Multi-Band High-Performance Graphene Mid-Infrared Photodetector Based on Plasmonic and Fabry–Perot Resonances

Multi-Band High-Performance Graphene Mid-Infrared Photodetector Based on Plasmonic and Fabry–Perot Resonances | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Multi-Band High-Performance Graphene Mid-Infrared Photodetector Based on Plasmonic and Fabry–Perot Resonances Riadh A. Kadhim, Falah Hasan Mohammed, Hamid Vahed This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829795/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Plasmonics → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Optical photodetectors are critical components in modern optical communication systems and advanced optoelectronic technologies, where enhancing their efficiency, sensitivity, and response speed remains a central research objective. In recent years, graphene has emerged as a highly promising candidate for next-generation photodetectors, owing to its exceptional carrier dynamics, broadband optical absorption, and tunable electrostatic properties. In this study, we present the design and modeling of a monolayer graphene-based mid-infrared photodetector that incorporates metallic nanoantennas to enhance optical absorption and device performance. The principal innovation of this study lies in the simultaneous utilization of plasmonic effects from the nanoantennas and Fabry–Perot resonances to amplify the local electric field and confine light within the structure, leading to a substantial increase in graphene’s light absorption. Numerical simulations based on FDTD and FEM methods demonstrate that this approach can boost the absorption rate up to 70%, resulting in a responsivity as high as 30 mA/W at a wavelength of 6.7 µm. Furthermore, by modifying structural parameters or tuning the gate voltage, the detection wavelength can be tuned within the 6–8 µm range, enabling versatile multi-band operation. In addition to optical and electrical analyses, this study rigorously models and simulates the fundamental noise mechanisms—including thermal, shot, and flicker noise—in the photodetector structure to realistically assess performance limitations and the signal-to-noise ratio. Detailed modeling of the graphene/metal contact resistance and noise characteristics provides a deeper understanding of the constraints and potential of this device architecture. Collectively, these achievements open new horizons for the development of high-performance, tunable, and multi-band mid-infrared photodetectors, offering effective solutions for imaging, sensing, and optical communication applications. Graphene photodetector plasmonic nanoantenna Fabry–Perot resonance noise modeling multi-band operation FDTD simulation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Plasmonics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 09 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 05 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6829795","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":470413043,"identity":"63bf9dde-9612-4431-b524-8206246eea57","order_by":0,"name":"Riadh A. 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In recent years, graphene has emerged as a highly promising candidate for next-generation photodetectors, owing to its exceptional carrier dynamics, broadband optical absorption, and tunable electrostatic properties. In this study, we present the design and modeling of a monolayer graphene-based mid-infrared photodetector that incorporates metallic nanoantennas to enhance optical absorption and device performance. The principal innovation of this study lies in the simultaneous utilization of plasmonic effects from the nanoantennas and Fabry\u0026ndash;Perot resonances to amplify the local electric field and confine light within the structure, leading to a substantial increase in graphene\u0026rsquo;s light absorption. Numerical simulations based on FDTD and FEM methods demonstrate that this approach can boost the absorption rate up to 70%, resulting in a responsivity as high as 30 mA/W at a wavelength of 6.7 \u0026micro;m. Furthermore, by modifying structural parameters or tuning the gate voltage, the detection wavelength can be tuned within the 6\u0026ndash;8 \u0026micro;m range, enabling versatile multi-band operation. In addition to optical and electrical analyses, this study rigorously models and simulates the fundamental noise mechanisms\u0026mdash;including thermal, shot, and flicker noise\u0026mdash;in the photodetector structure to realistically assess performance limitations and the signal-to-noise ratio. Detailed modeling of the graphene/metal contact resistance and noise characteristics provides a deeper understanding of the constraints and potential of this device architecture. Collectively, these achievements open new horizons for the development of high-performance, tunable, and multi-band mid-infrared photodetectors, offering effective solutions for imaging, sensing, and optical communication applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Multi-Band High-Performance Graphene Mid-Infrared Photodetector Based on Plasmonic and Fabry–Perot Resonances","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-13 17:48:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6829795/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-20T15:33:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-20T11:05:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"290407291763595849368195693090049575569","date":"2025-06-11T13:33:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"54951389732408598312218017129236208913","date":"2025-06-11T11:08:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-11T08:06:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"240340763561520474573509323849619986732","date":"2025-06-10T16:29:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"31036032173290772426196698976652383770","date":"2025-06-10T12:31:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-10T12:06:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-09T07:38:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-09T07:37:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plasmonics","date":"2025-06-05T13:41:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plasmonics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plasmonics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11468)","snPcode":"11468","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11468/3","title":"Plasmonics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2d658420-49d3-4798-b9e0-40bf71ccead1","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-28T15:59:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6829795","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-025-03205-y","journal":{"identity":"plasmonics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Plasmonics"},"publishedOn":"2025-07-26 15:57:03","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 26th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-13 17:48:20","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11468-025-03205-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-025-03205-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6829795","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6829795","identity":"rs-6829795","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}