OmegaROP-2 prospective study: Expression of placental fatty acid receptors in preterm newborns with retinopathy of prematurity

OmegaROP-2 prospective study: Expression of placental fatty acid receptors in preterm newborns with retinopathy of prematurity | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Study protocol OmegaROP-2 prospective study: Expression of placental fatty acid receptors in preterm newborns with retinopathy of prematurity Chloé Carré, Niyazi Acar, Alejandra Daruich, Stéphane Grégoire, and 11 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2462212/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Oct, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Ophthalmology → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Incomplete vascularization of the retina in preterm infants carries a risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Progress in neonatal resuscitation in developing countries has led to the survival of an increasing number of premature infants, resulting in an increased rate of ROP and consequently in visual disability. Strategies to reduce ROP involve optimizing oxygen saturation, nutrition, and normalizing factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Our previous study, OmegaROP, showed that there is an accumulation or retention of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in mothers of infants developing ROP, suggesting abnormalities in the LC-PUFA placental transfer via fatty acid transporting proteins. The present study aims to better understand the LC-PUFA transport dysfunction in the fetoplacental unit during pregnancy and to find a novel target for the prevention of ROP development. Methods The study protocol is designed to evaluate the correlation between the expression level of placental fatty acid receptors and ROP occurrence. This ongoing study will include 100 patients: patients giving birth before 29 weeks of gestational age (GA) and patients with full-term pregnancies. Recruitment is planned for over 46 months. Maternal and cord blood samples as well as placental tissue samples will be taken following delivery. ROP screening will be performed using wide-field camera imaging according to the International Classification of ROP consensus statement. Discussion The results of this study will have a tangible impact on public health. Indeed, if we show a correlation between the expression level of placental omega-3 receptors and the occurrence of ROP, it would be an essential step in discovering novel pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this retinopathy. Trial registration: 2020-A03253-36 docosahexaenoic acid FATP placental fatty acid receptor retinopathy of prematurity Figures Figure 1 Background Physiologically, the retina does not have blood vessels until the fourth month of gestation, and the temporal periphery is normally fully vascularized by 1 month after birth. Incomplete vascularization of the retina in preterm infants carries a risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) [ 1 ]. Therefore, screening for ROP is recommended in infants born before 30 weeks of gestational age (GA) or those weighing less than 1500 g [ 2 ]. ROP is a pathological process in the immature retina leading to retinal neovascularization complications such as tractional retinal detachment, which results in subsequent visual loss. The incidence of ROP in developed countries is highly variable and ranges from 6 to 34% [ 3 ]. Despite improvements in controlling risk factors, ROP remains a leading cause of blindness. Although progress in neonatal resuscitation has led to the survival of an increasing number of premature infants, especially in developing countries, the rates of ROP and resulting visual loss have risen simultaneously [ 3 – 5 ]. High oxygenation targets are associated with decreased mortality, but hyperoxia inhibits the development of retinal vascularization. Subsequently, the increased retinal metabolic activity triggers growth factor-induced retinal vasoproliferation in the poorly vascularized retina [ 6 ]. Ablation of non-vascularized retinal areas reduces the risk of blindness related to ROP, but many patients undergoing this treatment do not achieve good long-term visual acuity. Therefore, prevention through the control of risk factors is more effective than late treatment of neovascularization. Strategies to reduce ROP involve optimizing oxygen saturation, nutrition, and normalizing factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) [ 7 ]. The mechanisms of normal and pathological retinal vascular development have already been extensively studied in ROP. Among the factors influencing the abnormal vascularization process in ROP are PUFAs and/or their derivatives, which appear to be potent retinal vascular growth regulators. For example, omega-3 PUFAs have been shown to prevent pathological angiogenesis in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [ 8 – 12 ], retinal vascular damage in diabetes [ 13 ], and abnormal retinal vascular development in an animal model of ROP (model of oxygen-induced retinopathy) [ 14 ]. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is protective in experimental models, but its administration as part of parenteral nutrition has yielded inconsistent results. According to the literature, few studies have been performed in vivo with extremely preterm infants. Some studies have not found a correlation between ROP development and DHA supplementation [ 15 – 16 ], whereas others have [ 17 – 19 ]. According to Berbade-Garcia and colleagues, it seems that LC-PUFA supplementation is correlated with a lower occurrence of severe ROP [ 20 ]. Concerning molecular signaling pathways, PUFAs modulate IGF-1 activation pathways [ 21 ] and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial cell proliferation [ 22 – 23 ]. These signaling pathways are implicated in the pathophysiology of ROP [ 24 – 26 ]. Postmortem studies have shown that the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes is correlated with that of nerve structures in children [ 27 ]. The pre- and postnatal developmental period is the most active phase of LC-PUFA incorporation into the central nervous system, including the retina [ 28 ]. Since retinal lipid analysis in humans is inconceivable due to its invasive nature, biochemists use circulating biomarkers of retinal LC-PUFAs. The lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes is considered a more reliable reflection than plasma since lipids in red blood cells are less sensitive to external factors. The omega-3 LC-PUFA composition of erythrocyte membranes does not appear to vary significantly in healthy children during the last weeks of gestation (4.7 ± 1.3% of total fatty acids for DHA at 24 GA [ 29 ], 5.2 ± 0.7% at 29 GA [ 30 ], 4.6 ± 0.4% at 33 GA [ 31 ], and 4.1% with a CI = [1.71–4.86] at 29 GA [ 32 ]). DHA is essential for fetal development and cannot be synthesized by the fetus. During pregnancy, fatty acids (FAs) are transferred from the maternal blood to the fetal blood via the placenta and the umbilical cord. At the microvillous membrane of the placenta, lipoprotein lipase induces the catabolism of triglycerides from the maternal blood, followed by placental uptake of free FA products. LC-PUFAs cross the microvillous membrane, the syncytium, and the basement membrane to reach the fetal blood circulation. The transport of nutrients and solutes across the syncytiotrophoblast occurs through several passive and active processes, including flow-limited diffusion, transcellular diffusion, protein-mediated transfer, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Selective transport of long-chain fatty acids occurs via specific transporters called fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) and fatty acid-transporting protein (FATP). These proteins have a major role in the transport of FAs [ 33 – 34 ]. FATP1 and FATP4 are frequently studied in placental tissue since their expression is correlated with DHA levels in maternal plasma, cord blood, and placental phospholipids, suggesting an essential role in the transfer of LC-PUFA [ 35 ]. Recent research is beginning to uncover the mechanisms of DHA transmembrane and intracellular transport in the placenta. It is suggested that maternal health and nutrition during pregnancy could be important in determining FA transport and binding protein expression and, thereby, essential FA delivery to the fetus. Further knowledge in this domain may be the first step in developing targeted interventions to help optimize fetal retinal growth and limit the incidence of ROP. Our previous study, Omega-ROP, took place at Dijon University Hospital’s ophthalmology and neonatology departments and the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE) between July 2015 and January 2018. This project confirmed previously published reports that the bioavailability of circulating (erythrocyte) LC-PUFAs was different in premature newborns developing ROP than in those without ROP [ 32 ]. Interestingly, it also showed that blood omega-3 LC-PUFA levels in mothers of premature newborns varied in opposite ways to their newborns. Mothers of newborns developing ROP had increased erythrocyte DHA levels above the normal range found in middle-aged women [ 36 ], while the levels of their respective newborns were abnormally low. Thus, our data suggest a potential accumulation or retention of DHA in mothers of infants developing ROP due to a dysfunction in LC-PUFA trans-placental transfer [ 32 ]. We decided to continue and extend our research collaboration based on these findings. Therefore, an amendment to collaborate with Necker Hospital in Paris was made for the study to be a multicenter trial. The present study aims to better understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms by assessing the association between placental FA receptor expression levels and the incidence of ROP in newborns. In addition, we will study the association between the LC-PUFA content of cord blood and maternal blood with the expression level of placental PUFA receptors and their correlation with ROP severity. Methods Study design Initially, the OMEGAROP-2 clinical trial (NCT04819893) was a single-center prospective cohort study. However, ROP is an uncommon pathology, with an incidence of approximately 20% in preterm newborns under 29 GA. Therefore, our protocol was amended to extend recruitment from 22 to 46 months at the Dijon University Hospital Maternity Department and to make the study a multicenter project with the collaboration of the ophthalmology and gynecology departments of Necker Hospital, Paris, France, to increase the number of participants. Study population and schedule The design of the study is illustrated in Fig. 1 . For patients giving birth before 29 GA, screening will be performed in the Pathological Pregnancy Department. Screening will be carried out in the delivery room for patients delivering at full-term. First, the investigating physician provides the patient with information and answers questions about the research study’s purpose and requirements. They also specify the patient’s rights when participating in biomedical research and verify the eligibility criteria. Second, the investigator obtains the patient’s freely given, informed, and written consent. Finally, the investigator provides a copy of the informed consent form according to article L1122-1 of the Public Health Code. Patients who do not consent to the trial will be treated according to standard care. The “prematurity ROP group” will be defined as patients with infants developing ROP and born before 29 GA. The “prematurity no-ROP group” will be defined as patients with infants without ROP and born before 29 GA. The “full-term no ROP group” will comprise patients with infants without ROP and born at full-term. Patients in life-threatening conditions will not be included (Table 1 ). Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Mothers delivering a premature newborn of less than 29 weeks’ gestational age (GA) after obtaining their non-opposition Mothers giving birth between 29 and 38 GA + 6 days Mothers giving birth at full term between 39 and 41 GA + 6 days, after obtaining their non-opposition Mothers with a vital prognosis The mother must be of legal age The mother is not affiliated with a social security system The mother must not be under legal guardianship For full-term mothers: Current or previous history of an obstetrical pathology of any origin (vascular such as gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia; gestational diabetes; intrauterine growth retardation, maternal infection during pregnancy such as toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella, measles, chickenpox) Sample size calculation The sample size in this study was calculated using multiple regression to detect a difference of 3 in the mean plasma FA receptor level between groups with 80% power (α error = 0.05), a ratio of 2:1 between groups, and a coefficient of determination R 2 of 0.10. Overall, a sample size of 100 patients is required: 70 mothers over 18 years of age giving birth before 29 GA and 30 mothers with full-term pregnancies (39–41 GA + 6 days). Assessment of variables Maternal history collection Maternal history that may cause changes in placental function will be recorded, for example, pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, abruptio placentae, and autoimmune and thromboembolic diseases during the pregnancy (Table 2 ). The investigator will give this document to the patient following delivery. Table 2 The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity [ 41 ]. Stage Localization Severity 1 Demarcation line I Circle area centered on the optic nerve with a radius twice the distance from the optic nerve to the macula Plus disease Sufficient vascular dilatation and tortuosity in at least 2 quadrants of the eye 2 Ridge II It extends from the end of zone I to the nasal ora serrata Pre-plus disease Insufficient vascular dilatation and tortuosity less than in plus disease 3 Extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation III It corresponds to the growing remaining crescent area 4a Extrafoveal partial retinal detachment 4b Foveal partial retinal detachment 5 Total retinal detachment Newborn follow-up ROP screening will be performed with a wide-field RETCAM II camera (Clarity Medical Systems; Pleasanton, CA, USA) using a lid speculum after application of a local anesthetic (oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 1.6 mg/0.4 mL; Thea Laboratories, Clermont-Ferrand, France) only in premature infants because ROP does not occur in full-term infants. Pupillary dilation will be performed before hand using one drop of 2.5% epinephrine (phenylephrine 5% diluted to 2.5%; Europhta Laboratories, Monaco) and one drop of tropicamide (2 mg/0.4 mL; Thea Laboratories, Clermont-Ferrand, France). A trained nurse will complete the procedure, and a trained pediatrics-specialized ophthalmologist will analyze all fundus photographs. The initiation of ROP screening should be based on the infant’s postmenstrual age because the onset of severe ROP correlates better with postmenstrual age than with postnatal age [ 2 ]. The screening will begin at 4–6 weeks of life but never before 31 weeks of postconceptional age (PCA) and will be repeated every other week until 41 weeks’ PCA if no ROP was detected, and every week and up to twice a week in the case of ROP. ROP staging will be determined according to the International Classification of ROP consensus statement [ 41 ] (Table 3). Table 3. Maternal characteristics. Inclusion number Age Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) End of pregnancy weight (kg) Size (cm) Smoking (during pregnancy) Alcohol (during pregnancy) Taking medication Multiple pregnancies? Delivery route Primipara? Diabetes (before pregnancy), if yes, HbA1c (%) Dyslipidemia Arterial hypertension Digestive diseases (please specify) Thromboembolic diseases Dysimmune diseases Obstetrical history (please specify) Events during this pregnancy Recurrent vomiting (what trimester? how often?) Gestational diabetes (specify if insulin is required) Maternal–fetal infection (specify) Gestational hypertension Pre-eclampsia Eclampsia Premature delivery risks Placental characteristics Birth weight (g): Weight at pathology analysis (g): Hypotrophic? Immature? Hematoma? Placental ischemia? Infection? (chorioamnionitis or funiculitis?) If necessary, transpupillary laser treatment of the ischemic areas will be performed under general anesthesia. This treatment will be carried out at the Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; the treatment involves "+" attacks in zone 1, stage 3 in zone 1, and stages 2 and 3 "+" in zone 2. Significant risk factors for developing ROP, namely, term and weight at birth, duration of mechanical ventilation, sepsis, use of erythropoietin, red blood cell transfusion, and cerebral hemorrhage will be documented during the first month of life (Table 4 ). Table 4 Newborn characteristics. Inclusion number Date of birth Term of birth (GA) Birth weight (g) Fetal growth restriction < 10th percentile? < 5th percentile? Causes: Maternal? Fetal? Placental? Weight to W1/W2/W3/W4 (g) Gender Male / Female Oxygen therapy : Total duration (day): Duration of mechanical ventilation (day): Duration of infant flow (day): Duration of Optiflow (days): Duration of single scope (day): Maximum FiO 2 (%): Sepsis Yes/No Necrotizing enterocolitis Neonatal encephalopathy Intracranial hemorrhage (specify the grade): Periventricular hemorrhage (specify the grade): Subependymal hemorrhage (specify the grade): Anemia Minimum hemoglobin level: Transfusion (specify the number of units and quantity): EPO use? Ophthalmologic follow-up Date of first fundus: Week of life at first fundus: Week of gestation at first fundus: Date of fundus at first sign of ROP: Week of life at first sign of ROP: Week of gestation at first sign of ROP: Stage of ROP at first sign of ROP: Localization of ROP at first sign of ROP: Stage plus or pre-plus: ROP type 1 or 2: Most severe eye: Date of fundus at maximal ROP: Week of life at maximal ROP: Week of gestation at maximal ROP: Number of fundus before first sign of ROP: Number of fundus before maximal ROP: Total number of fundus with RETCAM: Laser treatment (which eye?): Date of laser treatment: Intravitreal treatment (bevacizumab) (which eye?): Date of intravitreal treatment: Date of discharge (specify if transferred to another hospital) Biochemical assessments Maternal samples A 0.5-mL cord blood sample will be collected by venipuncture at the time of delivery in an EDTA tube by a midwife or a gynecologist. A 5-mL blood sample will also be taken from mothers within a maximum delay of 2 days following delivery. Red blood cells will be immediately separated from serum, and samples will be stored at − 80°C until lipidomic analyses. Three placenta samples (1 cm wide by 1 cm long) will be cut from mothers after delivery and stored at − 80°C. Following the recommendations of the “Ethical considerations for clinical trials on medicinal products conducted with minors,” the volume of blood collected will be limited to 0.5 mL for the umbilical cord blood and 5 mL for the mother’s venous blood. Lipidomic blood analyses The red blood cell FA composition for maternal and cord blood samples will be determined according to previously described procedures [ 36 – 37 ]: Total lipids are extracted from erythrocytes, according to Moilanen and Nikkari [ 38 ]. Phospholipids are purified from total lipid extracts using silica cartridges [ 39 ], and transmethylated using boron trifluoride in methanol [ 40 ]. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and dimethyl acetals (DMAs) are extracted with hexane and analyzed on a Hewlett Packard Model 5890 gas chromatograph using a CPSIL-88 column (100 mm × 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.20 mm; Varian, Les Ulis, France) equipped with a flame ionization detector. Hydrogen is used as the carrier gas (inlet pressure 210 kPa). The oven temperature is held at 60°C for 5 min, increased to 165°C at 15°C/min, held for 1 min, and then increased to 225°C at 2°C/min and finally kept at 225°C for 17 min. The injector and the detector are maintained at 250°C. FAMEs are identified by comparison with commercial and synthetic standards. The data will be processed using the EZChrom Elite software (Agilent Technologies, Massy, France) and reported as a percentage of the total FAMEs and DMAs [ 36 – 37 ]. Placental lipid transport/receptor protein analyses Proteins will be identified by Western blotting (WB). Tissues are previously treated with a modified RIPA buffer and stored at -80°C. The samples are denatured by adding Laemmli (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) 10× low glycerol concentration. Proteins are deposited in each well (20 µg for each of the experimental conditions) and then separated according to their molecular weight by migration on an SDS Stain-Free acrylamide gel (Mini-PROTEAN TGX, Stain-Free 4–15% Gels, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) at 70 V for 15 min, and then at 140 V for approximately 1 h. Proteins are then transferred to a 0.2-µm nitrocellulose membrane (reference 1620112, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) using the Trans-Blot Turbo Transfer System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) in semi-dry condition at 2.5 A and 25 V for 7 min. The non-specific sites are saturated by incubating the membrane for 1 h at room temperature in 1% PBS-Tween 5% skimmed milk The proteins of interest are then revealed by the successive incubation of a primary antibody and then a secondary antibody. The primary antibodies specific to the protein of interest are diluted 1/1000 in 1% PBS-Tween 5% skimmed milk buffer and incubated overnight at + 4°C. The secondary antibody specific to the primary antibody (polyclonal goat anti-mouse / HRP, Dako, reference P0447), coupled to a peroxidase (HRP) is diluted 1/1000 in 1% PBS-Tween 5% skimmed milk and then incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Chemiluminescent protein detection (ECL) is performed using a ChemiDocTM XRS reader with the Western lightning® Plus-ECL Enhanced Chemiluminescence Substrate (NEL 104001EA, Perkin-Elmer). Quantification of proteins of interest will be performed using the ImageLab® v.4.0.1 software. Objectives And Statistical Analysis Outcomes The primary outcome is to evaluate the relationship between the expression level of placental FA receptors and ROP occurrence. Secondary outcomes of the study are: (1) assessment of the relationship between blood cord FA content and the expression level of placental FA receptors; (2) assessment of the relationship between maternal blood FA content and the expression level of placental FA receptors; (3) assessment of the relationship between placental FA receptor expression levels and the occurrence and severity of ROP. Statistical Methods The data will be reviewed at the end of the study before statistical analysis. Statistical analysis will be performed using STATA v15.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Quantitative data will be expressed as median and interquartile range [IQR]. The groups will be compared using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test or Kruskal–Wallis test for quantitative variables and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for qualitative variables. Spearman correlations will be used to analyze the extent to which the placental FA receptor expression is associated with ROP occurrence. The extent to which the placental FA receptor expression is associated with the maternal blood FA level and the blood cord FA level will be analyzed through Spearman correlations. Linear regression analyses will be carried out to compare placental FA receptor expression levels as a function of GA. Statistical significance is to be set at p < 0.05, and the tests will be two-tailed. Ethical, Regulatory, And Dissemination Aspects The clinical study will be conducted in accordance with the relevant versions of the French and European laws (no. 2021 − 300 of 5 March 2021 related to research involving humans, amended by order no. 2016 − 800 of 16 June 2016 and its implementing decrees), the Declaration of Helsinki, and the recommendations of Good Clinical Practice. In accordance with article L1121-1 of the Public Health Code, this study constitutes research of category 3 involving human participants, in that it constitutes risk-free research in which all procedures are performed and products are used in the standard way. This clinical study was submitted to and approved by the Ethical Review Board of Dijon ( Comité de Protection des Personnes – CPP Ouest III - Dijon) on 7 February 2021, and two amendments were submitted and approved on 30 August 2021 (new inclusion site added) and 24 August 2022 (extension of inclusion time). Requests for substantial modifications should be addressed by the sponsor for approval or notification to the Ethical Review Board concerned in compliance with law 2021–300 of 5 March 2012 and its implementing decrees. All the submissions/declarations were made by the Sponsor Department at CHU Dijon, which manages the quality of the data collected. The data collected during the study will be processed electronically in accordance with the requirements of the CNIL, the French Data Protection Authority (in compliance with the French Reference Methodology MR003). As required, the sponsor has provided an insurance policy to cover the financial consequences of its civil liability following the regulations. It has been possible to carry out the protocol and the trial thanks to C. Renaud, project manager of the clinical research and innovation office; Prof. Creuzot Garcher, MD, PhD Head, Department of Ophthalmology; Prof. Simon, MD, PhD, Department of Gynecology, Dijon University Hospital, France; and Dr. Acar, group leader of the Eye and Nutrition Research Group, INRAE, Burgundy University. Also, the midwives study coordinator of the Gynecology Department at Dijon University Hospital and Dr. Carré, Department of Ophthalmology, coordinated the inclusion of the patients and collection of the study data. The study was converted to a multicenter research thanks to the collaboration of the departments of Ophthalmology (Dr. A. Daruich), Gynecology (Dr. M. Driessen), and Neonatology (Dr. E. Kermorvant) at Necker Hospital, Paris. The trial results will be published in international ophthalmological, medical, and scientific journals. The investigators, who will share the entirety of the final trial dataset, will follow the rules and guidelines of the International Committee for Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Per the provisions of Article R5121-13 of the Public Health Code, the investigator and any person called upon to collaborate in the studies are bound by professional secrecy, particularly concerning the nature of the products studied, the studies, the persons involved, and the results obtained subject to the provisions of Article L1123-14 of the Public Health Code. Without the promoter’s agreement (Dijon University Hospital), they may not provide information on the study to anyone other than the Health Authorities, including the inspectors, as mentioned in article R5121-13 of the Public Health Code. The study will not be commented on, either orally or in writing, without joint authorization from the coordinating investigator and the sponsor (Dijon University Hospital). Medical data concerning patients will only be communicated to the promoter and, if necessary, to the authorized health authorities under conditions that guarantee patient confidentiality. Patients may exercise their rights of access and rectification with their investigator. At the end of the study, all documents related to the study (including copies of the case report forms) should be archived at the study site or a centralized archiving site. Particular attention should be paid to identifying the patients included in the trial and the consent forms. This list and the forms are the most critical documents to be archived by the investigator. All documents related to the study should be kept for 15 years after the end of the study. At the end of this period, the sponsor will be informed by the investigators that archiving has been completed. Discussion PUFAs from the omega-3 series are strong regulators of perinatal retinal vascular development. It is now well established that n-3 LC-PUFAs play crucial roles in retinal angiogenesis and vascularization [ 42 ], limit the severity of pathological retinal neovascularization, and improve the regression of ocular vascular lesions [ 43 ]. To our knowledge, there are limited data available on lipid or LC-PUFA status in preterm infants developing ROP. Nutrient transport across the placenta and into fetal circulation is complex. Like glucose or amino acids, FAs are an essential macronutrient for adequate fetal growth and they cross the syncytiotrophoblast through specific transporters [ 44 ]. FATPs and FAT CD36 are integral membrane proteins that are important for the uptake of LC-PUFA [ 45 ]. FATP1 and FATP4 are mostly studied in placental tissue as their expression is correlated with DHA levels in maternal plasma, cord blood, and placental phospholipids, suggesting an important role in the transfer of LC-PUFA [ 33 ]. All of the n-6 and n-3 FAs accumulated by the fetus must be derived from the mother via LC-PUFA placental transfer [ 46 ]. Therefore, the diet must provide this after birth [ 28 ]. Previously, Pallot and colleagues in the Omega-ROP study were the first to characterize erythrocyte lipids in preterm infants born before 29 weeks of gestational age (GA) and showed abnormalities in placental PUFA transfer in preterm infants who will develop ROP [ 32 ]. DHA levels in erythrocytes were shown to range between 5.5 and 5.8% of total FAs in mothers who delivered full-term infants (39–41 GA) [ 47 ] and were reported to be reduced to 2.5% of total FAs in mothers of 33 GA preterm infants [ 48 ]. We hypothesize that in utero bioavailability of n-6 and n-3 LC-PUFAs could influence the occurrence of ROP. Mechanistic studies are needed to determine whether dysfunction in the placental transfer of n-3 LC-PUFAs is involved in the maternal and fetal erythrocyte FA modifications observed. In the OmegaROP-2 study, we aim to evaluate the association between the expression level of placental FA receptors and the development of ROP. Trial Status This trial is ongoing, and patient inclusion is not yet complete. The first patient was included on 20 April 2021. Initially, recruitment by the investigating center was planned until 20 October 2022, and the study period was to end in February 2023. However, due to the low incidence of births before 29 GA, this protocol has been amended: We have received CPP approval to extend the inclusion period by 24 months and make it a multicenter study with the collaboration of the ophthalmology and gynecology departments of Necker Hospital, Paris, France. Declarations Informed consent During the study, investigators will obtain an informed and written consent for all patients included. Ethics approval and consent to participate The clinical study will be conducted in accordance with the relevant versions of the French and European laws (no. 2021-300 of 5 March 2021 related to research involving humans, amended by order no. 2016-800 of 16 June 2016 and its implementing decrees), the Declaration of Helsinki, and the recommendations of Good Clinical Practice. In accordance with article L1121-1 of the Public Health Code, this study constitutes research of category 3 involving human participants, in that it constitutes risk-free research in which all procedures are performed and products are used in the standard way. This clinical study was submitted to and approved by the Ethical Review Board of Dijon ( Comité de Protection des Personnes – CPP Ouest III - Dijon) on 7 February 2021, and two amendments were submitted and approved on 30 August 2021 (new inclusion site added) and 24 August 2022 (extension of inclusion time). Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Upon completion of the study, de-identified data will be made by request available per the funder. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The OmegaROP2 study is funded by the Regional Council of Bourgogne Franche Comté (Région Bourgogne-Franche Comté) and Dijon University hospital (CHU DIJON), Grant Agreement Investment ID: 2021Y - 06998. The study design was developed in collaboration with the funder. The funder has no role during the execution of the study and will have no role during the analysis, interpretation of the data, or the decision to submit results. Authors' contributions All authors adhere to the authorship guidelines of BMC Ophthalmology. All authors have contributed to the drafting, critical review and final approval of the manuscript. All authors have agreed to publication. The authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements None References Terry TL. Fibroblastic overgrowth of persistent tunica vasculosa lentis in infants born prematurely: II. report of cases-clinical aspects. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1942; 40: 262-84. Fierson WM. 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Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: the US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006; 124: 995-1001. Delcourt C, Carrière I, Cristol JP, Lacroux A and Gerber M. Dietary fat and the risk of age-related maculopathy: the POLANUT study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007; 61: 1341-1344. Augood C, Chakravarthy U, Young I, et al. Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88: 398-406. Chong EW, Kreis AJ, Wong TY, Simpson JA and Guymer RH. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid and fish intake in the primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008; 126: 826-833. Tikhonenko M, Lydic TA, Opreanu M, et al. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent diabetic retinopathy by inhibition of retinal vascular damage and enhanced endothelial progenitor cell reparative function. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e55177. Stahl A, Sapieha P, Connor KM, et al. Short communication: PPAR gamma mediates a direct antiangiogenic effect of omega 3-PUFAs in proliferative retinopathy. Circ Res. 2010; 107: 495-500. Najm S, Löfqvist C, Hellgren G, et al. Effects of a lipid emulsion containing fish oil on polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles, growth and morbidities in extremely premature infants: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2017; 20: 17-23. Newberry SJ, Chung M, Booth M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and maternal and child health: an updated systematic Rreview. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2016: 1-826. The international classification of retinopathy of prematurity revisited. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005; 123: 991-999. Pawlik D, Lauterbach R, Walczak M, Hurkała J and Sherman MP. Fish-oil fat emulsion supplementation reduces the risk of retinopathy in very low birth weight infants: a prospective, randomized study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014; 38: 711-716. Vayalthrikkovil S, Bashir RA, Rabi Y, et al. Parenteral fish-oil lipid emulsions in the prevention of severe retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol. 2017; 34: 705-715. Bernabe-García M, Villegas-Silva R, Villavicencio-Torres A, et al. Enteral docosahexaenoic acid and retinopathy of prematurity: a randomized clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2019; 43: 874-882. Abribat T, Nedelec B, Jobin N and Garrel DR. Decreased serum insulin-like growth factor-I in burn patients: relationship with serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 proteolysis and the influence of lipid composition in nutritional support. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28: 2366-2372. Calviello G, Di Nicuolo F, Gragnoli S, et al. n-3 PUFAs reduce VEGF expression in human colon cancer cells modulating the COX-2/PGE2 induced ERK-1 and -2 and HIF-1alpha induction pathway. Carcinogenesis. 2004; 25: 2303-2310. Szymczak M, Murray M and Petrovic N. Modulation of angiogenesis by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is mediated by cyclooxygenases. Blood. 2008; 111: 3514-3521. Smith LE, Shen W, Perruzzi C, et al. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent retinal neovascularization by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Nat Med. 1999; 5: 1390-1395. Smith LE. Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2004; 14 Suppl A: 140-144. Smith LE. IGF-1 and retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm infant. Biol Neonate. 2005; 88: 237-244. Makrides M, Neumann MA, Byard RW, Simmer K and Gibson RA. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina, and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 60: 189-194. Innis SM. Essential fatty acids in growth and development. Prog Lipid Res. 1991; 30: 39-103. Carlson SE, Colombo J, Gajewski BJ, et al. DHA supplementation and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013; 97: 808-815. Smithers LG, Gibson RA, McPhee A and Makrides M. Effect of two doses of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diet of preterm infants on infant fatty acid status: results from the DINO trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008; 79: 141-146. Pontes PV, Torres AG, Trugo NM, Fonseca VM and Sichieri R. n-6 and n-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane of Brazilian preterm and term neonates and their mothers at delivery. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006; 74: 117-123. Pallot C, Mazzocco J, Meillon C, et al. Alteration of erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids in preterm newborns with retinopathy of prematurity. Sci Rep. 2019; 9: 7930. Larqué E, Krauss-Etschmann S, Campoy C, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supply in pregnancy affects placental expression of fatty acid transport proteins. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84: 853-861. Lauritzen L, Hansen HS, Jørgensen MH and Michaelsen KF. The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina. Prog Lipid Res. 2001; 40: 1-94. Larqué E, Demmelmair H, Klingler M, De Jonge S, Bondy B and Koletzko B. Expression pattern of fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP-1), FATP-4 and heart-fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) genes in human term placenta. Early Hum Dev. 2006; 82: 697-701. Koehrer P, Saab S, Berdeaux O, et al. Erythrocyte phospholipid and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e106912. Ajana S, Acar N, Bretillon L, Hejblum BP, Jacqmin-Gadda H and Delcourt C. Benefits of dimension reduction in penalized regression methods for high-dimensional grouped data: a case study in low sample size. Bioinformatics. 2019; 35: 3628-3634. Moilanen T and Nikkari T. The effect of storage on the fatty acid composition of human serum. Clin Chim Acta. 1981; 114: 111-116. Juaneda P and Rocquelin G. Rapid and convenient separation of phospholipids and non phosphorus lipids from rat heart using silica cartridges. Lipids. 1985; 20: 40-41. Morrison WR and Smith LM. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals from lipids with boron fluoride-methanol. J Lipid Res. 1964; 5: 600-608. Chiang MF, Quinn GE, Fielder AR, et al. International classification of retinopathy of prematurity, third edition. Ophthalmology. 2021. Connor KM, SanGiovanni JP, Lofqvist C, et al. Increased dietary intake of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces pathological retinal angiogenesis. Nat Med. 2007; 13: 868-73. SanGiovanni JP and Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005; 24: 87-138. Brett KE, Ferraro ZM, Yockell-Lelievre J, Gruslin A and Adamo KB. Maternal-fetal nutrient transport in pregnancy pathologies: the role of the placenta. Int J Mol Sci. 2014; 15: 16153-85. Kazantzis M and Stahl A. Fatty acid transport proteins, implications in physiology and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012; 1821: 852-857. Makrides M and Best K. Docosahexaenoic acid and preterm birth. Ann Nutr Metab. 2016; 69 Suppl 1: 29-34. Kitamura Y, Kogomori C, Hamano H, Maekawa I, Shimizu T and Shiga S. Fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membranes varies between early-term, full-term, and late-term infants in Japan. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018; 73: 335-343. Christian LM, Blair LM, Porter K, Lower M, Cole RM and Belury MA. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status in pregnant women: associations with sleep quality, inflammation, and length of gestation. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0148752. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Oct, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Ophthalmology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 31 May, 2023 Reviews received at journal 24 May, 2023 Reviews received at journal 02 May, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Apr, 2023 Reviews received at journal 03 Apr, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Mar, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Mar, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Mar, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 20 Jan, 2023 Editor invited by journal 19 Jan, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Jan, 2023 First submitted to journal 10 Jan, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2462212","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Study protocol","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":169195404,"identity":"35dbd1bd-31de-4126-81e0-1c390f1b190f","order_by":0,"name":"Chloé Carré","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dijon University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chloé","middleName":"","lastName":"Carré","suffix":""},{"id":169195405,"identity":"03e00672-2257-4055-8df4-945ba46bd9fc","order_by":1,"name":"Niyazi Acar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Eye and Nutrition Research Group, 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Gabrielle","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQYGZhDJx87A+ADI5+EjWgsbMwOzAUgLG5FaGEBa2CTADEI6zKXbL34u3GMhx8bMfKzya46dDBsD88NHN/BosZxzplh6xjMJYzZmtrTbstuSgQ5jMzbOwaPF4EZOgjTPAYnENmYes9uS25iBWnjYpAloSf4N1FLfxsz/rVhyWz0xWtKPgWxJYAOaz/hx22HCWixn5LBZzzggYdjGzGYszbjtOA/QU/j9Yi6R/vh2wYE6eX725ocff26rtgcxHuN1GAOPAZzDzAMm8SiHaGF/AOcw/iCgehSMglEwCkYmAAD+Kj1dgediBAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dijon University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pierre-Henry","middleName":"","lastName":"Gabrielle","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-01-10 09:29:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2462212/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2462212/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-023-03156-0","type":"published","date":"2023-10-06T15:01:48+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":31969403,"identity":"7aa1f88f-6a63-4557-a256-b37bc8b77ddd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-01-23 23:20:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47934,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlowchart of the OmegaROP-2 study.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2462212/v1/31dd23c017f6c6c1e2779a09.jpg"},{"id":44302577,"identity":"8d6f01a8-bdc8-4da4-a891-14ead0d7b67d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-09 15:11:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":682371,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2462212/v1/493a2942-e7a0-4235-8766-22e6cb3c9111.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"OmegaROP-2 prospective study: Expression of placental fatty acid receptors in preterm newborns with retinopathy of prematurity","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003ePhysiologically, the retina does not have blood vessels until the fourth month of gestation, and the temporal periphery is normally fully vascularized by 1 month after birth. Incomplete vascularization of the retina in preterm infants carries a risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, screening for ROP is recommended in infants born before 30 weeks of gestational age (GA) or those weighing less than 1500 g [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. ROP is a pathological process in the immature retina leading to retinal neovascularization complications such as tractional retinal detachment, which results in subsequent visual loss. The incidence of ROP in developed countries is highly variable and ranges from 6 to 34% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite improvements in controlling risk factors, ROP remains a leading cause of blindness. Although progress in neonatal resuscitation has led to the survival of an increasing number of premature infants, especially in developing countries, the rates of ROP and resulting visual loss have risen simultaneously [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. High oxygenation targets are associated with decreased mortality, but hyperoxia inhibits the development of retinal vascularization. Subsequently, the increased retinal metabolic activity triggers growth factor-induced retinal vasoproliferation in the poorly vascularized retina [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Ablation of non-vascularized retinal areas reduces the risk of blindness related to ROP, but many patients undergoing this treatment do not achieve good long-term visual acuity. Therefore, prevention through the control of risk factors is more effective than late treatment of neovascularization. Strategies to reduce ROP involve optimizing oxygen saturation, nutrition, and normalizing factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mechanisms of normal and pathological retinal vascular development have already been extensively studied in ROP. Among the factors influencing the abnormal vascularization process in ROP are PUFAs and/or their derivatives, which appear to be potent retinal vascular growth regulators. For example, omega-3 PUFAs have been shown to prevent pathological angiogenesis in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], retinal vascular damage in diabetes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], and abnormal retinal vascular development in an animal model of ROP (model of oxygen-induced retinopathy) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is protective in experimental models, but its administration as part of parenteral nutrition has yielded inconsistent results. According to the literature, few studies have been performed \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e with extremely preterm infants. Some studies have not found a correlation between ROP development and DHA supplementation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], whereas others have [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. According to Berbade-Garcia and colleagues, it seems that LC-PUFA supplementation is correlated with a lower occurrence of severe ROP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning molecular signaling pathways, PUFAs modulate IGF-1 activation pathways [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial cell proliferation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. These signaling pathways are implicated in the pathophysiology of ROP [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Postmortem studies have shown that the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes is correlated with that of nerve structures in children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. The pre- and postnatal developmental period is the most active phase of LC-PUFA incorporation into the central nervous system, including the retina [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince retinal lipid analysis in humans is inconceivable due to its invasive nature, biochemists use circulating biomarkers of retinal LC-PUFAs. The lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes is considered a more reliable reflection than plasma since lipids in red blood cells are less sensitive to external factors. The omega-3 LC-PUFA composition of erythrocyte membranes does not appear to vary significantly in healthy children during the last weeks of gestation (4.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3% of total fatty acids for DHA at 24 GA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], 5.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7% at 29 GA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], 4.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4% at 33 GA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], and 4.1% with a CI = [1.71\u0026ndash;4.86] at 29 GA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]). DHA is essential for fetal development and cannot be synthesized by the fetus. During pregnancy, fatty acids (FAs) are transferred from the maternal blood to the fetal blood via the placenta and the umbilical cord. At the microvillous membrane of the placenta, lipoprotein lipase induces the catabolism of triglycerides from the maternal blood, followed by placental uptake of free FA products. LC-PUFAs cross the microvillous membrane, the syncytium, and the basement membrane to reach the fetal blood circulation. The transport of nutrients and solutes across the syncytiotrophoblast occurs through several passive and active processes, including flow-limited diffusion, transcellular diffusion, protein-mediated transfer, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Selective transport of long-chain fatty acids occurs via specific transporters called fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) and fatty acid-transporting protein (FATP). These proteins have a major role in the transport of FAs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. FATP1 and FATP4 are frequently studied in placental tissue since their expression is correlated with DHA levels in maternal plasma, cord blood, and placental phospholipids, suggesting an essential role in the transfer of LC-PUFA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent research is beginning to uncover the mechanisms of DHA transmembrane and intracellular transport in the placenta. It is suggested that maternal health and nutrition during pregnancy could be important in determining FA transport and binding protein expression and, thereby, essential FA delivery to the fetus. Further knowledge in this domain may be the first step in developing targeted interventions to help optimize fetal retinal growth and limit the incidence of ROP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur previous study, Omega-ROP, took place at Dijon University Hospital\u0026rsquo;s ophthalmology and neonatology departments and the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE) between July 2015 and January 2018. This project confirmed previously published reports that the bioavailability of circulating (erythrocyte) LC-PUFAs was different in premature newborns developing ROP than in those without ROP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Interestingly, it also showed that blood omega-3 LC-PUFA levels in mothers of premature newborns varied in opposite ways to their newborns. Mothers of newborns developing ROP had increased erythrocyte DHA levels above the normal range found in middle-aged women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], while the levels of their respective newborns were abnormally low. Thus, our data suggest a potential accumulation or retention of DHA in mothers of infants developing ROP due to a dysfunction in LC-PUFA trans-placental transfer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. We decided to continue and extend our research collaboration based on these findings. Therefore, an amendment to collaborate with Necker Hospital in Paris was made for the study to be a multicenter trial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study aims to better understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms by assessing the association between placental FA receptor expression levels and the incidence of ROP in newborns. In addition, we will study the association between the LC-PUFA content of cord blood and maternal blood with the expression level of placental PUFA receptors and their correlation with ROP severity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially, the OMEGAROP-2 clinical trial (NCT04819893) was a single-center prospective cohort study. However, ROP is an uncommon pathology, with an incidence of approximately 20% in preterm newborns under 29 GA. Therefore, our protocol was amended to extend recruitment from 22 to 46 months at the Dijon University Hospital Maternity Department and to make the study a multicenter project with the collaboration of the ophthalmology and gynecology departments of Necker Hospital, Paris, France, to increase the number of participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy population and schedule\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe design of the study is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor patients giving birth before 29 GA, screening will be performed in the Pathological Pregnancy Department. Screening will be carried out in the delivery room for patients delivering at full-term. First, the investigating physician provides the patient with information and answers questions about the research study\u0026rsquo;s purpose and requirements. They also specify the patient\u0026rsquo;s rights when participating in biomedical research and verify the eligibility criteria. Second, the investigator obtains the patient\u0026rsquo;s freely given, informed, and written consent. Finally, the investigator provides a copy of the informed consent form according to article L1122-1 of the Public Health Code. Patients who do not consent to the trial will be treated according to standard care. The \u0026ldquo;prematurity ROP group\u0026rdquo; will be defined as patients with infants developing ROP and born before 29 GA. The \u0026ldquo;prematurity no-ROP group\u0026rdquo; will be defined as patients with infants without ROP and born before 29 GA. The \u0026ldquo;full-term no ROP group\u0026rdquo; will comprise patients with infants without ROP and born at full-term. Patients in life-threatening conditions will not be included (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers delivering a premature newborn of less than 29 weeks\u0026rsquo; gestational age (GA) after obtaining their non-opposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers giving birth between 29 and 38\u0026nbsp;GA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers giving birth at full term between 39 and 41\u0026nbsp;GA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 days, after obtaining their non-opposition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMothers with a vital prognosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mother must be of legal age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mother is not affiliated with a social security system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mother must not be under legal guardianship\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor full-term mothers: Current or previous history of an obstetrical pathology of any origin (vascular such as gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia; gestational diabetes; intrauterine growth retardation, maternal infection during pregnancy such as toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella, measles, chickenpox)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample size calculation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size in this study was calculated using multiple regression to detect a difference of 3 in the mean plasma FA receptor level between groups with 80% power (α error\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05), a ratio of 2:1 between groups, and a coefficient of determination R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of 0.10. Overall, a sample size of 100 patients is required: 70 mothers over 18 years of age giving birth before 29 GA and 30 mothers with full-term pregnancies (39\u0026ndash;41 GA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;6 days).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssessment of variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMaternal history collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal history that may cause changes in placental function will be recorded, for example, pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, abruptio placentae, and autoimmune and thromboembolic diseases during the pregnancy (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The investigator will give this document to the patient following delivery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocalization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeverity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemarcation line\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCircle area centered on the optic nerve with a radius twice the distance from the optic nerve to the macula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlus disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSufficient vascular dilatation and tortuosity in at least 2 quadrants of the eye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRidge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt extends from the end of zone I to the nasal ora serrata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-plus disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsufficient vascular dilatation and tortuosity less than in plus disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraretinal fibrovascular proliferation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt corresponds to the growing remaining crescent area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtrafoveal partial retinal detachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoveal partial retinal detachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal retinal detachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNewborn follow-up\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eROP screening will be performed with a wide-field RETCAM II camera (Clarity Medical Systems; Pleasanton, CA, USA) using a lid speculum after application of a local anesthetic (oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 1.6 mg/0.4 mL; Thea Laboratories, Clermont-Ferrand, France) only in premature infants because ROP does not occur in full-term infants. Pupillary dilation will be performed before hand using one drop of 2.5% epinephrine (phenylephrine 5% diluted to 2.5%; Europhta Laboratories, Monaco) and one drop of tropicamide (2 mg/0.4 mL; Thea Laboratories, Clermont-Ferrand, France). A trained nurse will complete the procedure, and a trained pediatrics-specialized ophthalmologist will analyze all fundus photographs. The initiation of ROP screening should be based on the infant\u0026rsquo;s postmenstrual age because the onset of severe ROP correlates better with postmenstrual age than with postnatal age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The screening will begin at 4\u0026ndash;6 weeks of life but never before 31 weeks of postconceptional age (PCA) and will be repeated every other week until 41 weeks\u0026rsquo; PCA if no ROP was detected, and every week and up to twice a week in the case of ROP. ROP staging will be determined according to the International Classification of ROP consensus statement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] (Table\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3. Maternal characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInclusion number\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePre-pregnancy weight (kg)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnd of pregnancy weight (kg)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSize (cm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSmoking (during pregnancy)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohol (during pregnancy)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTaking medication\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMultiple pregnancies?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDelivery route\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrimipara?\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes (before pregnancy), if yes, HbA1c (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDyslipidemia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArterial hypertension\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDigestive diseases (please specify)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThromboembolic diseases\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDysimmune diseases\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eObstetrical history (please specify)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEvents during this pregnancy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRecurrent vomiting (what trimester? how often?)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestational diabetes (specify if insulin is required)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaternal\u0026ndash;fetal infection (specify)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestational hypertension\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePre-eclampsia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEclampsia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePremature delivery risks\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePlacental characteristics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBirth weight (g):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight at pathology analysis (g):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypotrophic?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmature?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHematoma?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlacental ischemia?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection? (chorioamnionitis or funiculitis?)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf necessary, transpupillary laser treatment of the ischemic areas will be performed under general anesthesia. This treatment will be carried out at the Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; the treatment involves \"+\" attacks in zone 1, stage 3 in zone 1, and stages 2 and 3 \"+\" in zone 2. Significant risk factors for developing ROP, namely, term and weight at birth, duration of mechanical ventilation, sepsis, use of erythropoietin, red blood cell transfusion, and cerebral hemorrhage will be documented during the first month of life (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNewborn characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDate of birth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerm of birth (GA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBirth weight (g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFetal\u0026nbsp;growth\u0026nbsp;restriction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10th percentile?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5th percentile?\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses: Maternal? Fetal? Placental?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight to W1/W2/W3/W4 (g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale / Female\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOxygen therapy\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal duration (day):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of mechanical ventilation (day):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of infant flow (day):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of Optiflow (days):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of single scope (day):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum FiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (%):\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSepsis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes/No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNecrotizing enterocolitis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeonatal encephalopathy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntracranial hemorrhage (specify the grade):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeriventricular hemorrhage (specify the grade):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubependymal hemorrhage (specify the grade):\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnemia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum hemoglobin level:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfusion (specify the number of units and quantity):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEPO use?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOphthalmologic follow-up\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDate of first fundus:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek of life at first fundus:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek of gestation at first fundus:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDate of fundus at first sign of ROP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek of life at first sign of ROP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek of gestation at first sign of ROP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage of ROP at first sign of ROP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocalization of ROP at first sign of ROP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStage plus or pre-plus:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eROP type 1 or 2:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost severe eye:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDate of fundus at maximal ROP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek of life at maximal ROP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek of gestation at maximal ROP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of fundus before first sign of ROP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of fundus before maximal ROP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal number of fundus with RETCAM:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaser treatment (which eye?):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDate of laser treatment:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntravitreal treatment (bevacizumab) (which eye?):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDate of intravitreal treatment:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDate of discharge (specify if transferred to another hospital)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiochemical assessments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMaternal samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA 0.5-mL cord blood sample will be collected by venipuncture at the time of delivery in an EDTA tube by a midwife or a gynecologist. A 5-mL blood sample will also be taken from mothers within a maximum delay of 2 days following delivery. Red blood cells will be immediately separated from serum, and samples will be stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;80\u0026deg;C until lipidomic analyses. Three placenta samples (1 cm wide by 1 cm long) will be cut from mothers after delivery and stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;80\u0026deg;C. Following the recommendations of the \u0026ldquo;Ethical considerations for clinical trials on medicinal products conducted with minors,\u0026rdquo; the volume of blood collected will be limited to 0.5 mL for the umbilical cord blood and 5 mL for the mother\u0026rsquo;s venous blood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLipidomic blood analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe red blood cell FA composition for maternal and cord blood samples will be determined according to previously described procedures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]: Total lipids are extracted from erythrocytes, according to Moilanen and Nikkari [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Phospholipids are purified from total lipid extracts using silica cartridges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], and transmethylated using boron trifluoride in methanol [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and dimethyl acetals (DMAs) are extracted with hexane and analyzed on a Hewlett Packard Model 5890 gas chromatograph using a CPSIL-88 column (100 mm \u0026times; 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.20 mm; Varian, Les Ulis, France) equipped with a flame ionization detector. Hydrogen is used as the carrier gas (inlet pressure 210 kPa). The oven temperature is held at 60\u0026deg;C for 5 min, increased to 165\u0026deg;C at 15\u0026deg;C/min, held for 1 min, and then increased to 225\u0026deg;C at 2\u0026deg;C/min and finally kept at 225\u0026deg;C for 17 min. The injector and the detector are maintained at 250\u0026deg;C. FAMEs are identified by comparison with commercial and synthetic standards. The data will be processed using the EZChrom Elite software (Agilent Technologies, Massy, France) and reported as a percentage of the total FAMEs and DMAs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlacental lipid transport/receptor protein analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eProteins will be identified by Western blotting (WB). Tissues are previously treated with a modified RIPA buffer and stored at -80\u0026deg;C. The samples are denatured by adding Laemmli (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) 10\u0026times; low glycerol concentration. Proteins are deposited in each well (20 \u0026micro;g for each of the experimental conditions) and then separated according to their molecular weight by migration on an SDS Stain-Free acrylamide gel (Mini-PROTEAN TGX, Stain-Free 4\u0026ndash;15% Gels, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) at 70 V for 15 min, and then at 140 V for approximately 1 h. Proteins are then transferred to a 0.2-\u0026micro;m nitrocellulose membrane (reference 1620112, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) using the Trans-Blot Turbo Transfer System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) in semi-dry condition at 2.5 A and 25 V for 7 min. The non-specific sites are saturated by incubating the membrane for 1 h at room temperature in 1% PBS-Tween 5% skimmed milk The proteins of interest are then revealed by the successive incubation of a primary antibody and then a secondary antibody. The primary antibodies specific to the protein of interest are diluted 1/1000 in 1% PBS-Tween 5% skimmed milk buffer and incubated overnight at +\u0026thinsp;4\u0026deg;C. The secondary antibody specific to the primary antibody (polyclonal goat anti-mouse / HRP, Dako, reference P0447), coupled to a peroxidase (HRP) is diluted 1/1000 in 1% PBS-Tween 5% skimmed milk and then incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Chemiluminescent protein detection (ECL) is performed using a ChemiDocTM XRS reader with the Western lightning\u0026reg; Plus-ECL Enhanced Chemiluminescence Substrate (NEL 104001EA, Perkin-Elmer). Quantification of proteins of interest will be performed using the ImageLab\u0026reg; v.4.0.1 software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eObjectives And Statistical Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOutcomes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary outcome is to evaluate the relationship between the expression level of placental FA receptors and ROP occurrence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary outcomes of the study are: (1) assessment of the relationship between blood cord FA content and the expression level of placental FA receptors; (2) assessment of the relationship between maternal blood FA content and the expression level of placental FA receptors; (3) assessment of the relationship between placental FA receptor expression levels and the occurrence and severity of ROP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical Methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data will be reviewed at the end of the study before statistical analysis. Statistical analysis will be performed using STATA v15.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative data will be expressed as median and interquartile range [IQR]. The groups will be compared using the non-parametric Mann\u0026ndash;Whitney test or Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis test for quantitative variables and the chi-square test or Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test for qualitative variables. Spearman correlations will be used to analyze the extent to which the placental FA receptor expression is associated with ROP occurrence. The extent to which the placental FA receptor expression is associated with the maternal blood FA level and the blood cord FA level will be analyzed through Spearman correlations. Linear regression analyses will be carried out to compare placental FA receptor expression levels as a function of GA. Statistical significance is to be set at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, and the tests will be two-tailed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical, Regulatory, And Dissemination Aspects\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe clinical study will be conducted in accordance with the relevant versions of the French and European laws (no. 2021\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;300 of 5 March 2021 related to research involving humans, amended by order no. 2016\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;800 of 16 June 2016 and its implementing decrees), the Declaration of Helsinki, and the recommendations of Good Clinical Practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn accordance with article L1121-1 of the Public Health Code, this study constitutes research of category 3 involving human participants, in that it constitutes risk-free research in which all procedures are performed and products are used in the standard way.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis clinical study was submitted to and approved by the Ethical Review Board of Dijon (\u003cem\u003eComit\u0026eacute; de Protection des Personnes\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; CPP Ouest III - Dijon) on 7 February 2021, and two amendments were submitted and approved on 30 August 2021 (new inclusion site added) and 24 August 2022 (extension of inclusion time).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRequests for substantial modifications should be addressed by the sponsor for approval or notification to the Ethical Review Board concerned in compliance with law 2021\u0026ndash;300 of 5 March 2012 and its implementing decrees.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the submissions/declarations were made by the Sponsor Department at CHU Dijon, which manages the quality of the data collected. The data collected during the study will be processed electronically in accordance with the requirements of the CNIL, the French Data Protection Authority (in compliance with the French Reference Methodology MR003).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs required, the sponsor has provided an insurance policy to cover the financial consequences of its civil liability following the regulations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been possible to carry out the protocol and the trial thanks to C. Renaud, project manager of the clinical research and innovation office; Prof. Creuzot Garcher, MD, PhD Head, Department of Ophthalmology; Prof. Simon, MD, PhD, Department of Gynecology, Dijon University Hospital, France; and Dr. Acar, group leader of the Eye and Nutrition Research Group, INRAE, Burgundy University. Also, the midwives study coordinator of the Gynecology Department at Dijon University Hospital and Dr. Carr\u0026eacute;, Department of Ophthalmology, coordinated the inclusion of the patients and collection of the study data. The study was converted to a multicenter research thanks to the collaboration of the departments of Ophthalmology (Dr. A. Daruich), Gynecology (Dr. M. Driessen), and Neonatology (Dr. E. Kermorvant) at Necker Hospital, Paris.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe trial results will be published in international ophthalmological, medical, and scientific journals. The investigators, who will share the entirety of the final trial dataset, will follow the rules and guidelines of the International Committee for Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePer the provisions of Article R5121-13 of the Public Health Code, the investigator and any person called upon to collaborate in the studies are bound by professional secrecy, particularly concerning the nature of the products studied, the studies, the persons involved, and the results obtained subject to the provisions of Article L1123-14 of the Public Health Code.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout the promoter\u0026rsquo;s agreement (Dijon University Hospital), they may not provide information on the study to anyone other than the Health Authorities, including the inspectors, as mentioned in article R5121-13 of the Public Health Code.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study will not be commented on, either orally or in writing, without joint authorization from the coordinating investigator and the sponsor (Dijon University Hospital). Medical data concerning patients will only be communicated to the promoter and, if necessary, to the authorized health authorities under conditions that guarantee patient confidentiality. Patients may exercise their rights of access and rectification with their investigator.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the study, all documents related to the study (including copies of the case report forms) should be archived at the study site or a centralized archiving site. Particular attention should be paid to identifying the patients included in the trial and the consent forms. This list and the forms are the most critical documents to be archived by the investigator.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll documents related to the study should be kept for 15 years after the end of the study. At the end of this period, the sponsor will be informed by the investigators that archiving has been completed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePUFAs from the omega-3 series are strong regulators of perinatal retinal vascular development. It is now well established that n-3 LC-PUFAs play crucial roles in retinal angiogenesis and vascularization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e], limit the severity of pathological retinal neovascularization, and improve the regression of ocular vascular lesions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. To our knowledge, there are limited data available on lipid or LC-PUFA status in preterm infants developing ROP. Nutrient transport across the placenta and into fetal circulation is complex. Like glucose or amino acids, FAs are an essential macronutrient for adequate fetal growth and they cross the syncytiotrophoblast through specific transporters [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. FATPs and FAT CD36 are integral membrane proteins that are important for the uptake of LC-PUFA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. FATP1 and FATP4 are mostly studied in placental tissue as their expression is correlated with DHA levels in maternal plasma, cord blood, and placental phospholipids, suggesting an important role in the transfer of LC-PUFA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. All of the n-6 and n-3 FAs accumulated by the fetus must be derived from the mother via LC-PUFA placental transfer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the diet must provide this after birth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Previously, Pallot and colleagues in the Omega-ROP study were the first to characterize erythrocyte lipids in preterm infants born before 29 weeks of gestational age (GA) and showed abnormalities in placental PUFA transfer in preterm infants who will develop ROP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. DHA levels in erythrocytes were shown to range between 5.5 and 5.8% of total FAs in mothers who delivered full-term infants (39\u0026ndash;41 GA) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e] and were reported to be reduced to 2.5% of total FAs in mothers of 33 GA preterm infants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe hypothesize that in utero bioavailability of n-6 and n-3 LC-PUFAs could influence the occurrence of ROP. Mechanistic studies are needed to determine whether dysfunction in the placental transfer of n-3 LC-PUFAs is involved in the maternal and fetal erythrocyte FA modifications observed. In the OmegaROP-2 study, we aim to evaluate the association between the expression level of placental FA receptors and the development of ROP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTrial Status\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis trial is ongoing, and patient inclusion is not yet complete. The first patient was included on 20 April 2021. Initially, recruitment by the investigating center was planned until 20 October 2022, and the study period was to end in February 2023. However, due to the low incidence of births before 29 GA, this protocol has been amended: We have received CPP approval to extend the inclusion period by 24 months and make it a multicenter study with the collaboration of the ophthalmology and gynecology departments of Necker Hospital, Paris, France.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the study, investigators will obtain an informed and written consent for all patients included.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe clinical study will be conducted in accordance with the relevant versions of the French and European laws (no. 2021-300 of 5 March 2021 related to research involving humans, amended by order no. 2016-800 of 16 June 2016 and its implementing decrees), the Declaration of Helsinki, and the recommendations of Good Clinical Practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn accordance with article L1121-1 of the Public Health Code, this study constitutes research of category 3 involving human participants, in that it constitutes risk-free research in which all procedures are performed and products are used in the standard way.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis clinical study was submitted to and approved by the Ethical Review Board of Dijon (\u003cem\u003eComit\u0026eacute; de Protection des Personnes\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; CPP Ouest III - Dijon) on 7 February 2021, and two amendments were submitted and approved on 30 August 2021 (new inclusion site added) and 24 August 2022 (extension of inclusion time).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable. Upon completion of the study, de-identified data will be made by request available per the funder.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe OmegaROP2 study is funded by the Regional Council of Bourgogne Franche Comt\u0026eacute; (R\u0026eacute;gion Bourgogne-Franche Comt\u0026eacute;) and Dijon University hospital (CHU DIJON), Grant Agreement Investment ID: 2021Y - 06998. The study design was developed in collaboration with the funder. The funder has no role during the execution of the study and will have no role during the analysis, interpretation of the data, or the decision to submit results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors adhere to the authorship guidelines of BMC Ophthalmology. All authors have contributed to the drafting, critical review and final approval of the manuscript. All authors have agreed to publication. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTerry TL. Fibroblastic overgrowth of persistent tunica vasculosa lentis in infants born prematurely: II. report of cases-clinical aspects. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1942; 40: 262-84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFierson WM. Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics. 2018; 142.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKong L, Fry M, Al-Samarraie M, Gilbert C and Steinkuller PG. An update on progress and the changing epidemiology of causes of childhood blindness worldwide. J aapos. 2012; 16: 501-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsano MK and Dray PB. Retinopathy of prematurity. Dis Mon. 2014; 60: 282-291.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSolebo AL, Teoh L and Rahi J. Epidemiology of blindness in children. Arch Dis Child. 2017; 102: 853-857.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaugstad OD. Oxygen and retinopathy of prematurity. J Perinatol. 2006; 26 Suppl 1: 46-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHellstr\u0026ouml;m A, Smith LE and Dammann O. Retinopathy of prematurity. Lancet. 2013; 382: 1445-1457.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChua B, Flood V, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ, Smith W and Mitchell P. Dietary fatty acids and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006; 124: 981-986.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeddon JM, George S and Rosner B. Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: the US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006; 124: 995-1001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDelcourt C, Carri\u0026egrave;re I, Cristol JP, Lacroux A and Gerber M. Dietary fat and the risk of age-related maculopathy: the POLANUT study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007; 61: 1341-1344.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAugood C, Chakravarthy U, Young I, et al. Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 88: 398-406.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChong EW, Kreis AJ, Wong TY, Simpson JA and Guymer RH. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid and fish intake in the primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008; 126: 826-833.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTikhonenko M, Lydic TA, Opreanu M, et al. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent diabetic retinopathy by inhibition of retinal vascular damage and enhanced endothelial progenitor cell reparative function. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e55177.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStahl A, Sapieha P, Connor KM, et al. Short communication: PPAR gamma mediates a direct antiangiogenic effect of omega 3-PUFAs in proliferative retinopathy. Circ Res. 2010; 107: 495-500.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNajm S, L\u0026ouml;fqvist C, Hellgren G, et al. Effects of a lipid emulsion containing fish oil on polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles, growth and morbidities in extremely premature infants: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2017; 20: 17-23.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNewberry SJ, Chung M, Booth M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and maternal and child health: an updated systematic Rreview. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2016: 1-826.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe international classification of retinopathy of prematurity revisited. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005; 123: 991-999.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePawlik D, Lauterbach R, Walczak M, Hurkała J and Sherman MP. Fish-oil fat emulsion supplementation reduces the risk of retinopathy in very low birth weight infants: a prospective, randomized study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014; 38: 711-716.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVayalthrikkovil S, Bashir RA, Rabi Y, et al. Parenteral fish-oil lipid emulsions in the prevention of severe retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol. 2017; 34: 705-715.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBernabe-Garc\u0026iacute;a M, Villegas-Silva R, Villavicencio-Torres A, et al. Enteral docosahexaenoic acid and retinopathy of prematurity: a randomized clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2019; 43: 874-882.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbribat T, Nedelec B, Jobin N and Garrel DR. Decreased serum insulin-like growth factor-I in burn patients: relationship with serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 proteolysis and the influence of lipid composition in nutritional support. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28: 2366-2372.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCalviello G, Di Nicuolo F, Gragnoli S, et al. n-3 PUFAs reduce VEGF expression in human colon cancer cells modulating the COX-2/PGE2 induced ERK-1 and -2 and HIF-1alpha induction pathway. Carcinogenesis. 2004; 25: 2303-2310.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSzymczak M, Murray M and Petrovic N. Modulation of angiogenesis by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is mediated by cyclooxygenases. Blood. 2008; 111: 3514-3521.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith LE, Shen W, Perruzzi C, et al. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent retinal neovascularization by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Nat Med. 1999; 5: 1390-1395.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith LE. Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2004; 14 Suppl A: 140-144.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmith LE. IGF-1 and retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm infant. Biol Neonate. 2005; 88: 237-244.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMakrides M, Neumann MA, Byard RW, Simmer K and Gibson RA. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina, and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 60: 189-194.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInnis SM. Essential fatty acids in growth and development. Prog Lipid Res. 1991; 30: 39-103.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarlson SE, Colombo J, Gajewski BJ, et al. DHA supplementation and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013; 97: 808-815.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmithers LG, Gibson RA, McPhee A and Makrides M. Effect of two doses of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diet of preterm infants on infant fatty acid status: results from the DINO trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008; 79: 141-146.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePontes PV, Torres AG, Trugo NM, Fonseca VM and Sichieri R. n-6 and n-3 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane of Brazilian preterm and term neonates and their mothers at delivery. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006; 74: 117-123.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePallot C, Mazzocco J, Meillon C, et al. Alteration of erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids in preterm newborns with retinopathy of prematurity. Sci Rep. 2019; 9: 7930.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLarqu\u0026eacute; E, Krauss-Etschmann S, Campoy C, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supply in pregnancy affects placental expression of fatty acid transport proteins. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 84: 853-861.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLauritzen L, Hansen HS, J\u0026oslash;rgensen MH and Michaelsen KF. The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina. Prog Lipid Res. 2001; 40: 1-94.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLarqu\u0026eacute; E, Demmelmair H, Klingler M, De Jonge S, Bondy B and Koletzko B. Expression pattern of fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP-1), FATP-4 and heart-fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) genes in human term placenta. Early Hum Dev. 2006; 82: 697-701.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoehrer P, Saab S, Berdeaux O, et al. Erythrocyte phospholipid and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e106912.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAjana S, Acar N, Bretillon L, Hejblum BP, Jacqmin-Gadda H and Delcourt C. Benefits of dimension reduction in penalized regression methods for high-dimensional grouped data: a case study in low sample size. Bioinformatics. 2019; 35: 3628-3634.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoilanen T and Nikkari T. The effect of storage on the fatty acid composition of human serum. Clin Chim Acta. 1981; 114: 111-116.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJuaneda P and Rocquelin G. Rapid and convenient separation of phospholipids and non phosphorus lipids from rat heart using silica cartridges. Lipids. 1985; 20: 40-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorrison WR and Smith LM. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals from lipids with boron fluoride-methanol. J Lipid Res. 1964; 5: 600-608.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChiang MF, Quinn GE, Fielder AR, et al. International classification of retinopathy of prematurity, third edition. Ophthalmology. 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConnor KM, SanGiovanni JP, Lofqvist C, et al. Increased dietary intake of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces pathological retinal angiogenesis. Nat Med. 2007; 13: 868-73.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSanGiovanni JP and Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005; 24: 87-138.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrett KE, Ferraro ZM, Yockell-Lelievre J, Gruslin A and Adamo KB. Maternal-fetal nutrient transport in pregnancy pathologies: the role of the placenta. Int J Mol Sci. 2014; 15: 16153-85.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKazantzis M and Stahl A. Fatty acid transport proteins, implications in physiology and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012; 1821: 852-857.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMakrides M and Best K. Docosahexaenoic acid and preterm birth. Ann Nutr Metab. 2016; 69 Suppl 1: 29-34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKitamura Y, Kogomori C, Hamano H, Maekawa I, Shimizu T and Shiga S. Fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membranes varies between early-term, full-term, and late-term infants in Japan. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018; 73: 335-343.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChristian LM, Blair LM, Porter K, Lower M, Cole RM and Belury MA. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status in pregnant women: associations with sleep quality, inflammation, and length of gestation. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0148752.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"boph","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Ophthalmology](http://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/boph","title":"BMC Ophthalmology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"docosahexaenoic acid, FATP, placental fatty acid receptor, retinopathy of prematurity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2462212/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2462212/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncomplete vascularization of the retina in preterm infants carries a risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Progress in neonatal resuscitation in developing countries has led to the survival of an increasing number of premature infants, resulting in an increased rate of ROP and consequently in visual disability. Strategies to reduce ROP involve optimizing oxygen saturation, nutrition, and normalizing factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). Our previous study, OmegaROP, showed that there is an accumulation or retention of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in mothers of infants developing ROP, suggesting abnormalities in the LC-PUFA placental transfer via fatty acid transporting proteins. The present study aims to better understand the LC-PUFA transport dysfunction in the fetoplacental unit during pregnancy and to find a novel target for the prevention of ROP development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol is designed to evaluate the correlation between the expression level of placental fatty acid receptors and ROP occurrence. This ongoing study will include 100 patients: patients giving birth before 29 weeks of gestational age (GA) and patients with full-term pregnancies. Recruitment is planned for over 46 months. Maternal and cord blood samples as well as placental tissue samples will be taken following delivery. ROP screening will be performed using wide-field camera imaging according to the International Classification of ROP consensus statement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDiscussion\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study will have a tangible impact on public health. Indeed, if we show a correlation between the expression level of placental omega-3 receptors and the occurrence of ROP, it would be an essential step in discovering novel pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this retinopathy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrial registration: \u003c/strong\u003e2020-A03253-36\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"OmegaROP-2 prospective study: Expression of placental fatty acid receptors in preterm newborns with retinopathy of prematurity","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-01-23 23:20:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2462212/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2023-05-31T15:45:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-05-24T19:58:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-05-02T19:46:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"2369a182-45c6-48c6-a320-2eb39543ed40","date":"2023-04-24T10:38:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-04-03T11:47:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"92e07a98-185d-4897-a1d7-355233418f65","date":"2023-03-28T08:31:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"52b4bf4a-ce2e-4b27-bd76-af5373510581","date":"2023-03-17T17:29:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-03-17T16:09:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-01-20T09:23:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2023-01-19T17:29:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-01-19T17:16:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Ophthalmology","date":"2023-01-10T09:24:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"boph","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Ophthalmology](http://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/boph","title":"BMC Ophthalmology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"70c099f3-9954-4fef-86d0-b01c470c6876","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 23rd, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-09T15:10:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2462212","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-023-03156-0","journal":{"identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Ophthalmology"},"publishedOn":"2023-10-06 15:01:48","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 6th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-01-23 23:20:13","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12886-023-03156-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-023-03156-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2462212","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2462212","identity":"rs-2462212","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"wLkW0s4AflPzk-lpfg-fK","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}