Identification, Characterization, and Sensitivity to Phytochemicals of Novel Curvularia Species Associated with Leaf Spot Disease on Curcuma kwangsiensis

Identification, Characterization, and Sensitivity to Phytochemicals of Novel Curvularia Species Associated with Leaf Spot Disease on Curcuma kwangsiensis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Identification, Characterization, and Sensitivity to Phytochemicals of Novel Curvularia Species Associated with Leaf Spot Disease on Curcuma kwangsiensis Hanyi Wang, Rongchang Wei, Youjing Wei, Jiali Su, Jiajia Xu, Maoxiao Yao, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631117/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A leaf spot disease affecting Curcuma kwangsiensis (Zingiberaceae) has been observed in Qinzhou City, Guangxi Province. Infected leaves exhibit yellow-brown spots that progressively expand and eventually lead to leaf death. Curvularia isolates were abtained from the diseased leaves with tissue isolation and single spore purification methods. To accurately identify these isolates, we analyzed their morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships using combinations of ITS, GAPDH , and EF-1α gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the investigated strains formed a distinct clade separate from other recognized Curvularia species. Furthermore, the strains exhibited differences in conidiophore size and conidia shape/size. Based on phylogenetic studies, morphology, and pathogenicity tests, the pathogens were identified as a new species named Curvularia qinzhouensis . Optimal conditions for mycelial growth were observed at 30°C and pH 8. The sensitivity of the pathogen to various phytochemicals was also examined. Honokiol, thymol, and citral demonstrated effective antifungal effects, with EC 50 values of 6.72 ± 1.75, 25.74 ± 4.30, and 54.24 ± 4.69 µg/ml, respectively. The present investigation provides the first report of leaf spot disease on C. kwangsiensis caused by C. qinzhouensis , and valuable insights for the prevention and control of this disease. Biological sciences/Microbiology Biological sciences/Plant sciences Curcuma kwangsiensis Leaf spot Curvularia molecular identification Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, commonly grown in the southwestern region of China. It holds significant medicinal value in traditional medicine, with recent studies confirming its efficacy in liver protection, tumor inhibition, antioxidant activity, blood lipid reduction, and immune system modulation 1 . Apart from its medicinal properties, its attractive thin green leaves and vibrant cylindrical flower clusters make it a popular choice for ornamental purposes in flower beds 2 . However, with the increasing demand and expansion of cultivation areas, various diseases have emerged, posing a threat to yield and quality. For example, Epicoccum latusicollum has been identified as a pathogen causing leaf blight and defoliation in C. kwangsiensis 3 . Nonetheless, many pathogens responsible for diseases in C. kwangsiensis remain unidentified. Curvularia encompassing a diverse range of species including phytopathogenic, animal, and human pathogenic fungi, is a genus belonging to the Pleosporalean order 4 . The distinguishing feature of Curvularia is the formation of brown distoseptate conidia, typically with lighter end cells and enlarged middle cells. However, due to morphological similarities, the identification of Curvularia species cannot be accurately achieved solely through morphological features and analyses of the ITS sequence 5,6 . Consequently, the investigation of species diversity in Curvularia has been conducted using multi-locus sequence analysis. Scientists have employed multi-locus sequence analysis, utilizing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, as well as the protein-coding loci glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) and translation elongation factor 1-a ( EF-1α ), to investigate species diversity in Curvularia and its phylogenetic relationships with related genera 7,8 . To date, approximately 130 species have been recognized within the genus Curvularia based on DNA sequences 4,9 . Certain species of Curvularia , such as C. asianensis and C. eragrostidis , can cause leaf spot disease in Sansevieria trifasciata , while C. lunata is responsible for sunflower leaf spot 10,11 . Effective management of the leaf spot disease in C. kwangsiensis requires identification of the pathogen and implementation of control measures. In addition, determining the optimal growth temperature and pH for these pathogenic fungi is crucial for understanding their ecological characteristics, developing control strategies, preventing disease outbreaks, and ensuring the successful cultivation of C. kwangsiensis . One area of current research focuses on the use of phytochemicals to manage plant diseases. For instance, carvacrol has shown inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of three leaf pathogens 12 . Similarly, thymol exhibits strong antifungal properties against Fusarium graminearum by damaging the cell membrane through lipid peroxidation 13 . The objective of this study was to identify the causative agent of leaf spot disease in C. kwangsiensis and investigate potential phytochemical compounds for controlling economically important agricultural pathogens. 2. Results 2.1. Sampling, Fungal Isolation and Pathogenicity Assay Curcuma kwangsiensi , cultivated in plantations in Qinzhou City, Guangxi Province (21°51'00′′N, 108°44'00′′E), experienced an outbreak of leaf spot disease in May 2021. Initial symptoms included yellow, watery, irregular lesions on young leaves, which progressed to affect entire tender leaves. Eventually, the leaves turned yellow, withered, and led to plant death (Fig. 1 ). In this study, twenty-six isolates resembling the genus Curvularia were obtained from symptomatic plants. Three representative isolates (CK43.1, CK56.3, and CK64.5) were randomly selected for further investigation. After being inoculated for three days, the leaves of C. kwangsiensi exhibited similar symptoms to those initially observed in the field, while no symptoms were observed on the control plants (Fig. 1 ). The fungi inoculated were consistently re-isolated from the necrotic tissue of the inoculated plants and identified based on their morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analysis. No fungi were isolated from the plants in the negative control group. 2.2. Phylogenetic Analyses In this study, nine ( 9 ) new sequences of ITS, GAPDH and EF-1α were generated. The estimated sizes of individual alignments for ITS, GAPDH , and EF-1α were approximately 590 bp, 600 bp, and 990 bp correspondingly. To determine the phylogenetic position of our new isolates within the Curvularia genus, we conducted an analysis using a concatenated sequence dataset consisting of ITS, GAPDH , and EF-1α . In the phylogenetic analysis, the final concatenated alignment was 2180 bp. The topologies obtained from ML and BI analyses of the concatenated dataset were congruent (Fig. 2 ). The multilocus phylogenetic analysis showed the isolates CK43.1, CK56.3, CK64.5 are closely associated with C. bannonii but differ from it and other closely related taxa (Table 3 ). In the gene region of the ITS, the base sequence of C. sacchari-officinarum and C. guangxiensis was the same as our isolates, while C. bannonii , C. elliptiformis , C. clavate , and C. eleusinicola had 2 differences. Only C. eragrostidis had 3 base differences compared to our strains. In the gene region of EF-1α , the base sequence of C. bannonii matched our strains exactly, while there were 2 variations in C. elliptiformis and C. clavate , 3 variations in C. sacchari-officinarum , and 4 variations in C. eleusinicola and C. guangxiensis . GAPDH exhibited a range of 1 to 8 variations at the base level. In Curvularia , it appears that the mutation rate of DNA bases in the GAPDH gene region was evidently higher compared to the ITS and EF-1α gene regions. Table 3 Pairwise comparison of the examined loci of newly identified species with closely related taxa. Novel species Closely related taxa Loci, identity and percentage and gaps ITS GAPDH EF-1α Identity and percentage Gaps Identity and percentage Gaps Identity and percentage Gaps Curvularia qinzhouensis sp. nov. (CGMCC3.25225) C. bannonii 395/397 (99.50%) 1/397 (0%) 581/586 (99.15%) 0/586 (0%) 804/804 (100%) 0/804 (0%) C. elliptiformis 539/541 (99.63%) 1/541 (0%) 591/599 (98.66%) 0/599 (0%) 924/926 (99.78%) 0/926 (0%) C. eragrostidis 571/574 (99.48%) 2/574 (0%) 553/554 (99.82%) 0/554 (0%) - - C. sacchari-officinarum 537/537 (100%) 0/537 (0%) 592/599 (98.83%) 0/599 (0%) 923/926 (99.68%) 0/926 (0%) C. clavata 378/380 (99.47%) 1/380 (0%) 491/496 (98.99%) 0/496 (0%) 802/804 (99.75%) 0/804 (0%) C. eleusinicola 565/567 (99.65%) 1/567 (0%) 577/585 (98.63%) 0/585 (0%) 895/899 (99.56%) 0/899 (0%) C. guangxiensis 531/531 (100%) 0/531 (0%) 594/599 (99.17%) 0/599 (0%) 922/926 (99.57%) 0/926 (0%) 2.3. Taxonomy Curvularia qinzhouensis H. Zhou & H.Y. Wang, sp. nov. (Fig. 3 ) MycoBank accession number: 849959. Etymology. Name refers to the city in Guangxi Province where the strain was isolated. Type. CHINA, Guangxi Province, Qinzhou City, on Curcuma kwangsiensis , May. 2021. Hyphae branched, septate, smooth, 1.5 ~ 4 µm diam. Conidiophores arising singly or in groups, branched, straight or flexuous, septate, asperulate or smooth, with a thicker cell compared to vegetative hyphae, pale brown to dark brown in color, measuring 35.1 ~ 113.3 × 3.8 ~ 5.6 µm (average ± SD: = 72.6 ± 22.1 × 4.6 ± 0.5 µm, n = 30). Conidiogenous cells intercalary or terminal, sympodially proliferating, subcylindrical, smooth-walled, light brown to brown, measuring 4.8 ~ 32.1 × 3.2 ~ 6.7 µm (average ± SD: 17.6 ± 7.7 × 4.7 ± 0.7 µm, n = 50) Conidia usually ellipsoidal, 2–3 septate, central cells slightly larger, apical and basal cells slightly paler compared to the central cells, middle septum truly median, often thick and dark, smooth, dark brown, size 15.5 ~ 24.1 × 7.4 ~ 12.8 µm (average ± SD: 19.3 ± 1.9 × 9.9 ± 1.1 µm, n = 60). Chlamydospores not observed. Hilum slightly protruding thickened, darkened. Colonies on PDA exhibited rapid growing, attaining 8.2 cm diam after 7 days at 28°C, colony flat, entire edge, aerial mycelia dense, greenish black; reverse blackish green. Colonies on OA grown in the dark reaching 8.4 cm diam after 7 days at 28°C, flat, dense, circular with entire edge, gray-green; reverse olive-green. Colonies on MEA grown in the dark reaching 7.9 cm diam in after days at 28°C, flat, dense, circular with entire edge, gray-brown; reverse blackish green. Notes: Curvularia qinzhouensis is most closely associated with C. bannonii and other members within the sibling clade, i. e. C. elliptiformis , C. eragrostidis , C. sacchari-officinarum and C. clavate 14–16 . While, C. qinzhouensis can easily be distinguished by its size of conidiophores (35.1 ~ 113.3 × 3.8 ~ 5.6 µm) from C. bannonii (up to 950 × 4 ~ 7.5 µm), C. elliptiformis (40 ~ 96 × 4 ~ 5.5 µm), C. eragrostidis (90 ~ 710 × 4.4 ~ 7.0 µm), C. sacchari-officinarum (30 ~ 86 × 5 ~ 6.5 µm), C. clavate (3.2 ~ 6.5 µm wide). And C. qinzhouensis can be distinguished by its shape or size of conidia (15.5 ~ 24.1 × 7.4 ~ 12.8 µm for ellipsoidal shape) compared to those in C. bannonii (24 ~ 34.9 × 13 ~ 17 µm), C. elliptiformis (11.5 ~ 26 × 7 ~ 15.5 µm). 2.4. Biological Characterization of C. qinzhouensis Previous studies have demonstrated the significant impact of various factors, such as temperature and acidity, on the proliferation and virulence of pathogens 17,18 . In the case of C. qinzhouensis , Fig. 4 a shows that it can grow within a temperature range of 10 ~ 40°C. Among these temperatures, the highest growth rate was observed at 30°C, resulting in colony diameters of approximately 89.0 ± 1.00 mm after 6 days of incubation. Slower colony growth was observed at 15°C, 20°C, 38°C, and 40°C. The slowest growth occurred at 10°C, with colony diameters of approximately 15.6 ± 0.60 mm after 6 days of incubation. These findings indicate that C. qinzhouensis thrives best within the temperature range of 25–35°C, which is considered the most favorable temperature range. This study reveals that C. qinzhouensis is capable of growing within a pH range of 4 to 11, as depicted in Fig. 4 b. At pH 11, the mycelia exhibited slow growth, resulting in small and scattered colony diameters measuring 56.5 ± 0.84 mm. Conversely, the colony displayed the highest growth rate at pH 8, with diameters of 79.2 ± 1.17 mm. There were no significant differences in growth between the experimental groups at pH values of 6 and 7. These findings suggest that C. qinzhouensis thrives in both acidic and mildly alkaline environments but experiences hindered growth under highly alkaline conditions. 2.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Phytochemicals against Mycelial Growth This study highlights the potential benefits of examining phytochemicals for the development of environmentally friendly and non-toxic fungicides to effectively manage C. qinzhouensis . Results from sensitivity testing, presented in Table 4 and Fig. 5 , indicate a strong correlation (correlation coefficients > 0.90) between phytochemical dosage and inhibition of C. qinzhouensis . Notably, Honokiol exhibited significant antifungal activity with an EC 50 value of 6.72 ± 1.75 µg/ml. Thymol and citral demonstrated EC 50 values of 25.74 ± 4.30 µg/ml and 54.24 ± 4.69 µg/ml, respectively. These were followed by geraniol, with EC 50 values of 77.09 ± 10.83 mg/l. Conversely, carvone and citronellal displayed the lowest antifungal activity against the pathogen, with EC50 values of 161.53 ± 22.47 mg/ml and 134.00 ± 30.37 mg/ml, respectively. Table 4 The activity of phytochemicals in inhibiting the growth of C. qinzhouensis . Phytochemicals Concentration (µg/ml) Regression Equation EC 50 (µg/mL) Coefficient of Determination (R 2 ) Geraniol 10, 20, 50, 100, 150 y = 2.077x + 0.4268 77.09 ± 10.83 0.9805 Carvone 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 y = 2.322x + 0.2854 161.53 ± 22.47 0.9649 Citral 25, 50, 100, 200, 500 y = 1.550x + 1.883 54.24 ± 4.69 0.9302 Thymol 25, 30, 40, 50, 100 y = 2.039x + 2.201 25.74 ± 4.30 0.9795 Citronellal 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 y = 2.031x + 0.2508 134.00 ± 30.37 0.9698 Honokiol 2, 5, 10, 20, 30 y = 1.557x + 3.530 6.72 ± 1.75 0.9801 3. Discussion The three isolates in this study exhibited morphological similarities with five known Curvularia species: C. bannonii , C. elliptiformis , C. eragrostidis , C. radici-foliigena , and C. clavata 14–16 . However, they also displayed slight differences that did not correspond to any of these species. The key morphological characteristics that distinguish our strains from related species were the dimensions of conidiophores and conidia. The conidial length of C. qinzhouensis was very close to C. eragrostidis (15.5 ~ 24.1 × 7.4 ~ 12.8 µm vs. 13.8 ~ 24.0 × 7.6–13.6 µm), while C bannonii produced the larger conidia (24 ~ 34.9 × 13 ~ 17 µm). Conidiophores of C. qinzhouensis were shorter than those of C. bannonii and C. eragrostidis 14 . Nevertheless, accurate microscopic identification of these organisms remains challenging due to overlapping physical characteristics. To address this, we employed a multi-locus analysis utilizing ITS, GAPDH , and EF-1α gene sequences, which also confirmed that these isolates belong to a novel species with strong bootstrap support (Fig. 2 ). Furthermore, we conducted a comparison of the DNA sequence similarity of the ITS, GAPDH , and EF-1α gene regions (Table 3 ). The EF-1α gene of C. bannonii had the same base sequence as our strains, except for a single bp difference in the ITS gene region. However, in the GAPDH gene regions, there were 5 bp difference characters observed between C. qinzhouensis and C. bannonii. Notably, within the Curvularia genus, GAPDH exhibits a higher rate of evolution compared to ITS and EF-1α . Curvularia is a widely distributed genus known for causing various plant diseases 4 . Curvularia infection are common fungal diseases. For instance, C. lunata infection causes leaf spots on maize 19 and root rot on Strawberry 20 . Leaf spot on Sansevieria trifasciata 11 and postharvest rot on Pineapple 21 can be caused by C. eragrostidis , while C. hawaiiensis infection leads to leaf spot on rice 22 . In this study, the pathogenicity analysis revealed that diseased seedlings exhibited yellow, watery, and irregular lesions on their leaves. As the infection progressed, the entire leaf dried up, turned yellow, and eventually perished. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on C. kwangsiensi caused by C. qinzhouensis worldwild. Investigating the optimal growth temperature and pH for pathogenic fungi helps understand their ecological characteristics, transmission pathways, and aids in the development of effective control measures. The pathogen thrives and grows rapidly in warmer environments (25 ~ 35°C), suggesting a higher likelihood of causing plant diseases during warmer seasons. The fungus shows adaptability to higher pH levels (pH 8), indicating its ability to survive and reproduce better in alkaline soil or alkaline environments. As a newly discovered species of Curvularia , further investigation is needed to determine the host range of C. qinzhouensis . Phytochemicals derived from natural sources have gained attention for their potential in managing plant diseases. These compounds offer advantages such as minimal toxicity, low potential for fungicide resistance, and suitability for organic agriculture 23 . In our study, we tested six phytochemical agents for their antifungal properties against C. qinzhouensis . Honokiol, thymol, and citral were found to effectively suppress the growth of the fungus. On the other hand, carvone and citronellal showed the least effective control. Further research is needed to fully understand the antifungal effects of these phytochemical agents, and their efficacy in controlling leaf diseases should be evaluated under field conditions. 4. Materials and Methods 4.1. Sample Collection and Fungal Isolation We obtained the permission to collect symptomatic plants of C. kwangsiensisi from private plantations, Qinzhou City, Guangxi Province, China in 2021. The plants were identified by Dr. Qi Gao (Professor, Plant resources Conservation and Utillization Laboratory, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China), assigned voucher no. CK # 2021050022 and were deposited in the Virtual Herbarium, Plant resources Conservation and Utillization Laboratory, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China. The latitude of the sampling place is 21.51°N and longitude is 108.44°E. To investigate the disease, six randomly selected symptomatic plants were subsequently transported to the laboratory for analysis. Tissue isolation and single spore purification methods were employed to obtain isolates associated with leaf spot. In brief, plant samples were cleaned and cut into small pieces (~ 5 mm), followed by surface sterilization using 75% ethanol for 2 min. Subsequently, they were soaked in a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 60 s and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water for 60 s each. The tissues were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA, containing 200 g/L potato, 20 g/L glucose and 20 g/L agar) and incubated at 28°C for 3 days. Cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips from edge of colonies to fresh PDA. For single spore purification, the fungal material was collected using a sterilized inoculating needle and placed in sterilized distilled water. The material was then mechanically disrupted to obtain a suspension of spores. After being spread on water agar (WA, containing 20 g/L agar), the spore suspension was incubated overnight at 28°C. Germinated spores were marked under a microscope and then moved to PDA and cultivated at 28°C to obtain pure cultures 24,25 . The pure cultures were stored at 4°C. in the Microbiology laboratory, Guangxi Minzu University, China. 4.2. Pathogenicity Assay To confirm the pathogenicity of the fungi, nine healthy seedlings of C. kwangsiensi that had been growing for four weeks, were inoculated with mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) cut from the edges of 5 days old actively growing cultures on WA. As a control, three plants were treated with sterile WA. The greenhouse maintained a temperature of 35°C with a 12-hour photoperiod and around 90% relative humidity for all the inoculated plants. Following a three-day period of incubation, the inoculated plants were monitored for the development of symptoms. The experiments were repeated three times. Infected leaves were collected and the pathogens were re-isolated using the tissue isolation method. Morphological and sequencing analyses were conducted to compare the re-isolated pathogens with the original strains. 4. 3. DNA Extraction, Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analyses Genomic DNA was extracted from freshly mycelia grown on PDA using the CTAB method 26 , with a slight modification. The extracted DNA was then stored at -20°C. PCR amplification of ITS region was performed using the primer pair ITS1 and ITS4. For GAPDH amplification, the primer pair GPD-1 and GPD-2 was utilized, while EF-1α was amplified with the primer pair EF1-983F and EF1-2218R, as specified in Table 1 . Table 1 Primers and references used in this study. Gene Primer Sequence (5′ → 3′) References ITS ITS1 TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G 27 ITS4 TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC GAPDH GPD-1 CAA CGG CTT CGG TCG CAT TG 28 GPD-2 GCC AAG CAG TTG GTT GTG C EF-1α EF1-983F GCY CCY GGH CAY CGT GAY TTY AT 29 EF1-2128R AT GAC ACC RAC RGC RAC RGT YTG The PCR reaction mixture was prepared with a total volume of 25 µL. It contained 2.5 µL of 10 × PCR reaction Buffer, 125 µM of each dNTP, 0.4 µM of each primer, 0.1 µL of EasyTaq DNA polymerase (Trans gene, Beijing, China), and 1 ng of genomic DNA. For the PCR protocols of ITS, GAPDH , and EF-1α , the following parameters were used: an initial denaturation at 95°C for 4 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 30 s, annealing at 55°C for 60 s, and extension at 72°C for 90 s, with a final elongation step of 10 min at 72°C. The final PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel. The PCR samples were sent to a commercial provider (Audio Codes Dingsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuhan) for Sanger sequencing. In this study, the phylogenetic analysis comprised the isolates CK43.1, CK56.3, CK64.5, as well as reference isolates representing a total of 63 Curvularia species (Table 2 ). Strain CGMCC 3.19361 of Bipolaris distoseptata was used as the outgroup. Phylogenetic tree construction was performed using PhyloSuite software 30 through Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods, based on a combined dataset of ITS, GAPDH , and EF-1α sequences. Nodes are indicated with Ultrafast bootstrap values (left) that are higher than 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right) that surpass 0.7. Table 2 Strains and their GenBank accession numbers used in the present study. Species Strain Accession GenBank Accession ITS GAPDH EF-1α Curvularia akaiiensis BRIP 16080 T KJ415539 KJ415407 KJ415453 Curvularia alcornii MFLUCC 10–0703 T JX256420 JX276433 JX266589 Curvularia asianensis MFLUCC 10–0711 T JX256424 JX276436 JX266593 Curvularia australiensis BRIP 12044 T KJ415540 KJ415406 KJ415452 Curvularia australis BRIP 12521 T KJ415541 KJ415405 KJ415451 Curvularia bannonii BRIP 16732 IsoT KJ415542 KJ415404 KJ415450 Curvularia beasleyi BRIP 10972 T MH414892 MH433638 MH433654 Curvularia beerburrumensis BRIP 12942 T MH414895 MH433634 MH433657 Curvularia boeremae IMI 164633 T MH414911 MH433641 – Curvularia borreriae CBS 859.73 HE861848 HF565455 – Curvularia bothriochloae BRIP 12522 T KJ415543 KJ415403 KJ415449 Curvularia clavate BRIP 61680b KU552205 KU552167 KU552159 Curvularia coatesiae BRIP 24261 T MH414897 MH433636 MH433659 Curvularia coicis CBS 192.29 SynT AF081447 AF081410 JN601006 Curvularia colbranii BRIP 13066 T MH414898 MH433642 MH433660 Curvularia cymbopogonis CBS 419.78 HG778985 HG779129 – Curvularia crustacea BRIP 13524 ET KJ415544 KJ415402 KJ415448 Curvularia dactyloctenii BRIP 12846 T KJ415545 KJ415401 KJ415447 Curvularia dactyloctenicola CPC 28810 T MF490815 MF490837 MF490858 Curvularia eleusinicola USJCC-0005 T MT262877 MT393583 MT432925 Curvularia. elliptiformis CGMCC 3.19351 T MN215656 MN264091 MN263950 Curvularia ellisii CBS 193.62 T JN192375 JN600963 JN601007 Curvularia eragrostidis CBS 189.48 HG778986 HG779154 Curvularia eragrosticola BRIP 12538 T MH414899 MH433643 MH433661 Curvularia falsilunata CGMCC 3.19329 T MN215660 MN264093 MN263954 Curvularia gladiolii ICMP 6160 JX256426 JX276438 JX266595 Curvularia graminicola BRIP 23186 T JN192376 JN600964 JN601008 Curvularia guangxiensis CGMCC 3.19330 T MN215667 MN264100 MN263961 Curvularia harveyi BRIP 57412 T KJ415546 KJ415400 KJ415446 Curvularia hawaiiensis BRIP 11987 IsoLT KJ415547 KJ415399 KJ415445 Curvularia heteropogonicola BRIP 14579 IsoLT KJ415548 KJ415398 KJ415444 Curvularia heteropogonis CBS 284.91 T KJ415549 JN600969 JN601013 Curvularia hominis CBS 136985 T HG779011 HG779106 – Curvularia homomorpha CBS 156.60 T JN192380 JN600970 JN601014 Curvularia intermedia CBS 334.64 HG778991 HG779155 – Curvularia ischaemi CBS 630.82 T HG778992 HG779131 – Curvularia kenpeggii BRIP 14530 T MH414900 MH433644 MH433662 Curvularia kusanoi CBS 137.29 JN192381 – JN601016 Curvularia lamingtonensis BRIP 12259 T MH414901 MH433645 MH433663 Curvularia lonarensis CBS 140569 T KT315408 KY007019 – Curvularia lunata CBS 730.96 NeoT JX256429 JX276441 JX266596 Curvularia mebaldsii BRIP 12900 T MH414902 MH433647 MH433664 Curvularia microspora GUCC 6272 T MF139088 MF139106 MF139115 Curvularia mosaddeghii IRAN 3131C T MG846737 MH392155 MH392152 Curvularia muehlenbeckiae CBS 144.63 T HG779002 HG779108 – Curvularia neergaardii BRIP 12919 IsoT KJ415550 KJ415397 KJ415443 Curvularia nicotiae CBS 655.74 T KJ909772 KM083614 – Curvularia sacchari officinarum CGMCC 3.19331 T MN215705 MN264137 MN263998 Curvularia ovariicola CBS 470.90 T JN192384 JN600976 JN601020 Curvularia papendorfii BRIP 57608 T KJ415552 KJ415395 KJ415441 Curvularia perotidis BRIP 13466 T JN192385 KJ415394 JN601021 Curvularia portulacae BRIP 14541 T KJ415553 KJ415393 KJ415440 Curvularia portulacae BRIP 14837 T KJ415554 KJ415392 KJ415439 Curvularia qinzhouensis sp. nov. CGMCC 3.25225 = CK56.3 OR575729 OR576898 OR576895 Curvularia qinzhouensis sp. nov. CK43.1 OR575728 OR576897 OR576894 Curvularia qinzhouensis sp. nov. CK64.5 OR575730 OR576899 OR576896 Curvularia radici-foliigena CGMCC3.19328 T MN215695 MN264127 MN263988 Curvularia ravenelii BRIP 13165 T JN192386 JN600978 JN601024 Curvularia richardiae BRIP 4371 T KJ415555 KJ415391 KJ415438 Curvularia ryleyi BRIP 12554 T KJ415556 KJ415390 KJ415437 Curvularia sorghina BRIP 15900 T KJ415558 KJ415388 KJ415435 Curvularia spicifera CBS 274.52 T JN192387 JN600979 JN601023 Curvularia tripogonis BRIP 12375 IsoT JN192388 JN600980 JN601025 Curvularia tropicalis BRIP 14834 T KJ415559 KJ415387 KJ415434 Curvularia tuberculata CBS 146.63 IsoT JX256433 JX276445 JX266599 Bipolaris distoseptata CGMCC 3.19361 T MN215628 MN264064 MN263922 Note: ‘–’ indicates the absence of GAPDH or EF-1α genes in the GenBank accession, where T represents the Ex-type. 4.4. Morphological Characterization The examined isolates were cultured on PDA at 28°C for 7 days in darkness. Round mycelial discs with a diameter of 5 mm were then obtained from the colony periphery and transferred to various fresh media for morphological examinations. The cultural characteristics of the isolates were analyzed by incubating them for 7 days at 28°C in darkness on PDA, malt extract agar (MEA, containing 30 g/L malt extract and 20 g/L agar), and oatmeal agar (OA, containing 30 g/L oatmeal and 20 g/L agar). Growth rate determination was performed by measuring the radial colonial diameters in at least four different directions after 7 days of incubation at 28°C in darkness 31 . Conidia were induced on WA medium, and the features of both conidia and conidiophores were observed and documented using a digital microscope (DM2000, Leica, Germany). 4.5. Biological Characteristics of the Pathogen The isolates were cultured on PDA with pH values ranging from 4 to 11. The pathogen-inoculated PDA plates were incubated at different temperatures in an artificial climate chamber, including 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 28°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 38°C. The growth of the colonies was monitored over a period of 6 days, with colony diameters measured using the crossover method and documented through photography 32 . Each experiment was repeated three times. 4.6. Antimicrobial Activity of Phytochemicals against Mycelial Growth To identify phytochemicals with effective control against the pathogen, various phytochemicals were screened. Six plant compounds provided by Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (China), including geraniol, citral, thymol, citronellal (dissolved in ethanol), honokiol (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide), and carvone/magnolol (dissolved in acetone), were used as the test substances 33 . Initially, the phytochemicals were dissolved in 1 ml of the suitable solvent, subsequently mixed with water, and introduced into the PDA medium (cooled to approximately 50 ℃) to prepare a range of concentration gradients. Each treatment had three replicates. Mycelial disks (5 mm in diameter) were transferred from the colony edge to the center of the PDA plates, which were then incubated at 28°C. After 3 days, the colony diameter was measured using a ruler. The experiments were repeated three times. The inhibition rate I (%) was then calculated using the provided formula, where C (cm) and T (cm) indicate the tested fungi diameters of the control and treated PDA plates, respectively. The concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC 50 ) values of inhibiting mycelial growth for various phytochemicals were determined using the software Graph Pad Prism. Inhibition rate I (%) = ( C - T ) / ( C − 0.5) × 100. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding: This word was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 32060599; the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 81860678; and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province, grant number 2021GXNSFAA075023. Author Contribution Conceptualization and methodology, H. W. and R. W.; validation and formal analysis, J. W. and J. S.; investigation, H. W., J. X., M. X., and D. T.; writing—original draft preparation, H. W.; writing—review and editing, H. W. and H. Z.; project administration and funding acquisition, H. Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Data Availability The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References ZeYu, L. et al. [Research progress of Curcuma kwangsiensis root tubers and analysis of liver protection and anti-tumor mechanisms based on Q-markers]. 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Fungal Diversity 74, 143–197, doi: 10.1007/s13225-015-0352-7 (2015). Porebski, S., Bailey, L. G. & Baum, B. R. Modification of a CTAB DNA extraction protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 15, 8–15, doi: 10.1007/BF02772108 (1997). White, T. J., Bruns, T. D., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for Phylogenetics . 315–322 (Academic Press, 1990). Berbee, M. L., Pirseyedi, M. & Hubbard, S. Cochliobolus phylogenetics and the origin of known, highly virulent pathogens, inferred from ITS and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene sequences. Mycologia 91, 964–977, doi: 10.2307/3761627 (1999). Carbone, I., Anderson, J. & Kohn, L. Patterns of Descent in Clonal Lineages and Their Multilocus Fingerprints Are Resolved with Combined Gene Genealogies. Evolution 53, 11–21, doi: 10.2307/2640916 (1999). Zhang, D. et al. PhyloSuite: An integrated and scalable desktop platform for streamlined molecular sequence data management and evolutionary phylogenetics studies. Mol Ecol Resour 20, 348–355, doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13096 (2020). Sandoval-Denis, M., Lombard, L. & Crous, P. W. Back to the roots: a reappraisal of Neocosmospora. Persoonia 43, 90–185, doi: 10.3767/persoonia.2019.43.04 (2019). Cui, L. et al. Identification and biological characterization of a new pathogen that causes potato scab in Gansu Province, China. Microb Pathog 161, 105276, doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105276 (2021). Wei, Z., Anlong, H., Mingjian, R., Guoyu, W. & Huayang, X. First Report on Colletotrichum fructicola Causing Anthracnose in Chinese Sorghum and Its Management Using Phytochemicals. J Fungi (Basel) 9, 279, doi: 10.3390/jof9020279 (2023). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 20 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Aug, 2024 Reviews received at journal 12 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 03 Jul, 2024 Editor invited by journal 02 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 24 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4631117","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":330196126,"identity":"fb4c22cf-ab08-480f-9ab8-fa06a1771f84","order_by":0,"name":"Hanyi Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hanyi","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":330196127,"identity":"630b7c96-3c13-4dd9-83ad-b9b2f35ab0fe","order_by":1,"name":"Rongchang Wei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rongchang","middleName":"","lastName":"Wei","suffix":""},{"id":330196128,"identity":"238a06ca-13d9-4a87-8ffc-3ae5413eae74","order_by":2,"name":"Youjing Wei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Youjing","middleName":"","lastName":"Wei","suffix":""},{"id":330196133,"identity":"fc69cbf8-4279-4fec-85b7-b6d7f061b8ce","order_by":3,"name":"Jiali Su","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiali","middleName":"","lastName":"Su","suffix":""},{"id":330196135,"identity":"dbc74bb7-b768-41fd-b0fa-df187df01e78","order_by":4,"name":"Jiajia Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiajia","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":330196137,"identity":"f652a488-96cf-4471-96d7-a5b64da6bce9","order_by":5,"name":"Maoxiao Yao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maoxiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Yao","suffix":""},{"id":330196138,"identity":"295687c4-8599-4180-a8c9-a92c6536e40f","order_by":6,"name":"Dongna Tian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dongna","middleName":"","lastName":"Tian","suffix":""},{"id":330196139,"identity":"644711a2-7224-4f60-b2d5-90aad5436843","order_by":7,"name":"Hao Zhou","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQYGZiAlB+MzNhCrxZh0LYkwlYS1yM9uPiZdUGOTPj8iO/kzD4ON7IYDzM8e4NPCOOdYmvSMY2m5G8+c3WDMw5BmvOEAm7kBPi3MEjlm0jxsh3M3tvduSOZhOJy44QAPmwQ+LWxgLf8Opxs28244zMPwn7AWHpAW3rbDCfLsvRubeRgOENYiIZGWbM3bl2a4gefsZsY5BsnGMw+zmeHVIj8j+eBtnm828vIzcjd/eFNhJ9t3vPkZXi1wYHAATDJAookoIN9ArMpRMApGwSgYcQAAvylC/oNU8oYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Minzu University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hao","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-24 15:14:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631117/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631117/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77524-1","type":"published","date":"2024-11-03T16:20:34+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60905622,"identity":"96593fc0-b2b4-4a08-9e4e-e0b7c5b0f6e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-23 11:47:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9374510,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003ea-d\u003c/strong\u003e) Symptoms of leaf spot disease on \u003cem\u003eCurcuma kwangsiensis \u003c/em\u003eunder natural conditions. (e-h) Pathogenicity testing on \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensi \u003c/em\u003eseedlings. (\u003cstrong\u003ee-f\u003c/strong\u003e) Control; (\u003cstrong\u003eg-h\u003c/strong\u003e) Symptoms of the disease caused by strain CK56.3 on \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensi\u003c/em\u003e after 3 days of inoculation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631117/v1/8c79951db7bcf59125e93954.png"},{"id":60905621,"identity":"0c9b5b1c-f8f4-40f3-ba40-972b82ce1a3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-23 11:47:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4089431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe combined dataset of ITS, \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e sequences was used to infer the phylogenetic tree of the genus\u003cem\u003e Curvularia\u003c/em\u003e using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). The tree was rooted with \u003cem\u003eBipolaris distoseptata\u003c/em\u003e (CGMCC 3.19361). The Ultrafast bootstrap values (left) greater than 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right) exceeding 0.7 are indicated at the nodes. The examined isolates in present study are identified as the new species \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e, highlighted in red.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631117/v1/b073ca1d75451b12242e9051.png"},{"id":60905623,"identity":"a895a604-807b-42b7-a853-2fcceb7fbc78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-23 11:47:04","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9164138,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMorphological characteristics of the strain \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis \u003c/em\u003eCGMCC 3.25225: (\u003cstrong\u003ea-b\u003c/strong\u003e) Colony of the strain \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e on PDA; (\u003cstrong\u003ec-d\u003c/strong\u003e) Colony of the strain \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e on OA; (\u003cstrong\u003ee-f\u003c/strong\u003e) Colony of the strain\u003cem\u003e C. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e on MEA. (\u003cstrong\u003eg-i\u003c/strong\u003e) Conidia with conidiophore. (\u003cstrong\u003ej\u003c/strong\u003e) Conidia. Scale bars: g-i = 20 μm; j = 10 μm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631117/v1/964f9fe72f96524a3edd357a.png"},{"id":60905619,"identity":"e222ebd5-cb42-431e-bb45-21059906b3bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-23 11:47:04","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":267897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBiological characterization of \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e. (a) Temperature. (b) pH. The different letters above the columns signify a significant difference (p \u0026lt; 0.05) in the data among the groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631117/v1/2fc2be9f3ca5c3588f3a660c.png"},{"id":60906143,"identity":"db2e01e9-f8d5-49df-a523-2f6bcb37a7cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-23 11:55:04","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1089532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of different phytochemicals on the growth of\u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e. (a) Mycelial growth inhibition of \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e CK56.3 after the application of different phytochemicals under a series of concentrations. (b) Effects of six phytochemicals on the mycelial growth of \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e after 3 days \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e. The different letters above the columns signify a significant difference (p \u0026lt; 0.05) in the data among the groups.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631117/v1/5ad44a4d6de2bb38d04325b7.png"},{"id":68207377,"identity":"4477211d-caca-4924-ae7d-19c039487cf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-04 16:37:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":35698612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631117/v1/2845c3ef-fe52-4b09-b8f3-5f46d0035e69.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Identification, Characterization, and Sensitivity to Phytochemicals of Novel Curvularia Species Associated with Leaf Spot Disease on Curcuma kwangsiensis","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCurcuma kwangsiensis\u003c/em\u003e S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, commonly grown in the southwestern region of China. It holds significant medicinal value in traditional medicine, with recent studies confirming its efficacy in liver protection, tumor inhibition, antioxidant activity, blood lipid reduction, and immune system modulation \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. Apart from its medicinal properties, its attractive thin green leaves and vibrant cylindrical flower clusters make it a popular choice for ornamental purposes in flower beds \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. However, with the increasing demand and expansion of cultivation areas, various diseases have emerged, posing a threat to yield and quality. For example, \u003cem\u003eEpicoccum latusicollum\u003c/em\u003e has been identified as a pathogen causing leaf blight and defoliation in \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensis\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. Nonetheless, many pathogens responsible for diseases in \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensis\u003c/em\u003e remain unidentified.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e encompassing a diverse range of species including phytopathogenic, animal, and human pathogenic fungi, is a genus belonging to the Pleosporalean order \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e. The distinguishing feature of \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e is the formation of brown distoseptate conidia, typically with lighter end cells and enlarged middle cells. However, due to morphological similarities, the identification of \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e species cannot be accurately achieved solely through morphological features and analyses of the ITS sequence \u003csup\u003e5,6\u003c/sup\u003e. Consequently, the investigation of species diversity in \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e has been conducted using multi-locus sequence analysis. Scientists have employed multi-locus sequence analysis, utilizing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, as well as the protein-coding loci glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (\u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e) and translation elongation factor 1-a (\u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e), to investigate species diversity in \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e and its phylogenetic relationships with related genera \u003csup\u003e7,8\u003c/sup\u003e. To date, approximately 130 species have been recognized within the genus \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e based on DNA sequences \u003csup\u003e4,9\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertain species of \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e, such as \u003cem\u003eC. asianensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. eragrostidis\u003c/em\u003e, can cause leaf spot disease in \u003cem\u003eSansevieria trifasciata\u003c/em\u003e, while \u003cem\u003eC. lunata\u003c/em\u003e is responsible for sunflower leaf spot \u003csup\u003e10,11\u003c/sup\u003e. Effective management of the leaf spot disease in \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensis\u003c/em\u003e requires identification of the pathogen and implementation of control measures. In addition, determining the optimal growth temperature and pH for these pathogenic fungi is crucial for understanding their ecological characteristics, developing control strategies, preventing disease outbreaks, and ensuring the successful cultivation of \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensis\u003c/em\u003e. One area of current research focuses on the use of phytochemicals to manage plant diseases. For instance, carvacrol has shown inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of three leaf pathogens \u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, thymol exhibits strong antifungal properties against \u003cem\u003eFusarium graminearum\u003c/em\u003e by damaging the cell membrane through lipid peroxidation \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e. The objective of this study was to identify the causative agent of leaf spot disease in \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensis\u003c/em\u003e and investigate potential phytochemical compounds for controlling economically important agricultural pathogens.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Sampling, Fungal Isolation and Pathogenicity Assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCurcuma kwangsiensi\u003c/em\u003e, cultivated in plantations in Qinzhou City, Guangxi Province (21\u0026deg;51'00\u0026prime;\u0026prime;N, 108\u0026deg;44'00\u0026prime;\u0026prime;E), experienced an outbreak of leaf spot disease in May 2021. Initial symptoms included yellow, watery, irregular lesions on young leaves, which progressed to affect entire tender leaves. Eventually, the leaves turned yellow, withered, and led to plant death (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, twenty-six isolates resembling the genus \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e were obtained from symptomatic plants. Three representative isolates (CK43.1, CK56.3, and CK64.5) were randomly selected for further investigation. After being inoculated for three days, the leaves of \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensi\u003c/em\u003e exhibited similar symptoms to those initially observed in the field, while no symptoms were observed on the control plants (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The fungi inoculated were consistently re-isolated from the necrotic tissue of the inoculated plants and identified based on their morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analysis. No fungi were isolated from the plants in the negative control group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Phylogenetic Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, nine (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) new sequences of ITS, \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e were generated. The estimated sizes of individual alignments for ITS, \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e were approximately 590 bp, 600 bp, and 990 bp correspondingly. To determine the phylogenetic position of our new isolates within the \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e genus, we conducted an analysis using a concatenated sequence dataset consisting of ITS, \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e. In the phylogenetic analysis, the final concatenated alignment was 2180 bp. The topologies obtained from ML and BI analyses of the concatenated dataset were congruent (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The multilocus phylogenetic analysis showed the isolates CK43.1, CK56.3, CK64.5 are closely associated with \u003cem\u003eC. bannonii\u003c/em\u003e but differ from it and other closely related taxa (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In the gene region of the ITS, the base sequence of \u003cem\u003eC. sacchari-officinarum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. guangxiensis\u003c/em\u003e was the same as our isolates, while \u003cem\u003eC. bannonii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. elliptiformis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. clavate\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. eleusinicola\u003c/em\u003e had 2 differences. Only \u003cem\u003eC. eragrostidis\u003c/em\u003e had 3 base differences compared to our strains. In the gene region of \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e, the base sequence of \u003cem\u003eC. bannonii\u003c/em\u003e matched our strains exactly, while there were 2 variations in \u003cem\u003eC. elliptiformis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. clavate\u003c/em\u003e, 3 variations in \u003cem\u003eC. sacchari-officinarum\u003c/em\u003e, and 4 variations in \u003cem\u003eC. eleusinicola\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. guangxiensis\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e exhibited a range of 1 to 8 variations at the base level. In \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e, it appears that the mutation rate of DNA bases in the \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e gene region was evidently higher compared to the ITS and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e gene regions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePairwise comparison of the examined loci of newly identified species with closely related taxa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNovel species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClosely related taxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoci, identity and percentage and gaps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eITS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentity and percentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGaps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentity and percentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGaps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentity and percentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGaps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esp. nov. (CGMCC3.25225)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. bannonii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e395/397 (99.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/397 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e581/586 (99.15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/586 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e804/804 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/804 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. elliptiformis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e539/541 (99.63%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/541 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e591/599 (98.66%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/599 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e924/926 (99.78%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/926 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. eragrostidis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e571/574 (99.48%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2/574 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e553/554 (99.82%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/554 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. sacchari-officinarum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e537/537 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/537 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e592/599 (98.83%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/599 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e923/926 (99.68%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/926 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. clavata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378/380 (99.47%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/380 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e491/496 (98.99%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/496 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e802/804 (99.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/804 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. eleusinicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e565/567 (99.65%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1/567 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e577/585 (98.63%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/585 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e895/899 (99.56%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/899 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. guangxiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e531/531 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/531 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e594/599 (99.17%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/599 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e922/926 (99.57%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0/926 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Taxonomy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCurvularia qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e H. Zhou \u0026amp; H.Y. Wang, sp. nov. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMycoBank accession number: 849959.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEtymology. Name refers to the city in Guangxi Province where the strain was isolated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eType. CHINA, Guangxi Province, Qinzhou City, on \u003cem\u003eCurcuma kwangsiensis\u003c/em\u003e, May. 2021.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eHyphae\u003c/em\u003e branched, septate, smooth, 1.5\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;4 \u0026micro;m diam. \u003cem\u003eConidiophores\u003c/em\u003e arising singly or in groups, branched, straight or flexuous, septate, asperulate or smooth, with a thicker cell compared to vegetative hyphae, pale brown to dark brown in color, measuring 35.1\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;113.3 \u0026times; 3.8\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;5.6 \u0026micro;m (average\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD: = 72.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.1 \u0026times; 4.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 \u0026micro;m, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30). \u003cem\u003eConidiogenous cells\u003c/em\u003e intercalary or terminal, sympodially proliferating, subcylindrical, smooth-walled, light brown to brown, measuring 4.8\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;32.1 \u0026times; 3.2\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6.7 \u0026micro;m (average\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD: 17.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.7 \u0026times; 4.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7 \u0026micro;m, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50) \u003cem\u003eConidia\u003c/em\u003e usually ellipsoidal, 2\u0026ndash;3 septate, central cells slightly larger, apical and basal cells slightly paler compared to the central cells, middle septum truly median, often thick and dark, smooth, dark brown, size 15.5\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;24.1 \u0026times; 7.4\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;12.8 \u0026micro;m (average\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD: 19.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9 \u0026times; 9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1 \u0026micro;m, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60). \u003cem\u003eChlamydospores\u003c/em\u003e not observed. \u003cem\u003eHilum\u003c/em\u003e slightly protruding thickened, darkened.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColonies on PDA exhibited rapid growing, attaining 8.2 cm diam after 7 days at 28\u0026deg;C, colony flat, entire edge, aerial mycelia dense, greenish black; reverse blackish green. Colonies on OA grown in the dark reaching 8.4 cm diam after 7 days at 28\u0026deg;C, flat, dense, circular with entire edge, gray-green; reverse olive-green. Colonies on MEA grown in the dark reaching 7.9 cm diam in after days at 28\u0026deg;C, flat, dense, circular with entire edge, gray-brown; reverse blackish green.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes: \u003cem\u003eCurvularia qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e is most closely associated with \u003cem\u003eC. bannonii\u003c/em\u003e and other members within the sibling clade, i. e. \u003cem\u003eC. elliptiformis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. eragrostidis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. sacchari-officinarum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. clavate\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e14\u0026ndash;16\u003c/sup\u003e. While, \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e can easily be distinguished by its size of \u003cem\u003econidiophores\u003c/em\u003e (35.1\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;113.3 \u0026times; 3.8\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;5.6 \u0026micro;m) from \u003cem\u003eC. bannonii\u003c/em\u003e (up to 950 \u0026times; 4\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;7.5 \u0026micro;m), \u003cem\u003eC. elliptiformis\u003c/em\u003e (40\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;96 \u0026times; 4\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;5.5 \u0026micro;m), \u003cem\u003eC. eragrostidis\u003c/em\u003e (90\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;710 \u0026times; 4.4\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;7.0 \u0026micro;m), \u003cem\u003eC. sacchari-officinarum\u003c/em\u003e (30\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;86 \u0026times; 5\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6.5 \u0026micro;m), \u003cem\u003eC. clavate\u003c/em\u003e (3.2\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6.5 \u0026micro;m wide). And \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e can be distinguished by its shape or size of conidia (15.5\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;24.1 \u0026times; 7.4\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;12.8 \u0026micro;m for ellipsoidal shape) compared to those in \u003cem\u003eC. bannonii\u003c/em\u003e (24\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;34.9 \u0026times; 13\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;17 \u0026micro;m), \u003cem\u003eC. elliptiformis\u003c/em\u003e (11.5\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;26 \u0026times; 7\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;15.5 \u0026micro;m).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Biological Characterization of C. qinzhouensis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have demonstrated the significant impact of various factors, such as temperature and acidity, on the proliferation and virulence of pathogens \u003csup\u003e17,18\u003c/sup\u003e. In the case of \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea shows that it can grow within a temperature range of 10\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;40\u0026deg;C. Among these temperatures, the highest growth rate was observed at 30\u0026deg;C, resulting in colony diameters of approximately 89.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00 mm after 6 days of incubation. Slower colony growth was observed at 15\u0026deg;C, 20\u0026deg;C, 38\u0026deg;C, and 40\u0026deg;C. The slowest growth occurred at 10\u0026deg;C, with colony diameters of approximately 15.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60 mm after 6 days of incubation. These findings indicate that \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e thrives best within the temperature range of 25\u0026ndash;35\u0026deg;C, which is considered the most favorable temperature range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study reveals that \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e is capable of growing within a pH range of 4 to 11, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb. At pH 11, the mycelia exhibited slow growth, resulting in small and scattered colony diameters measuring 56.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84 mm. Conversely, the colony displayed the highest growth rate at pH 8, with diameters of 79.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17 mm. There were no significant differences in growth between the experimental groups at pH values of 6 and 7. These findings suggest that \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e thrives in both acidic and mildly alkaline environments but experiences hindered growth under highly alkaline conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Phytochemicals against Mycelial Growth\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the potential benefits of examining phytochemicals for the development of environmentally friendly and non-toxic fungicides to effectively manage \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e. Results from sensitivity testing, presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, indicate a strong correlation (correlation coefficients\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.90) between phytochemical dosage and inhibition of \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e. Notably, Honokiol exhibited significant antifungal activity with an EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of 6.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75 \u0026micro;g/ml. Thymol and citral demonstrated EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of 25.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.30 \u0026micro;g/ml and 54.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.69 \u0026micro;g/ml, respectively. These were followed by geraniol, with EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of 77.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.83 mg/l. Conversely, carvone and citronellal displayed the lowest antifungal activity against the pathogen, with EC50 values of 161.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.47 mg/ml and 134.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.37 mg/ml, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe activity of phytochemicals in inhibiting the growth of \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemicals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration (\u0026micro;g/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression Equation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient of Determination (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeraniol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10, 20, 50, 100, 150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.077x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.4268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarvone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50, 100, 150, 200, 250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.322x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2854\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25, 50, 100, 200, 500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.550x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThymol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25, 30, 40, 50, 100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.039x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9795\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitronellal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30, 60, 90, 120, 150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.031x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.2508\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9698\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHonokiol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 5, 10, 20, 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.557x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe three isolates in this study exhibited morphological similarities with five known \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e species: \u003cem\u003eC. bannonii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. elliptiformis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. eragrostidis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC. radici-foliigena\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eC. clavata\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e14\u0026ndash;16\u003c/sup\u003e. However, they also displayed slight differences that did not correspond to any of these species. The key morphological characteristics that distinguish our strains from related species were the dimensions of conidiophores and conidia. The conidial length of \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e was very close to \u003cem\u003eC. eragrostidis\u003c/em\u003e (15.5\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;24.1 \u0026times; 7.4\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;12.8 \u0026micro;m vs. 13.8\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;24.0 \u0026times; 7.6\u0026ndash;13.6 \u0026micro;m), while \u003cem\u003eC bannonii\u003c/em\u003e produced the larger conidia (24\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;34.9 \u0026times; 13\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;17 \u0026micro;m). Conidiophores of \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e were shorter than those of \u003cem\u003eC. bannonii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. eragrostidis\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e. Nevertheless, accurate microscopic identification of these organisms remains challenging due to overlapping physical characteristics. To address this, we employed a multi-locus analysis utilizing ITS, \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e gene sequences, which also confirmed that these isolates belong to a novel species with strong bootstrap support (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, we conducted a comparison of the DNA sequence similarity of the ITS, \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e gene regions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e gene of \u003cem\u003eC. bannonii\u003c/em\u003e had the same base sequence as our strains, except for a single bp difference in the ITS gene region. However, in the \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e gene regions, there were 5 bp difference characters observed between \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. bannonii.\u003c/em\u003e Notably, within the \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e genus, \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e exhibits a higher rate of evolution compared to ITS and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e is a widely distributed genus known for causing various plant diseases \u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e infection are common fungal diseases. For instance, \u003cem\u003eC. lunata\u003c/em\u003e infection causes leaf spots on maize \u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e and root rot on Strawberry \u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e. Leaf spot on \u003cem\u003eSansevieria trifasciata\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e and postharvest rot on Pineapple \u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e can be caused by \u003cem\u003eC. eragrostidis\u003c/em\u003e, while \u003cem\u003eC. hawaiiensis\u003c/em\u003e infection leads to leaf spot on rice \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e. In this study, the pathogenicity analysis revealed that diseased seedlings exhibited yellow, watery, and irregular lesions on their leaves. As the infection progressed, the entire leaf dried up, turned yellow, and eventually perished. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensi\u003c/em\u003e caused by \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e worldwild. Investigating the optimal growth temperature and pH for pathogenic fungi helps understand their ecological characteristics, transmission pathways, and aids in the development of effective control measures. The pathogen thrives and grows rapidly in warmer environments (25\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;35\u0026deg;C), suggesting a higher likelihood of causing plant diseases during warmer seasons. The fungus shows adaptability to higher pH levels (pH 8), indicating its ability to survive and reproduce better in alkaline soil or alkaline environments. As a newly discovered species of \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e, further investigation is needed to determine the host range of \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemicals derived from natural sources have gained attention for their potential in managing plant diseases. These compounds offer advantages such as minimal toxicity, low potential for fungicide resistance, and suitability for organic agriculture \u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e. In our study, we tested six phytochemical agents for their antifungal properties against \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e. Honokiol, thymol, and citral were found to effectively suppress the growth of the fungus. On the other hand, carvone and citronellal showed the least effective control. Further research is needed to fully understand the antifungal effects of these phytochemical agents, and their efficacy in controlling leaf diseases should be evaluated under field conditions.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"4. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Sample Collection and Fungal Isolation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe obtained the permission to collect symptomatic plants of \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensisi\u003c/em\u003e from private plantations, Qinzhou City, Guangxi Province, China in 2021. The plants were identified by Dr. Qi Gao (Professor, Plant resources Conservation and Utillization Laboratory, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China), assigned voucher no. CK # 2021050022 and were deposited in the Virtual Herbarium, Plant resources Conservation and Utillization Laboratory, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China. The latitude of the sampling place is 21.51\u0026deg;N and longitude is 108.44\u0026deg;E. To investigate the disease, six randomly selected symptomatic plants were subsequently transported to the laboratory for analysis. Tissue isolation and single spore purification methods were employed to obtain isolates associated with leaf spot. In brief, plant samples were cleaned and cut into small pieces (~\u0026thinsp;5 mm), followed by surface sterilization using 75% ethanol for 2 min. Subsequently, they were soaked in a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 60 s and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water for 60 s each. The tissues were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA, containing 200 g/L potato, 20 g/L glucose and 20 g/L agar) and incubated at 28\u0026deg;C for 3 days. Cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips from edge of colonies to fresh PDA. For single spore purification, the fungal material was collected using a sterilized inoculating needle and placed in sterilized distilled water. The material was then mechanically disrupted to obtain a suspension of spores. After being spread on water agar (WA, containing 20 g/L agar), the spore suspension was incubated overnight at 28\u0026deg;C. Germinated spores were marked under a microscope and then moved to PDA and cultivated at 28\u0026deg;C to obtain pure cultures \u003csup\u003e24,25\u003c/sup\u003e. The pure cultures were stored at 4\u0026deg;C. in the Microbiology laboratory, Guangxi Minzu University, China.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Pathogenicity Assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo confirm the pathogenicity of the fungi, nine healthy seedlings of \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensi\u003c/em\u003e that had been growing for four weeks, were inoculated with mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) cut from the edges of 5 days old actively growing cultures on WA. As a control, three plants were treated with sterile WA. The greenhouse maintained a temperature of 35\u0026deg;C with a 12-hour photoperiod and around 90% relative humidity for all the inoculated plants. Following a three-day period of incubation, the inoculated plants were monitored for the development of symptoms. The experiments were repeated three times. Infected leaves were collected and the pathogens were re-isolated using the tissue isolation method. Morphological and sequencing analyses were conducted to compare the re-isolated pathogens with the original strains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e4.\u003c/em\u003e3. \u003cem\u003eDNA Extraction, Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analyses\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenomic DNA was extracted from freshly mycelia grown on PDA using the CTAB method \u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e, with a slight modification. The extracted DNA was then stored at -20\u0026deg;C. PCR amplification of ITS region was performed using the primer pair ITS1 and ITS4. For \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e amplification, the primer pair GPD-1 and GPD-2 was utilized, while \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e was amplified with the primer pair EF1-983F and EF1-2218R, as specified in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimers and references used in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequence (5\u0026prime; \u0026rarr; 3\u0026prime;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eITS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eITS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eITS4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGPD-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAA CGG CTT CGG TCG CAT TG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGPD-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCC AAG CAG TTG GTT GTG C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEF1-983F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCY CCY GGH CAY CGT GAY TTY AT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEF1-2128R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAT GAC ACC RAC RGC RAC RGT YTG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PCR reaction mixture was prepared with a total volume of 25 \u0026micro;L. It contained 2.5 \u0026micro;L of 10 \u0026times; PCR reaction Buffer, 125 \u0026micro;M of each dNTP, 0.4 \u0026micro;M of each primer, 0.1 \u0026micro;L of \u003cem\u003eEasyTaq\u003c/em\u003e DNA polymerase (Trans gene, Beijing, China), and 1 ng of genomic DNA. For the PCR protocols of ITS, \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e, the following parameters were used: an initial denaturation at 95\u0026deg;C for 4 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95\u0026deg;C for 30 s, annealing at 55\u0026deg;C for 60 s, and extension at 72\u0026deg;C for 90 s, with a final elongation step of 10 min at 72\u0026deg;C. The final PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel. The PCR samples were sent to a commercial provider (Audio Codes Dingsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Wuhan) for Sanger sequencing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the phylogenetic analysis comprised the isolates CK43.1, CK56.3, CK64.5, as well as reference isolates representing a total of 63 \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e species (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Strain CGMCC 3.19361 of \u003cem\u003eBipolaris distoseptata\u003c/em\u003e was used as the outgroup. Phylogenetic tree construction was performed using PhyloSuite software \u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e through Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods, based on a combined dataset of ITS, \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e sequences. Nodes are indicated with Ultrafast bootstrap values (left) that are higher than 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right) that surpass 0.7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrains and their GenBank accession numbers used in the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccession\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenBank Accession\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eITS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia akaiiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 16080 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415539\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415453\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia alcornii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMFLUCC 10\u0026ndash;0703 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX256420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX276433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX266589\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia asianensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMFLUCC 10\u0026ndash;0711 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX256424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX276436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX266593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia australiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12044 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia australis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12521 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415451\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia bannonii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 16732 IsoT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415404\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia beasleyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 10972 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH414892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433638\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia beerburrumensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12942 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH414895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433657\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia boeremae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMI 164633 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH414911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia borreriae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 859.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHE861848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHF565455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia bothriochloae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12522 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415449\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia clavate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 61680b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKU552205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKU552167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKU552159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia coatesiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 24261 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH414897\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433659\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia coicis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 192.29 SynT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAF081447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAF081410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia colbranii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 13066 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH414898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433642\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia cymbopogonis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 419.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG778985\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG779129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia crustacea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 13524 ET\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415402\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia dactyloctenii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12846 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415401\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia dactyloctenicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCPC 28810 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF490815\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF490837\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF490858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia eleusinicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSJCC-0005 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMT262877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMT393583\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMT432925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia. elliptiformis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGMCC 3.19351 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN215656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN264091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN263950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia ellisii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 193.62 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN192375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN600963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia eragrostidis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 189.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG778986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG779154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia eragrosticola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12538 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH414899\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433643\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433661\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia falsilunata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGMCC 3.19329 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN215660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN264093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN263954\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia gladiolii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICMP 6160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX256426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX276438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX266595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia graminicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 23186 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN192376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN600964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia guangxiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGMCC 3.19330 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN215667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN264100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN263961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia harveyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 57412 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415446\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia hawaiiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 11987 IsoLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415399\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia heteropogonicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 14579 IsoLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415548\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415398\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia heteropogonis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 284.91 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN600969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia hominis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 136985 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG779011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG779106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia homomorpha\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 156.60 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN192380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN600970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia intermedia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 334.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG778991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG779155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia ischaemi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 630.82 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG778992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG779131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia kenpeggii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 14530 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH414900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia kusanoi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 137.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN192381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia lamingtonensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12259 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH414901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433645\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia lonarensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 140569 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT315408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKY007019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia lunata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 730.96 NeoT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX256429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX276441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX266596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia mebaldsii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12900 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH414902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433647\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH433664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia microspora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGUCC 6272 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF139088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF139106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF139115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia mosaddeghii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRAN 3131C T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMG846737\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH392155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH392152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia muehlenbeckiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 144.63 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG779002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHG779108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia neergaardii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12919 IsoT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia nicotiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 655.74 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ909772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKM083614\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia sacchari officinarum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGMCC 3.19331 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN215705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN264137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN263998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia ovariicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 470.90 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN192384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN600976\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia papendorfii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 57608 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia perotidis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 13466 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN192385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia portulacae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 14541 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia portulacae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 14837 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurvularia qinzhouensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp. nov.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCGMCC 3.25225\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CK56.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOR575729\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOR576898\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOR576895\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurvularia qinzhouensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp. nov.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCK43.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOR575728\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOR576897\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOR576894\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCurvularia qinzhouensis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003esp. nov.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCK64.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOR575730\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOR576899\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOR576896\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia radici-foliigena\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGMCC3.19328 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN215695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN264127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN263988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia ravenelii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 13165 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN192386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN600978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia richardiae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 4371 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia ryleyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12554 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415437\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia sorghina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 15900 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia spicifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 274.52 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN192387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN600979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia tripogonis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 12375 IsoT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN192388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN600980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJN601025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia tropicalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRIP 14834 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ415434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurvularia tuberculata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBS 146.63 IsoT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX256433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX276445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX266599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBipolaris distoseptata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGMCC 3.19361 T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN215628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN264064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN263922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNote: \u0026lsquo;\u0026ndash;\u0026rsquo; indicates the absence of \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e genes in the GenBank accession, where T represents the Ex-type.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Morphological Characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe examined isolates were cultured on PDA at 28\u0026deg;C for 7 days in darkness. Round mycelial discs with a diameter of 5 mm were then obtained from the colony periphery and transferred to various fresh media for morphological examinations. The cultural characteristics of the isolates were analyzed by incubating them for 7 days at 28\u0026deg;C in darkness on PDA, malt extract agar (MEA, containing 30 g/L malt extract and 20 g/L agar), and oatmeal agar (OA, containing 30 g/L oatmeal and 20 g/L agar). Growth rate determination was performed by measuring the radial colonial diameters in at least four different directions after 7 days of incubation at 28\u0026deg;C in darkness \u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e. Conidia were induced on WA medium, and the features of both conidia and conidiophores were observed and documented using a digital microscope (DM2000, Leica, Germany).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5. Biological Characteristics of the Pathogen\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe isolates were cultured on PDA with pH values ranging from 4 to 11. The pathogen-inoculated PDA plates were incubated at different temperatures in an artificial climate chamber, including 5\u0026deg;C, 10\u0026deg;C, 15\u0026deg;C, 20\u0026deg;C, 25\u0026deg;C, 28\u0026deg;C, 30\u0026deg;C, 35\u0026deg;C, and 38\u0026deg;C. The growth of the colonies was monitored over a period of 6 days, with colony diameters measured using the crossover method and documented through photography \u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e. Each experiment was repeated three times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.6. Antimicrobial Activity of Phytochemicals against Mycelial Growth\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify phytochemicals with effective control against the pathogen, various phytochemicals were screened. Six plant compounds provided by Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (China), including geraniol, citral, thymol, citronellal (dissolved in ethanol), honokiol (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide), and carvone/magnolol (dissolved in acetone), were used as the test substances \u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e. Initially, the phytochemicals were dissolved in 1 ml of the suitable solvent, subsequently mixed with water, and introduced into the PDA medium (cooled to approximately 50 ℃) to prepare a range of concentration gradients. Each treatment had three replicates. Mycelial disks (5 mm in diameter) were transferred from the colony edge to the center of the PDA plates, which were then incubated at 28\u0026deg;C. After 3 days, the colony diameter was measured using a ruler. The experiments were repeated three times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inhibition rate I (%) was then calculated using the provided formula, where C (cm) and T (cm) indicate the tested fungi diameters of the control and treated PDA plates, respectively. The concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e) values of inhibiting mycelial growth for various phytochemicals were determined using the software Graph Pad Prism.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibition rate \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e (%) = (\u003cem\u003eC - T\u003c/em\u003e) / (\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.5) \u0026times; 100.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis word was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 32060599; the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 81860678; and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province, grant number 2021GXNSFAA075023.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization and methodology, H. W. and R. W.; validation and formal analysis, J. W. and J. S.; investigation, H. W., J. X., M. X., and D. T.; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, H. W.; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing, H. W. and H. Z.; project administration and funding acquisition, H. Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZeYu, L. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [Research progress of Curcuma kwangsiensis root tubers and analysis of liver protection and anti-tumor mechanisms based on Q-markers]. 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J Fungi (Basel) 9, 279, doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/jof9020279\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/jof9020279\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Curcuma kwangsiensis, Leaf spot, Curvularia, molecular identification","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631117/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631117/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA leaf spot disease affecting \u003cem\u003eCurcuma kwangsiensis\u003c/em\u003e (Zingiberaceae) has been observed in Qinzhou City, Guangxi Province. Infected leaves exhibit yellow-brown spots that progressively expand and eventually lead to leaf death. \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e isolates were abtained from the diseased leaves with tissue isolation and single spore purification methods. To accurately identify these isolates, we analyzed their morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships using combinations of ITS, \u003cem\u003eGAPDH\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEF-1α\u003c/em\u003e gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the investigated strains formed a distinct clade separate from other recognized \u003cem\u003eCurvularia\u003c/em\u003e species. Furthermore, the strains exhibited differences in conidiophore size and conidia shape/size. Based on phylogenetic studies, morphology, and pathogenicity tests, the pathogens were identified as a new species named \u003cem\u003eCurvularia qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e. Optimal conditions for mycelial growth were observed at 30\u0026deg;C and pH 8. The sensitivity of the pathogen to various phytochemicals was also examined. Honokiol, thymol, and citral demonstrated effective antifungal effects, with EC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of 6.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.75, 25.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.30, and 54.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.69 \u0026micro;g/ml, respectively. The present investigation provides the first report of leaf spot disease on \u003cem\u003eC. kwangsiensis\u003c/em\u003e caused by \u003cem\u003eC. qinzhouensis\u003c/em\u003e, and valuable insights for the prevention and control of this disease.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Identification, Characterization, and Sensitivity to Phytochemicals of Novel Curvularia Species Associated with Leaf Spot Disease on Curcuma kwangsiensis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-23 11:46:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631117/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-08-22T06:11:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-08-20T13:26:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"338178859059430341741548226662914370912","date":"2024-08-10T11:27:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-13T03:39:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"86435374022472000495457179705501491879","date":"2024-07-03T21:59:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"273786299717645749426090308175971898735","date":"2024-07-03T13:35:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-03T06:08:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-03T06:00:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-02T18:27:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-06-27T13:34:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-06-24T15:13:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f2205ce8-609f-4e49-8573-a60c73110dcf","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":34951129,"name":"Biological sciences/Microbiology"},{"id":34951130,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-04T16:28:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4631117","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77524-1","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-03 16:20:34","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 3rd, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-23 11:46:59","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-77524-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77524-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4631117","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4631117","identity":"rs-4631117","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}