Fractional Modeling of Zoonotic Spillover with Optimal Control in a Multi Host System with Memory Effects

Fractional Modeling of Zoonotic Spillover with Optimal Control in a Multi Host System with Memory Effects | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Fractional Modeling of Zoonotic Spillover with Optimal Control in a Multi Host System with Memory Effects Sunday Oluwafemi Gbodogbe, Adedapo Chris Loyinmi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8598808/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We propose a fractional-order multi-host epidemic model that integrates human--pig--bird transmission with optimal control, explicitly capturing memory effects absent in existing integer-order and single-host frameworks. Unlike previous studies, the model simultaneously couples fractional dynamics, multi-host spillover pathways, and time-dependent prevention and treatment controls. Numerical investigations reveal that fractional order significantly alters transient dynamics, delays epidemic peaks, and enhances control efficiency. Contour and phase-portrait analyses further demonstrate how coordinated interventions reshape the reproduction number landscape and redirect trajectories toward disease-free states. These results provide new mechanistic insight into how memory and optimal control interact in complex zoonotic systems. Fractional-order epidemic model Multi-host transmission Zoonotic dynamics Optimal control Memory effects Numerical simulation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 23 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 21 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 21 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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