Investigation of the Preparation of Iron Sulfate-loaded Niosomes by an Experimental Novel Method

Investigation of the Preparation of Iron Sulfate-loaded Niosomes by an Experimental Novel Method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Investigation of the Preparation of Iron Sulfate-loaded Niosomes by an Experimental Novel Method Samira Khalil Abadi, Kiana Peyvandi, Sheida Shariat This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5732582/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Iron is an essential nutrient in the human diet, its presence is necessary and its deficiency causes many problems in the body, including anemia. Oral iron supplements are often ineffectively absorbed and potentially cause adverse effects in the gastrointestinal tract primarily due to the oxidative toxicity of iron. Iron encapsulation in nanocarrier systems reduces organoleptic problems and protects iron against oxidation caused by external factors, and also improves its bioavailability and intestinal absorption. In this research, niosomes loaded with iron sulfate were prepared using surfactant span 60 and Tween 80 by thin film hydration method. Cholesterol and 1-Dodecanol were used as stabilizers in different ratios. Physical-chemical properties of Niosomes loaded with iron sulfate, such as particle size, dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency (EE%), were investigated. The size of the vesicles ranged from 453.1 ± 0.1 to 3276 ± 1 nm, encapsulation efficiency from 75–93.73%, zeta potential from 6.3 ± 0.1 to -9.91 mV, and particle size distribution (PDI) from 0.004 to 0.59 with pH = 6.8 phosphate buffer solution. F1 Formula with a ratio of 1:10 for surfactant: cholesterol, a ratio of 0.75:0.25 for Tween 80: Span 60, 1 mM iron sulfate, 10 cc dichloromethane solvent and a sonication time of 5 minutes, with efficiency 90 ± 1, particle size of 546.8 ± 0.5 nm, zeta potential of 5.5 ± 0.1 and PDI = 0.57 ± 0.01 was introduced as the optimal formula. drug delivery iron encapsulation niosome Iron deficiency anemia Ferrous sulfate Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5732582","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":398343800,"identity":"3b267b27-956b-483a-a8b5-443e8b00ed9a","order_by":0,"name":"Samira Khalil Abadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Semnan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samira","middleName":"Khalil","lastName":"Abadi","suffix":""},{"id":398343801,"identity":"02e0800d-a06a-4b0e-ae47-e63b12ca615d","order_by":1,"name":"Kiana Peyvandi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCTjrAPMBJHEDorSwJZCshQePMmQg2cB78DFvm10e342czx8+5tyRN2dgfviBoeAeTi3SDHzJxrxtycWSN3K3Sc7c9sxwZwObsQSDQTFOLXIMPGbSPGeYEzcAtTDzbjvMuOEAgxnQLwn4tJj/5jlTD9SS8/jz322H7TccYP+GV4s00BZmnorDIC0M0ozbgIwDPPhtkWzgS5acU3E8ceaZZ2aSvdsOJ284zFMskYBHi8QB3oMf3hhUJ/YdT3784ee2w7Ybjrdv/PDhD24tDPJvGJh4QAwBmCJmIMajAQh4GBh/gGj+A3iVjYJRMApGwQgGAPraVlogpaosAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Semnan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kiana","middleName":"","lastName":"Peyvandi","suffix":""},{"id":398343802,"identity":"7225de92-3111-4006-8878-991684e5a007","order_by":2,"name":"Sheida Shariat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sheida","middleName":"","lastName":"Shariat","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-30 04:38:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5732582/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5732582/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":74345123,"identity":"250b27d5-89d8-4fd3-8fcd-8cb889d4c390","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-21 09:39:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":447053,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5732582/v1_covered_2be40b8f-cdd3-4157-84cc-728acf9d33b0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigation of the Preparation of Iron Sulfate-loaded Niosomes by an Experimental Novel Method","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"drug delivery, iron encapsulation, niosome, Iron deficiency anemia, Ferrous sulfate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5732582/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5732582/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIron is an essential nutrient in the human diet, its presence is necessary and its deficiency causes many problems in the body, including anemia. Oral iron supplements are often ineffectively absorbed and potentially cause adverse effects in the gastrointestinal tract primarily due to the oxidative toxicity of iron. Iron encapsulation in nanocarrier systems reduces organoleptic problems and protects iron against oxidation caused by external factors, and also improves its bioavailability and intestinal absorption. In this research, niosomes loaded with iron sulfate were prepared using surfactant span 60 and Tween 80 by thin film hydration method. Cholesterol and 1-Dodecanol were used as stabilizers in different ratios. Physical-chemical properties of Niosomes loaded with iron sulfate, such as particle size, dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency (EE%), were investigated. The size of the vesicles ranged from 453.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 to 3276\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1 nm, encapsulation efficiency from 75\u0026ndash;93.73%, zeta potential from 6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 to -9.91 mV, and particle size distribution (PDI) from 0.004 to 0.59 with pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.8 phosphate buffer solution. F1 Formula with a ratio of 1:10 for surfactant: cholesterol, a ratio of 0.75:0.25 for Tween 80: Span 60, 1 mM iron sulfate, 10 cc dichloromethane solvent and a sonication time of 5 minutes, with efficiency 90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1, particle size of 546.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5 nm, zeta potential of 5.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 and PDI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 was introduced as the optimal formula.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigation of the Preparation of Iron Sulfate-loaded Niosomes by an Experimental Novel Method","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-08 18:24:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5732582/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5e6fde1e-0917-4320-9d1c-7083752e78b5","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-21T09:38:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-08 18:24:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5732582","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5732582","identity":"rs-5732582","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}