku AA. Determinants of antenatal care quality in Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics. 2013;40:852\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBabalola S. Women\u0026rsquo;s education level, antenatal visits and the quality of skilled antenatal care: a study of three African countries. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2014;25:161\u0026ndash;79.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLattof SR, Tun\u0026ccedil;alp \u0026Ouml;, Moran AC, Bucagu M, Chou D, Diaz T, et al. Developing measures for WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience: a conceptual framework and scoping review. BMJ Open. 2020;9:e024130.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSheferaw ED, Mengesha TZ, Wase SB. Development of a tool to measure women\u0026rsquo;s perception of respectful maternity care in public health facilities. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2016;16:67.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBohren MA, Vogel JP, Fawole B, Maya ET, Maung TM, Bald\u0026eacute; MD, et al. Methodological development of tools to measure how women are treated during facility-based childbirth in four countries: labor observation and community survey. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18:132.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Diamond-Smith N, Golub G, Sudhinaraset M. Development of a tool to measure person-centered maternity care in developing settings: validation in a rural and urban Kenyan population. Reprod Health. 2017;14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLarson E, Sharma J, Nasiri K, Bohren MA, Tun\u0026ccedil;alp \u0026Ouml;. Measuring experiences of facility-based care for pregnant women and newborns: a scoping review. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Diamond-Smith N, Phillips B, Singhal S, Sudhinaraset M. Validation of the person-centered maternity care scale in India. Reprod Health. 2018;15:147.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Phillips B, Aborigo RA, Moyer CA. Person-centred maternity care in low-income and middle-income countries: analysis of data from Kenya, Ghana, and India. The Lancet Global Health. 2019;7:e96\u0026ndash;109.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Feeser K, Sudhinaraset M, Aborigo R, Montagu D, Chakraborty N. Toward the development of a short multi-country person-centered maternity care scale. International Journal of Gynecology \u0026amp; Obstetrics. 2019;0.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDagnaw FT, Tiruneh SA, Azanaw MM, Desale AT, Engdaw MT. Determinants of person-centered maternity care at the selected health facilities of Dessie town, Northeastern, Ethiopia: community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20:524.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRishard M, Fahmy FF, Senanayake H, Ranaweera AKP, Armocida B, Mariani I, et al. Correlation among experience of person-centered maternity care, provision of care and women\u0026rsquo;s satisfaction: Cross sectional study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. PLOS ONE. 2021;16:e0249265.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;zşahin Z, Altiparmak S, Aksoy Derya Y, Kayhan Tetik B, Inceoğlu F. Turkish validity and reliability study for the person-centered maternity care scale. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2021;47:3211\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOgbuabor DC, Nwankwor C. Perception of Person-Centred Maternity Care and Its Associated Factors Among Post-Partum Women: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Study in Enugu State, Nigeria. Int J Public Health. 2021;66:612894.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Altman MR, Castillo E, Bernal N, Jones L, Camara T, et al. Adaptation of the Person-Centered Maternity Care Scale in the United States: Prioritizing the Experiences of Black Women and Birthing People. Womens Health Issues. 2022;32:352\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohammadkhani N. Translation and adaptation of the person-centered maternity care scale to a Persian-speaking population: a confirmatory factor analysis. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:1619.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Sayi TS, Montagu D. Predictors of person-centered maternity care: the role of socioeconomic status, empowerment, and facility type. BMC Health Services Research. 2018;18:360.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSudhinaraset M, Landrian A, Afulani PA, Diamond-Smith N, Golub G. Association between person-centered maternity care and newborn complications in Kenya. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12978.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMontagu D, Ladrian A, Kumar V, Phillips BS, Singah S, Mishra S, et al. Patient-experience during delivery in public health facilities in Uttar Pradesh, India. Health Policy Plan. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz067.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Aborigo RA, Walker D, Moyer CA, Cohen S, Williams J. Can an integrated obstetric emergency simulation training improve respectful maternity care? Results from a pilot study in Ghana. Birth. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12418.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMontagu. A Comparison of Intensive vs. Light-Touch Quality Improvement Interventions for Maternal Health in Uttar Pradesh, India. 2020. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-29983/v1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSudhinaraset M, Afulani PA, Diamond-Smith N, Golub G, Srivastava A. Development of a Person-Centered Family Planning Scale in India and Kenya. Stud Fam Plann. 2018;49:237\u0026ndash;58.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSudhinaraset M, Landrian A, Afulani PA, Phillips B, Diamond-Smith N, Cotter S. Development and validation of a person-centered abortion scale: the experiences of care in private facilities in Kenya. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20:208.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSudhinaraset M, Gipson JD, Nakphong MK, Soun B, Afulani PA, Upadhyay UD, et al. Person-centered abortion care scale: Validation for medication abortion in the United States. Contraception. 2024;:110485.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Altman MR, Castillo E, Bernal N, Jones L, Camara TL, et al. Development of the person-centered prenatal care scale for people of color. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021;225:427.e1-427.e13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeVellis DRF. Scale Development: Theory and Applications (Applied Social Research Methods) 2nd (second) edition. Example Product Manufacturer; 2003.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHinkin T, Tracey J, Enz C. Scale Construction: Developing Reliable and Valid Measurement Instruments. Articles and Chaps. 1997.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Aborigo RA, Nutor JJ, Okiring J, Kuwolamo I, Ogolla BA, et al. Self-reported provision of person-centred maternity care among providers in Kenya and Ghana: scale validation and examination of associated factors. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6:e007415.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfulani PA, Getahun M, Ongeri L, Aborigo R, Kinyua J, Ogolla BA, et al. A cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of the \u0026lsquo;Caring for Providers to Improve Patient Experience\u0026rsquo; (CPIPE) intervention in Kenya and Ghana: study protocol. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:2509.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhana Health Service. Regional health Directorate-Upper East Region. 2018 Annual Report.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhana Health Service. Upper East Regional Profile-2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNorth East Regional Health Directorate. Midyear Performance Review Report 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHealth Policy Project. Kenya County Health Fact Sheets. 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDowne S, Finlayson K, Tun\u0026ccedil;alp Ӧ., G\u0026uuml;lmezoglu AM. What matters to women: a systematic scoping review to identify the processes and outcomes of antenatal care provision that are important to healthy pregnant women. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics \u0026amp; Gynaecology. 2016;123:529\u0026ndash;39.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMokkink LB, Terwee CB, Knol DL, Stratford PW, Alonso J, Patrick DL, et al. The COSMIN checklist for evaluating the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties: A clarification of its content. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2010;10:22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, et al. The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study. Qual Life Res. 2010;19:539\u0026ndash;49.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYusoff MSB. ABC of Content Validation and Content Validity Index Calculation. Education in Medicine Journal. 2019;11:49\u0026ndash;54.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePolit DF, Beck CT, Owen SV. Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2007;30:459\u0026ndash;67.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eN\u0026aacute;poles-Springer AM, Santoyo-Olsson J, O\u0026rsquo;Brien H, Stewart AL. Using cognitive interviews to develop surveys in diverse populations. Med Care. 2006;44 11 Suppl 3:S21-30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCollins D. Pretesting survey instruments: an overview of cognitive methods. Qual Life Res. 2003;12:229\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWillis GB, Artino AR. What Do Our Respondents Think We\u0026rsquo;re Asking? Using Cognitive Interviewing to Improve Medical Education Surveys. J Grad Med Educ. 2013;5:353\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGunawan J, Marzilli C, Aungsuroch Y. Establishing appropriate sample size for developing and validating a questionnaire in nursing research. Belitung Nurs J. 2021;7:356\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoateng GO, Neilands TB, Frongillo EA, Melgar-Qui\u0026ntilde;onez HR, Young SL. Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer. Front Public Health. 2018;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCrosby RA, DiClemente, Salazar LF. Research methods in health promotion. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2006.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePiedmont RL. Inter-item Correlations. In: Michalos AC, editor. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014. p. 3303\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfifi AA, Clark V, May S. Computer-aided Multivariate Analysis. 4th edition. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press; 2004.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeVellis RF. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. 4 edition. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc; 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDavidson M. Known-Groups Validity. In: Michalos AC, editor. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014. p. 3481\u0026ndash;2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAltman MR, Afulani PA, Melbourne D, Kuppermann M. Factors associated with person-centered care during pregnancy and birth for Black women and birthing people in California. Birth. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12675.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLarson E, Sharma J, Bohren MA, Tun\u0026ccedil;alp \u0026Ouml;. When the patient is the expert: measuring patient experience and satisfaction with care. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97:563\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable width=\"643\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"643\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Characteristic of the initial validation study population, Ghana, N=595\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge in years: Mean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.94 (5.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Below 20 yrs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 20-24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e208 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 25-29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e164 (27.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 30-34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e122 (20.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 35-39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 40 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Married/Partnered\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e553 (92.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Single\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Widowed/Divorced/separated\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; None\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75 (12.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; One\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e195 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Two\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e151 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Three\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90 (15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Four\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53 (8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 5 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePregnant or give birth in the last 6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes, currently pregnant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e297 (49.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes, gave birth in the last 6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e298 (50.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonths of pregnancy (Pregnant participants)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 7 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99 (33.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 8 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99 (33.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 9 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 10 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonths of postpartum (Postpartum participants)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3 wks or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59 (19.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 4-7 wks\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61 (20.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 8-11 wks\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39 (13.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52 (17.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 4 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38 (12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 5 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHighest grade completed at school\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; None\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Primary or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e128 (21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Post-primary/vocational\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e196 (32.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Secondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e188 (31.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; College/University\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53 (8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Refused to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePartner's highest grade completed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; None\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Primary or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e111 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Post-primary/vocational\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e140 (23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Secondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e151 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; College/University\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e111 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Refused to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Farming\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e104 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Trading/selling\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e107 (18.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Hairdressing/dressmaking/Craftsmanship\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e142 (23.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Housewife/unemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e144 (24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Teacher/Student\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePartner's occupation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Farming\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e189 (31.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Trading/selling\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Hairdressing/dressmaking/Craftsmanship\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78 (13.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; unemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Teacher/Student\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76 (12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Motor/Driver/Mechanic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Mason/Electrician/Plumbing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead and write\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No, cannot read and write\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e147 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes, but with some difficulty with reading or writing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e210 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes, can read and write very well\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e238 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoney earned/received in a month (GHS)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; None/undisclosed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 100 or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200 (33.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 101-200\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e111 (18.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 201-300\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77 (12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 301-400\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 401-500\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45 (7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; More than 500\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHousehold wealth quintile\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; First (poorest)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e187 (31.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Second (poorer)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56 (9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Third (middle)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e129 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Fourth (richer)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e117 (19.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Fifth (richest)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e106 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHousehold member work in a health facility\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e517 (87.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77 (13.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Christian\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e535 (89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Traditionalist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthnicity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Nankani/Frafra\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e291 (48.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Kasem\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e211 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Builsa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Others\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTiming of first ANC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 2 months or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e224 (37.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3-4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e273 (45.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 5-6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 7 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReason for first ANC visit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Just for a routine checkup\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e475 (79.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Because of a problem\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120 (20.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrequency of ANC visits\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 2 or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3-5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e184 (30.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 6-8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e207 (34.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 9 or more times\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e172 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHighest-level ANC facility\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Government Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e105 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Government HC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e195 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Other lower-level facility\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e240 (40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Private or mission facility\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHighest level provider received ANC from\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Doctor or Medical assistant/Physician assistant/Clinical Officer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"400\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Midwife/nurse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"243\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e567 (95.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"699\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"11\" width=\"699\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Exploratory factor analysis of 36 retained items, Ghana, N=595\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"241\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3 factor structure for full scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"137\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esingle factor structure for full scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"135\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSingle factor by sub-scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSubscale/items\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUniqueness \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUniqueness \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUniqueness \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDignity and respect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreeted\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreat you with respect\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFriendly care\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge valued\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrivacy/not exposed\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfo confidentiality\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuditory privacy\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVerbal abuse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunication and Autonomy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroductions by provider\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalled preferred name\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeard and listened to\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInvolved in decisions\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplain exams/procedures\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplain medications\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTold examination results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTold test results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCould ask any questions\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEncouraged questions\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuestions were answered\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCheck understood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLanguage level they understood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsked about birth plan\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponsive and Supportive care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWait time for provider\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWait time for labs and drugs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTime with provider\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReceived best care\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical wellbeing assessed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMental/emotions wellbeing assessed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResources for emotional/mental wellbeing\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAttention when needed help\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrust\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompetence\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCleanliness\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSafe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"150\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnough staff\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"78\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"631\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"8\" width=\"558\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Characteristics of scale items, Ghana, N=595\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"121\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"208\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eInternal Consistency\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"202\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStandardized scores\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"121\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of items\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAverage interitem correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"91\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCronbach's alpha\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStd. dev.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"121\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFull 36-item PCANC scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"91\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"121\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDignity and Respect subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"91\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"121\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommunication and autonomy subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"91\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"121\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResponsive and supportive care subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"91\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"57\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"49\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"653\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\" width=\"653\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4:\u0026nbsp; Crosstabulation and Linear Regression on PCANC score, Ghana, N=594\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrosstab\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"256\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLinear Regression on PCANC score\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[95% conf. interval]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSatisfaction with ANC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-19.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-36.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-16.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-22.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-10.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerceived quality of ANC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-27.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-56.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-16.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-24.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-7.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-10.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-16.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-4.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWill return for ANC in future\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo, never\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-9.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-12.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-5.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes, somewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-11.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-15.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-8.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"269\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes, definitely\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"31\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e475\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"45\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"16\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"56\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"854\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"664\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Demographics for CPIPE trial Baseline for Ghana and Kenya, N=1988\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=1988)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"291\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCountry\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKenya (N=996)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGhana (N=992)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge in years: Mean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.20 (5.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.45 (5.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.96 (5.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Below 20 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e216 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e133 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83 (8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 20-24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e683 (34.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e384 (38.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e299 (30.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 25-29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e538 (27.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e243 (24.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e295 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 30-34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e338 (17.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e148 (14.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e190 (19.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 35-39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e165 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93 (9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 40 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Refused to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Single\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e259 (13.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e177 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Married/Partnered\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,702 (85.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e795 (79.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e907 (91.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Widowed/Divorced/separated\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Refused to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 1-2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,063 (53.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e515 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e548 (55.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3-4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e652 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e322 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e330 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 5-6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e214 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e118 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 7 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonths of postpartum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3 wks or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e875 (44.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e410 (41.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e465 (46.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 4-7 wks\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e560 (28.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e310 (31.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e250 (25.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 8-11 wks\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e447 (22.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e236 (23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e211 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e105 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHighest grade completed at school\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; None\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e166 (8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e163 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Primary or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e643 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e476 (47.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e167 (16.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Post-primary/vocational\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e255 (12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e202 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Secondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e719 (36.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e354 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e365 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; College/University\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e205 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e110 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95 (9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePartner's highest grade completed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; None\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e138 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e135 (13.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Primary or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e504 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e301 (30.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e203 (20.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Post-primary/vocational\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e195 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e103 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92 (9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Secondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e486 (24.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e212 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e274 (27.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; College/University\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e330 (16.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e142 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e188 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Refused to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e285 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e199 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Don't Know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36 (3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Farming\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e256 (12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e127 (12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e129 (13.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Trading/selling\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e352 (17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e190 (19.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e162 (16.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHairdressing/dressmaking/Craftsmanship\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e233 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e183 (18.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Housewife/unemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e725 (36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e464 (46.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e261 (26.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Teacher/Student\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e241 (12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e128 (12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e113 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Others\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e181 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e144 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePartner's occupation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Farming\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e538 (27.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e194 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e344 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Trading/selling\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e249 (12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e156 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93 (9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHairdressing/dressmaking/Craftsmanship\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e229 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e145 (14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; unemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e108 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Teacher/Student\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e178 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e114 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Motor/Driver/Mechanic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e335 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e229 (23.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e106 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Mason/Electrician/Plumbing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Others\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e341 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e153 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e188 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead and write\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; No, cannot read and write\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e322 (16.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e306 (30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes, but with some difficulty with reading or writing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e310 (15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e128 (12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e182 (18.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Yes, can read and write very well\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,350 (67.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e849 (85.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e501 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Refused to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoney earned/received in a month (Ghana)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026lt; =1000 cedis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e605 (61.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;1000 to 5000 cedis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e153 (15.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;5000 to 10000 cedis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Refused to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e224 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoney earned/received in a month (Kenya)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026lt; =10000 KSH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e684 (68.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;10000 to 50000 KSH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e229 (23.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;50000 to 100000 KSH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;100000 to 150000 KSH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026gt;200000 KSH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Refused to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHousehold wealth quintile\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; First\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e405 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e153 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e252 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Second\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e510 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e273 (27.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e237 (23.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Third\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e307 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e175 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e132 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Fourth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e438 (22.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e216 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e222 (22.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Fifth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e328 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e179 (18.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e149 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Christian\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,698 (85.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e980 (98.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e718 (72.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e264 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e253 (25.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Traditionalist\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthnicity in Kenya\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Luyya\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Kuria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Abusuba\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Kisii\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Luo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e815 (81.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthnicity in Ghana\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Kasem\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69 (7.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Nankani/Frafra\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e309 (31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Builsa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e149 (15.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Nabdam\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Kusal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Talensi\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Mampruli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e150 (15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Other\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e178 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Refused to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTiming of first ANC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 2 months or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e526 (26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e116 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e410 (41.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3-4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e854 (43.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e432 (43.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e422 (42.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 5-6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e519 (26.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e394 (39.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e125 (12.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 7 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"482\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReason for first ANC visit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Because of a problem\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e301 (15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e187 (18.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e114 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Just for a routine checkup\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,681 (84.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e803 (80.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e878 (88.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Don\u0026rsquo;t Know\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of ANC visits\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 2 or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 3-5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e859 (43.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e683 (68.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e176 (17.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 6-8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e637 (32.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e226 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e411 (41.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 9 or more times\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e387 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e377 (38.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Don't Know/missing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHighest-level ANC facility\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Gov't hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e851 (43.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e572 (57.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e279 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Gov't Health Center/other lower level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e961 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e398 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e563 (57.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Private or mission facility\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e165 (8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e141 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHighest level provider received ANC from\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Doctor/Clinical Officer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e343 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e256 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Nurse/Midwife\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,639 (82.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e738 (74.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e901 (91.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"261\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Non-skilled attendant/2DK\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"111\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"71\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"602\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"602\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6: Unstandardized and Standardized Loadings for Three-Factor Confirmatory Model of the PCANC scale, N=1988\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLatent variable / observed variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"216\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsing 36-observed variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"216\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsing 20-observed variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnstandardized \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Standard error)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandardized\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Standard error)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnstandardized\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Standard error)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandardized\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Standard error)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDignity and respect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreeted\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreat you with respect\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFriendly care\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge valued\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09 (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrivacy not exposed\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91 (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfo confidentiality\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.59 (0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.47 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.48 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuditory privacy\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85 (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.45 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVerbal abuse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.16 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunication and autonomy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroductions by provider\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalled preferred name\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.35 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeard and listened to\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.57 (0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.59 (0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.63 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.66 (0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.68 (0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.54 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInvolved in decisions\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.03 (0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68 (0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.10 (0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplain exams/procedures\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.24 (0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.96 (0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplain medications\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.14 (0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.00 (0.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.67 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTold examination results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.86 (0.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.57 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTold test results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.94 (0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCould ask any questions\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.93 (0.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68 (0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEncouraged questions\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.36 (0.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17 (0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.66 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuestions were answered\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.78 (0.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.68 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCheck understood information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.27 (0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.23 (0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elanguage they understood\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.35 (0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.25 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsked about birth plan\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.37 (0.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.40 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResponsive and supportive care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReceived best care\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76 (0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWait time for provider\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.12 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWait time for labs or drugs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.18 (0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-0.10 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical wellbeing assessed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82 (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.43 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMental/emotions wellbeing assessed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.28 (0.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.21 (0.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.44 (0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResources for emotional/mental wellbeing\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.45 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAttention when needed help\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69 (0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrust\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.59 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompetence\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.57 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWashrooms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.58 (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.31 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.52 (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.24 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCleanliness\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78 (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.44 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75 (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.36 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSafe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74 (0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.46 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnough staff\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.39 (0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"117\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"100\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"664\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"664\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7: Goodness-of-Fit Indicators of a Three- Factor Confirmatory Model\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood-of Fit Statistic*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"171\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCombined\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"181\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGhana\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"181\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKenya\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"84\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36-observed variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20-observed variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36-observed variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20-observed variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36-observed variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20-observed variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChi-square, p-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"84\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2150.827, p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e694.801, p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2091.697, p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e587.204, p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1343.446, p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e417.207, p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoot mean squared error of approximation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"84\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePclose\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"84\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.922\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparative fit index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"84\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.941\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.914\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.952\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.923\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.953\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTucker\u0026ndash;Lewis index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"84\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.913\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"132\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStandardized root mean squared residual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"84\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"87\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"664\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003eModel adopted is one with modification indices of a covariance of 10 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"652\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\" width=\"604\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8:\u0026nbsp; Characteristics of scale items\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"230\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eInternal Consistency reliability\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"201\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStandardized scores\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of items\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAverage interitem correlation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eScale reliability coefficient\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStd. dev.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMin\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCombined (N=1988)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFull 36-item scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34-item scale*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20-item short scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDignity and Respect subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommunication and autonomy subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResponsive and supportive care subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResponsive and supportive care subscale*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eKenya (N=996)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFull 36-item scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34-item scale*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20-item short scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDignity and Respect subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommunication and autonomy subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResponsive and supportive care subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResponsive and supportive care subscale*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eGhana (N=992)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFull 36-item scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34-item scale*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20-item short scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDignity and Respect subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommunication and autonomy subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResponsive and supportive care subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"183\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResponsive and supportive care subscale*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"18\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"75\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"39\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"51\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" width=\"652\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 34-item full scale and 11-item responsive and supportive care sub-scale exclude the two wait time variables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 642.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 580.125px;\" colspan=\"10\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9:\u0026nbsp; Crosstabulation and Linear Regression on PCANC score, N=1988\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 131px;\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrosstab\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 218.125px;\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLinear Regression on PCANC score\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 92px;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[95% conf. interval]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSatisfaction with ANC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e55.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-15.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-21.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-9.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeither satisfied nor dissatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-17.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-20.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-15.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1360\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e483\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerceived quality of ANC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePoor/Very Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-22.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-27.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-17.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-9.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-12.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-7.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e993\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e616\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcellent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWill return for ANC in future\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo, never\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-5.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-7.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes, somewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e304\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-13.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-15.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-11.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 215px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes, definitely\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1497\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 3.125px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"634\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\" width=\"634\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 10: All PCANC questions and final decisions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLabel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDecision for 36 item scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReason for inclusion/exclusion from 36 item scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDecision for 20-item short scale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreeted\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they greet you well when you arrived or responded well if you greeted first?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreat you with respect\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they treat you with respect?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFriendly care\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWere they friendly or nice to you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge valued\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel your knowledge was valued? Did they appreciate or accept your ideas or knowledge about your health?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrivacy not exposed\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring physical exams (like abdominal and pelvic exams) were you covered up with a cloth or blanket or screened with a curtain so that you did not feel exposed?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfo confidentiality\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel your health information was kept confidential by the health workers?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuditory privacy\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel you could discuss your problems with the health workers, without others not involved in your care overhearing your conversations?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFamily respected\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid the health workers respect your family or companions who were with you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of high not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVerbal abuse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel they talked to you badly (For example, shouted at you, scolded, insulted, or threatened, you)?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate performance but retained for conceptual relevance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscrimination\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel discriminated against by the health workers in any way? I.e., did you feel you were treated differently based on something about you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of low loading\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeglected\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel the health workers avoided, ignored, or neglected you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of low loading\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntroductions by provider\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid the health workers introduce themselves to you when they first saw you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalled preferred name\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they call you by your name (or appropriately)?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeard and listened to\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel heard by the health workers?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid the health workers ask your permission before examining or doing procedures on you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInvolved in decisions\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid the health workers involve you in decisions about your care?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplain exams/procedures\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they explain to you why they were doing examinations or tests on you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnderstood tests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you understand the purpose of any examinations or tests you were asked to do? ... like urine or blood tests, ultrasound, etc., that you were asked to do including those you were asked to do outside the facility)?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of correlation with explain exams/procedures\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTold examination results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they tell you the results of examinations you did like your blood pressure and weight?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTold test results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they tell you the results of tests you did like blood or urine tests?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExplain medications\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they explain to you why they were giving or prescribing you any medicine?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnderstood medicines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you understand the purpose of any medicines you were given or prescribed to go and buy?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of correlation with explain medicines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCould ask any questions\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel you could ask the health workers any questions you had?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEncouraged questions\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they encourage you to ask questions?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHold back questions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you hold back from asking questions for any reason?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of low loading\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuestions were answered\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo you feel your questions were answered when you asked them?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCheck understood information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they check that you understood information that was given to you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003elanguage they understood\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid the health workers speak to you in a language you could understand or using words you could understand?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsked about birth plan\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid a health worker discuss your birth plan with you (e.g., where you wanted to give birth or what you wanted during the birth?)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePressured\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel forced into a decision by health workers?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of low loading\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWait time for provider\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHow did you feel about the amount of time you had to wait to be seen by a health worker during antenatal visits (i.e., the time from when you arrived at the health facility to when you saw the midwife or doctor)?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded despite low loading because of conceptual relevance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWait time for labs or drugs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHow did you feel about the amount of time it took you to get your labs done and/or get your drugs at the facility?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded despite low loading because of conceptual relevance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTime with provider\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHow did you feel about the amount of time the doctor or midwife spent with you? (i.e., was it rushed or did they take their time with you)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of low loading\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReceived best care\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel they took the best care of you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShowed they cared\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel the health workers cared about you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of correlation with best care\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical wellbeing assessed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they ask you about your physical health?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMental/emotional wellbeing assessed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they ask you about your mental and emotional health?\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResources for emotional/mental wellbeing\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they give you the support to deal with your mental and emotional health?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAttention when needed help\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen you needed support from the providers with regards to your health, did they pay attention?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrust\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel you could trust the health workers with regards to your care?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompetence\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel the health workers were competent?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWashrooms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCould you use the washrooms in the facility if you needed to?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCleanliness\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel the health facility environment, including the washrooms were clean?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSafe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, did you feel safe (physically and psychologically) in the place you received antenatal care?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnough staff\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo you think there was enough health staff in the facility to care for you?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdequate performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBribe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring your antenatal care, did any health worker at the facility ask you or your family for an unofficial payment?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of low loading\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you feel they handled you badly (For example pushed, beat, slapped, pinched or physically restrained you)?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of low frequency and loading\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLanguage level they understood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid they speak to you using words you could understand?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCombined with language they understood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreferred clinic\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWere you able to go to your preferred place/clinic for antenatal care?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of low relevance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Preferred provider\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"186\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWere you able to see your preferred provider for antenatal care?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"81\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded because of low relevance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"85\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcluded\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\" width=\"634\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotes: Last four not included in the CPIPE trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll response options except noted below are: 0, No, never | 1, Yes, a few times | 2, Yes, most of the time | 3, Yes, all the time |\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome include 4, N/a-don't know \u003cbr /\u003e 9, 10, 11, 47:\u0026nbsp; 0, No, never | 1, Yes, once | 2, Yes, a few times | 3, Yes, many times | 88, Refused to answer\u003cbr /\u003e 1, 12, 28, 41: 0, No, none of them | 1, Yes, a few of them | 2, Yes, most of them | 3, Yes, all of them | 88, Refused to answer\u003cbr /\u003e 31, 32: 0, It was just right | 1, It was somewhat long | 2, It was very long | 3, It was extremely long | 4, Not applicable | 88, Refused to answer\u003cbr /\u003e 33: 0, It was just right | 1, It was too long | 2, It was somewhat short | 3, It was very short | 88, Refused to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"prenatal/antenatal care, person-centered care, experience of care, quality of care, respectful maternity care; patient-reported experience measure, LMIC, Ghana, Kenya","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5597466/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5597466/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerson-centered antenatal care (PCANC)\u0026mdash;antenatal care that is respectful and responsive to people\u0026rsquo;s needs, values, and preferences\u0026mdash;is essential to achieving optimal pregnancy outcomes. Yet, no validated tools exist to comprehensively measure PCANC in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aim to develop and validate a tool to comprehensively measure PCANC relevant to women\u0026rsquo;s experiences in LMICs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe followed standard procedures for scale development. This included a literature review to adapt items from a prior scale developed in the United States and to generate new items relevant to LMICs; expert reviews with maternal health experts, health care providers, and women with lived experiences (currently pregnant or previously pregnant) to assess content validity; and cognitive interviews and pretesting with pregnant and postpartum women to evaluate clarity, appropriateness, and relevance of the questions. Questions were iteratively revised at each stage and administered in a survey to 300 pregnant (third trimester) and 300 postpartum women (who gave birth within six months of the interview) in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Following data analysis from the first survey, the questions were revised and administered to 2000 postpartum women in Ghana and Kenya (1000 per country). The survey data were used in psychometric analysis to assess construct and criterion validity, and internal consistency reliability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIterative exploratory factor analysis was used to reduce the number of items from over 60 to 36. The 36 items load onto one dominant factor, with three factors having eigenvalues greater than one. Items are grouped into three conceptual domains representing subscales for \u0026ldquo;dignity and respect,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;communication and autonomy,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;responsive and supportive care.\u0026rdquo; The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha for the full scale is 0.90, and the subscales are each \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.7. The summative PCANC scores correlate with global measures of antenatal care quality, satisfaction, and future care location, suggesting good criterion validity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PCANC scale has high validity and reliability in the sample of prenatal and postpartum women in Ghana and Kenya. This scale will facilitate efforts to measure and improve respectful and responsive antenatal care in LMICs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Development and validation of a person-centered antenatal care scale for low- and middle-income countries","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-07 08:21:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5597466/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f20c44d5-825e-435d-8dc4-576b51213685","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-23T06:53:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-07 08:21:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5597466","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5597466","identity":"rs-5597466","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}