Social support, coping strategies, husband and wife interaction, marital quality in families with unwanted pregnancies

Social support, coping strategies, husband and wife interaction, marital quality in families with unwanted pregnancies | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Social support, coping strategies, husband and wife interaction, marital quality in families with unwanted pregnancies Nia Reviani, Ujang Sumarwan, Tin Herawati, Lilik Noor Yuliati This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6763616/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Unintended pregnancy is one of the potentials that can cause serious problems for the quality of marriage for a family. This study aims to analyze the effect of social support, coping strategies, and husband and wife interactions on the quality of marriage in families with unwanted pregnancies. The design of this study used a cross-sectional study. Methods: The study was conducted in Bekasi City and Bekasi Regency, West Java, which were selected purposively based on the high number of unwanted pregnancies in both areas. Data from the questionnaire was used to examine the predictors of marital quality using descriptive and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis methods Results: The results showed that social support can have indirect (β = 0.777) a significant positive effect on husband and wife interactions and a direct (β = 0.336) on marital quality, and coping strategies (β = 0.151) had a significant positive effect on husband and wife interactions and (β = 0.556) marital quality in a family. Conclusions: The findings show that various socio-cultural factors such as social support, coping strategies, husband and wife interaction and marital quality influence unwanted pregnancies. To improve the quality of marriage, families with unwanted pregnancies need to get stronger social support and implement appropriate coping strategies and strengthen the intensity of interaction between husband and wife. Social Support Coping Strategies Marital Quality Unwanted Pregnancies Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Unplanned pregnancy is known as unwanted pregnancy (KTD), and it can have a negative impact on the psychological health of the mother so that it also leads to a decline in her physical health; in addition, it can interfere with husband‒wife relationships, which can lead to family social welfare (Finer & Zolna, 2011). Although the total fertility rate (TFR) has reached the replacement level, namely, the last achievement at 2.18 according to BPS (Central Statistics Agency) data in 2020, in reality, unwanted pregnancy is still a significant health issue in society and is a problem that is still very relevant and urgently needs to be addressed. Unwanted pregnancy is a major problem that has the potential to worsen the quality of life of families (Grevenstein et al., 2019) and is ultimately a factor related to population quality issues. Unwanted pregnancy also increases tension in the husband‒wife relationship, which has the potential to reduce the quality of marriage (Rollins & Galligan, 1978 ). Mothers who experience unwanted pregnancy are at high risk of experiencing stress, depression, and anxiety. Prolonged stress due to unpreparedness during pregnancy can cause disorders in mothers’ mental health, including prenatal and postpartum depression (Fauziah, Hamidah, & Subiyati, 2022). In addition, these impacts often worsen the family's financial condition and reduce the family's overall subjective well-being (Yazdkhasti et al., 2015 ). Unwanted pregnancy affects not only individuals but also families’ overall well-being, making it an issue that requires serious attention (Rollins & Galligan, 1978 ). Barton et al. ( 2017 ) reported that women who described their pregnancy as ‘unplanned’ reported lower levels of support and less frequent contact with friends and family, especially those who had ambivalent or negative feelings about the unintended pregnancy. Social networks, such as friends, extended family and colleagues, can provide support and useful information to prevent and protect families from depression and emotional distress resulting from marital conflict and divorce (Johnson and Elliot, 2011). With ongoing support from partners and family members, pregnant women are less likely to experience depression, mental stress and anxiety disorders (Maharlouei 2016 ). Emotional support from husbands during pregnancy has been shown to help improve maternal life satisfaction after childbirth, in line with findings that emphasize the importance of social support in promoting maternal mental health (Joyce et al. 2002 ; Stidham et al. 2019 ). Another very important support is social support, which acts as a buffer and reinforces the use of more adaptive coping strategies, such as seeking help and emotional support (Williams, 2016 ). Social support helps families experiencing difficulties develop effective coping strategies such as active coping and emotion management (Thompson and Roberts, 2018 ). Social support allows individuals to use effective coping strategies, thereby improving their well-being (Garcia and Perez, 2021). In addition, healthy interactions between couples improve the quality of marriage and intimacy (Lairenceau, Barrett, and Rovine 2005). Poor interactions between husbands and wives can cause problems in the family, especially with respect to the quality of marriage (Nurcahyanti 2010 ). The longer the age of marriage is, the more commitments are formed between the husband and wife, considering the age of marriage and the intensity of interaction and communication between the two people who agree to explore life together. This makes the couple get to know each other better and have gone through the adaptation process so that the quality of marriage will be better (Tavakol et al. 2017 ). Families with unwanted pregnancies that have good coping strategies tend to be better able to cope with the stress that arises due to unplanned pregnancies (Guardino & Dunkel Schetter, 2014 ). Problem-focused coping strategies can help couples find practical solutions to the problems they face, such as accessing health services or financial support (Bondarchuk et al., 2024 ). Emotion-focused coping strategies help couples manage feelings of anxiety and anger in more constructive ways, such as by talking openly or seeking social support (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984 ). Managing stress through appropriate coping strategies not only reduces the negative impact on individuals but also improves the quality of relationships and well-being within the family (Guardino & Dunkel Schetter, 2014 ). Couples with good communication quality are more likely to use emotional support-based coping strategies and problem-focused coping (Abdelrahman & Al-Khataibeh, 2018 ). Open and positive communication interactions between husbands and wives play an important role in conflict management and the implementation of effective coping strategies, such as emotional coping and problem solving (Lindahl & Malik, 2019 ). A longitudinal study revealed that couples with high levels of marital satisfaction were more likely to use solution-based coping strategies. Marital satisfaction plays an important role in predicting the use of more adaptive coping strategies in dealing with daily life problems (Ramirez & Hernandez, 2020 ). Good marital quality, characterized by effective communication, mutual support, and affection, increases overall life satisfaction and happiness in the family (Proulx, Helms and Buehler 2007). Moreover, Carr et al. ( 2014 ) reported that couples with high marital quality, characterized by stable relationships and minimal conflict, tend to have better psychological well-being. In families experiencing unwanted pregnancy, tension between husbands and wives can affect interpersonal communication, which is not smooth and hampered such that the quality of marriage decreases (Zhafirah 2020). The relationship between a husband and wife in marriage is different from other forms of social relationship because it requires emotional and physical involvement between two individuals because, when married, each person will play their respective role, providing each other with strength and emotional moral support. The greater the potential for conflict in the husband and wife relationship is, the lower the perceived marital satisfaction (Banford et al., 2011). Marital instability ultimately disrupts an individual's psychological and physical health (Cohan et al. 2009; Williamson et al. 2021). 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Design, Location, and Time of Research The design of this study was a cross-sectional study with data collection techniques through field surveys and was conducted from June to July 2024. This study was conducted on families who had experienced unwanted pregnancies. The unit of analysis of this study was 200 families, with pregnant women who experienced unwanted pregnancies and intact families. The participants consisted of 45 poor families and 145 nonpoor families (mean age 29.75 years, SD 4.7 years, range 18–41 years). This study was approved by the IPB University ethics committee (number: 1544/IT3). KEPMSM-IPB/SK/2024. The families lived in Bekasi city and Bekasi Regency, West Java, which were selected purposively, for a total of 200 families. Sociodemographic data were collected via direct interviews with respondents. 2.2. Types and methods of data collection Hypothesis testing via the statistical analysis technique of structural equation modeling (SEM). Data related to stress symptoms, religiosity, social support, coping strategies, interactions between husbands and wives, marital quality, and subjective family well-being were obtained from the questionnaires, which were tested for reliability. Questions are measured via a Likert scale (1–4), where 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = agree, and 4 = strongly agree, and several questionnaires that have been modified on the basis of previous research are used. 2.3. Measurement of Variables The modified coping strategy questionnaire (Folkman et al., 1986 ) has 45 questions, including 23 questions focused on problems and 22 questions focused on emotions (Cronbach's alpha of 0.993). Religiosity has three dimensions, namely, religious belief, religious practice, and religious experience, according to a questionnaire (Abou-Youssef et al., 2011 ) that has been modified into 5 questions each (Cronbach's alpha of 0.978). Husband and wife interaction consists of six dimensions, namely, love, directing, domineering, hostility, submissive, and respect. The scale is measured via a questionnaire from research (Chuang, 2005) with 24 questions (Cronbach's alpha of 0.992). The stress symptom questionnaire (Mirowsky & Ross, 2002 ) consists of 27 questions divided into two dimensions: mood and malaise. The measurement scale uses a Likert scale ranging from 1–4, with values ranging from ​​1 (never) to 4 (very often), with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.984. The questionnaire on subjective well-being was modified from (Abdallah et al., 2013) and consists of 17 questions covering eudaimonic, evaluative, and hedonic dimensions, with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.978. 2.4. Data processing and analysis The data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed via two methods. Descriptive analysis will be used to describe social support, coping strategies, interactions between husbands and wives, and the marital quality of mothers who experience unwanted pregnancies. The data will be processed via SPSS 25.0 for Windows and calculated via an index score for each variable, with categorization on the basis of Bloom's cutoff point, namely, < 60 is categorized as low, 60–79 is categorized as medium, and ≥ 80 is categorized as high. Moreover, to analyze the influence between variables, this study uses Smart PLS to conduct structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, which allows modeling of the direct and indirect influences of social support, coping strategies, husbands’ and wives’ interactions and marital quality. Inner model testing to determine the relationships among latent variables, significance values ​​and goodness-of-fit (GoF) values of the research model. The greater the GoF value is, the greater the ability of the independent variable to explain the dependent variable, so the better the model in the study. The goodness of fit (GoF) is calculated via the following formula: $$\:Goodness\:of\:Fit\:\left(GoF\right)=\sum\:\sqrt{AVE/\text{C}\text{o}\text{m}\text{m}\text{u}\text{n}\text{a}\text{l}\text{i}\text{t}\text{y}\:\text{x}\:{R}^{2}}$$ Description: Goodness of fit (GoF) = tests the fit of the model, which shows how much of the variable (Y) can be explained by the variable (X); R2 = coefficient of determination on the endogenous construct. 3. Results 3.1 Relationships among Social Support, Coping Strategies, Husband and Wife Interactions and the Marital Quality of Unintended Pregnant Families The results of the correlation test for families with unwanted pregnancies in the poor category (Table 1 ) revealed that social support has a positive effect on coping strategies. This means that the greater the level of social support is, the more coping strategies will be chosen, both in poor and nonpoor families. Social support has a significant negative effect on husbands’ and wives’ interactions in both poor and rich family categories. On the other hand, it has a significant positive effect on the quality of marriage in both poor and rich families. This means that the greater the degree of social support is, the lower the degree of interaction between husbands and wives and the better the quality of marriage. Coping strategies have a significant negative effect on husbands’ and wives’ interactions. This means that the greater the intensity with which the family implements coping strategies is, the lower the degree of interaction between the husband and wife. Husband and wife interactions have a significant negative effect on the quality of marriage. This means that the greater the degree of interaction between the husband and wife is, the lower the quality of marriage in the poor category. On the other hand, interactions between husbands and wives have a significant positive effect on the quality of marriage in families in the nonpoor category. Table 1 Correlation coefficients of social support, coping strategies, and the interaction between husbands and wives and the marital quality of nonpoor and poor families experiencing unwanted pregnancies. Categories Social Support Coping Strategies Husband and Wife Interaction Marital Quality Social Support Rich 1 0.153 -0.076 0.434** Not Rich 1 0.264 -0.678** 0.652** Coping Strategies Rich 1 -0.240** -0.112 Not Rich 1 -0.293* 0.198 Husband and Wife Interaction Rich 1 0.643** Not Rich 1 -0.362** Marital Quality Rich 1 Not Rich 1 Source: primary data (2024), processed data 3.2 Measurement Model Fit Test (Outer Model) The model fit test (Table 2 ) on the latent variables of social support, coping strategies, husband and wife interaction and marital quality has met the requirements with Cronbach alpha > 0.6, composite reliability > 0.7, and (Average Variance Extracted) AVE value > 0.5. Cronbach's alpha is a way of assessing reliability by comparing the amount of shared variance, or covariance, among the items making up an instrument to the amount of overall variance; a value of Cronbach's alpha above 0.6 is considered good (Collins, 2007 ). Composite reliability is a measure of the reliability of indicators in a variable, and a value of composite reliability above 0.7 is considered good (Mohd Dzin & Lay, 2021 ). Outer loading is a loading factor that indicates the reliability of an indicator; a value of outer loading above 0.7 is considered good, but values between 0.5 and 0.7 can also be acceptable. The AVE is used to evaluate the convergent validity of an indicator, and a value of AVE above 0.5 indicates good convergent validity. The outer loading values of the empirical model of the influence of social support, coping strategies and husband and wife interactions on the quality of marriage for unwanted pregnancy families in the poor category (Table 2 ) include the latent variable of social support, with a loading factor of 0.973; support for appreciation, with a loading factor of 0.973; instrumental support, with a loading factor of 0.979; and information support, with a loading factor of information support, with a loading factor of 0.972. This means that the latent variable of social support in poor families explains 97.3 percent of the indicators of emotional support, 97.3 percent of the indicators of appreciation, 97.9 percent of the indicators of instrumental support, and 97.2 percent of the indicators of information support. Table 2 Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, average variance extracted value, and empirical model of the influence of social support, coping strategies and interactions between husbands and wives on the quality of marriage and families with unwanted pregnancies. Cronbach Alpha Composite Reliability AVE Social Support 0.975 0.982 0.930 Coping Strategies 0.965 0.983 0.966 Husband and Wife Interaction 0.980 0.984 0.910 Marital Quality 0.972 0.980 0.924 Source: primary data (2024), processed data 3.3 Structural Model Fit Test (Inner Model) The R-square value is used to assess the structural model of each endogenous variable to predict the strength of the structural model. The R-square value according to Chin (1998) is categorized into three values, namely (Table 3 ), 0.67 (strong model), 0.33 (moderate model), and 0.19 (weak model). Table 5.16 shows that the religiosity variable of poor families has an R-square value of 0.232 (weak model) and that that of nonpoor families has a value of 0.184 (weak model). The coping strategy variable for poor families is 0.332 (weak model), and that for nonpoor families is 0.261 (weak model). The husband and wife interaction variable in poor families has an R-square value of 0.704 (strong model), and that in nonpoor families is 0.610 (moderate model). The marital quality variable has a value of 0.646 (moderate model), and that of nonpoor families is 0.730 (strong model). The subjective welfare variable of poor families has an R-square value of 0.650 (moderate model), and that of nonpoor families is 0.665 (moderate model). Table 3 R-square empirical model of the influence of social support, coping strategies and The effect of the interaction between the husband and wife on the quality of marriage and unwanted family pregnancy. Not Rich Information Rich Information Social Support 0.232 week 0.184 week Coping Strategies 0.332 week 0.261 week Husband and Wife Interaction 0.704 strenght 0.610 moderat Marital Quality 0.650 moderat 0.730 strenght Source: primary data (2024), processed data Wetzels et al. (2009) stated that the GoF value can be divided into three categories, namely, 0.1 (low GoF), 0.25 (medium GoF), and 0.36 (high GoF). The research model for poor families has a goodness of fit of 0.858 (Appendix 3). This means that the GoF value is included in the high category, which means that the structural research model has a high level of suitability. The research model for nonpoor families has a goodness-of-fit value of 0.852 (Appendix 3). This means that the GoF value for nonpoor families is included in the high category (Table 4 ). Table 4 Goodness of fit of poor and nonpoor families and unwanted pregnant families. Goodness of Fit Information Not Rich Family 0.858 High Rich Family 0.852 High Source: primary data (2024), processed data 3.4 Test of the Indirect Influence of Social Support, Coping Strategies and Husband and Wife Interaction on Marital Quality In the poor family model, there was no indirect effect of social support, coping strategies, interaction between husbands and wives or the marital quality of unwantedly pregnant families (Table 5 ). Social support has a significant positive indirect effect on marital quality (β = 0.001 *). This means that the greater the level of social support in the family is, the greater the quality of marriage of nonpoor families (Table 5 ). Social support comes from relationships with family members, friends, colleagues, and acquaintances who require high social capital, and a richer environment (nonpoor families) in social capital provides greater access to support and resources than those with less social capital (poor families) (County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, 2025). Table 5 Test of the indirect influence of social support, coping strategies and the husband and wife interaction on the quality of marriage and family of unwanted pregnancies. Direction of influence Not Rich Rich social support -> coping strategies -> husband and wife interaction 0.327 0.342 social support -> coping strategies -> husband and wife interaction 0.992 0.914 social support -> coping strategies -> marital quality 0.814 0.596 social support -> husband and wife interaction -> marital quality 0.394 0.001* social support -> coping strategies -> husband and wife interaction -> marital quality 0.595 0.400 coping strategies -> husband and wife interaction -> marital quality 0.619 0.088 Source: primary data (2024), processed data The results of the direct influence test on the nonpoor family model (Fig. 1 ) SEM show that social support has a significant positive direct effect on the quality of marriage (β = 0.336 *). This means that the greater the level of social support obtained, the greater the degree to which it will be significant in improving the quality of marriage among nonpoor family couples. Moreover, the direct influence on the poor family model shows that social support has a positive but insignificant direct effect on the quality of marriage (β = 0.476). This means that the greater the degree of social support obtained, the greater the degree to which it will be significant in improving the quality of the marriage of poor family couples, but it is less significant. Social support also has a significant direct positive effect on interactions between husbands and wives (β = 0.751*) in nonpoor families and (β = 0.777*) in poor families. This means that the greater the level of social support received, the greater the degree of interaction between husbands and wives, both in poor and nonpoor families. Moreover, social support can have a direct (β = 0.336*) or indirect (β = 0.556*) significant effect on the quality of marriage. This means that greater social support and interaction between husbands and wives, both directly and indirectly, will be very meaningful and improve the overall quality of marriage. In addition, the coping strategies implemented significantly strengthen the interaction between husbands and wives directly and contribute to strengthening the quality of marriage, especially in nonpoor families (β = 0.151 *) (β = 0.556 *). In poor families, the coping strategies implemented also strengthen the interaction between husbands and wives but are not directly significant (β = 0.046) and indirectly contribute to the quality of marriage (β = 0.372). In addition to their direct influence on poor families, coping strategies have a negative effect on improving the quality of marriage. This may be because in these families, few resource options can be used to improve the quality of marriage. 4. Discussion Unplanned pregnancy can be a disruptive event in the expected life path, especially for married couples. According to Neugarten's theory (1976), events that deviate from the normal life path can cause difficulties in adapting to new situations. This can affect the well-being of individuals, both psychologically and socially. This condition affects the well-being of families, especially those facing an unplanned pregnancy. Women living in poverty are four to five times more likely to experience an unplanned pregnancy than women living at 200% of the poverty line or above (Finer and Zolna 2016 ). In poor families, the average maternal education level is only 8.35 years, which is much lower than that of nonpoor families, whose average education level is 13.81 years. This low level of education often limits families' knowledge and access to the information and health services needed to prevent and manage unplanned pregnancies, which contributes to high rates of unintended pregnancies among women with low socioeconomic status (Iseyemi et al. 2017 ). Low socioeconomic status not only increases the likelihood of unintended pregnancy but also increases the risk of pregnancy complications. The social support received by families with unwanted pregnancies, both poor and nonpoor, is high. Social support has a significant positive effect on husbands’ and wives’ interactions in poor and nonpoor families. This means that the more social support that is received by the family, the greater the intensity of the husband and wife interactions. The mental difficulties faced due to unwanted pregnancies cause families to greatly need social support. Social support during pregnancy plays an important role in the adaptation and acceptance period (Shahry et al. 2016 ). In line with research conducted by Cahya ( 2021 ), adequate social support can lead husbands and wives to interact well so that they can more easily deal with problems and prevent major conflicts. The social support received by the family, both from family and other close people, makes the family grateful and feels very helped by all this support so that the family expresses their gratitude by becoming closer to the Almighty (Mahfoud et al. 2023 ). Barton et al. ( 2017 ) reported that women who described their pregnancy as ‘unplanned’ reported lower levels of support and less frequent contact with friends and family, particularly those who had ambivalent or negative feelings about the unintended pregnancy. Perceived support has been widely recognized as a key predictor of postpartum affective distress, and this lack of support may hinder families’ ability to cope effectively with the challenges associated with an unintended pregnancy, ultimately impacting their overall well-being (Yim et al. 2015 ). Research has confirmed that social support can reduce feelings of isolation and lessen the impact of stressful life events (Dennis and Dowswell 2013 ). For example, higher marital conflict and lower father participation in childcare are often found in families with unintended pregnancies (Bahk et al. 2015 ). A survey of mothers in Germany revealed that those who reported low levels of social support in the first trimester of pregnancy also had the lowest proportion of planned pregnancies during that period (Elsenbruch et al. 2007 ). When the support needed can be met, the husband and wife feel that their burden in dealing with this unintended pregnancy is reduced, thereby reducing problems and instability in the marriage, which ultimately improves the quality of the marriage (Arifain et al. 2021 ). In addition, a lack of support from family and friends has been shown to be a link between stressful life events and postpartum depression or anxiety (Glazier et al. 2004 ). With continued support from partners and family members, pregnant women are less likely to experience depression, mental stress, and anxiety disorders (Maharlouei 2016 ). Husbands’ emotional support during pregnancy has been shown to help improve maternal life satisfaction after childbirth, which is consistent with findings emphasizing the importance of social support in promoting maternal mental health (Joyce et al. 2002 ; Stidham et al. 2019 ). In addition, coping strategies play an important role in managing stress arising from unwanted pregnancy. In a sudden and unexpected pregnancy situation, coping strategies are used to combat stress and survive the situation (Sarı et al. 2023 ). Folkman et al. ( 1986 ) reported that the main factor that affects health and well-being is not the stress itself but how individuals deal with it. Families have tried to regulate emotional responses by accepting the situation or surrendering, but their effectiveness is still not optimal. As explained by Bakhtari-Aghdam et al. ( 2023 ), the main coping strategies during unwanted pregnancy include planning patterns, avoidance, and positive spiritual patterns. The interaction between the husband and wife plays a key role in determining how families can cope with challenges during an unwanted pregnancy; when couples are unable to show enough affection or attention to each other, feelings of isolation and unsupportedness can arise, worsening their mental and emotional state, especially in the face of an unplanned pregnancy (Carr et al. 2014 ; Margelisch et al. 2017 ; Herawati et al. 2021 ). Without effective cooperation, couples become more vulnerable to confusion, uncertainty, and internal conflict, which further worsens their subjective well-being (Tyas and Herawati 2017 ). Partners who are not active enough or do not take the lead in the relationship may avoid problems, which in the long run only worsen their emotional alienation (Anjani 2024 ). This can worsen family dynamics, as miscommunication and tension often arise in such situations, hindering their ability to function as a team in facing challenges (Santoso 2021 ). Unintended pregnancies often exacerbate this dissatisfaction, as partners feel unable to meet each other's expectations, both emotionally and in terms of desired roles in the family (Tyas and Herawati 2017 ; Herawati et al. 2021 ). This pattern of poor communication, which occurs in many marital relationships facing major challenges, such as unwanted pregnancies, exacerbates the situation and worsens family dynamics (Carr et al. 2014 ). This may indicate that despite the problems affecting the relationship, there is a shared desire to maintain the family for the sake of the child’s future or for other emotional reasons, which is in line with findings from previous studies on the role of commitment in overcoming family crises (Santoso 2021 ; Anjani 2024 ). Couples who are able to talk openly about their feelings and find solutions together have a greater chance of overcoming the challenges they face and improving the quality of their relationships (Carr et al. 2014 ). Coping strategies in nonpoor families have a significant positive effect on interactions between husbands and wives. This means that the better the coping strategies used by the family are, the more harmonious the interactions between the husband and wife will be. The ability of the husband and wife to overcome problems such as unwanted pregnancy can affect the satisfaction of the relationship experienced by one or both parties. The attitudes chosen by individuals in overcoming problems affect the attitudes and relationships of their partners (Lau et al. 2016 ). Husband and wife interaction has a significant positive relationship with the quality of marriage. This means that the higher the intensity of interaction in the family is, the better the quality of marriage in the family. Unwanted pregnancy is a serious problem experienced by families because the family is not ready to accept the presence of a new family member. When living with this unexpected pregnancy, the wife needs healthy interaction with her husband to survive and accept her pregnancy. Good interactions between husbands and wives can increase family stability (Angraini, 2024). 5. Conclusions This study identified several factors that influence the quality of marriage in families experiencing unintended pregnancies. On the basis of the findings of the present study, factors such as social support, as well as husband and wife interactions in the family, significantly influence the quality of marriage. Social support is also a very important factor in helping families cope with stress. This study shows that families with stronger social support, whether from partners, extended family, friends, or the community, are better able to cope with the difficulties they face. Families who feel emotionally supported by their surroundings have higher levels of quality and more stable marital relationships. This support helps reduce feelings of isolation and provides a sense of security for families, which improves their quality of life. Strong social support can help couples avoid isolation due to pressure from family or society. Therefore, strategies are needed to increase the involvement of the social environment in supporting couples. In addition, healthy interactions between husbands and wives are the main keys to maintaining household balance and improving the quality of marriage. The quality of marriage in families can be improved by strengthening communication, coping strategies, and social support. Improving the quality of marriage is reflected in better communication between husbands and wives, reduced conflict, and increased cooperation in managing the household. When families with unwanted pregnancies who successfully achieve this goal can use strong social support, good choices of coping strategies tend to result in more harmonious relationships and experience less tension, thus improving the quality of marriage. Declarations Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, private, or not-for-profit sectors. Declarations Conflict of Interest Conflict of Interest, no potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Clinical Trial Clinical trial number: not applicable. Ethical Approval The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of IPB University (approval number: 1544/IT3.KEPMSM-IPB/SK/2024), and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Author Contributions NR and TH initiated and developed the study design, prepare the data and performed statistical analysis. TH supervised the research process, offered methodological input and checked the interpretation result. NR cleaned the data, conducted data acquisition and initially wrote the manuscript with the input from all authors. US and LNY validated the data analysis and interpretation of intellectual content. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. TH is the guarantor and responsible for overall content of the manuscript for suitable publication. Publish Declaration We, the undersigned authors, declare that this manuscript is an original work and has not been published elsewhere. We also confirm that all named authors have read and approved the manuscript. References Abdallah, S., & Stoll, L. (2013). Third European Quality of Life Survey – Quality of life in Europe: Subjective well-being. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Abdelrahman, Z., & Al-Khataibeh, A. (2018). Quality of marital interaction and its relationship with coping strategies in facing family stress. 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Malque Publishing. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024spe034 Cahya, M. (2021). Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial terhadap Kualitas Komunikasi Suami Istri. Journal of Marriage and Family Research, 10(1), 45-60. Carr D, Freedman VA, Cornman JC, Schwarz N. 2014. Happy Marriage, Happy Life? Marital Quality and Subjective Well-being in Later Life. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12133 Collins, L. M. (2007). Research Design and Methods. Encylopedia of Gerontology, 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-370870-2/00162-1 County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. (2025). Family and Social Support . Https://Www-Countyhealthrankings-Org. Dennis CL, Dowswell T. 2013. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013(2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001134.pub3. Elsenbruch S, Benson S, Rücke M, Rose M, Dudenhausen J, Pincus-Knackstedt MK, Klapp BF, Arck PC. 2007. Social support during pregnancy: Effects on maternal depressive symptoms, smoking and pregnancy outcome. Human Reproduction. 22(3):869–877. doi:10.1093/humrep/del432. Fauziah PS, Hamidah H, Subiyatin A. 2022. Kehamilan Tidak Diinginkan di Usia Remaja. Muhammadiyah J Midwifery. 3(2):53. doi:10.24853/myjm.3.2.53-62. Finer LB, Zolna MR. 2016. Declines in Unintended Pregnancy in the United States, 2008–2011. New England Journal of Medicine. 374(9):843–852. doi:10.1056/nejmsa1506575. Folkman S, Lazarus RS, Dunkel-Schetter C, DeLongis A, Gruen RJ. 1986. Dynamics of a Stressful Encounter: Cognitive Appraisal, Coping, and Encounter Outcomes. Volume ke-50. Vaillant. Garcia Diaz L, Savundranayagam MY, Kloseck M, Fitzsimmons D. 2019. The Role of Cultural and Family Values on Social Connectedness and Loneliness among Ethnic Minority Elders. Clin Gerontol. 42(1):114–126. doi:10.1080/07317115.2017.1395377. Glazier R, Elgar F, Goel V, Holzapfel S. 2004. Stress, social support, and emotional distress in a community sample of pregnant women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 25(3–4):247–255. doi:10.1080/01674820400024406. Guardino, C. M., & Dunkel Schetter, C. (2014). Coping during pregnancy: a systematic review and recommendations. In Health Psychology Review (Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. 70–94). https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2012.752659 Herawati T, Simanjuntak M, Kumalasari B. 2021. Investigating the Quality of Life on Farmer Family: Roles of Gender Relations, Economic Pressure, Financial Management, and Livelihood Strategies. Journal of Family Sciences. 6(1):1–15. doi:10.29244/jfs.v6i1.35796. Iseyemi A, Zhao Q, McNicholas C, Peipert JF. 2017. Socioeconomic Status As a Risk Factor for Unintended Pregnancy in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 130(3):609–615. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002189. Joyce T, Kaestner R, Korenman S. 2002. On the validity of retrospective assessments of pregnancy intention. Demography. 39(1):199–213. doi:10.1353/dem.2002.0006. Lau KKH, Tao C, Randall AK, Bodenmann G. 2016. Coping-Oriented Couple Therapy. Di dalam: Encyclopedia of Couple and Family Therapy. Cham: Springer International Publishing. hlm 1–6. Laurenceau J-P, Barrett LF, Rovine MJ. 2005. The Interpersonal Process Model of Intimacy in Marriage: A Daily-Diary and Multilevel Modeling Approach. J Fam Psychol. 19(2):314–323. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.2.314. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. 1984. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York (USA): Springer Publishing Company. Lindahl, K. M., & Malik, N. M. (2019). The role of marital communication in conflict resolution and coping strategies. Marriage & Family Review, 55(4), 387-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2019.1595223 Maharlouei N. 2016. The Importance of Social Support During Pregnancy. Womens Health Bull. 3(1). doi:10.17795/whb-34991. Mahfoud, D., Fawaz, M., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2023). The co-moderating effect of social support and religiosity in the association between psychological distress and coping strategies in a sample of lebanese adults. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01102-9 Margelisch K, Schneewind KA, Violette J, Perrig-Chiello P. 2017. Marital Stability, Satisfaction and Well-being in Old Age: Variability and Continuity in Long-Term Continuously Married Older Persons. Aging Ment Health. 21(4):389–398. doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1102197. Mirowsky J, Ross C. 2002. Measurement for a human science. J Health Soc Behav. 43(2):152–170. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090194 Mohd Dzin, N. H., & Lay, Y. F. (2021). Validity and reliability of adapted self-efficacy scales in malaysian context using pls-sem approach. Education Sciences, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11110676 Neugarten, B. (1976). Adaptation and the Life Cycle. Counseling Psychologist, 6, 16-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100007600600104 Nurcahyanti FW. 2010. Domestic Conflict Management. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: PT Bintang Abadi Library Ramirez, G. A., & Hernandez, L. S. (2020). Marital satisfaction as a predictor of adaptive coping strategies among couples. Journal of Marriage and Family Therapy, 46(3), 412-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12502 Rollins BC, Galligan R. 1978. The developing child and marital satisfaction of parents. Di dalam: Lerner R, Spanier GB, editor. Child Influences on Marital and Family Interaction. New York: Academic Press. hlm 71–05. Santoso MDY. 2021. Review Article: Dukungan Sosial dalam Situasi Pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Litbang Sukowati. 5(1):11–26. doi:10.32630/sukowati.v5i1.184. Sarı O, Dağcıoğlu BF, Akpak YK, Yerebatmaz N, İleri A. 2023. Planned and unplanned pregnancy and its association with coping styles and life quality. Health Care Women Int. 44(10–11):1314–1324. doi:10.1080/07399332.2021.1932895. Shahry P, Niakan Kalhori SR, Esfandiyari A, Zamani-Alavijeh F. 2016. A comparative study of perceived social support and self-efficacy among women with wanted and unwanted pregnancy. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 4(2):176–185. Stidham RW, Liu W, Bishu S, Rice MD, Higgins PDR, Zhu J, Nallamothu BK, Waljee AK. 2019. Performance of a Deep Learning Model vs Human Reviewers in Grading Endoscopic Disease Severity of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. JAMA Netw Open. 2(5):e193963. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3963. Tavakol, Z., Nikbakht Nasrabadi, A., Behboodi Moghadam, Z., Salehiniya, H., & Rezaei, E. (2017). A review of the factors associated with marital satisfaction. Galen Medical Journal, 6(3). Thompson, A., & Roberts, K. (2018). The Impact of Social Support on Coping Strategies in Chronic Illness Patients. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(4), 789-803. Tyas PF, Herawati T. 2017. Kualitas Pernikahan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Menentukan Kualitas Lingkungan Pengasuhan Anak pada Pasangan yang Menikah Usia Muda. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen. 10(1):1–10. doi:10.24156/jikk.2017.10.1.1. Williams, J. (2016). Social Support as a Buffer Against Stress: The Role of Coping Strategies. Journal of Behavioral Health, 32(2), 101-115. Yazdkhasti M, Pourreza A, Pirak A, Abdi F. 2015. Unintended pregnancy and its adverse social and economic consequences on health system: A narrative review article. Iran J Public Health. 44(1):12–21. Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C. 2015. Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: Systematic review and call for integration. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 11:99–137. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6763616","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":475607193,"identity":"67399663-2da8-48c3-a47a-805737e0c862","order_by":0,"name":"Nia Reviani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAwwMEgxsDMwHwDw2Bh4wzcNwgKAWtgTitUABjwGMgTAKGzBv7zE88HOHRR4f+5mPnwt31DHwSfceYPhRwyDDh0OLzJkzBgd7z0gUs/HkbpaeeeYwA5vMuQTGnmMMPJI4tEhIpCUc4G2TSGxjyN0gzdt2gIFNIseAgbcB6E5cWuSfJRz8C9LC/+bxb962OrAWxr/4tEgwHzgMtkUihw1oCzNYCzNeW3iSDxyWBWt5ZmYN9AsPyC+HZY5J4PYL+8Hmj2/b6hLn9yc/vg0MMTn52b0HH76psbHHFWIogJkR6B5gtEIilygA0kK04lEwCkbBKBg5AACP81VwqoWLFQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nia","middleName":"","lastName":"Reviani","suffix":""},{"id":475607194,"identity":"702f28df-f967-4530-8e35-4b69fdf9711c","order_by":1,"name":"Ujang Sumarwan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ujang","middleName":"","lastName":"Sumarwan","suffix":""},{"id":475607195,"identity":"9dd9b441-6630-4624-9928-1c2d053daf0e","order_by":2,"name":"Tin Herawati","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tin","middleName":"","lastName":"Herawati","suffix":""},{"id":475607197,"identity":"46606cc2-3ede-47a3-a2c5-3444f9c4394c","order_by":3,"name":"Lilik Noor Yuliati","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"IPB University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lilik","middleName":"Noor","lastName":"Yuliati","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-28 03:08:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6763616/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6763616/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85479939,"identity":"a4037aab-c35e-4ecc-bb52-c68c23afb548","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 10:46:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe structured model of relationship between Social support, coping strategis, husband and wife interaction and Marrital quality in unwanted pregnancy families.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6763616/v1/4f78ede75720f5a612036873.png"},{"id":92092827,"identity":"91393397-d18c-468e-ad06-ce32062f9f66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 13:54:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":872873,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6763616/v1/4e11f05d-9e2f-4608-b769-37ce65b61545.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Social support, coping strategies, husband and wife interaction, marital quality in families with unwanted pregnancies","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eUnplanned pregnancy is known as unwanted pregnancy (KTD), and it can have a negative impact on the psychological health of the mother so that it also leads to a decline in her physical health; in addition, it can interfere with husband‒wife relationships, which can lead to family social welfare (Finer \u0026amp; Zolna, 2011). Although the total fertility rate (TFR) has reached the replacement level, namely, the last achievement at 2.18 according to BPS (Central Statistics Agency) data in 2020, in reality, unwanted pregnancy is still a significant health issue in society and is a problem that is still very relevant and urgently needs to be addressed. Unwanted pregnancy is a major problem that has the potential to worsen the quality of life of families (Grevenstein et al., 2019) and is ultimately a factor related to population quality issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnwanted pregnancy also increases tension in the husband‒wife relationship, which has the potential to reduce the quality of marriage (Rollins \u0026amp; Galligan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e). Mothers who experience unwanted pregnancy are at high risk of experiencing stress, depression, and anxiety. Prolonged stress due to unpreparedness during pregnancy can cause disorders in mothers\u0026rsquo; mental health, including prenatal and postpartum depression (Fauziah, Hamidah, \u0026amp; Subiyati, 2022). In addition, these impacts often worsen the family's financial condition and reduce the family's overall subjective well-being (Yazdkhasti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Unwanted pregnancy affects not only individuals but also families\u0026rsquo; overall well-being, making it an issue that requires serious attention (Rollins \u0026amp; Galligan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarton et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) reported that women who described their pregnancy as \u0026lsquo;unplanned\u0026rsquo; reported lower levels of support and less frequent contact with friends and family, especially those who had ambivalent or negative feelings about the unintended pregnancy. Social networks, such as friends, extended family and colleagues, can provide support and useful information to prevent and protect families from depression and emotional distress resulting from marital conflict and divorce (Johnson and Elliot, 2011). With ongoing support from partners and family members, pregnant women are less likely to experience depression, mental stress and anxiety disorders (Maharlouei \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Emotional support from husbands during pregnancy has been shown to help improve maternal life satisfaction after childbirth, in line with findings that emphasize the importance of social support in promoting maternal mental health (Joyce et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Stidham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother very important support is social support, which acts as a buffer and reinforces the use of more adaptive coping strategies, such as seeking help and emotional support (Williams, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Social support helps families experiencing difficulties develop effective coping strategies such as active coping and emotion management (Thompson and Roberts, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Social support allows individuals to use effective coping strategies, thereby improving their well-being (Garcia and Perez, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, healthy interactions between couples improve the quality of marriage and intimacy (Lairenceau, Barrett, and Rovine 2005). Poor interactions between husbands and wives can cause problems in the family, especially with respect to the quality of marriage (Nurcahyanti \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The longer the age of marriage is, the more commitments are formed between the husband and wife, considering the age of marriage and the intensity of interaction and communication between the two people who agree to explore life together. This makes the couple get to know each other better and have gone through the adaptation process so that the quality of marriage will be better (Tavakol et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamilies with unwanted pregnancies that have good coping strategies tend to be better able to cope with the stress that arises due to unplanned pregnancies (Guardino \u0026amp; Dunkel Schetter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Problem-focused coping strategies can help couples find practical solutions to the problems they face, such as accessing health services or financial support (Bondarchuk et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Emotion-focused coping strategies help couples manage feelings of anxiety and anger in more constructive ways, such as by talking openly or seeking social support (Lazarus \u0026amp; Folkman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e). Managing stress through appropriate coping strategies not only reduces the negative impact on individuals but also improves the quality of relationships and well-being within the family (Guardino \u0026amp; Dunkel Schetter, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCouples with good communication quality are more likely to use emotional support-based coping strategies and problem-focused coping (Abdelrahman \u0026amp; Al-Khataibeh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Open and positive communication interactions between husbands and wives play an important role in conflict management and the implementation of effective coping strategies, such as emotional coping and problem solving (Lindahl \u0026amp; Malik, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). A longitudinal study revealed that couples with high levels of marital satisfaction were more likely to use solution-based coping strategies. Marital satisfaction plays an important role in predicting the use of more adaptive coping strategies in dealing with daily life problems (Ramirez \u0026amp; Hernandez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Good marital quality, characterized by effective communication, mutual support, and affection, increases overall life satisfaction and happiness in the family (Proulx, Helms and Buehler 2007). Moreover, Carr et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) reported that couples with high marital quality, characterized by stable relationships and minimal conflict, tend to have better psychological well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn families experiencing unwanted pregnancy, tension between husbands and wives can affect interpersonal communication, which is not smooth and hampered such that the quality of marriage decreases (Zhafirah 2020). The relationship between a husband and wife in marriage is different from other forms of social relationship because it requires emotional and physical involvement between two individuals because, when married, each person will play their respective role, providing each other with strength and emotional moral support. The greater the potential for conflict in the husband and wife relationship is, the lower the perceived marital satisfaction (Banford et al., 2011). Marital instability ultimately disrupts an individual's psychological and physical health (Cohan et al. 2009; Williamson et al. 2021).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Design, Location, and Time of Research\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe design of this study was a cross-sectional study with data collection techniques through field surveys and was conducted from June to July 2024. This study was conducted on families who had experienced unwanted pregnancies. The unit of analysis of this study was 200 families, with pregnant women who experienced unwanted pregnancies and intact families. The participants consisted of 45 poor families and 145 nonpoor families (mean age 29.75 years, SD 4.7 years, range 18\u0026ndash;41 years). This study was approved by the IPB University ethics committee (number: 1544/IT3). KEPMSM-IPB/SK/2024. The families lived in Bekasi city and Bekasi Regency, West Java, which were selected purposively, for a total of 200 families. Sociodemographic data were collected via direct interviews with respondents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Types and methods of data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothesis testing via the statistical analysis technique of structural equation modeling (SEM). Data related to stress symptoms, religiosity, social support, coping strategies, interactions between husbands and wives, marital quality, and subjective family well-being were obtained from the questionnaires, which were tested for reliability. Questions are measured via a Likert scale (1\u0026ndash;4), where 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly disagree, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;disagree, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;agree, and 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;strongly agree, and several questionnaires that have been modified on the basis of previous research are used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Measurement of Variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe modified coping strategy questionnaire (Folkman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e) has 45 questions, including 23 questions focused on problems and 22 questions focused on emotions (Cronbach's alpha of 0.993). Religiosity has three dimensions, namely, religious belief, religious practice, and religious experience, according to a questionnaire (Abou-Youssef et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) that has been modified into 5 questions each (Cronbach's alpha of 0.978). Husband and wife interaction consists of six dimensions, namely, love, directing, domineering, hostility, submissive, and respect. The scale is measured via a questionnaire from research (Chuang, 2005) with 24 questions (Cronbach's alpha of 0.992). The stress symptom questionnaire (Mirowsky \u0026amp; Ross, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) consists of 27 questions divided into two dimensions: mood and malaise. The measurement scale uses a Likert scale ranging from 1\u0026ndash;4, with values ranging from ​​1 (never) to 4 (very often), with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.984. The questionnaire on subjective well-being was modified from (Abdallah et al., 2013) and consists of 17 questions covering eudaimonic, evaluative, and hedonic dimensions, with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.978.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Data processing and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed via two methods. Descriptive analysis will be used to describe social support, coping strategies, interactions between husbands and wives, and the marital quality of mothers who experience unwanted pregnancies. The data will be processed via SPSS 25.0 for Windows and calculated via an index score for each variable, with categorization on the basis of Bloom's cutoff point, namely, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;60 is categorized as low, 60\u0026ndash;79 is categorized as medium, and \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;80 is categorized as high. Moreover, to analyze the influence between variables, this study uses Smart PLS to conduct structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, which allows modeling of the direct and indirect influences of social support, coping strategies, husbands\u0026rsquo; and wives\u0026rsquo; interactions and marital quality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInner model testing to determine the relationships among latent variables, significance values ​​and goodness-of-fit (GoF) values of the research model. The greater the GoF value is, the greater the ability of the independent variable to explain the dependent variable, so the better the model in the study. The goodness of fit (GoF) is calculated via the following formula:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Goodness\\:of\\:Fit\\:\\left(GoF\\right)=\\sum\\:\\sqrt{AVE/\\text{C}\\text{o}\\text{m}\\text{m}\\text{u}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{l}\\text{i}\\text{t}\\text{y}\\:\\text{x}\\:{R}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoodness of fit (GoF)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;tests the fit of the model, which shows how much of the variable (Y) can be explained by the variable (X); R2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;coefficient of determination on the endogenous construct.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Relationships among Social Support, Coping Strategies, Husband and Wife Interactions and the Marital Quality of Unintended Pregnant Families\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the correlation test for families with unwanted pregnancies in the poor category (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that social support has a positive effect on coping strategies. This means that the greater the level of social support is, the more coping strategies will be chosen, both in poor and nonpoor families. Social support has a significant negative effect on husbands\u0026rsquo; and wives\u0026rsquo; interactions in both poor and rich family categories. On the other hand, it has a significant positive effect on the quality of marriage in both poor and rich families. This means that the greater the degree of social support is, the lower the degree of interaction between husbands and wives and the better the quality of marriage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoping strategies have a significant negative effect on husbands\u0026rsquo; and wives\u0026rsquo; interactions. This means that the greater the intensity with which the family implements coping strategies is, the lower the degree of interaction between the husband and wife. Husband and wife interactions have a significant negative effect on the quality of marriage. This means that the greater the degree of interaction between the husband and wife is, the lower the quality of marriage in the poor category. On the other hand, interactions between husbands and wives have a significant positive effect on the quality of marriage in families in the nonpoor category.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation coefficients of social support, coping strategies, and the interaction between husbands and wives and the marital quality of nonpoor and poor families experiencing unwanted pregnancies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoping Strategies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband and Wife Interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.434**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Rich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.678**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.652**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoping Strategies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.240**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Rich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.293*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband and Wife Interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.643**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Rich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.362**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Rich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eSource: primary data (2024), processed data\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Measurement Model Fit Test (Outer Model)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe model fit test (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) on the latent variables of social support, coping strategies, husband and wife interaction and marital quality has met the requirements with Cronbach alpha\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.6, composite reliability\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.7, and (Average Variance Extracted) AVE value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5. Cronbach's alpha is a way of assessing reliability by comparing the amount of shared variance, or covariance, among the items making up an instrument to the amount of overall variance; a value of Cronbach's alpha above 0.6 is considered good (Collins, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Composite reliability is a measure of the reliability of indicators in a variable, and a value of composite reliability above 0.7 is considered good (Mohd Dzin \u0026amp; Lay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Outer loading is a loading factor that indicates the reliability of an indicator; a value of outer loading above 0.7 is considered good, but values between 0.5 and 0.7 can also be acceptable. The AVE is used to evaluate the convergent validity of an indicator, and a value of AVE above 0.5 indicates good convergent validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outer loading values of the empirical model of the influence of social support, coping strategies and husband and wife interactions on the quality of marriage for unwanted pregnancy families in the poor category (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) include the latent variable of social support, with a loading factor of 0.973; support for appreciation, with a loading factor of 0.973; instrumental support, with a loading factor of 0.979; and information support, with a loading factor of information support, with a loading factor of 0.972. This means that the latent variable of social support in poor families explains 97.3 percent of the indicators of emotional support, 97.3 percent of the indicators of appreciation, 97.9 percent of the indicators of instrumental support, and 97.2 percent of the indicators of information support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha, composite reliability, average variance extracted value, and empirical model of the influence of social support, coping strategies and interactions between husbands and wives on the quality of marriage and families with unwanted pregnancies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach Alpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposite Reliability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAVE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.982\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoping Strategies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband and Wife Interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eSource: primary data (2024), processed data\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Structural Model Fit Test (Inner Model)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe R-square value is used to assess the structural model of each endogenous variable to predict the strength of the structural model. The R-square value according to Chin (1998) is categorized into three values, namely (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), 0.67 (strong model), 0.33 (moderate model), and 0.19 (weak model). Table\u0026nbsp;5.16 shows that the religiosity variable of poor families has an R-square value of 0.232 (weak model) and that that of nonpoor families has a value of 0.184 (weak model). The coping strategy variable for poor families is 0.332 (weak model), and that for nonpoor families is 0.261 (weak model). The husband and wife interaction variable in poor families has an R-square value of 0.704 (strong model), and that in nonpoor families is 0.610 (moderate model). The marital quality variable has a value of 0.646 (moderate model), and that of nonpoor families is 0.730 (strong model). The subjective welfare variable of poor families has an R-square value of 0.650 (moderate model), and that of nonpoor families is 0.665 (moderate model).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR-square empirical model of the influence of social support, coping strategies and The effect of the interaction between the husband and wife on the quality of marriage and unwanted family pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Rich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoping Strategies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband and Wife Interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estrenght\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.610\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emoderat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emoderat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003estrenght\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eSource: primary data (2024), processed data\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWetzels et al. (2009) stated that the GoF value can be divided into three categories, namely, 0.1 (low GoF), 0.25 (medium GoF), and 0.36 (high GoF). The research model for poor families has a goodness of fit of 0.858 (Appendix 3). This means that the GoF value is included in the high category, which means that the structural research model has a high level of suitability. The research model for nonpoor families has a goodness-of-fit value of 0.852 (Appendix 3). This means that the GoF value for nonpoor families is included in the high category (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoodness of fit of poor and nonpoor families and unwanted pregnant families.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoodness of Fit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Rich Family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRich Family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eSource: primary data (2024), processed data\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Test of the Indirect Influence of Social Support, Coping Strategies and Husband and Wife Interaction on Marital Quality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the poor family model, there was no indirect effect of social support, coping strategies, interaction between husbands and wives or the marital quality of unwantedly pregnant families (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Social support has a significant positive indirect effect on marital quality (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001 *). This means that the greater the level of social support in the family is, the greater the quality of marriage of nonpoor families (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Social support comes from relationships with family members, friends, colleagues, and acquaintances who require high social capital, and a richer environment (nonpoor families) in social capital provides greater access to support and resources than those with less social capital (poor families) (County Health Rankings \u0026amp; Roadmaps, 2025).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest of the indirect influence of social support, coping strategies and the husband and wife interaction on the quality of marriage and family of unwanted pregnancies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirection of influence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Rich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support -\u0026gt; coping strategies -\u0026gt; husband and wife interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.327\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support -\u0026gt; coping strategies -\u0026gt; husband and wife interaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.914\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support -\u0026gt; coping strategies -\u0026gt; marital quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support -\u0026gt; husband and wife interaction -\u0026gt; marital quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.001*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial support -\u0026gt; coping strategies -\u0026gt; husband and wife interaction -\u0026gt; marital quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecoping strategies -\u0026gt; husband and wife interaction -\u0026gt; marital quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eSource: primary data (2024), processed data\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the direct influence test on the nonpoor family model (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) SEM show that social support has a significant positive direct effect on the quality of marriage (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.336 *). This means that the greater the level of social support obtained, the greater the degree to which it will be significant in improving the quality of marriage among nonpoor family couples. Moreover, the direct influence on the poor family model shows that social support has a positive but insignificant direct effect on the quality of marriage (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.476). This means that the greater the degree of social support obtained, the greater the degree to which it will be significant in improving the quality of the marriage of poor family couples, but it is less significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support also has a significant direct positive effect on interactions between husbands and wives (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.751*) in nonpoor families and (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.777*) in poor families. This means that the greater the level of social support received, the greater the degree of interaction between husbands and wives, both in poor and nonpoor families. Moreover, social support can have a direct (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.336*) or indirect (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.556*) significant effect on the quality of marriage. This means that greater social support and interaction between husbands and wives, both directly and indirectly, will be very meaningful and improve the overall quality of marriage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the coping strategies implemented significantly strengthen the interaction between husbands and wives directly and contribute to strengthening the quality of marriage, especially in nonpoor families (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.151 *) (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.556 *). In poor families, the coping strategies implemented also strengthen the interaction between husbands and wives but are not directly significant (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.046) and indirectly contribute to the quality of marriage (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.372). In addition to their direct influence on poor families, coping strategies have a negative effect on improving the quality of marriage. This may be because in these families, few resource options can be used to improve the quality of marriage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eUnplanned pregnancy can be a disruptive event in the expected life path, especially for married couples. According to Neugarten's theory (1976), events that deviate from the normal life path can cause difficulties in adapting to new situations. This can affect the well-being of individuals, both psychologically and socially. This condition affects the well-being of families, especially those facing an unplanned pregnancy. Women living in poverty are four to five times more likely to experience an unplanned pregnancy than women living at 200% of the poverty line or above (Finer and Zolna \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn poor families, the average maternal education level is only 8.35 years, which is much lower than that of nonpoor families, whose average education level is 13.81 years. This low level of education often limits families' knowledge and access to the information and health services needed to prevent and manage unplanned pregnancies, which contributes to high rates of unintended pregnancies among women with low socioeconomic status (Iseyemi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Low socioeconomic status not only increases the likelihood of unintended pregnancy but also increases the risk of pregnancy complications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe social support received by families with unwanted pregnancies, both poor and nonpoor, is high. Social support has a significant positive effect on husbands\u0026rsquo; and wives\u0026rsquo; interactions in poor and nonpoor families. This means that the more social support that is received by the family, the greater the intensity of the husband and wife interactions. The mental difficulties faced due to unwanted pregnancies cause families to greatly need social support. Social support during pregnancy plays an important role in the adaptation and acceptance period (Shahry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn line with research conducted by Cahya (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), adequate social support can lead husbands and wives to interact well so that they can more easily deal with problems and prevent major conflicts. The social support received by the family, both from family and other close people, makes the family grateful and feels very helped by all this support so that the family expresses their gratitude by becoming closer to the Almighty (Mahfoud et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarton et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) reported that women who described their pregnancy as \u0026lsquo;unplanned\u0026rsquo; reported lower levels of support and less frequent contact with friends and family, particularly those who had ambivalent or negative feelings about the unintended pregnancy. Perceived support has been widely recognized as a key predictor of postpartum affective distress, and this lack of support may hinder families\u0026rsquo; ability to cope effectively with the challenges associated with an unintended pregnancy, ultimately impacting their overall well-being (Yim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch has confirmed that social support can reduce feelings of isolation and lessen the impact of stressful life events (Dennis and Dowswell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). For example, higher marital conflict and lower father participation in childcare are often found in families with unintended pregnancies (Bahk et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). A survey of mothers in Germany revealed that those who reported low levels of social support in the first trimester of pregnancy also had the lowest proportion of planned pregnancies during that period (Elsenbruch et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). When the support needed can be met, the husband and wife feel that their burden in dealing with this unintended pregnancy is reduced, thereby reducing problems and instability in the marriage, which ultimately improves the quality of the marriage (Arifain et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, a lack of support from family and friends has been shown to be a link between stressful life events and postpartum depression or anxiety (Glazier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). With continued support from partners and family members, pregnant women are less likely to experience depression, mental stress, and anxiety disorders (Maharlouei \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Husbands\u0026rsquo; emotional support during pregnancy has been shown to help improve maternal life satisfaction after childbirth, which is consistent with findings emphasizing the importance of social support in promoting maternal mental health (Joyce et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Stidham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, coping strategies play an important role in managing stress arising from unwanted pregnancy. In a sudden and unexpected pregnancy situation, coping strategies are used to combat stress and survive the situation (Sarı et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Folkman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e) reported that the main factor that affects health and well-being is not the stress itself but how individuals deal with it. Families have tried to regulate emotional responses by accepting the situation or surrendering, but their effectiveness is still not optimal. As explained by Bakhtari-Aghdam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), the main coping strategies during unwanted pregnancy include planning patterns, avoidance, and positive spiritual patterns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interaction between the husband and wife plays a key role in determining how families can cope with challenges during an unwanted pregnancy; when couples are unable to show enough affection or attention to each other, feelings of isolation and unsupportedness can arise, worsening their mental and emotional state, especially in the face of an unplanned pregnancy (Carr et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Margelisch et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Herawati et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Without effective cooperation, couples become more vulnerable to confusion, uncertainty, and internal conflict, which further worsens their subjective well-being (Tyas and Herawati \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartners who are not active enough or do not take the lead in the relationship may avoid problems, which in the long run only worsen their emotional alienation (Anjani \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This can worsen family dynamics, as miscommunication and tension often arise in such situations, hindering their ability to function as a team in facing challenges (Santoso \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Unintended pregnancies often exacerbate this dissatisfaction, as partners feel unable to meet each other's expectations, both emotionally and in terms of desired roles in the family (Tyas and Herawati \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Herawati et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis pattern of poor communication, which occurs in many marital relationships facing major challenges, such as unwanted pregnancies, exacerbates the situation and worsens family dynamics (Carr et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). This may indicate that despite the problems affecting the relationship, there is a shared desire to maintain the family for the sake of the child\u0026rsquo;s future or for other emotional reasons, which is in line with findings from previous studies on the role of commitment in overcoming family crises (Santoso \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Anjani \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Couples who are able to talk openly about their feelings and find solutions together have a greater chance of overcoming the challenges they face and improving the quality of their relationships (Carr et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoping strategies in nonpoor families have a significant positive effect on interactions between husbands and wives. This means that the better the coping strategies used by the family are, the more harmonious the interactions between the husband and wife will be. The ability of the husband and wife to overcome problems such as unwanted pregnancy can affect the satisfaction of the relationship experienced by one or both parties. The attitudes chosen by individuals in overcoming problems affect the attitudes and relationships of their partners (Lau et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHusband and wife interaction has a significant positive relationship with the quality of marriage. This means that the higher the intensity of interaction in the family is, the better the quality of marriage in the family. Unwanted pregnancy is a serious problem experienced by families because the family is not ready to accept the presence of a new family member. When living with this unexpected pregnancy, the wife needs healthy interaction with her husband to survive and accept her pregnancy. Good interactions between husbands and wives can increase family stability (Angraini, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study identified several factors that influence the quality of marriage in families experiencing unintended pregnancies. On the basis of the findings of the present study, factors such as social support, as well as husband and wife interactions in the family, significantly influence the quality of marriage. Social support is also a very important factor in helping families cope with stress. This study shows that families with stronger social support, whether from partners, extended family, friends, or the community, are better able to cope with the difficulties they face. Families who feel emotionally supported by their surroundings have higher levels of quality and more stable marital relationships. This support helps reduce feelings of isolation and provides a sense of security for families, which improves their quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrong social support can help couples avoid isolation due to pressure from family or society. Therefore, strategies are needed to increase the involvement of the social environment in supporting couples. In addition, healthy interactions between husbands and wives are the main keys to maintaining household balance and improving the quality of marriage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality of marriage in families can be improved by strengthening communication, coping strategies, and social support. Improving the quality of marriage is reflected in better communication between husbands and wives, reduced conflict, and increased cooperation in managing the household. When families with unwanted pregnancies who successfully achieve this goal can use strong social support, good choices of coping strategies tend to result in more harmonious relationships and experience less tension, thus improving the quality of marriage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, private, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations Conflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConflict of Interest, no potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Trial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical trial number: not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of IPB University (approval number: 1544/IT3.KEPMSM-IPB/SK/2024), and informed consent was obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNR and TH initiated and developed the study design, prepare the data and performed statistical analysis. TH supervised the research process, offered methodological input and \u0026nbsp;checked the interpretation result. NR cleaned the data, conducted data acquisition and initially wrote the manuscript with the input from all authors. US and LNY validated the data analysis and interpretation of intellectual content. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. TH is the guarantor and responsible for overall content of the manuscript for suitable publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublish Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe, the undersigned authors, declare that this manuscript is an original work and has not been published elsewhere. We also confirm that all named authors have read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdallah, S., \u0026amp; Stoll, L. (2013). 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Journal of Behavioral Health, 32(2), 101-115.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYazdkhasti M, Pourreza A, Pirak A, Abdi F. 2015. Unintended pregnancy and its adverse social and economic consequences on health system: A narrative review article. Iran J Public Health. 44(1):12\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C. 2015. Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: Systematic review and call for integration. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 11:99\u0026ndash;137. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Social Support, Coping Strategies, Marital Quality, Unwanted Pregnancies","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6763616/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6763616/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Unintended pregnancy is one of the potentials that can cause serious problems for the quality of marriage for a family. This study aims to analyze the effect of social support, coping strategies, and husband and wife interactions on the quality of marriage in families with unwanted pregnancies. The design of this study used a cross-sectional study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e The study was conducted in Bekasi City and Bekasi Regency, West Java, which were selected purposively based on the high number of unwanted pregnancies in both areas. Data from the questionnaire was used to examine the predictors of marital quality using descriptive and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis methods\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e The results showed that social support can have indirect (β = 0.777) a significant positive effect on husband and wife interactions and a direct (β = 0.336) on marital quality, and coping strategies (β = 0.151) had a significant positive effect on husband and wife interactions and (β = 0.556) marital quality in a family.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e The findings show that various socio-cultural factors such as social support, coping strategies, husband and wife interaction and marital quality influence unwanted pregnancies. To improve the quality of marriage, families with unwanted pregnancies need to get stronger social support and implement appropriate coping strategies and strengthen the intensity of interaction between husband and wife.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Social support, coping strategies, husband and wife interaction, marital quality in families with unwanted pregnancies","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-26 10:46:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6763616/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fdfb93f8-3c89-407d-97d7-ceac04d724d8","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-24T13:53:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-26 10:46:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6763616","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6763616","identity":"rs-6763616","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}