Species composition, diversity, relative abundance and habitat association of avifauna in Gondar City, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

Species composition, diversity, relative abundance and habitat association of avifauna in Gondar City, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Species composition, diversity, relative abundance and habitat association of avifauna in Gondar City, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia Belayneh Mulualem, Amera Moges, Nega Tassie, Addisu Mekonnen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7123153/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Understanding urban bird diversity and composition is essential for comprehending the urban ecosystem. This study was conducted in Gondar city, one of the historical sites in northern Ethiopia, to assess the diversity, composition, relative abundance, and habitat associations of birds across four urban habitats. The research was conducted from April to September 2021, encompassing both the wet and dry seasons. Birds were identified and counted using point count and line transect methods. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was employed to estimate species diversity, while One-way ANOVA and independent t-tests were used to analyze species abundance across different habitats and seasons, respectively. Results: A total of 112 bird species from 15 orders and 47 families were identified in the study, including six intra-African migrants, five Palearctic migrants, and 101 resident and endemic species. Dominant species included Swainson’s Sparrow, village weaver, red-billed firefinch, and red-cheeked cordon bleu mostly observed in residential habitat. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in bird abundance across habitats (F = 17.79, df = 3, p = 0.001). The forest patch habitat had the highest diversity (H’ = 3.941), while the waste dumping site recorded the lowest diversity (H’ = 3.212). Additionally, the waste dump site exhibited the highest even distribution (J = 0.91), whereas the residential habitat had the lowest (J = 0.784). Conclusion: Gondar city is a refuge for various avian species, including threatened, endemic, and migrant species. The urban birds offer aesthetic and recreational benefits for both residents and tourists. Birds in Gondar city face significant threats from human disturbances, loss of green areas due to urban expansion, and collisions. Bird-watching presents an opportunity for income generation through ecotourism in the community. Urban planners are encouraged to incorporate avian habitats into their designs to support and sustain bird diversity in the city. Avifauna Bird diversity Bird composition Habitat association Gondar city Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Birds are the most diversified vertebrates [ 1 ]. They are noticed and form an integral part of an ecosystem. Their widespread distribution, conspicuous presence, and diversity make them indicators of environmental health and ecosystem functioning [ 2 ][ 3 ]. They provide ecosystem services including seed dispersal, pollination, pest control, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem engineering [ 4 ] [ 5 ]. Birds also hold significant cultural and aesthetic value in urban areas, providing opportunities for bird watching and recreation [ 6 ]. Globally, there are over 11,000 species of birds belonging to 44 orders and 250 families [ 1 ]. Africa harbors over 2,477 species [ 1 ], from which more than 863 bird species have been documented in Ethiopia. Among these, 19 species are endemic, 31 are globally threatened, three are rare species, and 14 are shared with Eritrea [ 7 ]. The notable taxonomic diversity of Ethiopia is due to various geographical, topographical, and climatic variations [ 8 ], which also makes the country home to over 73 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) [ 9 ]. However, Ethiopian biodiversity currently faces threats due to rapid human population growth and land-use changes [ 2 ][ 10 ]. Anthropogenic activities, including habitat destruction and fragmentation for agricultural expansion, urbanization and infrastructure development, can significantly impact bird abundance and their habitats [ 11 ]. Currently, large numbers of human population live in urban centers [ 12 ][ 13 ]. Urbanization involves the construction of buildings, the establishment of human settlements [ 14 ], and the alteration of pre-existing ecosystems [ 15 ], leading to significant modifications of the urban natural areas[ 12 ] [ 16 ]. This process has been identified as a major driver of species extinction globally[ 17 ]. In addition, urban development profoundly contributes to the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats, threatening the survival, distribution, and abundance of wildlife [ 18 ][ 19 ]. Studies indicated that many of the urban native bird species are replaced by a few non-native species, resulting in lower bird diversity compared to the surrounding natural areas [ 15 ][ 20 ]. Urban landscapes are often characterized by heterogeneous habitats ranging from green spaces (e.g. home gardens, city parks, church forests, and university campuses) to buildings and residential areas, riversides, and waste dumping sites [ 20 ][ 21 ]. The floristic composition [ 22 ] and the area covered by vegetation are excellent predictors of bird species richness [ 23 ]. The various habitat types may support a wide array of bird species, contributing to an increase in diversity. However, urbanization also brings about changes to vegetation composition and habitat structure, which impacts bird communities [ 24 ][ 25 ]. Disturbances associated with urban development, such as habitat fragmentation and modification, may alter resource availability, habitat structure, breeding and nesting sites. The level of urban development and the associated disturbance status of a city ranges from low disturbance to high disturbances may influence the diversity, composition, distribution, and abundance of the bird species [ 17 ][ 26 ], with studies suggesting that species richness and diversity may peak at the moderate levels of urbanization [ 27 ][ 20 ]. Birds are adapted to utilizing various urban landscapes including residential areas, green space, city parks, riverine vegetation, waste dumping sites, and urban agricultural areas. However, species vary in their ability to cope with landscape alteration induced by urbanization and accompanying selection pressures [ 28 ]. Some species are generalists and capable of utilizing multiple habitat types, while others are specialists that can adapt to specific habitats. Generalist species tend to be more abundant, as they can adapt to a wider range of habitats and resource availability [ 29 ]. Specialist bird species, on the other hand, are typically associated with less fragmented and less disturbed landscapes, where their specific habitat requirements are met [ 30 ]. These species may face challenges in urban areas where habitat loss, fragmentation, and disturbances are prevalent. Gondar City has different landscapes including residential areas, buildings and infrastructures, green spaces such as home gardens, city parks and recreational areas, patch forests at churches and university campuses, and municipal waste dumping sites. The urban areas serve as important refuges for various avian species. Additionally, riversides and associated wetlands at Angereb Reservoir Dam at the eastern edge of Gondar City serve as vital sources of food and water for aquatic bird species. The urban bird species are also attracted to ornamental plants, flowers, and fruits in home gardens in the residential areas [ 20 ]. City parks, recreational areas where vegetations contribute to the diversity of birds in the city [ 31 ]. However, the size of the urban green spaces and the degree of human disturbances may influence the species richness, distribution, and abundance of birds [ 32 ]. Studies have shown that urban green areas are associated with bird species richness, native plant species composition, foliage height, and canopy layers, which provide essential nesting and roosting sites, refuges, and food resources [ 33 ]. Several studies of birds have been conducted in different habitats in Ethiopia [ 9 ][ 34 ][ 35 ][ 36 ][ 37 ] [ 38 ]. However, only a few studies of bird communities have been conducted in cities [ 39 ][ 40 ][ 41 ][ 42 ]. Nevertheless, no detailed study has been conducted on birds in the urban landscape of Gondar City, where one of the higher tourists site of the country. Thus, we conducted the present study on the avifauna in Gondar City to identify bird species that may be at risk and to identify threats to birds that require more conservation concerns, thereby prioritizing areas for high conservation intervention strategies. The study aims to examine the composition, diversity, and abundance of avifauna in different habitats of Gondar City, which will provide input for preparing a bird checklist that, will be valuable for tourists, conservationists, and urban planners. The scientific data on bird species is imperative for urban planners to design effective management strategies and conservation actions for these species in urban areas. We hypothesize that the avian species diversity of Gondar City is increasing due to its suitable landscape and habitat heterogeneity. Therefore, this study aimed to generate ample information on 1) the diversity of birds at different habitats in the Gondar City, 2) the relative abundance of birds at different habitats of the city in different seasons, and 3) the habitat association of bird species at different habitat types in different seasons in the city. The results of the present study are imperative for urban planners to design effective urban wildlife management strategies and to publish a bird guide for conserving birds in urban areas and promoting ecotourism activities. Results Species composition In the present study, a mean abundance of 12,346 individuals of 112 species of birds belonging to 47 families and 15 orders was recorded in Gondar City during the entire study period (Fig. 1 , Table 1 ). A total of 108 and 93 species were recorded during the wet and dry seasons, respectively, of which 89 species were observed both during the wet and dry seasons. 19 species were recorded only during the wet season, while four species were recorded solely during the dry season (Table 1 ). Table 1 Orders, family, lifestyle, Relative Abundance and Conservation Status of bird recorded in different habitats in Gondar city during different seasns Orders Family Common name Scientific name Habitat types Seasons IUCN Life RV RS FR WD Wet Dry Both status style Accipitriformes Accipitridae Black Kite Milvus migrans - √ √ √ √ − − LC RS Yellow-billed Kite Milvus aegyptius ♣ √ √ - √ √ √ √ LC IAM White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ CR RS Ruppell’s Vulture Gyps rueppelli - √ - √ √ √ √ CR RS Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus - √ √ √ √ √ √ CR RS Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus ♦ - √ - √ √ √ √ EN PAM Augur Buzzard Buteo augur √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis - √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax - √ √ √ √ √ √ VU RS Anseriformes Anatidae Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca √ - - √ √ √ √ LC RS African Black Duck Anas sparsa √ - - - √ − − LC RS Bucerotiformes Phoeniculidae Black-billed Wood Hoopoe Phoeniculus somaliensis √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Upupidae Eurasian Hoopoe Upup aepops √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Bucerotidae Hemprich’s Hornbill Lophoceros hemprichii ♣ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC IAM Charadriiformes Recurvirostridae Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus √ - - √ √ − − LC RS Scolopacidae Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus ♦ √ - - - √ √ √ LC PAM Charadriidae Spurwinged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus √ - - √ − √ − LC RS Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris √ - - √ √ − √ LC RS Ciconiiformes Ciconiidae Black Stork Ciconia nigra ♣ - - √ - √ − − LC IAM Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus ♣ - √ √ - √ √ √ NT PAM Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis √ - - - √ − − LC RS Coliiformes Coliidae Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Columbiformes Columbidae Bruce's Green Pigeon Treron waalia √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Dusky Turtle Dove Streptopelia lugens √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Mourning Collared Dove Streptopelia decipiens √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Namaqua Dove Oena capensis √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Speckled Pigeon Columba guinea √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS White-collared Pigeon Columba albitorques ♠ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Coraciiformes Meropidae Blue-breasted Bee-eater Merops variegatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Alcedinidae Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima √ - - - √ − − LC RS Wooland Kingfisher Corythornis cristatus √ - √ - √ √ √ LC RS African Pygmy Kingfisher Ispidina picta √ - - - √ − − LC RS Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis √ - √ - √ − − LC RS Galliformes Phasianidae Clapperton's Francolin Pternistis clappertoni ♣ √ - √ - √ √ √ LC IAM Numididae Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris - - √ - √ √ √ LC RS Musophagiformes Musophagidae Eastern Plantain-eater Crinifer zonurus √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS White-cheeked Turaco Tauraco leucotis √ - √ - √ √ √ LC RS Passeriformes Motacillidae Abyssinian Longclaw Macronyx flavicollis ♥ - - √ √ √ √ √ NT RS Grassland Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus √ - √ - √ √ √ LC RS Mountain Wagtail Motacilla clara √ √ - √ √ √ √ LC RS Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava ♦ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC PAM Oriolidae Abyssinian Oriole Oriolus monacha ♠ √ - √ - √ √ √ LC RS Muscicapidae Abyssinian Slaty Flycatcher Melaenornis chocolatinus ♠ √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Abyssinian Wheatear Oenanthe lugubris ♣ - - √ - √ − − LC IAM Little Rock Thrush Monticola rufocinereus - - √ - √ √ √ LC RS Mocking Cliff Chat Amnolaea cinamomeiventris - √ √ - − √ − LC RS Ruppell’s Robin Chat Cossypha semirufa √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Ruppell’s Black Chat Myrmecocichla melaena ♠ √ - √ - √ − − LC RS White-winged Cliff Chat Monticola semirufus ♠ - √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Zosteropidae Abyssinian White-eye Zosterops abyssinicus - √ √ - √ − − LC RS Fringillidae African Citril Crithagra citrinelloides √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Yellow-rumped Seedeater Crithagra xanthopygia ♠ √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Brown-rumped Seedeater Crithagra tristriata √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Streaky Seedeater Crithagra striolata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Monarchidae African Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Turdidae African Thrush Turdus pelios √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Common Rock Thrush Monticola saxatilis ♦ - - √ - √ √ √ LC PAM Groundscraper Thrush Turdus litsitsirupa √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Olive Thrush Turdus olivaceus √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Ploceidae Baglafecht Weaver Ploceus baglafecht √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Yellow Bishop Euplectes capensis √ - - - √ − − LC RS Yellow-mantled Widowbird Euplectes macroura √ - - - √ − − LC RS Malaconotidae Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus - √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Platysteiridae Black-headed Batis Batis minor √ - √ - √ √ √ LC RS Hirundinidae Black Saw-wing Psalidoprocne pristoptera √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Brown-throated Martin Riparia paludicola √ - - - √ − − LC RS Lesser Striped Swallow Cecropis abyssinica √ √ - - √ √ √ LC RS Rock Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula - √ - - √ − − LC RS Estrildidae Bronze Manikin Spermestes cucullata ♣ √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC IAM Cut-throat Firefinch Amadina fasciata √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Red-cheeked Cordon Bleu Uraeginthus bengalus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Yellow-billed Waxbill Coccopygia quartinia √ - - - √ − − LC RS Pycnonotidae Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Lanidae Northern Fiscal Lanius humeralis √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Ethiopian Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Cisticolidae Ethiopian Cisticola Cisticola lugubris ♠ √ - √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevicaudata √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans √ - - - √ √ √ LC RS Stout Cisticola Cisticola robustus √ - √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Tawny-flanked Prinia Prinia subflava √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Corvidae Fan-tailed Raven Corvus rhipidurus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Pied Crow Corvus albus - √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Thick-billed Raven Corvus crassirostris ♠ √ √ - √ √ √ √ LC RS Sturnidae Greater Blue-eared Starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio - √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Macrosphenidae Northern Crombec Sylvietta brachyuran √ - √ - − √ − LC RS Viduidae Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Village Indigobird Vidua chalybeate √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Buphagidae Red-billed Oxpecker Buphagus erythrorhynchus √ - - - √ √ √ LC RS Nectariniidae Scarlet-chested Sunbird Chalcomitra senegalensis √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Tacazze Sunbird Nectarinia tacazze √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Variable Sunbird Cinnyris venustus √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Passeridae Swainson’s Sparrow Passer swainsonii √ √ √ √ √ √ √ LC RS Leiothrichidae White-rumped Babbler Turdoides leucopygia √ - √ - √ √ √ LC RS Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala √ - - √ √ − − LC RS Great Egret Ardea alba √ - - - √ − − LC RS Little Egret Egretta garzetta √ - - √ √ √ √ LC RS Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis √ - - √ − √ − LC RS Scopidae Hamerkop Scopus umbretta √ √ - √ √ √ √ LC RS Threskiornithidae Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus √ √ - √ √ √ √ LC RS Wattled Ibis Bostrychia carunculata ♠ √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Piciformes Picidae Abyssinian Woodpecker Dendropicos abyssinicus ♠ √ - √ - √ √ √ LC RS Lybiidae Double-toothed Barbet Lybius undatus ♠ - √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Black-billed Barbet Lybius guifsobalito √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Psittaciformes Psittacidae Black-winged Lovebird Agapornis taranta ♠ √ √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Strigiformes Strigidae Greyish Eagle-owl Bubo cinerascens - √ √ - √ √ √ LC RS Key: IUCN Red List (♣ = Inter -African migrant (IAM), ♦ = Palearctic migrant (PAM), √ = species present, “–“ = no species present, S = resident spp., ♥ = Endemic to Ethiopia, ♠ = Endemic to Ethiopia and Eritrea, LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, CR = Critically Endangered, CS = Conservation status), Habitat types (RV = Riverside, RS = Residential, FP = Forest patch, WD = Waste dump), Seasons (D = dry, W = wet, B = both). The order Passeriformes comprises the highest (24 families) number of families, followed by Bucerotiformes, Charadriiformes, and Peleccaniformes (3 families each). The orders including Coraciiformes, Piciformes and Gliformes comprised two families each. Eight orders (53.3%) of birds (Acciptriformes, Anseriformes, Ciconiiformes, Coliiformes, Columbiforme, Musophagiformes, Psittaciformes, and Strigiformes) comprised a single family each. The order Passeriformes had the highest (59 species, 53.15%) number of bird species followed by Accipitriformes (9 species each), Peleccaniformes and Columbiformes (8 species each).The families that comprised larger numbers of bird species include Acciptridae (9 species), Columbidae (8 species), and Muscicapidae (7 species), while over 22(47.8%) families comprised a single species each. For example, Musophagidae, Strigidae, Coliidae, Psittacidae comprised the lowest number of species (1sp. each) (Fig. 1 , Table 1 ). Among the total of 112 bird species recorded in Gondar City, one species; Abyssinian longclaw ( M. flavicollis ), is endemic to Ethiopia and Near threatened species, while twelve species; black-winged lovebird ( A.taranta ), thick-billed raven ( C.crassirostris ), wattled ibis ( B.carunculate ),White-collared pigeon ( C.albitorques ), Abyssinian salty flycatcher ( M.chocolatinus ), Abyssinian woodpecker ( D.abyssinicus ), banded barbet ( L.undatus ), white-winged cliff-chat ( M.semirufa ), ruppell’s black chat ( M.melaena ), Abyssinian oriole ( O.monacha ), Ethiopian cisticola ( C.lugubris ) and yellow-rumped Seedeater ( C.xanthopygia ) were endemic species shared with Eritrea. Egyptian vulture ( N. percnopterus ) is endangered status, while hooded vulture ( N.monachus ), white-backed vulture ( G. africanus ), and ruppell’svulture ( G.ruppellii ) are critically endangered. Tawny eagle ( A. rapax ) and woolly-necked stork ( C. episcopus ) are vulnerable and Near-threatened species, respectively. Out of the total species of birds recorded in the present study, 105 species were locally of least concern in conservation status, while six species were Inter-African migrants, five species were Palarctic migrants, and the remaining 101 species were residents. Overall, from the birds species recorded in the present study, over 20.5% were rare, 68.8% were uncommon, 10.7% were frequent (Supplement Table 2 , 3 ). Species richness and diversity Bird species richness ranged from 38 to 83 species among study habitats (Table 2 ). The highest species richness (n = 83 species) was recorded in the forest patch habitat, followed by the riverside (n = 81 species) habitat during the wet season. The lowest species richness (n = 38 species) was recorded in the waste dumping site during the dry season. The overall avian species diversity varied among four habitat types in the study area, with the highest ( H ' = 3.942) was recorded in the urban forest patches. The bird diversity differed among habitats and seasons with the highest recorded in the forest patch. Seasonally, both the Shannon-Wiener ( H ') and Simposn (D') diversity indices showed the highest species diversity (H'=3.941, D' = 0.971) was recorded in the urban forest patches followed by the riverside habitat (H = 3.822, D' = 0.966) during the wet season, respectively, while the lowest diversity (H' = 3.212, D' = 0.945) was recorded in the waste dumping site during the dry season (Table 2 ). The highest species evenness (J = 0.910) was recorded in the waste dumping site followed by the forest patch habitat (J = 0.892) during the dry and wet seasons, respectively and the lowest evenness (J = 0.784) was recorded in the residential habitat during the wet season (Table 2 ). Table 2 Species diversity of birds in four habitat types during the wet and dry seasons (April to September 221). Habitats Seasons Species Individuals H' Hmax D J (n) (N) Riverside Dry 73 1618 3.761 4.290 0.966 0.877 Wet 81 1962 3.822 4.394 0.964 0.870 Waste dump Dry 38 994 3.212 3.638 0.945 0.910 Wet 41 1106 3.380 3.714 0.957 0.883 Forest patch Dry 72 1901 3.730 4.277 0.964 0.872 Wet 83 2081 3.941 4.419 0.971 0.892 Resident Dry 70 7421 3.358 4.248 0.948 0.790 Wet 72 7659 3.353 4.277 0.947 0.784 Key: H’= Shannon-Wiener index,H max = maximum species diversity,J = Shannon’s equitability index, n = number of specie, N = abundance of birds The overall, seasonal Shannon-Wiener diversity (H' = 3.759), Simpson indices (D'=0.962) and species richness (n = 108) of birds were recorded as highest during the wet season, while a slightly higher species evenness (J = 0.81) of birds was recorded during the dry season (Table 3 ). Abundance of avifauna Overall, a total abundance of 12,808 and 11,884 individual birds were recorded in the urban area of Gondar city during the wet and dry seasons, respectively with a mean abundance of 12,346 ± 462 individual birds. The larger numbers of birds were recorded during the wet season (Table 3 ). However, the number was not statistically significantly different (t-test = 0.102, df = 204, P = 0.919) between the two seasons. Across the habitat types, the mean abundance of birds was highest in residential habitat (N = 7540 individuals) followed by forest patch (N = 1991 individuals), while the lowest abundance (N = 1025 individuals) of birds was recorded in the waste dumping site (Fig. 2 ). Univariate analysis (ANOVA) indicated that there was a statistically significant (F = 67.443, df = 3, p = 0.001) difference in the abundance of bird species among the study habitats. The Tukey post Hoc analysis indicated that the difference among the habitats was attributable to the waste dumping site. However, there were no significant differences between the riverine and forest patch habitats (P = 0.511). Table 3 Overall species diversity and abundant of birds in the study area during the wet and dry seasons Seasons Species (n) Individuals (N) H' H max D' J Wet 108 12808 3.759 4.682 0.962 0.803 Dry 93 11884 3.707 4.533 0.961 0.818 Overall 112 12346 3.759 4.718 0.962 0.797 Overall, Gondar City comprised the highest number, 77(71.3%) and 68(73.1%) of bird species were “uncommon” category in relative abundance during the wet and dry seasons, respectively, followed by “rare”19(17.6%) during the wet season (Supplement Table 2 ), and “frequent”13(14.0%) during the dry season (Supplement Table 3 ), whilst no bird species were recorded as “common” and “abundant” categories during both seasons (Supplement Table 2 , 3 ). Nevertheless, some bird species which were in the “rare” category in a habitat might be “uncommon” or “frequent” in another habitat, and vice versa. In the present study, a higher abundance of bird species was recorded across various habitats, with a notable increase during the wet season. Swainson’s sparrow ( Passer swainsonii ) was the most numerous with 1,065 individuals, followed by village weaver ( Ploceus cucullatus ) comprized 1,048 and red-cheeked Cordon Blue ( Uraeginthus bengalus ) with 840 individuals, primarily occupied the residential habitat. During the dry season, both village weavers comprised, 1,008 individuals, swainson’s sparrow (1,006) and red-billed firefinch ( Lagonosticta senegala ) with 734 individuals declined their number. Village weaver and swainson’s sparrow emerged as the dominant species throughout the study period, particularly in residential habitats (Supplemental Table 1). In contrast to the more abundant bird species recorded, some bird species were comprized of a lower abundant (i.e., comprised the lowest number of individuals), such as black-headed heron ( Ardea melanocephala ) (6 individuals), long-crested eagle ( Laphaetus occipitalis )(8individuals), and greyish egle owl ( Bubo cinerascens) (5individuals). Other species with lower abundant includeds the giant kingfisher ( Megaceryle maxima ) (2 individuals), African black duck ( Anas sparsa ) (4 individuals), and the black-headed heron ( Ardea melanocephala ) with six individuals, and Abyssinian pygmy kingfisher (3 individuals). The abundance of bird species varies across habitats and seasons in the study area. In the residential habitat, swainson’s sparrow was the most dominant bird (762 individuals) followed by village Weaver (695 individuals), and red-billed firefinch (675 individuals) during the wet season, while their abundance was slightly increased, such as swainson’s sparrow with 702 individuals and village Weaver with 710 individuals during the dry season. In the riverside habitat, African citril ( Crithagra citrinelloides ) was the most abundant (193 individuals), followed by village weavers (174 individuals), and swainson’s sparrow (143 individuals) during the wet season. During the dry season, baglafech weaver ( Ploceus baglafecht ) was the most abundant (130 individuals) species, followed by the African citril, 120 individuals, and the village weaver with 108 individuals. In addition, several species, including African pygmy kingfisher, giant kingfisher, yellow–billed Stork, African black duck comprised lower abundant in the riverside habitat. In the forest patch, swainson’s sparrow was the most abundant species (160 individuals) followed by village weaver (130 individuals), during the wet seasons, and their abundance remained larger during the dry season. In the waste dumping site, the hooded vulture ( Necrosyrtes monachus ) was the dominant species (122 individuals) followed by sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus )(63 individuals), and swainson’s Sparrow (60 individuals) during the wet seasons. During the dry season, the hooded vulture was the most abundant (116 individuals) followed by white-backed vulture ( Gyps africanus ) (85 individuals), and specled pigeon (76 individuals). In general, swainson’s sparrow and village weaver were the most abundant bird species in most habitats of the study area. However, in the waste dumping site, hooded vulture, white-backed vulture, pied crow, ruppll’s vulture and sacred ibis were the most abundant species during both the wet and dry seasons (Supplemental Table 1). Similarity of avian species : Community similarity of avian species varied across habitats in both seasons. The Sorensen's index of community similarities between habitats were recorded higher both during the wet and dry seasons. The highest species similarity (SI = 0.82) of birds was recorded between the residential and forest patch, and (SI = 0.80) was between the riverside and forest patch habitats during the wet and dry seasons, respectively (Table 4 ). More bird community similarity between habitats was observed during the wet season. Conversely, the lowest similarity (SI = 0.40) occurred between the forest patch and waste dumping site during the dry season (Table 4 ). Table 4 Sorensen's similarity index of birds between the four habitat types during the different seasons Habitat types Seasons Riverine Waste dump Forest patch Residential Riverine Dry - 0.58 0.80 0.78 Wet - 0.54 0.73 0.71 Waste dump Dry - - 0.40 0.57 Wet - - 0.52 0.57 Forest patch Dry - - - 0.79 Wet - - - 0.82 Habitat association of avian species Most bird species in the present occupied specific habitats in Gondar city. During the present study, a greater number of bird species (n = 83) occupied the riverside habitat while the lowest number of species (n = 38) occupied the waste dumping site. The χ 2 - square test indicated that habitat association of bird species was statistically significant in the four habitat types during the dry ( χ 2 = 13,171.45, df = 82, p = 0.001) and wet (χ 2 = 13,096.53, df = 84, p = 0.001) seasons. Several bird species were found in a specific habitat in the urban areas. The bird species such as African black Duck, giant Kingfisher, green sandpiper, yellow billed stork, African pygmy kingfisher, singing cisticola were observed only in the riverside habitat; while birds that occupied urban forest patches were clapperton’s Francoline, helmeted guineafowl, white-rumped babbler, common rock trush, Abyssinian wheatear. However, most bird species that commonly occupied the residential habitat were also observed in different habitats in the urban area. For example, swainson’s sparrow, red-cheeked cordon blue, village weaver, speckled pigeon, dusky turtle, red-eye dove, red-billed Firefinch, lauphing dove, baglafech weaver, brown-rumped seedeater were dominantly occupied the residential habitat, yet they were occasionally recorded in different habitats. The most frequently recorded bird species in waste dumping sites included birds of preys such as ruppel’s vulture, hooded volture, white-backed volure and sacrid Ibis. More generalist species occupied more than one habitat. Over 22(20.4%) of bird species were frequently found in all the study habitats in the study area during the wet season, while lower numbers, 20(21.5%) of bird species, were observed in different habitats during the dry seasons. Overall, 16(14.3%) bird species were recorded in all four study habitats during the entire study period (Supplement Table 1 ). The habitat associations of bird species in their respective habitats depended on the feeding guild and adaptability of the species and the resource availability of the habitat. Discussion A total of 112 bird species belonging to 47 families were recorded in various habitats of Gondar city. Previous research indicates that birds have adapted to different habitats of urban landscapes [ 43 ]. Urban environment provides food and roosting in gardens and city parks, supporting diverse avian guilds that thrive under specific environmental conditions. The composition and diversity of birds is linked to the heterogeneous nature of the habitats, reflecting a complex ecology. A study suggests that bird composition and diversity patterns are influenced by habitat features, season, urban development and human disturbances [ 40 ]. The composition of birds may vary in different sites with distinct resources and degrees of disturbance. Habitat heterogeneity due to vegetation types, foliage height, and floristic composition could make differences in bird composition. Similarly, a study suggested that variation of species composition between habitats is a function of the quality of the habitat and preference of the species [ 44 ]. In comparison, with other Ethiopian cities reported fewer species, in Wolkite town having 30 species [ 45 ], Afar town 48 species [ 41 ], Dire Dawa 6 species [ 46 ], and Gambela town 66 species [ 47 ]. In contrast, Addis Ababa and Bahir Dar city inhabited over 120 species [ 48 ] and 186 species [ 40 ], respectively. Variations in bird diversity across cities may be attributed to human disturbances, habitat heterogeneity, resource availability, and breeding ground suitability. Differences in bird species across study areas may also result from their adaptation to various environmental conditions [ 49 ]. Seasonal rings variations in numerous factors, including microclimate as well as environmental factors [50]. The factors, including temperature, rainfall, vegetation, food availability etc, have a profound impact on species composition of avifauna. Seasonal variations have direct influence on the food availability and hence seasonal variation in species diversity occurs due to change in foraging behavior of the species. Different adaptations and guilds of birds enable species to occupy various habitats. Studies have shown that granivorous species, aerial feeders like swifts, and birds of prey successfully adapt to urban environments [ 51 ]. Ground-nesting birds, however, often face disadvantages compared to species that nest at greater heights in buildings or trees [ 52 ]. The present findings confirmed that residential areas host various bird species that feed on flying insects, nectarivores, and those that utilize buildings for nesting, perching, and resting on electric poles and wires [ 53 ]. Ground-foraging birds often exploit diverse anthropogenic resources, such as fallen seeds and leftover food [ 54 ]. Species like swifts, blue-winged lovebirds, kites, and doves frequently use buildings, electric poles and wires for nesting and resting [ 55 ]. However, human-induced disturbances in residential areas, including noise pollution, collisions, and change of vegetation [ 20 ], as well as disturbances in recreational areas like urban green spaces and city parks, significantly affect bird species richness [ 56 ][ 57 ]. The present study found that the highest proportion of bird species identified belonged to the order Passeriformes, comprising 59(53.2%) of the total species. This aligns with previous research by [ 58 ] and [ 59 ], which also highlighted Passeriformes as the most frequent order, characterized by a diverse array of families and species. The dominance of this order may be attributed to their reproductive adaptations and varied feeding guilds, which enable them to succeed in different environments. Supporting literature indicates that Passeriformes are not only numerically dominant but also exhibit greater adaptability due to their nesting behaviors and ability to occupy new habitats [ 60 ]. In contrast, other bird orders often consist of fewer families or species, suggesting a lower adaptability to diverse habitats and low reproductive rates. Additionally, in densely populated urban areas, species that avoid human disturbances are less abundant [ 17 ], highlighting the vulnerability of habitat specialists to human-related disturbances, which further contributes to the reduced number of species in residential habitats. This highlights the importance of understanding species adaptability and resilience in urban environments. During the present study, the bird species distribution in urban environments is unequalled because of different human disturbances and different degree of tolerance and adaptations. The findings of the present study showed that a few bird species were found in more densely populated residential habitats at the city center, while others were frequently observed in less dense residential areas (i.e., in disperse settlement residential urban areas which far from the city center where lower human disturbances and more vegetation). Previous studies indicated that the urban birds that occupied lower crowded residential areas was considered as “urban avoiders”, while “urban exploiters” are those birds adapted crowded buildings and human-dense urban areas at the center of the city [ 17 ] [ 20 ]. During the present study, we frequently observed swainson's sparrow, doves, red-cheeked cordon-bleu, red-billed firefinch, and in the crowded villages at the center of the city. In contrast, species such as blue-winged Lovebirds, speckled mousebird, greater blue-eared Starling, and hamerope were found in the scattered resident villages in the city where scattered vegetation. This distribution highlights how different bird species occupy varying residential areas, likely influenced by factors such as resource availability, human activity, and environmental features. In the present study, Gondar city exhibited a more diversified array of bird species, likely due to the heterogeneity of urban habitats that support various species and guilds. This observation aligns with research indicating that avian diversity is closely linked to habitat heterogeneity [ 34 ][ 61 ]. Urban environments, including green areas, city parks, home gardens, and church compounds, and university campuses have been shown to enhance bird diversity [ 62 ]. These areas provide essential resources such as food, nesting sites, and shelter to a variety of bird species. However, human activities pose significant challenges, as buildings and construction can lead to vegetation alteration and habitat fragmentation. Previous studies indicated that frequent changes and human activities in urban areas may impact urban bird communities by reducing available resources [ 17 ][ 63 ][ 20 ]. The finding highlights the importance of maintaining and enhancing urban green spaces to support bird biodiversity. Ensuring a balance between development and conservation efforts is crucial for fostering a resilient avian community in urban areas like Gondar city. The present study revealed that the highest bird diversity was observed in urban forest patches (H' = 3.941, D' = 0.971), followed by riverside habitats (H' = 3.822, D' = 0.964) during both wet and dry seasons. This increased diversity can be attributed to a comparable vegetation composition in the areas, which provides essential resources such as shelter, roosting and nesting sites, and food availability. Larger remnant trees in urban forest patches, particularly at churches, city parks, and university campuses, offer foods including nectars, fruits, seeds and phytophagous insects that may attract a variety of different guild birds. Additionally, water availability along riversides supports micro-invertebrates, enhancing food sources for birds during the dry season. Studies have shown that both feeding and nesting sites are critical factors influencing the diversity of bird species [ 36 ]. Although a residential habitat covers a larger area in Gondar city, it exhibited lower bird diversity, which may be due to the prevalence of human disturbances such as noise pollution, traffic, collision and dense settlements, which negatively impact native birds [ 16 ][ 64 ][ 20 ]. Furthermore, waste dumping sites supported fewer species, primarily birds of prey that rely on similar resources like carrion and garbage. Similar findings reported by [ 65 ] and [ 41 ] that birds of prey are dominantly occupied at dumping sites. This contrasting pattern highlights the importance of preserving diverse habitats to support avian biodiversity. The present study found the highest bird species (i.e., richness) in urban forest patches (n = 83) and riverside habitats (n = 81) during the wet season. This richness can be attributed to the abundant food availability and nesting sites in forest patches, which significantly enhance species diversity. Seasonal productivity changes also influence bird richness [ 66 ]. Research indicates that bird species richness in urban areas correlates with tree density [ 33 ], suggesting that diverse vegetation, which includes various fruits, flowers, seeds, and insects, is crucial for supporting a wide range of bird species. City parks and green areas with significant woody vegetation are particularly attractive to forest birds, with variables like foliage cover and tree height playing vital roles [ 67 ]. Additionally, some bird species migrate from residential areas to adjacent forest patches during flowering and fruiting seasons, contributing to increased species richness. Observations of species such as helmeted guineafowl and clapperton's spurfowl highlight the importance of trees for hiding and food sources [ 21 ]. The riverside habitat and associated wetlands surrounding Angereb Dam support a diverse bird species. This habitat is characterized by distinct resources that cater to specialist birds which feed on macro-invertebrates and filter-feeders. Birds select habitats that meet their need for survival. Specialist birds tend to thrive in less disturbed environments, while generalists can adapt to a variety of habitats [ 68 ]. The riverside habitat, including the associated wetlands surrounding Angereb River Dam support diverse bird species, including aquatic birds like the African black duck and great egret, black billd stint, giant kingfisher, African pygmy kingfisher. The distinct resources available in the riverside habitat cater to specialist birds. Specialist birds are typically found in less disturbed environments, while generalists can adapt to a variety of habitats [ 68 ]. The vegetation composition along the riverside and forest patch habitats could support a large number of bird species by providing food resources, nesting and roosting. Flowering plants support variety of bird species as source of food. A similar study was conducted by [ 33 ], who reported that bird species richness is linked with tree density. Aquatic macro-invertebrates and water availability in riverine habitat provide food and water sources to several bird species. Several studies on urban bird communities indicated that species richness declined with increased building areas and urban development [ 53 ] associated with a decrease in vegetation and increased human disturbances [ 33 ][ 13 ]. Nevertheless, some studies indicated that urbanization increases species richness (i.e., for generalist bird species) at the intermediate level of urban development (i.e., medium level of human disturbances)[ 20 ][ 43 ]. However, in general, urban building hurts species richness. The buildings in the residential areas with scattered vegetation and homogeneity support only a few more adaptable bird species. A few but dominant species that can adapt to high human disturbances utilize human food resources and occupy the residential habitats. Consistently, a study showed that urbanization comprised a few dominant bird species [ 69 ]. The small number of bird species observed at waste dumping sites is attributed to high human disturbances and the availability of homogeneous food resources, such as garbage, carcasses, and domestic waste, which only support a limited range of species. This decline contributes to species homogenization and reduced species richness [ 63 ]. Consistent with these findings, the current study aligns with previous research by [ 38 ] and [ 39 ], which noted that species from the Accipitridae family, including vultures, and Corvidae family, such as crows and ravens, were predominantly found at these dumping site. The highest evenness (J = 0.91) of bird species in the waste dumping site reveals that the bird species found more or less evenly distributed. In contrast to the present finding, [ 40 ] reported that the lowest species evenness was recorded in waste dumping sites. The forest patches habitat comprised the second-highest species evenness. Previous sstudies have also shown that bird species evenness increased in natural habitats [ 69 ], which is unlikely in the present finding that the waste dumping site was the highest evenness. While the lowest species evenness (J = 0.784) in the residential habitat might be due to the dominance of a few abundant species. Disturbance-tolerant bird species such as village weaver, red-checked cordon blue, swainson’s sparrow, laphing dove that tolerate to human-disturbances were found more abundantly in the residential habitat in the present study. Low evenness has high single-species dominance, while maximum evenness indicates an equal abundance of all species. In line with the present study, past studies indicated that birds usually exhibit lower species richness and evenness in urban regions compared to more natural areas, with the lowest diversities in urban center areas [ 17 ][ 12 ]. Urban area is characterized by a few dominance bird species [ 20 ]. The present study found the highest bird community similarity (SI = 0.82) between urban forest patches and residential habitats during the wet season, and a similarity of SI = 0.80 between riverside and forest patches in the dry season. This high similarity is attributed to comparable resources and habitat structures that support similar bird species, as both forest patches and residential areas share common plant species that support similar birds. Some flowering and a few big remnant fruiting trees are found in the two habitats found adjacent. Various bird species, such as hemprich's hornbill, paradise flycatcher, double-tooth barbet, black winged lovebirds, bruce’s green pigeon, were among the species commonly observed in residential and urban forest patches (Supplemental Table 1). Some bird species in residential habitat fly to adjacent habitats, forest patches where there are relatively low disturbances and more abundant vegetation resources in different seasons [ 43 ]. Some flowering vegetation found in residential area resembles that of vegetation in forest patches, attracting similar bird species [ 40 ]. Additionally, during the dry season, some forest bird species fly to the riverside habitat for access to water. Thus, the two habitats host similar bird species during the dry season. In line with the present study,[ 70 ] reported that habitats with higher structural similarity support similar bird species. Generalist bird species could utilize habitats with similar features [ 71 ]. Habitats with greater structural similarity tend to present more similar bird communities. On the other hand, the fact that the residential areas possess some vegetation more or less similar to vegetation found in the forest patch habitat during wet season, that able to attract similar bird species [ 40 ]. While the lowest bird species similarity was between the waste dumping site and urban forest patches, with similarity indices of SI = 0.40 during the dry season and SI = 0.52 during the wet season. This low similarity is attributed to differences in food availability, feeding adaptations of birds, and habitat structures between the two environments. The waste dumping site primarily hosts scavenger species, such as vultures and crows that rely on carcasses, garbage, and domestic waste for sustenance. In contrast, the forest patch supports a variety of bird species that feed on fruits, flowers, seeds, and insects. The abundance of bird species varied among habitats in Gondar city, likely due to different resources and degrees of human disturbance. This is consistent with [ 72 ] who reported that the variation in abundance of birds between habitats was possibly due to variations in food, roosting and nesting, and breeding sites. The availability of resources in different habitats could support different bird species. The mean abundance of avian species in the same habitat might vary between seasons. Seasons have a direct influence on food production and availability, and hence seasonal variations may determine species diversity and composition due to the changes in food production and foraging behavior of the species. Some species are well adapted to the seasonal shifts in food availability, while others migrate and leading to variation in the mean abundance of birds. For instance, widow birds and yellow bishop bird species in Gondar city are frequent in the wet season due to suitable weather and food availability, while they disappear during the dry season when the weather changes. In the present study, the highest abundance of birds in the residential habitat might be due to the large area cover, different habitat features including dense-settlements, presence of pavement and buildings, electric poles, towers, sparsely scattered trees, and market sites where more fallen grain availability. The result of this study coincides with the findings of [ 33 ] who reported that human-dominant areas provide habitats for disturbance-tolerant bird species. Likewise, a higher abundance of birds due to heterogeneous habitat structures which support a large number of different bird species [ 73 ]. Despite the large abundance of birds, it is supposed that noise disturbances, crowded-trafic, collisions of birds with buildings, car strikes, and electric power wire traps caused the decline of birds in the residential habitat. Some residential birds, including vultures and kites, and swifts, ravens, lovebirds are susceptible to electric power due to their habit of roosting and perching on powerline pylons. Similar findings is reported by [ 41 ]. Furthermore, various anthropogenic pressures such as habitat loss, fragmentation and habitat modification, urban expansion, and the crowdedness of residents affect the abundance of birds [ 74 ]. Human pressures in the residential area have a profound effect on the abundance of birds [ 75 ][ 76 ]. Furthermore, findings indicated that ecological factors such as the availability of food, human disturbances and other climatic conditions can lead to variations in bird abundance across sites [ 34 ]. The lowest species abundance of birds in the waste dumping site might be due to the smallest area cover, and poor habitat suitability for birds, which supports solely birds that adapted to garbage, Carcasses, offal, and other municipal wastes. Consistently, the findings reported by [ 41 ] indicated that materials like glasses, pieces of metal, wire, plastic, different toxins, and dangerous pathogens in the waste dumping sites affect the abundance of many avian species. However, dumpsites are suitable to harbor a few bird species dominantly, birds of prey. The study found that bird species richness, diversity, and abundance were significantly higher during the wet season compared to the dry season, consistent with findings from other regions in Ethiopia [ 77 ] and [ 41 ]. This contrasts with [ 36 ], who reported greater abundance in the dry season. The higher counts in the wet season are attributed to increased food availability, favorable weather conditions, and better nesting conditions. Seasonal changes affect food resources, rainfall, humidity, and vegetation, prompting birds to shift habitats based on their needs [50]. Some species, like swainson’s Sparrow and village weaver, remained abundant in both seasons due to their adaptability and tolerance to human disturbances, classifying them as generalists. Conversely, scavenger species such as vultures and crows were more prevalent at the waste dumping site, where they find ample food from carcasses and garbage. The study revealed that the bird species grouped in various categories had a relative abundance of birds grouped as the uncommon category. The highest numbers 77(71.3%)) and 68(73.1%) of birds grouped as the uncommon category during the wet and dry season, respectively (Supplement Table 2 , 3 ). The large number of uncommon birds may be linked to their behavioral patterns and specific habitat conditions, including breeding habitats, wide home ranges, and better adaptations to disturbances. A previous study noted that a higher occurrence of uncommon birds in various regions of Ethiopia [ 37 ]. The current habitat loss and fragmentation, and disturbances in residential habitats lead to a decline in the suitability of habitats to support large numbers of “rare” and “uncommon” bird species. The present study found no bird species as common and abundant category, suggesting that the absent of these categories of birds may result from low numbers of birds due to niche specialization of the species, habitat destruction and differing breeding behaviors. The present study indicated that birds are always associated with particular habitats, and their composition is affected by changes in vegetation structure [ 78 ], behavioural patterns, and reproductive ability [ 79 ]. Different bird species have different habitat preferences. Each habitat has a specific set of micro-environments that are suitable for a species. Thus, habitat requirements might have determined the species distribution in the study area. The feeding guild and the specific food availability in specific habitats form the association of birds with certain habitats. Nectarivores are frequently associated with flowers in forest habitats, whilst frugivores are associated with fruiting trees, and insectivores are frequently found in habitats where insects are more available. For example, the double-toothed barbet, bruce's green pigeon occupied riverside, forest patches, and residential habitats, exploiting fruiting trees. Green sandpiper, yellow-billed stork, giant kingfishers, and Black-winged Stilt are strictly found in the riverside and wetlands at Angereb Dam. However, some bird species may occupy different habitat types. For example, bird species such as African paradise flycatcher, black-saw wing, black winged lovebird, Ethiopian buobue, hemprich hornbill, and black-billed wood hoopoe were observed in forest patches, riverside, and residential habitats during the wet and dry seasons. Urban expansion and intensification can significantly contribute to species losses through various mechanisms, including habitat loss, degradation, and changes in habitat structure. Recently, rapid human population growth has led to frequent habitat loss and fragmentation in the region. This is driven by man-made factors such as industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural expansion, all of which have profound effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services [ 80 ]. As natural habitats decline or become disturbed, birds often find themselves relying more on artificial habitats. This shift can affect their feeding, breeding, and overall survival, potentially leading to changes in species composition and abundance in urban environments. Conclusion Gondar city hosts a rich variety of bird species, including globally threatened, Palearctic, Inter-African migrants, residential and endemic birds. This diversity arises from the city’s heterogeneous habitat with landscape which host divers species. The hilly landscape and heterogeneous habitats provide essential resources for different avian species. However, human activities such as urban expansion, road construction, pollution, collisions with buildings, and a crowded population have adversely impacted bird diversity and abundance in the area. Gondar city is a historic and popular tourist destination, attracting numerous foreign and domestic visitors for its rich cultural and religious events. Renowned for its ancient castles and churches, the city offers a unique blend of history and spirituality. Tourists are particularly drawn to the city's historical places, palace compound, churches and monasteries, recreational areas including city parks, green areas which provide excellent bird watching opportunities. However, the municipality tourism and culture office currently lacks organized activities or initiatives to promote bird watching. Understanding the interactions between urbanization and bird diversity is vital for developing effective management strategies that mitigate negative impacts on of avifauna. Prioritizing habitat preservation and community engagement can enhance avian biodiversity and support sustainable urban ecosystems. Additionally, preparing a bird checklist and bird guide will promote ecotourism and awareness of the city's avian diversity. Effective urban planning that considers green space development can further benefit the bird community, contributing to biodiversity and urban ecotourism while supporting the local economy. Materials and method Description of the study area The present study was conducted in the Amhara National Regional State, Gondar city (the historical and tourist destination site in Ethiopia) is founded by Emperor Fasiledes in 1636, is a medieval city in Ethiopia. Gondar city was used to be the capital of Ethiopia for 250 years before the rise of Emperor Tewodros (1855–1868). The city is located 730 km northwest of Addis Ababa, the current capital city of Ethiopia. The city is geographically located between 12º 32’30” to12º 39’30”N latitude and 37º 25’30” to 37º 29’30”E longitude with an average elevation of 2210 m asl (Fig. 2 ). Gondar city is among the populous city in Ethiopia. The city is one of the famous historical and tourist destination sites in northern Ethiopia where legendary world heritage buildings such as the castles, palaces, monasteries and churches are hosted. Tourism is among the major livelihoods of the residents in addition to commercial and urban agricultural activities. A large number of both domestic and international tourists visit the colourful religious festivals like the Foundation of the Ethiopian True Cross (Meskel), Christmas (Gena), and Ethiopian Epiphany in the city every year [ 81 ]. The imperial castle is the main tourist attraction of the city found inside the royal compound of twelve gates. Outside the compound there exist other incredible buildings like the palace of King Sehul Michael, the bath of Fasiledas, Qusquam Mariam Church, and Debre-Birhan Selassie Church [ 81 ]. The Gondar city has an undulating landscape with hills and slightly various topography, which covers a total area of about 190,000 ha. Recently, the city has been expanding rapidly beyond existing urban development plans. It comprised twelve sub-cites including the crowded residential sites with buildings of different heights, accompanied with several roads between residences and interspersed trees. Gondar International Airport is found at the edge of the city. The city comprised green space, including home gardens, forest patches at churches and monasteries, university campuses, city parks, and riverine vegetation. Urban agriculture is a frequently used activity in home gardens and along riversides and at the periphery of the city. The city encompasses four seasonal and permanent rivers such as Demaza, Shinta, and Keha Rivers that all flow down across the city towards Lake Tana, the biggest lake in Ethiopia, while Angereb River is located at the edge of the eastern part of the city, where Angereb water dam (which supplies drinking water to the city) has been constructed along the river and form the small wetland at its surroundings [ 82 ]. The climate data of the study area showed that the mean annual temperature varies between 16˚C and 25˚C. The minimum temperature was recorded between December and January, and the maximum temperature was recorded between March and May. The average minimum and maximum temperatures were 13˚C and 29˚C, respectively, with the mean annual temperature of 21˚C. Gondar city is characterized by unimodal rainfall pattern with a long dry season from November to May and a short rainy season from June to October, with a peak rainfall recorded in August. The average highest (354.87 mm) and lowest (8.21mm) rainfall was recorded during August and January, respectively. Sampling design A reconnaissance survey was conducted prior to the main data collection to obtain general information about the study area. The study area was stratified into four habitats, including residential area (5035ha), forest patches (213ha) encompassing churches, monasteries, and university campus, Riverine (186ha), and waste dumping site (19ha). The residential habitat includes buildings interspersed with fruiting and flowering trees, roads with ornamental vegetation along with, and home gardens with slightly undulating landscapes. Forest patch habitat comprised forests and plantations at churches, monasteries, university campuses, green areas, and city parks. The riverine habitat includes four rivers all flow through the city towards Lake Tana to the south, while Angereb River is located to the eastern edge of the city, where Angereb water dam has been constructed along the river and forms a small wetland in its surroundings. Scattered vegetation, plantations, and urban agricultural plots are found along the riverside. The waste dumping site habitat covers a small area found nearby the southern edge of the city where industries and domestic wastes of both liquid and solid are disposed off. Villages and trees are found nearby the waste dumping site. Thirteen sampling sites were selected from all the study habitats based on the area proportion and were representative of each habitat type. Line transects and point count methods were used for studying the diversity and relative abundance of birds [ 83 ]. A total of 75, 8, and 6 line transects with different widths were used in the residential, riverine, and forest patch habitats, respectively. Likewise, line transect counting was used along roads in residential areas and riverside habitats. Roads between the residential blocks were used as line transects for counting birds. A total of 134.25 km long transects having a width of 30 to 50 m was used at the residential areas, and forest patches, and the riverside habitats. The line transects routes long about 112.25 km (75 x 1.5km) with 30 to 40 m wide along roads between blocks of buildings; a total of 12 km (8 x 1.5 km) in the riverside habitat; a total of 9.75 km (6 x 1.5 km) in forest patch habitats in addition to the 32 point counts. Total counts were used to enumerate birds in the waste dumping site as it cover a small area. The successive line transects were spaced from 150 to 200 m in forest patches habitat, and 250 m long the residential and riverside habitats with 50m width [ 83 ][ 84 ]. Point counts were applied in churches and monasteries where more dense vegetation, and use line transects in sparse vegetation at university campus and large green areas and city parks. Observation of birds was carried out from a fixed vantage point within a 30m radius for a specific period of 10 min at every point. A total of 20 points were chosen at each of the forest patch habitats. A total count method was used to count bird species at the waste dumping site as it covers a small area. Data collection Data collection was carried out from April to October 2021, comprising both the wet and dry seasons. The dry season data were collected from April to June 2021, and the wet season data were collected from July to October 2021. The bird survey was conducted for a total of six successive months (14 days each month) with a total of 420 hrs covering the whole study period. Birds were identified and counted by walking at a rate of 1.5 km per hour at each transect line in residential and riverside habitats. During the point count method, observations were made for 10 minutes by standing from a fixed position in the middle of each point by rotating 360° round quietly and gently within a 25 m radius observation station. A waiting period of 3 to 5 minutes was applied at the vantage points to minimize disturbance during birds identification and counting [ 84 ]. All birds seen and heard within the 25 m radius were recorded. Birds that were seen flying over the census area were not recorded to avoid double-counting. The data were collected twice a day, early in the morning from 6:30 to 10:00 a.m. and in the afternoon from 3:30 to 6:00 p.m. when birds are active for feeding detection. Field observations of individual birds were made using Bushnell binoculars. Bird species were generally identified in the field by using their plumage colors, beak shape and size, leg color, and overall body size [ 85 ]. Birds were identified at the species level using a field guide. Photographs were taken for further identification if on-site identification of birds was difficult in the field. Data Analysis SPSS software version 23 was used to analyse the bird data collected. The chi-square test (χ 2 ) was employed to see the association of birds among the four habitat types including residential, riverine, forest patch, and waste dumping site. One-way ANOVA was used to test the species richness and abundance of bird species among habitats. Independent t-test was used to test the species richness and abundance of birds between wet and dry seasons across the four habitats. Furthermore, the species diversity of birds at each study habitat was calculated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index ( H' ). Shannon-Wiener diversity index ( H' ), and evenness (J) indices were calculated as: H′ = - Σ (P i .Ln(P i )) where , H′ = Shannon-Wiener index, P i = the proportion of each species, i in the sample Ln (P i ) = natural logarithm of this proportion Species evenness was determined by Shannon’s equitability index (J) as: J = H′ /H max where , J = Shannon-Wiener Evenness index H′ = Shannon-Wiener diversity index Hmax = lnS Ln = Log normal. S = Total number of speciesin each month. The value of the Evenness index ranged from 0 to 1, in which 1 indicates complete evenness. Simpson’s similarity index (SI) : Simpson’s similarity index (SI) was used to compare bird communities among habitats in both seasons[ 83 ]. Simpson similarity index gives a value between 0 and 1, the closer the value to 1, the more the communities have more common species. SI = 2C/A + B, where SI = Simpson’s similarity index A = Number of species in habitat ‘A’ B = Number of species in habitat ‘B’ C = Number of common species that occur in both habitats ‘A’ and ‘B’ The relative abundance of bird species in each habitat was calculated by: $$\:\text{R}\text{e}\text{l}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{v}\text{e}\:\text{a}\text{b}\text{u}\text{n}\text{d}\text{a}\text{n}\text{c}\text{e}=\frac{\:\text{n}}{\text{N}\:}\text{x}\:100$$ Where, n = Numbers of individuals of a species N = the total number of individuals of all species Relative abundance values were used to ordinarily categorize each species under the following five abundance categories [ 83 ]. Table Relative abundance score categories Relative abundance Relative abundance core Relative abundance category 40 5 Abundant Abbreviations χ 2 Chi-square test ANOVA Analysis of Variance IBAs Important Bird Areas IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature Declarations Acknowledgments The authors would like to express our gratitude to the College of Science, Bahir Dar University and the University of Gondar for their financial and material support for this study. We appreciate Gondar city municipality and administration office for granting permission to conduct this study. Special thanks to Getnet Chekole, a lecturer of botanical science at the University of Gondar, for his assistance in plant species identification. The authors would also thank to our research assistants, Moges Lemlemu and Mequanent Workie, for their invaluable help in field data collection. The authors also appreciate to the Gondar city culture and tourism administration office and the local elders for sharing their detailed insights about the history of Gondar city. Authors’ contributions BM proposed the research idea. BM and AMo designed the study, and participated in data collection, data organization, and data analysis. BM, AMo, NT and AMe are participating in preparation of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Funding The project has been supported by the Science College fund of Bahir Dar University. Availability of data and materials All data generated and analyzed during this manuscript preparation are available from the corresponding author. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval and consent to approve The study was evaluated and approved by Bahir Dar University, Science College, Research Ethical Committee, and permission was collected from the Amhara region. Consent to participation is not applicable since no respondents were participated in this research work. All methods used in this study were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent for publication Not applicable. Clinical Trial Number Not applicable, as this study did not involve any clinical aspects. References Lees AC, et al. State of the World’s Birds. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2022;l(47):231–60. Dicanio C, Bennett R, Mesoamerica. Oxf Handb Lang Prosody 2021; 408–27. Rajashekara MG, Venkatesha S. Community composition of aquatic birds in lakes of Bangalore, India. J Environ Biol 2011: 32(1): 77–83. Sekercioglu CH. Increasing awareness of avian ecological function. Trends Ecol Evol. 2006;21(8):464–71. Egwumah FA, Egwumah PO, Edet D. Paramount Roles of Wild Birds as Bioindicators of Contamination. Int Int J Avian Wildl Biol 2017; 2 (6). Fuller RA, Warren PH, Gaston KJ. Daytime noise predicts nocturnal singing in urban robins. Biol Lett. 2007;3(4):368–70. Nigussie AT. Programme and other projects. 2000; 181–182. Fashing PJ, Nguyen N, Demissew S, Gizaw A. Ecology, evolution, and conservation of Ethiopia’s biodiversity. PNAS. 2022. Aynalem S, Bekele A. Species composition, relative abundance and distribution of bird fauna of riverine and wetland habitats of Infranz and Yiganda at southern tip of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Trop Ecol. 2008;49(2):199–209. BirdLife International. Insights and solutions for the biodiversity crisis. 2022. Aerts R, Lerouge F, November E, Lens L, Hermy M, Muys B. Land rehabilitation and the conservation of birds in a degraded Afromontane landscape in northern Ethiopia. Biodivers Conserv. 2008;17(1):53–69. Mcdonald RI, Kareiva P, Forman RTT. The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biol Conserv. 2008;141(6):1695–703. Kark S, Iwaniuk A, Schalimtzek A, Banker E. Living in the city: Can anyone become an ‘urban exploiter’? J Biogeogr. 2007;34(4):638–51. Vallejo BM, Aloy AB, Ong PS. The distribution, abundance and diversity of birds in Manila’s last greenspaces. Landsc Urban Plan. 2009;89:75–85. Marzluff JM et al. .,.Urban ecology: An international perspective on the interaction between humans and nature. Urban Ecol Int Perspect Interact between Hum Nat 2008;1–807. Pickett STA, et al. Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of progress. J Environ Manage. 2011;92(3):331–62. McKinney ML. Urbanization, biodiversity and conservation. Bioscience. 2002;52:883–90. Evans BS, Reitsma R, Hurlbert AH, Marra PP. Environmental filtering of avian communities along a rural-to-urban gradient in Greater Washington, D.C., USA. Ecosphere 2018; 9(11). Palacio FX, Ibañez LM, Maragliano RE, Montalti D. Urbanization as a driver of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity losses in bird communities. Can J Zool. 2018;96(10):1114–21. Seress G, Liker A. Habitat urbanization and its effects on birds. Acta Zool Acad Sci Hung. 2015;61(4):373–408. Belaire JA, Whelan CJ, Minor ES. Having our yards and sharing them too: the collective effects of yards on native bird species in an urban landscape. Ecol application. 2017;24(8):2132–43. Khera N, Mehta V, Sabata BC. Interrelationship of birds and habitat features in urban greenspaces in Delhi, India. Urban Urban Green. 2009;8(3):187–96. Daniels GD, Kirkpatrick JB. Does variation in garden characteristics influence the conservation of birds in suburbia? Biol Conserv. 2006;133(3):326–35. Czech B, Krausman PR, Devers PK. Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States. Bioscience. 2000;50(7):593–601. Taylor L, Taylor C, Davis A. The impact of urbanisation on avian species: The inextricable link between people and birds. Urban Ecosyst. 2013;16(3):481–98. Isaac MM, Muya SM, Kiiru W, Muchai M. Avian abundance, diversity and conservation Status in Etago Sub-County Kisii County Kenya. Open J Ecol. 2019;09(5):157–70. Reis E, López-Iborra GM, Pinheiro RT. Changes in bird species richness through different levels of urbanization: Implications for biodiversity conservation and garden design in Central Brazil. Landsc Urban Plan. 2012;107(1):31–42. Grimm NB, et al. Global change and the ecology of cities. Science. 2008;319:756–60. McKinney ML. Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosyst. 2008;11(2):161–76. Devictor V, Julliard R, Jiguet F. Distribution of specialist and generalist species along spatial gradients of habitat disturbance and fragmentation. Oikos 2008. Posa MRC, Sodhi NS. Effects of anthropogenic land use on forest birds and butterflies in Subic Bay, Philippines. Biol Conserv. 2006;129(2):256–70. Cornelis J, Hermy M. Biodiversity relationships in urban and suburban parks in Flanders. Landsc Urban Plan. 2004;69(4):385–401. Sandström UG, Angelstam P, Mikusiński G. Ecological diversity of birds in relation to the structure of urban green space. Landsc Urban Plan. 2006;77:39–53. Mengesha G, Bekele A. Diversity and relative abundance of birds of Alatish National Park, North Gondar, Ethiopia. Int J Ecol Environ Sci. 2008;34(2):215–22. Tassie N, Bekele A. Diversity and habitat association of birds of Dembia plain wetlands, Lake Tana, Ethiopia. SINET Ethiop J Sci 2008;31(1). Girma Z, Mamo Y, Mengesha G, Verma A, Asfaw T. Seasonal abundance and habitat use of bird species in and around Wondo Genet Forest, south-central Ethiopia. Ecol Evol. 2017;7(10):3397–405. Kiros et al. A preliminary study on bird diversity and abundance from Wabe fragmented forests around Gubre subcity and Wolkite town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Int Int J Avian Wildl Biol 2018; 3(4). Aligaz MA, et al. Distribution and extent of suitable habitats of Ruspoli’s Turaco ( Tauraco ruspolii ) and White-cheeked Turaco ( Tauraco leucotis ) under a changing climate in Ethiopia. BMC Ecol Evol. 2024;24(10):1–11. Meles SK, Bogale BA. Assessment of bird diversity and abundance from waste disposal sites in and around Gubre Subcity, Wolkite Town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Int J Waste Resour 2018; 8. Abeba A, Nega T, Dessalegn E. Seasonal diversity of urban birds: the case of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Biol Sci. 2020;19(2):181–207. Tesfahunegny W, Assefa A. Diversity and abundance of birds in dumpsites of Afar region, Ethiopia: implication for conservation. BMC Zool. 2023;8(1):1–13. Hibste H, Bekele A. Species composition, abundance and activity pattern of birds in Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise area. Ethiop J Biol Sci. 2009;6(2):147–58. Mbiba M, Mazhude C, Fabricius C, Fritz H, Muvengwi J. Bird species assemblages differ, while functional richness is maintained across an urban landscape. Landsc Urban Plan 2021; 212. Taye D, Wale M. Diversity, abundance and threats of avian species in Koga Dam and its Surroundings, North-Western Ethiopia. SINET Ethiop J Sci. 2017;40(2):60–73. Tilahun B, Tsegay Y, Sahle M. Urban bird species diversity and abundance in case of Wolkite town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Int J Ecol Environ Sci. 2019;45(3):293–301. Mulualem G. Abundance and activity pattern of avifauna in Ashewa local vulture restaurant, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. Int Int J Avian Wildl Biol. 2016;1(1):25–8. Adamtie MA, Choudhary CK, Gutema TM, Alemu T. Diversity, relative abundance and distribution of avifauna in Gambella town, Southwest Ethiopia. Asian J Conserv Biol. 2023;12(2):216–24. Girma E. Species Compos. Divers. Avian fauna Beheretsigie, Cent. Ferencye Recreat. Park. Addis Ababa. MSc Thesis Addis Ababa Univ. 2007. Rija AA, Mgelwa AS, Modest RB, Hassan SN. Composition and functional diversity in bird communities in a protected humid coastal savanna. Adv Zool 2015; 1–7. Lim HC, Sodhi NS. Responses of avian guilds to urbanisation in a tropical city. Landsc Urban Plan. 2004;66(4):199–215. Luck GW, Smallbone LT. Species diversity and urbanisation: patterns, drivers and implications. Urban Ecol 2013; 88–119. Marzluff JM. Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. Avian Ecol Conserv Urban World 2001;19–47. Abilhoa R, Amoria V. Effects of urbanization on the avian community in a southern Braziliancity. 2017; 25(1): 31–9. Mikula P, Hromada M, Tryjanowski P. Bats and swifts as food of the European kestrel (falco tinnunculus) in a small town in Slovakia. Ornis Fenn. 2013;90(3):178–85. Caula S, de Villalobos AE, Marty P. Seasonal dynamics of bird communities in urban forests of a Mediterranean city (Montpellier, Southern France). Urban Ecosyst. 2014;17(1):11–26. Murgui E. Effects of seasonality on the species-area relationship: A case study with birds in urban parks. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2007;16(3):319–29. Mengesha G, Yosef M, Bekele A. A comparison of terrestrial bird community structure in the undisturbed and disturbed areas of the Abijata Shalla lakes national park, Ethiopia, 2011. Jeevan et al. Avifaunal-diversity- and-status-of-Shivamogga-municipal-city . 2013. Collias NE. On the origin and evolution of nest building by passerine birds. Condor. 1997;99(2):253–70. Dale S. Urban bird community composition influenced by size of urban green spaces, presence of native forest, and urbanization. Urban Ecosyst. 2018;21(1):1–14. Tryjanowski P, et al. Bird diversity in urban green space: A large-scale analysis of differences between parks and cemeteries in Central Europe. Urban Urban Green. 2017;27:264–71. McKinney ML. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biol Conserv. 2006;127(3):247–60. Parris KM, Schneider A. Research, part of a special feature on effects of roads and traffic on Wildlife populations and landscape function impacts of traffic noise and traffic volume on birds of roadside habitats. Ecol Soc. 2009;14(1):29. Tsegay Y, BeleteT, Mesfin S. Urban bird species diversity and abundance in case of Wolkite town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Int J Ecol Environ Sci. 2019;45(3):293–301. Leveau LM, Isla FI, Bellocq MI. Predicting the seasonal dynamics of bird communities along an urban-rural gradient using NDVI. Landsc Urban Plan. 2018;177:103–13. MacGregor-Fors I. Relation between habitat attributes and bird richness in a western Mexico suburb. Landsc Urban Plan. 2008;84(1):92–8. Devictor V, Robert A. Measuring community responses to large-scale disturbance in conservation biogeography. Divers distrib. 2009;15(1):122–30. Tu HM, Fan MW, Ko JCJ. Different Habitat types affect bird richness and evenness. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–10. Tubelis D, Cavalcanti R. Community similarity and abundance of bird species in open habitats of a central Brazilian Cerrado. Ornitol Neotrop. 2001;12(1):57–73. Joshia KK, Bhatt P. Avian diversity and its association with vegetation structure in different elevational zones of Nainital district (Western Himalayan) of Uttarakhand. Int J Biodivers Conserv 2012; 4(11). Eshetu M, Getinet M, Tebaber C, Agrie A, Eyobe M, Cherkos WB. Species diversity, habitat association and abundance of avifauna and large mammals in Gonde Teklehimanot and Aresema monasteries in North Gondar, Ethiopia. Int J Biodivers Conserv. 2018;10(4):185–91. Shochat E, Lerman S, Fernández-Juricic E. Birds in urban ecosystems: Population dynamics, community structure, biodiversity, and conservation. Urban Ecosyst Ecol 2015; 75–86. Khera N, Mehta V, Sabata BC. Interrelationship of birds and habitat features in urban greenspaces in Delhi, India. Urban Urban Green. 2009;8(3):187–96. Blumstein DT, Fernández-Juricic E, Zollner PA, Garity SC. Inter-specific variation in avian responses to human disturbance. J Appl Ecol. 2005;42(5):943–53. Margalida A, Colomer MÀ, Oro D. Man-induced activities modify demographic parameters in a long-lived species: Effects of poisoning and health policies. Ecol Appl. 2014;24(3):436–44. Shiferaw A, Yazezew D. Diversity, distribution and relative abundance of avifauna at Ansas Dam and surrounding farmland site Debre Berhan town, Ethiopia. Avian Biol Res. 2021;14(1):8–17. Earnst SL, Holmes AL. Bird-habitat relationships in interior Columbia Basin shrubsteppe. Condor. 2012;114(1):15–29. Harisha MN, Hosetti BB. Diversity and distribution of avifauna of Lakkavalli range forest, Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghat, India. Ecoprint Int J Ecol. 2009;16:21–7. Shiferaw, et al. Implications of land use/land cover dynamics and Prosopis invasion on ecosystem service values in Afar Region, Ethiopia. Sci Total Environ. 2019;675:354–66. Negewo MA. Case study quality of life in informal urban settlement in Ethiopia: the Case of Three Sub-Cities in Gondar City. SES Soc Incl Energy Manag Informal Urban Settlements. 2020;2:34. Desalgn A, Subramanian C. Studies on avian diversity in Angereb Forest and adjacent farm land with reference to rainy and post rainy seasons, Northwestern Ethiopia. Int J Pure Appl Zool. 2015;3(3):2320–9577. Bibby C, Jones M, Marsden S. Expedition Field Techniques BIRD SURVEYS Together for birds and people , 2098; 44. Hostetler M, Main MB. Florida Monitoring Program: Transect Method. Univ Fla Inst Food Agric Sci Ext 2016. Wenny DG, et al. Perspectives in ornithology the need to quantify ecosystem services provided by birds. Auk. 2011;128(1):1–14. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Additionalfile1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7123153","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":492069033,"identity":"52200738-d45f-4167-8800-a67c48e4877d","order_by":0,"name":"Belayneh Mulualem","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Belayneh","middleName":"","lastName":"Mulualem","suffix":""},{"id":492069034,"identity":"78fae29c-3e7b-4217-9cf7-ab0758ddf243","order_by":1,"name":"Amera Moges","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHAD5gMHEipANHMDsVrYEh88OAPSwki0Fh5jw4dtIAYBLfzTDh/78DPHxq6f/4CZROK82mj+dqCWHxXbcGqRuJ2WPLN3G5CYkZAmkbjteO6Mw4wNjD1nbuO25naOMQPvtsPJBjcYjgG1HMttAGphZmzDrUX+dv5nxr9ALfbnD7ZJJM45ljufkBaD2znMzEBb7AwYkpkNEhtqcjcQ0mJ4O82YWXZbWoLEjTTGBwnHDuRuBGo5iM8vcreTHzO+3WZjz99//sPBHzV1ufPOHz744EcFHu9DQWIDhD4MJg8QVA8E9lC6jhjFo2AUjIJRMMIAAKWOYgbZQabQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amera","middleName":"","lastName":"Moges","suffix":""},{"id":492069035,"identity":"5b3c9b5c-822a-4630-9289-4176388cc92a","order_by":2,"name":"Nega Tassie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nega","middleName":"","lastName":"Tassie","suffix":""},{"id":492069036,"identity":"d136abab-d90f-46c3-aec5-137e21fb5cac","order_by":3,"name":"Addisu Mekonnen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahir Dar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Addisu","middleName":"","lastName":"Mekonnen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-14 16:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7123153/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7123153/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87822225,"identity":"588bd7f7-e60f-4a47-b14d-e6638bc0e717","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 11:10:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":86890,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFrequency of families and species of birds in each order in the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7123153/v1/960f63c1019d6da09d14de74.png"},{"id":87822227,"identity":"d4d4b2a5-c248-4e55-8500-58e45819838a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 11:10:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42693,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean abundance of birds in the study habitats\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7123153/v1/a4038f9bd4c823f54e4ee65c.png"},{"id":87822229,"identity":"6e58bb10-14f7-4444-bd79-c3032640aaea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 11:10:08","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":284938,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation map of the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7123153/v1/e55c3bd46cbd039aee70589d.png"},{"id":95524780,"identity":"f9a85d42-1e6d-47dd-bbc8-ed76dc4918ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:03:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2464987,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7123153/v1/a559aa03-1a41-47b3-842d-b58141ff9e7b.pdf"},{"id":87822494,"identity":"6960bc77-5b6e-432b-a252-a8cef8696716","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 11:18:07","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":82340,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Additionalfile1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7123153/v1/0ddcb0bd58aa3ddc8fb7efa5.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Species composition, diversity, relative abundance and habitat association of avifauna in Gondar City, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBirds are the most diversified vertebrates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. They are noticed and form an integral part of an ecosystem. Their widespread distribution, conspicuous presence, and diversity make them indicators of environmental health and ecosystem functioning [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. They provide ecosystem services including seed dispersal, pollination, pest control, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem engineering [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Birds also hold significant cultural and aesthetic value in urban areas, providing opportunities for bird watching and recreation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobally, there are over 11,000 species of birds belonging to 44 orders and 250 families [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Africa harbors over 2,477 species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], from which more than 863 bird species have been documented in Ethiopia. Among these, 19 species are endemic, 31 are globally threatened, three are rare species, and 14 are shared with Eritrea [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The notable taxonomic diversity of Ethiopia is due to various geographical, topographical, and climatic variations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], which also makes the country home to over 73 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. However, Ethiopian biodiversity currently faces threats due to rapid human population growth and land-use changes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Anthropogenic activities, including habitat destruction and fragmentation for agricultural expansion, urbanization and infrastructure development, can significantly impact bird abundance and their habitats [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently, large numbers of human population live in urban centers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Urbanization involves the construction of buildings, the establishment of human settlements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], and the alteration of pre-existing ecosystems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], leading to significant modifications of the urban natural areas[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This process has been identified as a major driver of species extinction globally[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, urban development profoundly contributes to the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats, threatening the survival, distribution, and abundance of wildlife [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies indicated that many of the urban native bird species are replaced by a few non-native species, resulting in lower bird diversity compared to the surrounding natural areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban landscapes are often characterized by heterogeneous habitats ranging from green spaces (e.g. home gardens, city parks, church forests, and university campuses) to buildings and residential areas, riversides, and waste dumping sites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The floristic composition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] and the area covered by vegetation are excellent predictors of bird species richness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The various habitat types may support a wide array of bird species, contributing to an increase in diversity. However, urbanization also brings about changes to vegetation composition and habitat structure, which impacts bird communities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Disturbances associated with urban development, such as habitat fragmentation and modification, may alter resource availability, habitat structure, breeding and nesting sites. The level of urban development and the associated disturbance status of a city ranges from low disturbance to high disturbances may influence the diversity, composition, distribution, and abundance of the bird species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], with studies suggesting that species richness and diversity may peak at the moderate levels of urbanization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBirds are adapted to utilizing various urban landscapes including residential areas, green space, city parks, riverine vegetation, waste dumping sites, and urban agricultural areas. However, species vary in their ability to cope with landscape alteration induced by urbanization and accompanying selection pressures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Some species are generalists and capable of utilizing multiple habitat types, while others are specialists that can adapt to specific habitats. Generalist species tend to be more abundant, as they can adapt to a wider range of habitats and resource availability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Specialist bird species, on the other hand, are typically associated with less fragmented and less disturbed landscapes, where their specific habitat requirements are met [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. These species may face challenges in urban areas where habitat loss, fragmentation, and disturbances are prevalent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGondar City has different landscapes including residential areas, buildings and infrastructures, green spaces such as home gardens, city parks and recreational areas, patch forests at churches and university campuses, and municipal waste dumping sites. The urban areas serve as important refuges for various avian species. Additionally, riversides and associated wetlands at Angereb Reservoir Dam at the eastern edge of Gondar City serve as vital sources of food and water for aquatic bird species. The urban bird species are also attracted to ornamental plants, flowers, and fruits in home gardens in the residential areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. City parks, recreational areas where vegetations contribute to the diversity of birds in the city [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the size of the urban green spaces and the degree of human disturbances may influence the species richness, distribution, and abundance of birds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies have shown that urban green areas are associated with bird species richness, native plant species composition, foliage height, and canopy layers, which provide essential nesting and roosting sites, refuges, and food resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies of birds have been conducted in different habitats in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. However, only a few studies of bird communities have been conducted in cities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, no detailed study has been conducted on birds in the urban landscape of Gondar City, where one of the higher tourists site of the country. Thus, we conducted the present study on the avifauna in Gondar City to identify bird species that may be at risk and to identify threats to birds that require more conservation concerns, thereby prioritizing areas for high conservation intervention strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study aims to examine the composition, diversity, and abundance of avifauna in different habitats of Gondar City, which will provide input for preparing a bird checklist that, will be valuable for tourists, conservationists, and urban planners. The scientific data on bird species is imperative for urban planners to design effective management strategies and conservation actions for these species in urban areas. We hypothesize that the avian species diversity of Gondar City is increasing due to its suitable landscape and habitat heterogeneity. Therefore, this study aimed to generate ample information on 1) the diversity of birds at different habitats in the Gondar City, 2) the relative abundance of birds at different habitats of the city in different seasons, and 3) the habitat association of bird species at different habitat types in different seasons in the city. The results of the present study are imperative for urban planners to design effective urban wildlife management strategies and to publish a bird guide for conserving birds in urban areas and promoting ecotourism activities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpecies composition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, a mean abundance of 12,346 individuals of 112 species of birds belonging to 47 families and 15 orders was recorded in Gondar City during the entire study period (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). A total of 108 and 93 species were recorded during the wet and dry seasons, respectively, of which 89 species were observed both during the wet and dry seasons. 19 species were recorded only during the wet season, while four species were recorded solely during the dry season (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrders, family, lifestyle, Relative Abundance and Conservation Status of bird recorded in different habitats in Gondar city during different seasns\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrders\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScientific name\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHabitat types\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeasons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIUCN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003estatus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003estyle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccipitriformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccipitridae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack Kite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMilvus migrans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow-billed Kite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMilvus aegyptius\u003c/em\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026clubs;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-backed Vulture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGyps africanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRuppell\u0026rsquo;s Vulture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGyps rueppelli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHooded Vulture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNecrosyrtes monachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEgyptian Vulture\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeophron percnopterus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026diams;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAugur Buzzard\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eButeo augur\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLong-crested Eagle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLophaetus occipitalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTawny Eagle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAquila rapax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVU\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnseriformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnatidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEgyptian Goose\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlopochen aegyptiaca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrican Black Duck\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnas sparsa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBucerotiformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhoeniculidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack-billed Wood Hoopoe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoeniculus somaliensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpupidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurasian Hoopoe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUpup aepops\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBucerotidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemprich\u0026rsquo;s Hornbill\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLophoceros hemprichii\u003c/em\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026clubs;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharadriiformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecurvirostridae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack-winged Stilt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHimantopus himantopus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScolopacidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen Sandpiper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTringa ochropus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026diams;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharadriidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpurwinged Lapwing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVanellus spinosus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree-banded Plover\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharadrius tricollaris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCiconiiformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCiconiidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack Stork\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCiconia nigra\u003c/em\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026clubs;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWoolly-necked Stork\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCiconia episcopus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026clubs;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow-billed Stork\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMycteria ibis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColiiformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColiidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpeckled Mousebird\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColius striatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColumbiformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColumbidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBruce's Green Pigeon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTreron waalia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDusky Turtle Dove\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStreptopelia lugens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaughing Dove\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpilopelia senegalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMourning Collared Dove\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStreptopelia decipiens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNamaqua Dove\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOena capensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed-eyed Dove\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStreptopelia semitorquata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpeckled Pigeon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColumba guinea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-collared Pigeon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColumba albitorques\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoraciiformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeropidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlue-breasted Bee-eater\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMerops variegatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLittle Bee-eater\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMerops pusillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcedinidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiant Kingfisher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMegaceryle maxima\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWooland Kingfisher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorythornis cristatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrican Pygmy Kingfisher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIspidina picta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePied Kingfisher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeryle rudis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGalliformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhasianidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClapperton's Francolin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePternistis clappertoni\u003c/em\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026clubs;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumididae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHelmeted Guineafowl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumida meleagris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMusophagiformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMusophagidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEastern Plantain-eater\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrinifer zonurus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-cheeked Turaco\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTauraco leucotis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePasseriformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMotacillidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbyssinian Longclaw\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMacronyx flavicollis\u003c/em\u003e\u0026hearts;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrassland Pipit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnthus cinnamomeus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMountain Wagtail\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMotacilla clara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow Wagtail\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMotacilla flava\u003c/em\u003e\u0026diams;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOriolidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbyssinian Oriole\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOriolus monacha\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuscicapidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbyssinian Slaty Flycatcher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMelaenornis chocolatinus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbyssinian Wheatear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOenanthe lugubris\u003c/em\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026clubs;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLittle Rock Thrush\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonticola rufocinereus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMocking Cliff Chat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmnolaea cinamomeiventris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRuppell\u0026rsquo;s Robin Chat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCossypha semirufa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRuppell\u0026rsquo;s Black Chat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyrmecocichla melaena\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-winged Cliff Chat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonticola semirufus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZosteropidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbyssinian White-eye\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZosterops abyssinicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFringillidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrican Citril\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrithagra citrinelloides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow-rumped Seedeater\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrithagra xanthopygia\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrown-rumped Seedeater\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrithagra tristriata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStreaky Seedeater\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrithagra striolata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonarchidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrican Paradise Flycatcher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerpsiphone viridis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTurdidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrican Thrush\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTurdus pelios\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon Rock Thrush\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonticola saxatilis\u003c/em\u003e\u0026diams;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGroundscraper Thrush\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTurdus litsitsirupa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOlive Thrush\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTurdus olivaceus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePloceidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaglafecht Weaver\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePloceus baglafecht\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillage Weaver\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePloceus cucullatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow Bishop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuplectes capensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow-mantled Widowbird\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuplectes macroura\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalaconotidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack-crowned Tchagra\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTchagra senegalus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlatysteiridae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack-headed Batis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBatis minor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHirundinidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack Saw-wing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsalidoprocne pristoptera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrown-throated Martin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRiparia paludicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLesser Striped Swallow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCecropis abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRock Martin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePtyonoprogne fuligula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstrildidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBronze Manikin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpermestes cucullata\u003c/em\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026clubs;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIAM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCut-throat Firefinch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmadina fasciata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed-billed Firefinch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLagonosticta senegala\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed-cheeked Cordon Bleu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUraeginthus bengalus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow-billed Waxbill\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoccopygia quartinia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePycnonotidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon Bulbul\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePycnonotus barbatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLanidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorthern Fiscal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLanius humeralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthiopian Boubou\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLaniarius aethiopicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCisticolidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthiopian Cisticola\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCisticola lugubris\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrey-backed Camaroptera\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCamaroptera brevicaudata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSinging Cisticola\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCisticola cantans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStout Cisticola\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCisticola robustus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTawny-flanked Prinia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrinia subflava\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorvidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFan-tailed Raven\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorvus rhipidurus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePied Crow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorvus albus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThick-billed Raven\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorvus crassirostris\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSturnidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreater Blue-eared Starling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLamprotornis chalybaeus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed-winged Starling\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOnychognathus morio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMacrosphenidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorthern Crombec\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSylvietta brachyuran\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eViduidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePin-tailed Whydah\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVidua macroura\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVillage Indigobird\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVidua chalybeate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuphagidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed-billed Oxpecker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBuphagus erythrorhynchus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNectariniidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScarlet-chested Sunbird\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChalcomitra senegalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTacazze Sunbird\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNectarinia tacazze\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable Sunbird\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCinnyris venustus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePasseridae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSwainson\u0026rsquo;s Sparrow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePasser swainsonii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeiothrichidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite-rumped Babbler\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTurdoides leucopygia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePelecaniformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArdeidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack-headed Heron\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArdea melanocephala\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreat Egret\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArdea alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLittle Egret\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEgretta garzetta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCattle Egret\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBubulcus ibis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScopidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHamerkop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScopus umbretta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThreskiornithidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHadada Ibis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBostrychia hagedash\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSacred Ibis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThreskiornis aethiopicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWattled Ibis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBostrychia carunculata\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePiciformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePicidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbyssinian Woodpecker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDendropicos abyssinicus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLybiidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDouble-toothed Barbet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLybius undatus\u003c/em\u003e \u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack-billed Barbet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLybius guifsobalito\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsittaciformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsittacidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlack-winged Lovebird\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAgapornis taranta\u003c/em\u003e\u0026spades;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrigiformes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrigidae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreyish Eagle-owl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBubo cinerascens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003eKey: IUCN Red List (\u0026clubs; = Inter -African migrant (IAM), \u0026diams; = Palearctic migrant (PAM), \u0026radic; = species present, \u0026ldquo;\u0026ndash;\u0026ldquo; = no species present, S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;resident spp., \u0026hearts; = Endemic to Ethiopia, \u0026spades; = Endemic to Ethiopia and Eritrea, LC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Least Concern, NT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Near Threatened, VU\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Vulnerable, EN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Endangered, CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Critically Endangered, CS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Conservation status), Habitat types (RV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Riverside, RS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Residential, FP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Forest patch, WD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Waste dump), Seasons (D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;dry, W\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;wet, B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;both).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe order Passeriformes comprises the highest (24 families) number of families, followed by Bucerotiformes, Charadriiformes, and Peleccaniformes (3 families each). The orders including Coraciiformes, Piciformes and Gliformes comprised two families each. Eight orders (53.3%) of birds (Acciptriformes, Anseriformes, Ciconiiformes, Coliiformes, Columbiforme, Musophagiformes, Psittaciformes, and Strigiformes) comprised a single family each. The order Passeriformes had the highest (59 species, 53.15%) number of bird species followed by Accipitriformes (9 species each), Peleccaniformes and Columbiformes (8 species each).The families that comprised larger numbers of bird species include Acciptridae (9 species), Columbidae (8 species), and Muscicapidae (7 species), while over 22(47.8%) families comprised a single species each. For example, Musophagidae, Strigidae, Coliidae, Psittacidae comprised the lowest number of species (1sp. each) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the total of 112 bird species recorded in Gondar City, one species; Abyssinian longclaw (\u003cem\u003eM. flavicollis\u003c/em\u003e), is endemic to Ethiopia and Near threatened species, while twelve species; black-winged lovebird (\u003cem\u003eA.taranta\u003c/em\u003e), thick-billed raven (\u003cem\u003eC.crassirostris\u003c/em\u003e), wattled ibis (\u003cem\u003eB.carunculate\u003c/em\u003e),White-collared pigeon (\u003cem\u003eC.albitorques\u003c/em\u003e), Abyssinian salty flycatcher (\u003cem\u003eM.chocolatinus\u003c/em\u003e), Abyssinian woodpecker (\u003cem\u003eD.abyssinicus\u003c/em\u003e), banded barbet (\u003cem\u003eL.undatus\u003c/em\u003e), white-winged cliff-chat (\u003cem\u003eM.semirufa\u003c/em\u003e), ruppell\u0026rsquo;s black chat (\u003cem\u003eM.melaena\u003c/em\u003e), Abyssinian oriole (\u003cem\u003eO.monacha\u003c/em\u003e), Ethiopian cisticola (\u003cem\u003eC.lugubris\u003c/em\u003e) and yellow-rumped Seedeater (\u003cem\u003eC.xanthopygia\u003c/em\u003e) were endemic species shared with Eritrea. Egyptian vulture (\u003cem\u003eN. percnopterus\u003c/em\u003e) is endangered status, while hooded vulture (\u003cem\u003eN.monachus\u003c/em\u003e), white-backed vulture (\u003cem\u003eG. africanus\u003c/em\u003e), and ruppell\u0026rsquo;svulture (\u003cem\u003eG.ruppellii\u003c/em\u003e) are critically endangered. Tawny eagle (\u003cem\u003eA. rapax\u003c/em\u003e) and woolly-necked stork (\u003cem\u003eC. episcopus\u003c/em\u003e) are vulnerable and Near-threatened species, respectively. Out of the total species of birds recorded in the present study, 105 species were locally of least concern in conservation status, while six species were Inter-African migrants, five species were Palarctic migrants, and the remaining 101 species were residents. Overall, from the birds species recorded in the present study, over 20.5% were rare, 68.8% were uncommon, 10.7% were frequent (Supplement Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpecies richness and diversity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBird species richness ranged from 38 to 83 species among study habitats (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The highest species richness (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;83 species) was recorded in the forest patch habitat, followed by the riverside (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;81 species) habitat during the wet season. The lowest species richness (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38 species) was recorded in the waste dumping site during the dry season. The overall avian species diversity varied among four habitat types in the study area, with the highest (\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e' = 3.942) was recorded in the urban forest patches. The bird diversity differed among habitats and seasons with the highest recorded in the forest patch. Seasonally, both the Shannon-Wiener (\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e') and Simposn (D') diversity indices showed the highest species diversity (H'=3.941, D' = 0.971) was recorded in the urban forest patches followed by the riverside habitat (H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.822, D' = 0.966) during the wet season, respectively, while the lowest diversity (H' = 3.212, D' = 0.945) was recorded in the waste dumping site during the dry season (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The highest species evenness (J\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.910) was recorded in the waste dumping site followed by the forest patch habitat (J\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.892) during the dry and wet seasons, respectively and the lowest evenness (J\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.784) was recorded in the residential habitat during the wet season (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies diversity of birds in four habitat types during the wet and dry seasons (April to September 221).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHabitats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeasons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividuals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH'\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHmax\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(N)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRiverside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1618\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.761\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.290\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.877\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1962\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.822\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.394\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.870\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWaste dump\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e994\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.638\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.380\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.714\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForest patch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1901\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.730\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.277\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.872\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2081\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.941\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.419\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResident\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7421\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.358\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.248\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.948\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.790\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7659\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.353\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.277\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.947\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eKey: H\u0026rsquo;= Shannon-Wiener index,H\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e= maximum species diversity,J\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Shannon\u0026rsquo;s equitability index, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of specie, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;abundance of birds\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall, seasonal Shannon-Wiener diversity (H' = 3.759), Simpson indices (D'=0.962) and species richness (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;108) of birds were recorded as highest during the wet season, while a slightly higher species evenness (J\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.81) of birds was recorded during the dry season (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbundance of avifauna\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, a total abundance of 12,808 and 11,884 individual birds were recorded in the urban area of Gondar city during the wet and dry seasons, respectively with a mean abundance of 12,346\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;462 individual birds. The larger numbers of birds were recorded during the wet season (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). However, the number was not statistically significantly different (t-test\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.102, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;204, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.919) between the two seasons. Across the habitat types, the mean abundance of birds was highest in residential habitat (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7540 individuals) followed by forest patch (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1991 individuals), while the lowest abundance (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1025 individuals) of birds was recorded in the waste dumping site (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Univariate analysis (ANOVA) indicated that there was a statistically significant (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;67.443, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) difference in the abundance of bird species among the study habitats. The Tukey post Hoc analysis indicated that the difference among the habitats was attributable to the waste dumping site. However, there were no significant differences between the riverine and forest patch habitats (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.511).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall species diversity and abundant of birds in the study area during the wet and dry seasons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeasons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies (n)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividuals (N)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH'\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD'\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12808\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.759\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.682\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.803\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11884\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.707\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.533\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.759\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.718\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.797\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, Gondar City comprised the highest number, 77(71.3%) and 68(73.1%) of bird species were \u0026ldquo;uncommon\u0026rdquo; category in relative abundance during the wet and dry seasons, respectively, followed by \u0026ldquo;rare\u0026rdquo;19(17.6%) during the wet season (Supplement Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), and \u0026ldquo;frequent\u0026rdquo;13(14.0%) during the dry season (Supplement Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), whilst no bird species were recorded as \u0026ldquo;common\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;abundant\u0026rdquo; categories during both seasons (Supplement Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, some bird species which were in the \u0026ldquo;rare\u0026rdquo; category in a habitat might be \u0026ldquo;uncommon\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;frequent\u0026rdquo; in another habitat, and vice versa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, a higher abundance of bird species was recorded across various habitats, with a notable increase during the wet season. Swainson\u0026rsquo;s sparrow (\u003cem\u003ePasser swainsonii\u003c/em\u003e) was the most numerous with 1,065 individuals, followed by village weaver (\u003cem\u003ePloceus cucullatus\u003c/em\u003e) comprized 1,048 and red-cheeked Cordon Blue (\u003cem\u003eUraeginthus bengalus\u003c/em\u003e) with 840 individuals, primarily occupied the residential habitat. During the dry season, both village weavers comprised, 1,008 individuals, swainson\u0026rsquo;s sparrow (1,006) and red-billed firefinch (\u003cem\u003eLagonosticta senegala\u003c/em\u003e) with 734 individuals declined their number. Village weaver and swainson\u0026rsquo;s sparrow emerged as the dominant species throughout the study period, particularly in residential habitats (Supplemental Table\u0026nbsp;1). In contrast to the more abundant bird species recorded, some bird species were comprized of a lower abundant (i.e., comprised the lowest number of individuals), such as black-headed heron (\u003cem\u003eArdea melanocephala\u003c/em\u003e) (6 individuals), long-crested eagle (\u003cem\u003eLaphaetus occipitalis\u003c/em\u003e)(8individuals), and \u003cem\u003egreyish egle owl\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eBubo cinerascens)\u003c/em\u003e(5individuals). Other species with lower abundant includeds the giant kingfisher (\u003cem\u003eMegaceryle maxima\u003c/em\u003e) (2 individuals), African black duck (\u003cem\u003eAnas sparsa\u003c/em\u003e) (4 individuals), and the black-headed heron (\u003cem\u003eArdea melanocephala\u003c/em\u003e) with six individuals, and Abyssinian pygmy kingfisher (3 individuals).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe abundance of bird species varies across habitats and seasons in the study area. In the residential habitat, swainson\u0026rsquo;s sparrow was the most dominant bird (762 individuals) followed by village Weaver (695 individuals), and red-billed firefinch (675 individuals) during the wet season, while their abundance was slightly increased, such as swainson\u0026rsquo;s sparrow with 702 individuals and village Weaver with 710 individuals during the dry season. In the riverside habitat, African citril (\u003cem\u003eCrithagra citrinelloides\u003c/em\u003e) was the most abundant (193 individuals), followed by village weavers (174 individuals), and swainson\u0026rsquo;s sparrow (143 individuals) during the wet season. During the dry season, baglafech weaver (\u003cem\u003ePloceus baglafecht\u003c/em\u003e) was the most abundant (130 individuals) species, followed by the African citril, 120 individuals, and the village weaver with 108 individuals. In addition, several species, including African pygmy kingfisher, giant kingfisher, yellow\u0026ndash;billed Stork, African black duck comprised lower abundant in the riverside habitat. In the forest patch, swainson\u0026rsquo;s sparrow was the most abundant species (160 individuals) followed by village weaver (130 individuals), during the wet seasons, and their abundance remained larger during the dry season. In the waste dumping site, the hooded vulture (\u003cem\u003eNecrosyrtes monachus\u003c/em\u003e) was the dominant species (122 individuals) followed by sacred ibis \u003cem\u003e(Threskiornis aethiopicus\u003c/em\u003e)(63 individuals), and swainson\u0026rsquo;s Sparrow (60 individuals) during the wet seasons. During the dry season, the hooded vulture was the most abundant (116 individuals) followed by white-backed vulture (\u003cem\u003eGyps africanus\u003c/em\u003e) (85 individuals), and specled pigeon (76 individuals). In general, swainson\u0026rsquo;s sparrow and village weaver were the most abundant bird species in most habitats of the study area. However, in the waste dumping site, hooded vulture, white-backed vulture, pied crow, ruppll\u0026rsquo;s vulture and sacred ibis were the most abundant species during both the wet and dry seasons (Supplemental Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSimilarity of avian species\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity similarity of avian species varied across habitats in both seasons. The Sorensen's index of community similarities between habitats were recorded higher both during the wet and dry seasons. The highest species similarity (SI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82) of birds was recorded between the residential and forest patch, and (SI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.80) was between the riverside and forest patch habitats during the wet and dry seasons, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). More bird community similarity between habitats was observed during the wet season. Conversely, the lowest similarity (SI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.40) occurred between the forest patch and waste dumping site during the dry season (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSorensen's similarity index of birds between the four habitat types during the different seasons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHabitat types\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeasons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRiverine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWaste dump\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForest patch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidential\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRiverine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWaste dump\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForest patch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHabitat association of avian species\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost bird species in the present occupied specific habitats in Gondar city. During the present study, a greater number of bird species (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;83) occupied the riverside habitat while the lowest number of species (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38) occupied the waste dumping site. The χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e- square test indicated that habitat association of bird species was statistically significant in the four habitat types during the dry ( χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13,171.45, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;82, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and wet (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13,096.53, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) seasons. Several bird species were found in a specific habitat in the urban areas. The bird species such as African black Duck, giant Kingfisher, green sandpiper, yellow billed stork, African pygmy kingfisher, singing cisticola were observed only in the riverside habitat; while birds that occupied urban forest patches were clapperton\u0026rsquo;s Francoline, helmeted guineafowl, white-rumped babbler, common rock trush, Abyssinian wheatear. However, most bird species that commonly occupied the residential habitat were also observed in different habitats in the urban area. For example, swainson\u0026rsquo;s sparrow, red-cheeked cordon blue, village weaver, speckled pigeon, dusky turtle, red-eye dove, red-billed Firefinch, lauphing dove, baglafech weaver, brown-rumped seedeater were dominantly occupied the residential habitat, yet they were occasionally recorded in different habitats. The most frequently recorded bird species in waste dumping sites included birds of preys such as ruppel\u0026rsquo;s vulture, hooded volture, white-backed volure and sacrid Ibis. More generalist species occupied more than one habitat. Over 22(20.4%) of bird species were frequently found in all the study habitats in the study area during the wet season, while lower numbers, 20(21.5%) of bird species, were observed in different habitats during the dry seasons. Overall, 16(14.3%) bird species were recorded in all four study habitats during the entire study period (Supplement Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The habitat associations of bird species in their respective habitats depended on the feeding guild and adaptability of the species and the resource availability of the habitat.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 112 bird species belonging to 47 families were recorded in various habitats of Gondar city. Previous research indicates that birds have adapted to different habitats of urban landscapes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Urban environment provides food and roosting in gardens and city parks, supporting diverse avian guilds that thrive under specific environmental conditions. The composition and diversity of birds is linked to the heterogeneous nature of the habitats, reflecting a complex ecology. A study suggests that bird composition and diversity patterns are influenced by habitat features, season, urban development and human disturbances [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. The composition of birds may vary in different sites with distinct resources and degrees of disturbance. Habitat heterogeneity due to vegetation types, foliage height, and floristic composition could make differences in bird composition. Similarly, a study suggested that variation of species composition between habitats is a function of the quality of the habitat and preference of the species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. In comparison, with other Ethiopian cities reported fewer species, in Wolkite town having 30 species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e], Afar town 48 species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], Dire Dawa 6 species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e], and Gambela town 66 species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, Addis Ababa and Bahir Dar city inhabited over 120 species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e] and 186 species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e], respectively. Variations in bird diversity across cities may be attributed to human disturbances, habitat heterogeneity, resource availability, and breeding ground suitability. Differences in bird species across study areas may also result from their adaptation to various environmental conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Seasonal rings variations in numerous factors, including microclimate as well as environmental factors [50]. The factors, including temperature, rainfall, vegetation, food availability etc, have a profound impact on species composition of avifauna. Seasonal variations have direct influence on the food availability and hence seasonal variation in species diversity occurs due to change in foraging behavior of the species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferent adaptations and guilds of birds enable species to occupy various habitats. Studies have shown that granivorous species, aerial feeders like swifts, and birds of prey successfully adapt to urban environments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Ground-nesting birds, however, often face disadvantages compared to species that nest at greater heights in buildings or trees [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. The present findings confirmed that residential areas host various bird species that feed on flying insects, nectarivores, and those that utilize buildings for nesting, perching, and resting on electric poles and wires [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]. Ground-foraging birds often exploit diverse anthropogenic resources, such as fallen seeds and leftover food [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Species like swifts, blue-winged lovebirds, kites, and doves frequently use buildings, electric poles and wires for nesting and resting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. However, human-induced disturbances in residential areas, including noise pollution, collisions, and change of vegetation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], as well as disturbances in recreational areas like urban green spaces and city parks, significantly affect bird species richness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study found that the highest proportion of bird species identified belonged to the order Passeriformes, comprising 59(53.2%) of the total species. This aligns with previous research by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e] and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e], which also highlighted Passeriformes as the most frequent order, characterized by a diverse array of families and species. The dominance of this order may be attributed to their reproductive adaptations and varied feeding guilds, which enable them to succeed in different environments. Supporting literature indicates that Passeriformes are not only numerically dominant but also exhibit greater adaptability due to their nesting behaviors and ability to occupy new habitats [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, other bird orders often consist of fewer families or species, suggesting a lower adaptability to diverse habitats and low reproductive rates. Additionally, in densely populated urban areas, species that avoid human disturbances are less abundant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], highlighting the vulnerability of habitat specialists to human-related disturbances, which further contributes to the reduced number of species in residential habitats. This highlights the importance of understanding species adaptability and resilience in urban environments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the present study, the bird species distribution in urban environments is unequalled because of different human disturbances and different degree of tolerance and adaptations. The findings of the present study showed that a few bird species were found in more densely populated residential habitats at the city center, while others were frequently observed in less dense residential areas (i.e., in disperse settlement residential urban areas which far from the city center where lower human disturbances and more vegetation). Previous studies indicated that the urban birds that occupied lower crowded residential areas was considered as \u0026ldquo;urban avoiders\u0026rdquo;, while \u0026ldquo;urban exploiters\u0026rdquo; are those birds adapted crowded buildings and human-dense urban areas at the center of the city [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. During the present study, we frequently observed swainson's sparrow, doves, red-cheeked cordon-bleu, red-billed firefinch, and in the crowded villages at the center of the city. In contrast, species such as blue-winged Lovebirds, speckled mousebird, greater blue-eared Starling, and hamerope were found in the scattered resident villages in the city where scattered vegetation. This distribution highlights how different bird species occupy varying residential areas, likely influenced by factors such as resource availability, human activity, and environmental features.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, Gondar city exhibited a more diversified array of bird species, likely due to the heterogeneity of urban habitats that support various species and guilds. This observation aligns with research indicating that avian diversity is closely linked to habitat heterogeneity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. Urban environments, including green areas, city parks, home gardens, and church compounds, and university campuses have been shown to enhance bird diversity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e]. These areas provide essential resources such as food, nesting sites, and shelter to a variety of bird species. However, human activities pose significant challenges, as buildings and construction can lead to vegetation alteration and habitat fragmentation. Previous studies indicated that frequent changes and human activities in urban areas may impact urban bird communities by reducing available resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The finding highlights the importance of maintaining and enhancing urban green spaces to support bird biodiversity. Ensuring a balance between development and conservation efforts is crucial for fostering a resilient avian community in urban areas like Gondar city.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study revealed that the highest bird diversity was observed in urban forest patches (H' = 3.941, D' = 0.971), followed by riverside habitats (H' = 3.822, D' = 0.964) during both wet and dry seasons. This increased diversity can be attributed to a comparable vegetation composition in the areas, which provides essential resources such as shelter, roosting and nesting sites, and food availability. Larger remnant trees in urban forest patches, particularly at churches, city parks, and university campuses, offer foods including nectars, fruits, seeds and phytophagous insects that may attract a variety of different guild birds. Additionally, water availability along riversides supports micro-invertebrates, enhancing food sources for birds during the dry season. Studies have shown that both feeding and nesting sites are critical factors influencing the diversity of bird species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Although a residential habitat covers a larger area in Gondar city, it exhibited lower bird diversity, which may be due to the prevalence of human disturbances such as noise pollution, traffic, collision and dense settlements, which negatively impact native birds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, waste dumping sites supported fewer species, primarily birds of prey that rely on similar resources like carrion and garbage. Similar findings reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e] and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] that birds of prey are dominantly occupied at dumping sites. This contrasting pattern highlights the importance of preserving diverse habitats to support avian biodiversity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study found the highest bird species (i.e., richness) in urban forest patches (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;83) and riverside habitats (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;81) during the wet season. This richness can be attributed to the abundant food availability and nesting sites in forest patches, which significantly enhance species diversity. Seasonal productivity changes also influence bird richness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e]. Research indicates that bird species richness in urban areas correlates with tree density [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], suggesting that diverse vegetation, which includes various fruits, flowers, seeds, and insects, is crucial for supporting a wide range of bird species. City parks and green areas with significant woody vegetation are particularly attractive to forest birds, with variables like foliage cover and tree height playing vital roles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, some bird species migrate from residential areas to adjacent forest patches during flowering and fruiting seasons, contributing to increased species richness. Observations of species such as helmeted guineafowl and clapperton's spurfowl highlight the importance of trees for hiding and food sources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe riverside habitat and associated wetlands surrounding Angereb Dam support a diverse bird species. This habitat is characterized by distinct resources that cater to specialist birds which feed on macro-invertebrates and filter-feeders. Birds select habitats that meet their need for survival. Specialist birds tend to thrive in less disturbed environments, while generalists can adapt to a variety of habitats [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe riverside habitat, including the associated wetlands surrounding Angereb River Dam support diverse bird species, including aquatic birds like the African black duck and great egret, black billd stint, giant kingfisher, African pygmy kingfisher. The distinct resources available in the riverside habitat cater to specialist birds. Specialist birds are typically found in less disturbed environments, while generalists can adapt to a variety of habitats [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe vegetation composition along the riverside and forest patch habitats could support a large number of bird species by providing food resources, nesting and roosting. Flowering plants support variety of bird species as source of food. A similar study was conducted by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], who reported that bird species richness is linked with tree density. Aquatic macro-invertebrates and water availability in riverine habitat provide food and water sources to several bird species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies on urban bird communities indicated that species richness declined with increased building areas and urban development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e] associated with a decrease in vegetation and increased human disturbances [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Nevertheless, some studies indicated that urbanization increases species richness (i.e., for generalist bird species) at the intermediate level of urban development (i.e., medium level of human disturbances)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. However, in general, urban building hurts species richness. The buildings in the residential areas with scattered vegetation and homogeneity support only a few more adaptable bird species. A few but dominant species that can adapt to high human disturbances utilize human food resources and occupy the residential habitats. Consistently, a study showed that urbanization comprised a few dominant bird species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe small number of bird species observed at waste dumping sites is attributed to high human disturbances and the availability of homogeneous food resources, such as garbage, carcasses, and domestic waste, which only support a limited range of species. This decline contributes to species homogenization and reduced species richness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e]. Consistent with these findings, the current study aligns with previous research by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], which noted that species from the Accipitridae family, including vultures, and Corvidae family, such as crows and ravens, were predominantly found at these dumping site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe highest evenness (J\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.91) of bird species in the waste dumping site reveals that the bird species found more or less evenly distributed. In contrast to the present finding, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e] reported that the lowest species evenness was recorded in waste dumping sites. The forest patches habitat comprised the second-highest species evenness. Previous sstudies have also shown that bird species evenness increased in natural habitats [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e], which is unlikely in the present finding that the waste dumping site was the highest evenness. While the lowest species evenness (J\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.784) in the residential habitat might be due to the dominance of a few abundant species. Disturbance-tolerant bird species such as village weaver, red-checked cordon blue, swainson\u0026rsquo;s sparrow, laphing dove that tolerate to human-disturbances were found more abundantly in the residential habitat in the present study. Low evenness has high single-species dominance, while maximum evenness indicates an equal abundance of all species. In line with the present study, past studies indicated that birds usually exhibit lower species richness and evenness in urban regions compared to more natural areas, with the lowest diversities in urban center areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Urban area is characterized by a few dominance bird species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study found the highest bird community similarity (SI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.82) between urban forest patches and residential habitats during the wet season, and a similarity of SI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.80 between riverside and forest patches in the dry season. This high similarity is attributed to comparable resources and habitat structures that support similar bird species, as both forest patches and residential areas share common plant species that support similar birds. Some flowering and a few big remnant fruiting trees are found in the two habitats found adjacent. Various bird species, such as hemprich's hornbill, paradise flycatcher, double-tooth barbet, black winged lovebirds, bruce\u0026rsquo;s green pigeon, were among the species commonly observed in residential and urban forest patches (Supplemental Table\u0026nbsp;1). Some bird species in residential habitat fly to adjacent habitats, forest patches where there are relatively low disturbances and more abundant vegetation resources in different seasons [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Some flowering vegetation found in residential area resembles that of vegetation in forest patches, attracting similar bird species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, during the dry season, some forest bird species fly to the riverside habitat for access to water. Thus, the two habitats host similar bird species during the dry season. In line with the present study,[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e] reported that habitats with higher structural similarity support similar bird species. Generalist bird species could utilize habitats with similar features [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e]. Habitats with greater structural similarity tend to present more similar bird communities. On the other hand, the fact that the residential areas possess some vegetation more or less similar to vegetation found in the forest patch habitat during wet season, that able to attract similar bird species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the lowest bird species similarity was between the waste dumping site and urban forest patches, with similarity indices of SI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.40 during the dry season and SI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.52 during the wet season. This low similarity is attributed to differences in food availability, feeding adaptations of birds, and habitat structures between the two environments. The waste dumping site primarily hosts scavenger species, such as vultures and crows that rely on carcasses, garbage, and domestic waste for sustenance. In contrast, the forest patch supports a variety of bird species that feed on fruits, flowers, seeds, and insects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe abundance of bird species varied among habitats in Gondar city, likely due to different resources and degrees of human disturbance. This is consistent with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e] who reported that the variation in abundance of birds between habitats was possibly due to variations in food, roosting and nesting, and breeding sites. The availability of resources in different habitats could support different bird species. The mean abundance of avian species in the same habitat might vary between seasons. Seasons have a direct influence on food production and availability, and hence seasonal variations may determine species diversity and composition due to the changes in food production and foraging behavior of the species. Some species are well adapted to the seasonal shifts in food availability, while others migrate and leading to variation in the mean abundance of birds. For instance, widow birds and yellow bishop bird species in Gondar city are frequent in the wet season due to suitable weather and food availability, while they disappear during the dry season when the weather changes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the highest abundance of birds in the residential habitat might be due to the large area cover, different habitat features including dense-settlements, presence of pavement and buildings, electric poles, towers, sparsely scattered trees, and market sites where more fallen grain availability. The result of this study coincides with the findings of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] who reported that human-dominant areas provide habitats for disturbance-tolerant bird species. Likewise, a higher abundance of birds due to heterogeneous habitat structures which support a large number of different bird species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite the large abundance of birds, it is supposed that noise disturbances, crowded-trafic, collisions of birds with buildings, car strikes, and electric power wire traps caused the decline of birds in the residential habitat. Some residential birds, including vultures and kites, and swifts, ravens, lovebirds are susceptible to electric power due to their habit of roosting and perching on powerline pylons. Similar findings is reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, various anthropogenic pressures such as habitat loss, fragmentation and habitat modification, urban expansion, and the crowdedness of residents affect the abundance of birds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e]. Human pressures in the residential area have a profound effect on the abundance of birds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, findings indicated that ecological factors such as the availability of food, human disturbances and other climatic conditions can lead to variations in bird abundance across sites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe lowest species abundance of birds in the waste dumping site might be due to the smallest area cover, and poor habitat suitability for birds, which supports solely birds that adapted to garbage, Carcasses, offal, and other municipal wastes. Consistently, the findings reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] indicated that materials like glasses, pieces of metal, wire, plastic, different toxins, and dangerous pathogens in the waste dumping sites affect the abundance of many avian species. However, dumpsites are suitable to harbor a few bird species dominantly, birds of prey.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study found that bird species richness, diversity, and abundance were significantly higher during the wet season compared to the dry season, consistent with findings from other regions in Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e77\u003c/span\u003e] and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. This contrasts with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], who reported greater abundance in the dry season. The higher counts in the wet season are attributed to increased food availability, favorable weather conditions, and better nesting conditions. Seasonal changes affect food resources, rainfall, humidity, and vegetation, prompting birds to shift habitats based on their needs [50]. Some species, like swainson\u0026rsquo;s Sparrow and village weaver, remained abundant in both seasons due to their adaptability and tolerance to human disturbances, classifying them as generalists. Conversely, scavenger species such as vultures and crows were more prevalent at the waste dumping site, where they find ample food from carcasses and garbage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that the bird species grouped in various categories had a relative abundance of birds grouped as the uncommon category. The highest numbers 77(71.3%)) and 68(73.1%) of birds grouped as the uncommon category during the wet and dry season, respectively (Supplement Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The large number of uncommon birds may be linked to their behavioral patterns and specific habitat conditions, including breeding habitats, wide home ranges, and better adaptations to disturbances. A previous study noted that a higher occurrence of uncommon birds in various regions of Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The current habitat loss and fragmentation, and disturbances in residential habitats lead to a decline in the suitability of habitats to support large numbers of \u0026ldquo;rare\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;uncommon\u0026rdquo; bird species. The present study found no bird species as common and abundant category, suggesting that the absent of these categories of birds may result from low numbers of birds due to niche specialization of the species, habitat destruction and differing breeding behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study indicated that birds are always associated with particular habitats, and their composition is affected by changes in vegetation structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e], behavioural patterns, and reproductive ability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e]. Different bird species have different habitat preferences. Each habitat has a specific set of micro-environments that are suitable for a species. Thus, habitat requirements might have determined the species distribution in the study area. The feeding guild and the specific food availability in specific habitats form the association of birds with certain habitats. Nectarivores are frequently associated with flowers in forest habitats, whilst frugivores are associated with fruiting trees, and insectivores are frequently found in habitats where insects are more available. For example, the double-toothed barbet, bruce's green pigeon occupied riverside, forest patches, and residential habitats, exploiting fruiting trees. Green sandpiper, yellow-billed stork, giant kingfishers, and Black-winged Stilt are strictly found in the riverside and wetlands at Angereb Dam. However, some bird species may occupy different habitat types. For example, bird species such as African paradise flycatcher, black-saw wing, black winged lovebird, Ethiopian buobue, hemprich hornbill, and black-billed wood hoopoe were observed in forest patches, riverside, and residential habitats during the wet and dry seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban expansion and intensification can significantly contribute to species losses through various mechanisms, including habitat loss, degradation, and changes in habitat structure. Recently, rapid human population growth has led to frequent habitat loss and fragmentation in the region. This is driven by man-made factors such as industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural expansion, all of which have profound effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e80\u003c/span\u003e]. As natural habitats decline or become disturbed, birds often find themselves relying more on artificial habitats. This shift can affect their feeding, breeding, and overall survival, potentially leading to changes in species composition and abundance in urban environments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eGondar city hosts a rich variety of bird species, including globally threatened, Palearctic, Inter-African migrants, residential and endemic birds. This diversity arises from the city\u0026rsquo;s heterogeneous habitat with landscape which host divers species. The hilly landscape and heterogeneous habitats provide essential resources for different avian species. However, human activities such as urban expansion, road construction, pollution, collisions with buildings, and a crowded population have adversely impacted bird diversity and abundance in the area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGondar city is a historic and popular tourist destination, attracting numerous foreign and domestic visitors for its rich cultural and religious events. Renowned for its ancient castles and churches, the city offers a unique blend of history and spirituality. Tourists are particularly drawn to the city's historical places, palace compound, churches and monasteries, recreational areas including city parks, green areas which provide excellent bird watching opportunities. However, the municipality tourism and culture office currently lacks organized activities or initiatives to promote bird watching.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the interactions between urbanization and bird diversity is vital for developing effective management strategies that mitigate negative impacts on of avifauna. Prioritizing habitat preservation and community engagement can enhance avian biodiversity and support sustainable urban ecosystems. Additionally, preparing a bird checklist and bird guide will promote ecotourism and awareness of the city's avian diversity. Effective urban planning that considers green space development can further benefit the bird community, contributing to biodiversity and urban ecotourism while supporting the local economy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and method","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDescription of the study area\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study was conducted in the Amhara National Regional State, Gondar city (the historical and tourist destination site in Ethiopia) is founded by Emperor Fasiledes in 1636, is a medieval city in Ethiopia. Gondar city was used to be the capital of Ethiopia for 250 years before the rise of Emperor Tewodros (1855\u0026ndash;1868). The city is located 730 km northwest of Addis Ababa, the current capital city of Ethiopia. The city is geographically located between 12\u0026ordm; 32\u0026rsquo;30\u0026rdquo; to12\u0026ordm; 39\u0026rsquo;30\u0026rdquo;N latitude and 37\u0026ordm; 25\u0026rsquo;30\u0026rdquo; to 37\u0026ordm; 29\u0026rsquo;30\u0026rdquo;E longitude with an average elevation of 2210 m asl (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Gondar city is among the populous city in Ethiopia. The city is one of the famous historical and tourist destination sites in northern Ethiopia where legendary world heritage buildings such as the castles, palaces, monasteries and churches are hosted. Tourism is among the major livelihoods of the residents in addition to commercial and urban agricultural activities. A large number of both domestic and international tourists visit the colourful religious festivals like the Foundation of the Ethiopian True Cross (Meskel), Christmas (Gena), and Ethiopian Epiphany in the city every year [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e]. The imperial castle is the main tourist attraction of the city found inside the royal compound of twelve gates. Outside the compound there exist other incredible buildings like the palace of King Sehul Michael, the bath of Fasiledas, Qusquam Mariam Church, and Debre-Birhan Selassie Church [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Gondar city has an undulating landscape with hills and slightly various topography, which covers a total area of about 190,000 ha. Recently, the city has been expanding rapidly beyond existing urban development plans. It comprised twelve sub-cites including the crowded residential sites with buildings of different heights, accompanied with several roads between residences and interspersed trees. Gondar International Airport is found at the edge of the city. The city comprised green space, including home gardens, forest patches at churches and monasteries, university campuses, city parks, and riverine vegetation. Urban agriculture is a frequently used activity in home gardens and along riversides and at the periphery of the city. The city encompasses four seasonal and permanent rivers such as Demaza, Shinta, and Keha Rivers that all flow down across the city towards Lake Tana, the biggest lake in Ethiopia, while Angereb River is located at the edge of the eastern part of the city, where Angereb water dam (which supplies drinking water to the city) has been constructed along the river and form the small wetland at its surroundings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e82\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe climate data of the study area showed that the mean annual temperature varies between 16˚C and 25˚C. The minimum temperature was recorded between December and January, and the maximum temperature was recorded between March and May. The average minimum and maximum temperatures were 13˚C and 29˚C, respectively, with the mean annual temperature of 21˚C. Gondar city is characterized by unimodal rainfall pattern with a long dry season from November to May and a short rainy season from June to October, with a peak rainfall recorded in August. The average highest (354.87 mm) and lowest (8.21mm) rainfall was recorded during August and January, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSampling design\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA reconnaissance survey was conducted prior to the main data collection to obtain general information about the study area. The study area was stratified into four habitats, including residential area (5035ha), forest patches (213ha) encompassing churches, monasteries, and university campus, Riverine (186ha), and waste dumping site (19ha). The residential habitat includes buildings interspersed with fruiting and flowering trees, roads with ornamental vegetation along with, and home gardens with slightly undulating landscapes. Forest patch habitat comprised forests and plantations at churches, monasteries, university campuses, green areas, and city parks. The riverine habitat includes four rivers all flow through the city towards Lake Tana to the south, while Angereb River is located to the eastern edge of the city, where Angereb water dam has been constructed along the river and forms a small wetland in its surroundings. Scattered vegetation, plantations, and urban agricultural plots are found along the riverside. The waste dumping site habitat covers a small area found nearby the southern edge of the city where industries and domestic wastes of both liquid and solid are disposed off. Villages and trees are found nearby the waste dumping site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThirteen sampling sites were selected from all the study habitats based on the area proportion and were representative of each habitat type. Line transects and point count methods were used for studying the diversity and relative abundance of birds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e83\u003c/span\u003e]. A total of 75, 8, and 6 line transects with different widths were used in the residential, riverine, and forest patch habitats, respectively. Likewise, line transect counting was used along roads in residential areas and riverside habitats. Roads between the residential blocks were used as line transects for counting birds. A total of 134.25 km long transects having a width of 30 to 50 m was used at the residential areas, and forest patches, and the riverside habitats. The line transects routes long about 112.25 km (75 x 1.5km) with 30 to 40 m wide along roads between blocks of buildings; a total of 12 km (8 x 1.5 km) in the riverside habitat; a total of 9.75 km (6 x 1.5 km) in forest patch habitats in addition to the 32 point counts. Total counts were used to enumerate birds in the waste dumping site as it cover a small area. The successive line transects were spaced from 150 to 200 m in forest patches habitat, and 250 m long the residential and riverside habitats with 50m width [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e83\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e84\u003c/span\u003e]. Point counts were applied in churches and monasteries where more dense vegetation, and use line transects in sparse vegetation at university campus and large green areas and city parks. Observation of birds was carried out from a fixed vantage point within a 30m radius for a specific period of 10 min at every point. A total of 20 points were chosen at each of the forest patch habitats. A total count method was used to count bird species at the waste dumping site as it covers a small area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData collection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData collection was carried out from April to October 2021, comprising both the wet and dry seasons. The dry season data were collected from April to June 2021, and the wet season data were collected from July to October 2021. The bird survey was conducted for a total of six successive months (14 days each month) with a total of 420 hrs covering the whole study period. Birds were identified and counted by walking at a rate of 1.5 km per hour at each transect line in residential and riverside habitats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the point count method, observations were made for 10 minutes by standing from a fixed position in the middle of each point by rotating 360\u0026deg; round quietly and gently within a 25 m radius observation station. A waiting period of 3 to 5 minutes was applied at the vantage points to minimize disturbance during birds identification and counting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e84\u003c/span\u003e]. All birds seen and heard within the 25 m radius were recorded. Birds that were seen flying over the census area were not recorded to avoid double-counting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data were collected twice a day, early in the morning from 6:30 to 10:00 a.m. and in the afternoon from 3:30 to 6:00 p.m. when birds are active for feeding detection. Field observations of individual birds were made using Bushnell binoculars. Bird species were generally identified in the field by using their plumage colors, beak shape and size, leg color, and overall body size [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e85\u003c/span\u003e]. Birds were identified at the species level using a field guide. Photographs were taken for further identification if on-site identification of birds was difficult in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSPSS software version 23 was used to analyse the bird data collected. The chi-square test (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) was employed to see the association of birds among the four habitat types including residential, riverine, forest patch, and waste dumping site. One-way ANOVA was used to test the species richness and abundance of bird species among habitats. Independent t-test was used to test the species richness and abundance of birds between wet and dry seasons across the four habitats. Furthermore, the species diversity of birds at each study habitat was calculated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (\u003cem\u003eH'\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShannon-Wiener diversity index (\u003cem\u003eH'\u003c/em\u003e), and evenness (J) indices were calculated as:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u0026prime; \u003cb\u003e= - Σ (P\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ei\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e.Ln(P\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ei\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e))\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ewhere\u003c/b\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u0026prime; = Shannon-Wiener index,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e = the proportion of each species, \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e in the sample\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLn (P\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;natural logarithm of this proportion\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecies evenness was determined by Shannon\u0026rsquo;s equitability index (J) as:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;H\u0026prime;\u003cb\u003e/H\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003emax\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003ewhere\u003c/b\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Shannon-Wiener Evenness index\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u0026prime; = Shannon-Wiener diversity index\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHmax\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;lnS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLn\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Log normal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Total number of speciesin each month.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe value of the Evenness index ranged from 0 to 1, in which 1 indicates complete evenness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSimpson\u0026rsquo;s similarity index (SI)\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimpson\u0026rsquo;s similarity index (SI) was used to compare bird communities among habitats in both seasons[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e83\u003c/span\u003e]. Simpson similarity index gives a value between 0 and 1, the closer the value to 1, the more the communities have more common species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2C/A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;B, where\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Simpson\u0026rsquo;s similarity index\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of species in habitat \u0026lsquo;A\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of species in habitat \u0026lsquo;B\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of common species that occur in both habitats \u0026lsquo;A\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;B\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe relative abundance of bird species in each habitat was calculated by:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{R}\\text{e}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\:\\text{a}\\text{b}\\text{u}\\text{n}\\text{d}\\text{a}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{e}=\\frac{\\:\\text{n}}{\\text{N}\\:}\\text{x}\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Numbers of individuals of a species\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the total number of individuals of all species\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative abundance values were used to ordinarily categorize each species under the following five abundance categories [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e83\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable\u003c/b\u003e Relative abundance score categories\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative abundance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative abundance core\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative abundance category\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRare\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUncommon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1\u0026ndash;10.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026ndash;40.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommon\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbundant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChi-square test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eANOVA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Variance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIBAs\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImportant Bird Areas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIUCN\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational Union for Conservation of Nature\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to express our gratitude to the College of Science, Bahir Dar University and the University of Gondar for their financial and material support for this study. We appreciate Gondar city municipality and administration office for granting permission to conduct this study. Special thanks to Getnet Chekole, a lecturer of botanical science at the University of Gondar, for his assistance in plant species identification. The authors would also thank to our research assistants, Moges Lemlemu and Mequanent Workie, for their invaluable help in field data collection. The authors also appreciate to the Gondar city culture and tourism administration office and the local elders for sharing their detailed insights about the history of Gondar city.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBM proposed the research idea. BM and AMo designed the study, and participated in data collection, data organization, and data analysis. BM, AMo, NT and AMe are participating in preparation of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe project has been supported by the Science College fund of Bahir Dar University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated and analyzed during this manuscript preparation are available from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to approve\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was evaluated and approved by Bahir Dar University, Science College, Research Ethical Committee, and permission was collected from the Amhara region. Consent to participation is not applicable since no respondents were participated in this research work. All methods used in this study were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Trial Number\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Not applicable, as this study did not involve any clinical aspects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLees AC, et al. State of the World\u0026rsquo;s Birds. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2022;l(47):231\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDicanio C, Bennett R, Mesoamerica. Oxf Handb Lang Prosody 2021; 408\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRajashekara MG, Venkatesha S. Community composition of aquatic birds in lakes of Bangalore, India. J Environ Biol 2011: 32(1): 77\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSekercioglu CH. Increasing awareness of avian ecological function. Trends Ecol Evol. 2006;21(8):464\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEgwumah FA, Egwumah PO, Edet D. Paramount Roles of Wild Birds as Bioindicators of Contamination. Int Int J Avian Wildl Biol 2017; 2 (6).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFuller RA, Warren PH, Gaston KJ. Daytime noise predicts nocturnal singing in urban robins. Biol Lett. 2007;3(4):368\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNigussie AT. Programme and other projects. 2000; 181\u0026ndash;182.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFashing PJ, Nguyen N, Demissew S, Gizaw A. Ecology, evolution, and conservation of Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s biodiversity. PNAS. 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAynalem S, Bekele A. Species composition, relative abundance and distribution of bird fauna of riverine and wetland habitats of Infranz and Yiganda at southern tip of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Trop Ecol. 2008;49(2):199\u0026ndash;209.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBirdLife International. Insights and solutions for the biodiversity crisis. 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAerts R, Lerouge F, November E, Lens L, Hermy M, Muys B. Land rehabilitation and the conservation of birds in a degraded Afromontane landscape in northern Ethiopia. Biodivers Conserv. 2008;17(1):53\u0026ndash;69.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcdonald RI, Kareiva P, Forman RTT. The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biol Conserv. 2008;141(6):1695\u0026ndash;703.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKark S, Iwaniuk A, Schalimtzek A, Banker E. Living in the city: Can anyone become an \u0026lsquo;urban exploiter\u0026rsquo;? J Biogeogr. 2007;34(4):638\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVallejo BM, Aloy AB, Ong PS. The distribution, abundance and diversity of birds in Manila\u0026rsquo;s last greenspaces. Landsc Urban Plan. 2009;89:75\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarzluff JM et al. .,.Urban ecology: An international perspective on the interaction between humans and nature. Urban Ecol Int Perspect Interact between Hum Nat 2008;1\u0026ndash;807.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePickett STA, et al. Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of progress. J Environ Manage. 2011;92(3):331\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcKinney ML. Urbanization, biodiversity and conservation. Bioscience. 2002;52:883\u0026ndash;90.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEvans BS, Reitsma R, Hurlbert AH, Marra PP. Environmental filtering of avian communities along a rural-to-urban gradient in Greater Washington, D.C., USA. Ecosphere 2018; 9(11).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePalacio FX, Iba\u0026ntilde;ez LM, Maragliano RE, Montalti D. Urbanization as a driver of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity losses in bird communities. Can J Zool. 2018;96(10):1114\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSeress G, Liker A. Habitat urbanization and its effects on birds. Acta Zool Acad Sci Hung. 2015;61(4):373\u0026ndash;408.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBelaire JA, Whelan CJ, Minor ES. Having our yards and sharing them too: the collective effects of yards on native bird species in an urban landscape. Ecol application. 2017;24(8):2132\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhera N, Mehta V, Sabata BC. Interrelationship of birds and habitat features in urban greenspaces in Delhi, India. Urban Urban Green. 2009;8(3):187\u0026ndash;96.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDaniels GD, Kirkpatrick JB. Does variation in garden characteristics influence the conservation of birds in suburbia? Biol Conserv. 2006;133(3):326\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCzech B, Krausman PR, Devers PK. Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States. Bioscience. 2000;50(7):593\u0026ndash;601.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaylor L, Taylor C, Davis A. The impact of urbanisation on avian species: The inextricable link between people and birds. Urban Ecosyst. 2013;16(3):481\u0026ndash;98.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIsaac MM, Muya SM, Kiiru W, Muchai M. Avian abundance, diversity and conservation Status in Etago Sub-County Kisii County Kenya. Open J Ecol. 2019;09(5):157\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReis E, L\u0026oacute;pez-Iborra GM, Pinheiro RT. Changes in bird species richness through different levels of urbanization: Implications for biodiversity conservation and garden design in Central Brazil. Landsc Urban Plan. 2012;107(1):31\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrimm NB, et al. Global change and the ecology of cities. Science. 2008;319:756\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcKinney ML. Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosyst. 2008;11(2):161\u0026ndash;76.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDevictor V, Julliard R, Jiguet F. Distribution of specialist and generalist species along spatial gradients of habitat disturbance and fragmentation. Oikos 2008.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePosa MRC, Sodhi NS. Effects of anthropogenic land use on forest birds and butterflies in Subic Bay, Philippines. Biol Conserv. 2006;129(2):256\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCornelis J, Hermy M. Biodiversity relationships in urban and suburban parks in Flanders. Landsc Urban Plan. 2004;69(4):385\u0026ndash;401.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSandstr\u0026ouml;m UG, Angelstam P, Mikusiński G. Ecological diversity of birds in relation to the structure of urban green space. Landsc Urban Plan. 2006;77:39\u0026ndash;53.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMengesha G, Bekele A. Diversity and relative abundance of birds of Alatish National Park, North Gondar, Ethiopia. Int J Ecol Environ Sci. 2008;34(2):215\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTassie N, Bekele A. Diversity and habitat association of birds of Dembia plain wetlands, Lake Tana, Ethiopia. SINET Ethiop J Sci 2008;31(1).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGirma Z, Mamo Y, Mengesha G, Verma A, Asfaw T. Seasonal abundance and habitat use of bird species in and around Wondo Genet Forest, south-central Ethiopia. Ecol Evol. 2017;7(10):3397\u0026ndash;405.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKiros et al. A preliminary study on bird diversity and abundance from Wabe fragmented forests around Gubre subcity and Wolkite town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Int Int J Avian Wildl Biol 2018; 3(4).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAligaz MA, et al. Distribution and extent of suitable habitats of Ruspoli\u0026rsquo;s Turaco (\u003cem\u003eTauraco ruspolii\u003c/em\u003e) and White-cheeked Turaco (\u003cem\u003eTauraco leucotis\u003c/em\u003e) under a changing climate in Ethiopia. BMC Ecol Evol. 2024;24(10):1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeles SK, Bogale BA. Assessment of bird diversity and abundance from waste disposal sites in and around Gubre Subcity, Wolkite Town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Int J Waste Resour 2018; 8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbeba A, Nega T, Dessalegn E. Seasonal diversity of urban birds: the case of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Biol Sci. 2020;19(2):181\u0026ndash;207.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTesfahunegny W, Assefa A. Diversity and abundance of birds in dumpsites of Afar region, Ethiopia: implication for conservation. BMC Zool. 2023;8(1):1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHibste H, Bekele A. Species composition, abundance and activity pattern of birds in Addis Ababa Abattoirs Enterprise area. Ethiop J Biol Sci. 2009;6(2):147\u0026ndash;58.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMbiba M, Mazhude C, Fabricius C, Fritz H, Muvengwi J. Bird species assemblages differ, while functional richness is maintained across an urban landscape. Landsc Urban Plan 2021; 212.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaye D, Wale M. Diversity, abundance and threats of avian species in Koga Dam and its Surroundings, North-Western Ethiopia. SINET Ethiop J Sci. 2017;40(2):60\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTilahun B, Tsegay Y, Sahle M. Urban bird species diversity and abundance in case of Wolkite town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Int J Ecol Environ Sci. 2019;45(3):293\u0026ndash;301.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMulualem G. Abundance and activity pattern of avifauna in Ashewa local vulture restaurant, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. Int Int J Avian Wildl Biol. 2016;1(1):25\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdamtie MA, Choudhary CK, Gutema TM, Alemu T. Diversity, relative abundance and distribution of avifauna in Gambella town, Southwest Ethiopia. Asian J Conserv Biol. 2023;12(2):216\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGirma E. \u003cem\u003eSpecies Compos. Divers. Avian fauna Beheretsigie, Cent. Ferencye Recreat. Park. Addis Ababa. MSc Thesis Addis Ababa Univ.\u003c/em\u003e 2007.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRija AA, Mgelwa AS, Modest RB, Hassan SN. Composition and functional diversity in bird communities in a protected humid coastal savanna. Adv Zool 2015; 1\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLim HC, Sodhi NS. Responses of avian guilds to urbanisation in a tropical city. Landsc Urban Plan. 2004;66(4):199\u0026ndash;215.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLuck GW, Smallbone LT. Species diversity and urbanisation: patterns, drivers and implications. Urban Ecol 2013; 88\u0026ndash;119.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarzluff JM. Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. Avian Ecol Conserv Urban World 2001;19\u0026ndash;47.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbilhoa R, Amoria V. Effects of urbanization on the avian community in a southern Braziliancity. 2017; 25(1): 31\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMikula P, Hromada M, Tryjanowski P. Bats and swifts as food of the European kestrel (falco tinnunculus) in a small town in Slovakia. Ornis Fenn. 2013;90(3):178\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCaula S, de Villalobos AE, Marty P. Seasonal dynamics of bird communities in urban forests of a Mediterranean city (Montpellier, Southern France). Urban Ecosyst. 2014;17(1):11\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMurgui E. Effects of seasonality on the species-area relationship: A case study with birds in urban parks. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2007;16(3):319\u0026ndash;29.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMengesha G, Yosef M, Bekele A. A comparison of terrestrial bird community structure in the undisturbed and disturbed areas of the Abijata Shalla lakes national park, Ethiopia, 2011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJeevan et al. Avifaunal-diversity-\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003eand-status-of-Shivamogga-municipal-city\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://and-status-of-Shivamogga-municipal-city\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. 2013.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCollias NE. On the origin and evolution of nest building by passerine birds. Condor. 1997;99(2):253\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDale S. Urban bird community composition influenced by size of urban green spaces, presence of native forest, and urbanization. Urban Ecosyst. 2018;21(1):1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTryjanowski P, et al. Bird diversity in urban green space: A large-scale analysis of differences between parks and cemeteries in Central Europe. Urban Urban Green. 2017;27:264\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcKinney ML. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biol Conserv. 2006;127(3):247\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eParris KM, Schneider A. Research, part of a special feature on effects of roads and traffic on Wildlife populations and landscape function impacts of traffic noise and traffic volume on birds of roadside habitats. Ecol Soc. 2009;14(1):29.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsegay Y, BeleteT, Mesfin S. Urban bird species diversity and abundance in case of Wolkite town, Southwestern Ethiopia. Int J Ecol Environ Sci. 2019;45(3):293\u0026ndash;301.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeveau LM, Isla FI, Bellocq MI. Predicting the seasonal dynamics of bird communities along an urban-rural gradient using NDVI. Landsc Urban Plan. 2018;177:103\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMacGregor-Fors I. Relation between habitat attributes and bird richness in a western Mexico suburb. Landsc Urban Plan. 2008;84(1):92\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDevictor V, Robert A. Measuring community responses to large-scale disturbance in conservation biogeography. Divers distrib. 2009;15(1):122\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTu HM, Fan MW, Ko JCJ. Different Habitat types affect bird richness and evenness. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTubelis D, Cavalcanti R. Community similarity and abundance of bird species in open habitats of a central Brazilian Cerrado. Ornitol Neotrop. 2001;12(1):57\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJoshia KK, Bhatt P. Avian diversity and its association with vegetation structure in different elevational zones of Nainital district (Western Himalayan) of Uttarakhand. Int J Biodivers Conserv 2012; 4(11).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEshetu M, Getinet M, Tebaber C, Agrie A, Eyobe M, Cherkos WB. Species diversity, habitat association and abundance of avifauna and large mammals in Gonde Teklehimanot and Aresema monasteries in North Gondar, Ethiopia. Int J Biodivers Conserv. 2018;10(4):185\u0026ndash;91.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShochat E, Lerman S, Fern\u0026aacute;ndez-Juricic E. Birds in urban ecosystems: Population dynamics, community structure, biodiversity, and conservation. Urban Ecosyst Ecol 2015; 75\u0026ndash;86.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhera N, Mehta V, Sabata BC. Interrelationship of birds and habitat features in urban greenspaces in Delhi, India. Urban Urban Green. 2009;8(3):187\u0026ndash;96.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBlumstein DT, Fern\u0026aacute;ndez-Juricic E, Zollner PA, Garity SC. Inter-specific variation in avian responses to human disturbance. J Appl Ecol. 2005;42(5):943\u0026ndash;53.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMargalida A, Colomer M\u0026Agrave;, Oro D. Man-induced activities modify demographic parameters in a long-lived species: Effects of poisoning and health policies. Ecol Appl. 2014;24(3):436\u0026ndash;44.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShiferaw A, Yazezew D. Diversity, distribution and relative abundance of avifauna at Ansas Dam and surrounding farmland site Debre Berhan town, Ethiopia. Avian Biol Res. 2021;14(1):8\u0026ndash;17.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEarnst SL, Holmes AL. Bird-habitat relationships in interior Columbia Basin shrubsteppe. Condor. 2012;114(1):15\u0026ndash;29.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarisha MN, Hosetti BB. Diversity and distribution of avifauna of Lakkavalli range forest, Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghat, India. Ecoprint Int J Ecol. 2009;16:21\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShiferaw, et al. Implications of land use/land cover dynamics and Prosopis invasion on ecosystem service values in Afar Region, Ethiopia. Sci Total Environ. 2019;675:354\u0026ndash;66.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNegewo MA. Case study quality of life in informal urban settlement in Ethiopia: the Case of Three Sub-Cities in Gondar City. SES Soc Incl Energy Manag Informal Urban Settlements. 2020;2:34.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDesalgn A, Subramanian C. Studies on avian diversity in Angereb Forest and adjacent farm land with reference to rainy and post rainy seasons, Northwestern Ethiopia. Int J Pure Appl Zool. 2015;3(3):2320\u0026ndash;9577.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBibby C, Jones M, Marsden S. \u003cem\u003eExpedition Field Techniques BIRD SURVEYS Together for birds and people\u003c/em\u003e, 2098; 44.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHostetler M, Main MB. Florida Monitoring Program: Transect Method. Univ Fla Inst Food Agric Sci Ext 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWenny DG, et al. Perspectives in ornithology the need to quantify ecosystem services provided by birds. Auk. 2011;128(1):1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Avifauna, Bird diversity, Bird composition, Habitat association, Gondar city","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7123153/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7123153/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eUnderstanding urban bird diversity and composition is essential for comprehending the urban ecosystem. This study was conducted in Gondar city, one of the historical sites in northern Ethiopia, to assess the diversity, composition, relative abundance, and habitat associations of birds across four urban habitats. The research was conducted from April to September 2021, encompassing both the wet and dry seasons. Birds were identified and counted using point count and line transect methods. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was employed to estimate species diversity, while One-way ANOVA and independent t-tests were used to analyze species abundance across different habitats and seasons, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eA total of 112 bird species from 15 orders and 47 families were identified in the study, including six intra-African migrants, five Palearctic migrants, and 101 resident and endemic species. Dominant species included Swainson’s Sparrow, village weaver, red-billed firefinch, and red-cheeked cordon bleu mostly observed in residential habitat. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in bird abundance across habitats (F = 17.79, df = 3, p = 0.001). The forest patch habitat had the highest diversity (H’ = 3.941), while the waste dumping site recorded the lowest diversity (H’ = 3.212). Additionally, the waste dump site exhibited the highest even distribution (J = 0.91), whereas the residential habitat had the lowest (J = 0.784).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eGondar city is a refuge for various avian species, including threatened, endemic, and migrant species. The urban birds offer aesthetic and recreational benefits for both residents and tourists. Birds in Gondar city face significant threats from human disturbances, loss of green areas due to urban expansion, and collisions. Bird-watching presents an opportunity for income generation through ecotourism in the community. Urban planners are encouraged to incorporate avian habitats into their designs to support and sustain bird diversity in the city.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Species composition, diversity, relative abundance and habitat association of avifauna in Gondar City, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-29 11:10:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7123153/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":1}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bc76a6a9-3bac-4d50-903d-f68a3d83004a","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-06T17:53:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-29 11:10:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7123153","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7123153","identity":"rs-7123153","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}