A review of the role of "dynamic attack on drug" exercise intervention in drug addiction rehabilitation

A review of the role of "dynamic attack on drug" exercise intervention in drug addiction rehabilitation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A review of the role of "dynamic attack on drug" exercise intervention in drug addiction rehabilitation He Qinghua, Wang Zhaosong This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6655884/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of exercise rehabilitation and to review the influence mechanisms of existing exercise interventions on individuals with drug addiction. To evaluate the effects of different exercises on the effects of drug rehabilitation and provide a theoretical basis for exercise intervention strategies. Methods 22Twenty-two core articles concerning exercise interventions were used to discuss the effects and mechanisms of different exercise methods on the physical and psychological aspects of addicted individuals. Results This review revealed that exercise interventions reduce drug craving and withdrawal symptoms, improve quality of life, and may reduce relapse rates. For individuals with drug addiction, exercise drug rehabilitation can help improve their physical, psychological and social health and reduce the relapse rate. Conclusion Exercise therapy is an important auxiliary means of drug rehabilitation that has potential for active treatment of individuals with drug addiction. Exercise drug rehabilitation can improve the health of individuals with drug addiction, reduce the rate of relapse, and provide new ideas for drug rehabilitation work. Future studies should further explore the specific implementation strategies and optimization directions of exercise rehabilitation. exercise rehabilitation rehabilitation drug addiction benefit mechanism exercise intervention Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction In accordance with the "People's Republic of China Narcotics Control Law" and the "Regulations on Drug Rehabilitation," which emphasize prevention, scientific detoxification, comprehensive correction, humanistic care, and social collaboration, China's antidrug and drug rehabilitation efforts have entered a phase of routine development. Globally, the nonmedical use of drugs has become a major health crisis that urgently needs to be addressed. It not only severely impacts various aspects of public health but also severely disrupts social stability and order. By the end of 2023, affected by the worsening global drug problem, China has gradually entered a period of resurgence in drug-related crimes, with 896,000 individuals currently using drugs, accounting for 6.4% of the national population [ 1 ] . Drug addiction (drug addiction) is a chronic brain disorder characterized by its epidemic and recurrent nature resulting from the misuse of drugs. It involves repeated drug use that leads to central nervous system damage. A hallmark of this condition is the gradual loss of self-control over drug use, making it difficult for addicts to resist intense craving for drugs, leading to uncontrollable and compulsive behaviors in seeking and using drugs [ 2 ] . However, drugs themselves cause irreversible and serious damage to many tissues and organs of the human body and cause mental dependence that is difficult to eliminate. Exercise has been proven to be an effective auxiliary treatment measure to prevent relapse [ 3 ] . The effect of exercise intervention on drug addiction rehabilitation has become a new method of drug rehabilitation. With the advancements in theoretical and practical research on exercise drug rehabilitation, traditional drug treatment, psychological treatment and other methods can improve the effectiveness of exercise intervention in individuals with drug addictions more effectively [ 4 ] . Sports-based detoxification, with its safety, cost-effectiveness, broad applicability, and stability, has become the primary direction for development in the "green detoxification" field. Exploring and implementing sports-based detoxification strategies not only deeply embodies President Xi Jinping's important instructions on detoxification work but also represents an innovative attempt to offer a "Chinese solution" to global drug control issues. This initiative actively responds to the strategic goal proposed by the Ministry of Justice leadership, which is to "center on sports-based detoxification and build a Chinese-characteristic detoxification system." This is a necessary requirement for advancing detoxification work toward scientific and professional standards [ 5 ] . The main purpose of this review is to review the literature on exercise detoxification, explore the mechanism of exercise detoxification, clarify the effects of different exercises on detoxification, and improve the exercise detoxification program. This study provides theoretical guidance for future research on exercise detoxification. 2. Data and methods 2.1 Literature retrieval strategy Computer online searches were used to retrieve randomized controlled trial (RCT) papers on the effectiveness of exercise interventions for drug addiction from Chinese databases (such as CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP). The search period was from 2015--2025, with no language restrictions. The search combines subject terms and free keywords. Subject terms included exercise detoxification, drug addiction, efficacy mechanisms, exercise intervention, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, aerobic plus resistance exercise, traditional health-preserving exercises, self-designed detoxification exercises, table tennis, badminton, basketball, and other ball sports. 2.2 Literature inclusion and exclusion criteria As shown in Figure 1, 2152 Chinese studies were retrieved from the database, and only the core literature was set to obtain 132 literature, 25studies. Twenty-five reviews were excluded, 6 duplicate studies were eliminated, 101 studies were screened, and 89 articles without RCTs and research data were excluded. Finally, 22 Chinese core studies were included. 3. Biological mechanism of drug addiction 3.1 Conceptualization Drug addiction refers to the forced acquisition and use of a drug without regard for consequences [6] . In the progress of drug addiction research, Li Longhui et al. summarized 8 criteria for drug addiction, which are craving, tolerance, withdrawal, compulsion, impulsiveness, priority, deliberate and stubborn [7] . There is a strong desire to abuse addictive drugs for nonmedical purposes, with the dosage and frequency gradually increasing during the process of drug abuse. Tolerance refers to the withdrawal symptoms that occur when the drug is reduced or stopped during forced abstinence. The compulsive aspect is manifested in the difficulty of controlling the onset, termination, and dosage of drug abuse, disregarding social and legal constraints, leading to a decline in self-control. The priority aspect is reflected in the gradual loss of original interests and hobbies after becoming addicted to drugs, which affects family and social relationships. Despite knowledge of the harm caused by addiction, there is still a deliberate intention to continue abusing drugs, as well as the persistence of withdrawal symptoms when reducing or stopping drug use and the increase in dosage after relapse compared with before. In China's Criminal Law, drugs are explicitly defined to include specific types, such as opium, heroin, methamphetamine (ice), morphine, marijuana, cocaine, and other addictive anesthetic and psychotropic substances that are legally controlled by the state [8] . 3.2 Neurotransmitters and drug addiction Dopamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter, and the latest research suggests that the dopamine system in the mesolimbic cortex may be involved in and lead to drug addiction [9 ， 10] . The mesolimbic system is primarily composed of key components such as the ventral tegmental area (ventra tegmental area). VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Among these, dopaminergic neurons make up more than 60% of the cells in the VTA, and they project densely to the NAc, where they form crucial neural connections [11] . Dopamine is a neurochemical substance that regulates multiple physiological responses in the central nervous system. The mesolimbic dopamine pathway it forms constitutes the primary reward system in the brain. It not only plays a role in positive feedback and reinforcement learning induced by drugs but can also induce persistent craving, ultimately leading to addictive behavior. Endorphins, key neurotransmitters, play a significant role in addiction circuits. They participate in regulating reward pleasure, cognitive function, and behavioral motivation. Endorphins influence the transmission of reward signals by binding to specific receptors in the brain, thereby enhancing an individual's sense of pleasure. Additionally, they are involved in cognitive regulation processes, affecting functions such as thinking, memory, and learning. In summary, endorphins regulate the release of neurotransmitters, participating in the modulation of behavioral motivation, which leads to strong dependence and craving for certain behaviors [12] . Dopamine, as a direct reward transmitter, induces abnormal emotions and impulses such as euphoria by binding to dopamine receptors in drug addiction [13] , which is also one of the important mechanisms of drug addiction. 3.3 Brain structure and drug addiction A previous study revealed that the effects of drugs were mainly concentrated in the ventral tegmental area, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, lateral septum and hippocampus [14] . From the perspective of neuroanatomy, the development of drug dependence is closely related to the activity of multiple key brain regions that form the neurobiological basis of drug dependence. These regions influence individual behavioral patterns and physiological responses through complex interactions. Furthermore, multiple signaling pathways within the brain play a central role in the pathophysiological processes of drug dependence. In particular, the substantia nigra-striatum pathway, the mesolimbic pathway, and the midbrain-cortex pathway not only regulate normal neurophysiological functions but also play crucial roles in drug-induced changes in neuroadaptation. Abnormal activity in these pathways can lead to intense dependence and craving for drugs, thereby further exacerbating the severity of drug dependence [15] . 3.4 Epigenetics and drug addiction Drug use not only leads to drug sensitization but also triggers corresponding stimulation of the nervous system. To some extent, addiction is regarded as an impairment of learning and memory functions. Therefore, the long-term brain mechanisms underlying addiction-related memories have always been a challenge and a focus in the field of drug addiction research. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic regulation-mediated changes in long-term gene expression may be one of the mechanisms behind this stable pattern of abnormal behavior in individuals with drug addiction [16] . With the in-depth study of the long-term molecular mechanism of addiction memory, epigenetic modification has gradually become a field that may provide a new perspective for the study of drug addiction [17] . More research evidence points to epigenetic regulation of gene expression, including histone acetylation and deacetylation, as contributing to the development of drug reward-related behaviors associated with addiction [18 ， 19] . In addition, epigenetic factors undergo significant changes, which largely accelerate the irreversible process of drug addiction. Researchers have utilized cutting-edge techniques in epigenetics to increase the binding of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) with DNA in the brains of experimental animals, successfully identifying HDAC5 target genes. These target genes are closely associated with the early stages of drug addiction, making them potential new research targets for clinicians to develop novel treatments or drugs to reduce the relapse risk in individuals with drug addiction, providing strong support. These findings suggest that reversing the process of drug addiction from an epigenetic perspective is possible [20] . Exercise can help drug addicts prevent drug addiction; has positive effects on neurotransmitters, synaptic plasticity, intracellular signal transmission, neurotrophic factors, and nerve regeneration; regulates epigenetic changes; improves the resistance of the brain to addictive drugs; reduces the desire of the brain for drugs; and plays a role in preventing relapse [21] . 3.5 Neuroplasticity and drug addiction As early as 2010, studies have shown that addictive drugs can cause significant reorganization of synapses in the brain's limbic regions, such as the nucleus accumbens [22] RUSSO and colleagues analyzed the correlation between drug addiction and these neural changes, identifying how addictive drugs alter the structure and physiology of neurons. Recent studies also indicate that neurons in the reward system stimulated by drugs undergo significant changes, which not only accelerate the remodeling and degeneration of neurons but also increase their dependence on drugs [23] . Therefore, under the stimulation of addictive drugs, neurons undergo significant changes, resulting in drug dependence and addiction to drugs. Exercise can induce neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex, improve executive function, and reduce compulsive behaviors associated with substance use disorders [24] . Resistance exercise of different intensities can effectively improve the state of the neurotransmitter system in individuals with drug addictions and regulate the neuroplasticity and neuroadaptation of individuals with drug addictions to weaken the desire for drugs [25] . 3.6 Drug withdrawal and relapse mechanism Research in the field of substance addiction reveals a common phenomenon: in the early stages after successfully overcoming drugs, addicts' ability to experience euphoria induced by drugs significantly decreases. This reduced state gradually improves over time. When this ability recovers to a certain threshold level, addicted individuals may once again develop a strong psychological craving for the drug. This craving can further trigger uncontrollable urges to seek and use the drug, which is commonly known as relapse [26] . In the process of relapse, many neurotransmitters and hormones are involved, especially for relapse caused by drug cues, which are usually considered to be the result of emotional fluctuations mediated by the amygdala complex and abnormal learning and memory in the hippocampus [27 ， 28] . In the detoxification period, how to effectively inhibit an individual's strong craving for drugs and then reduce or even completely prevent the occurrence of relapse behavior is a key problem that urgently needs to be solved in the field of drug detoxification intervention research. 4.The psychological Psychological mechanisms of drug addiction Drug addiction is characterized not only by intense physical and psychological dependence but also by a series of significant physical and mental health issues. This includes the emergence of anxiety, the onset of depressive states, frequent sleep disorders such as insomnia, the appearance of psychiatric abnormalities, the pain of withdrawal reactions, and the inability to suppress psychological cravings, among other manifestations [29] . The destruction of neuropsychological mechanisms manifests as changes in brain structure and function. The long-term or repeated use of drugs can lead to damage to brain neurons, neurotransmitter imbalances, and alterations in synaptic plasticity. These changes not only affect an individual's emotional regulation, cognitive functions, and decision-making abilities but also make them more likely to adopt aggressive coping strategies when facing conflicts and challenges [30] . According to the negative reinforcement emotion processing framework, depressive and anxious negative emotional states are seen as the core triggers driving individuals with addiction to develop intense drug cravings. During the detoxification process, addicted individuals often experience a series of unpleasant emotional experiences, which become a heavy burden they urgently need to escape. To achieve emotional relief and comfort, addicted individuals may develop an extremely urgent urge to relapse, attempting to reduce the impact of these negative emotions by consuming drugs again [31] . 5. Theoretical basis of drug rehabilitation through exercise 5.1 Mechanism Mechanisms of exercise-based drug rehabilitation Although exercise has not yet been formally incorporated into standardized drug relapse prevention and treatment programs, it has shown positive effects in slowing or preventing relapse behavior in previous clinical practice reports [26] . Both physical exercise and drug abuse can significantly impact the structure and function of the brain, but their effects are opposite. Physical exercise is seen as a positive intervention that enhances brain functionality, promoting neuronal connections and information transmission. In contrast, drug abuse severely damages the brain's memory and cognitive control systems, leading to declines in key cognitive functions such as learning ability, attention, and decision-making. Research indicates that through consistent physical training, the damaged memory and cognitive systems caused by drug abuse can be partially repaired, offering a potential rehabilitation pathway for drug users [32 ， 33] . Sports training has multiple positive impacts on drug users: studies have shown that individuals who participate in sports training can increase their happiness, confidence, and self-esteem while alleviating negative emotions. It optimizes the cognitive control functions of the brain, strengthens resistance to drug temptation, and aids in detoxification. Through exercise, various bodily systems, such as respiration, circulation, the nervous system, digestion, and the endocrine system, can be stimulated [34 ， 35] . Improving and restoring organ function helps enhance both physical and mental health. Drug use often leads individuals to experience persistent dizziness, headaches, and physical pain. It is accompanied by significant mood swings, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, social barriers can arise, making it difficult to communicate effectively with others. In extreme cases, individuals may exhibit violent behavior or suicidal thoughts. These issues not only severely damage the physical and mental health of drug users but also pose a significant threat to society [36] . By implementing exercise interventions, immune stress responses can be stimulated, and dopamine levels can be regulated, thereby significantly reducing depressive and anxious symptoms in individuals who have successfully stopped drug addiction. This helps improve their negative emotional states and enhances overall mental health. Additionally, exercise interventions can effectively alleviate psychological dependence on drugs among drug users, reducing the craving for drugs, which positively promotes successful detoxification and prevents relapse [37] . 6. Research progress on drug rehabilitation by exercise intervention 6.1 Analysis of examples of aerobic exercise for drug rehabilitation Table 1. Progress of aerobic exercise in drug rehabilitation (n=6) author subject investigated Study sample size Date of publication Type of drug mode of exercise Exercise frequency Exercise duration exercise intensity Timing of intervention Physiological and psychological improvement of drug users 1.Zheng Zhijun 120 people under compulsory rehabilitation Exp (n=60) and Ctrl (n=60) 2016 Methamphetamine Running, power cycling, jumping rope, aerobics 3-4 times per week 30-90 min Moderate to high intensity 16 weeks The mental health level of addicts was significantly improved after 8 weeks of exercise intervention 2. Lu Chunxia There are 105 people in the compulsory isolation drug rehabilitation center in Hunan Province Exp (n=61) and Ctrl (n=31) 2019 Methamphetamine Workout alternates with treadmill training 5 times per week 80 min Moderate to high intensity 12 weeks Movement intervention can reduce drug dependence, reduce craving, promote addiction and prevent relapse 3. Liu Yang Zichun 108 people Exp (n=54) and Ctrl (n=54) 2021 Flexibility, aerobic endurance, strength 3 times per week 60 min High intensity intervals 16 weeks Long-term HIIT intervention can improve the health level, physical fitness, antioxidant capacity and neurobiological function of drug addicts. 4. Wang Kun Chongqing Movement Drug Rehabilitation Research Center has 65 people Exp (n=28) and Ctrl (n=37) 2022 methamphetamine hydrochloride‌ fit aerobics 3 times per week 60 min Moderate intensity and high intensity 12 weeks High-intensity interval fitness exercises for 12 weeks significantly improved the physical and mental health of female methamphetamine abusers, with high intensity being more effective in reducing negative emotions and drug craving. 5. Song Liangyuan There are 48 people in Biquan Compulsory isolation and drug rehabilitation center in Wuhan Exp (n=36) and Ctrl (n=12) 2023 Heroin；Ecstasy； Methamphetamine Aerobic exercise combined with mindfulness to prevent relapse 3 times per week 40 min medium intensity 8 weeks Aerobic exercise combined with mindfulness therapy is effective for drug dependence rehabilitation. After 8 weeks, mindfulness and combined therapy reduced relapse and negative emotions, and the effect lasted for 4 weeks. The long-term effect of combined therapy was the best. 6. Zhao Qi From 64 people at Moganshan Drug Rehabilitation Center in Zhejiang province Exp (n=44) and Ctrl (n=20) 2022 Methamphetamine Drug rehabilitation exercises; bicycle 3 times per week 40 min medium intensity 12 weeks Aerobic exercise can improve attention function and reduce drug cue bias in methamphetamine addicts. Drug rehabilitation exercises and power cycling can also improve early recognition and enhance attention control. Table 1 shows that the methods of exercise intervention are diverse and primarily include running, power cycling, jumping rope, aerobics, workplace exercises, aerobic fitness exercises, detoxification rehabilitation exercises, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The frequency of intervention was at least three times per week, with each session lasting more than 30 minutes. The intensity of exercise ranges from moderate to high. All the research results indicate that exercise intervention significantly improves the physical and psychological conditions of individuals with drug addiction. Exercise intervention enhances the mental health of addicted individuals, reduces their dependence and craving for drugs, aids in addiction recovery, and prevents relapse. Additionally, exercise interventions can improve attention control in addicted individuals, weaken the impact of drug memories, and enhance health levels, physical fitness, antioxidant capacity, and neurobiological functions. Wang Kun's representative study focused on female methamphetamine-addicted people and reported that high-intensity interval fitness exercises are more effective at reducing negative emotions and drug cravings. Song Liangyuan's study combined aerobic exercise with mindfulness therapy and reported that the combined approach is more effective in reducing relapse and negative emotions, with effects that can persist. 6.2 Analysis of resistance exercise for drug rehabilitation Table 2 Both studies adopted resistance training as an intervention method, and the research revealed that resistance training is highly effective in improving the physical and psychological conditions of individuals with drug addiction. In Wu Li jun's study, using different intensities of resistance training daily yielded better results for improving addicts' physical and psychological states. Li Kefeng's study used moderate-intensity resistance training three times a week, with a longer intervention period. From the perspective of intervention effects, both studies agree that resistance training can improve the neurotransmitter system of individuals with drug addiction, promote neural adaptation, reduce drug craving, and enhance emotional control, sleep quality, and mental state. Both studies confirmed that resistance training has more significant effects on the nervous system in drug rehabilitation. 6.3 Analysis of traditional health care exercise and drug rehabilitation cases Table 3 Traditional health-preserving exercises involve multiple aspects, including Tai Chi, Tai Chi rehabilitation exercises, yoga, aerobic fitness routines, meditation, physical activities, and one-finger Zen massage. The intensity of these exercises is moderate, indicating the diversity and flexibility of exercise interventions in drug rehabilitation. The frequency of exercise interventions in multiple studies ranges from 3--5 times per week, with exercise durations typically ranging from 40--60 minutes. These interventions cover various types of drug addiction, including synthetic drugs (such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, and K powder), Ma Gu, heroin, and others, and target different types of drug addictions. The research results revealed positive improvements in multiple areas, including physical and mental health, quality of life, balance ability, psychological state, and relapse rates. 6.4 Analysis of examples of aerobic combined resistance exercise for drug rehabilitation T able 2 . Progress in resistance exercise drug rehabilitation research (n=2) author object of study Study sample size Date of publication Type of drug mode of exercise Exercise frequency Exercise duration exercise intensity Timing of intervention Physiological and psychological improvement of drug users 1. Wu Lijun Taiyuan New Store Drug Rehabilitation Center 90 people Exp (n=60) and Ctrl (n=30) 2023 heroin Different intensity resistance training 7 times per week 30 min difference intensity 8 weeks 8 weeks of resistance exercise can improve the neurotransmitter system of heroin abstinence, promote neural adaptation, and weaken drug craving. High intensity interval exercise is more effective. 2. Li Kefeng 26people in Shandong Luzhong Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center Exp (n=26) 2020 Methamphetamine resistive exercise 3 times per week 24 min medium intensity 16 weeks One resistance training can activate multiple brain regions of addicts, and 12 weeks of resistance training can improve the heart rate and respiratory activity connection of brain regions in addicts at rest, improve emotional control, sleep quality and psychological state. Table 3. Research progress on traditional health care exercise and drug rehabilitation (N=5) author object of study Study sample size Date of publication Type of drug mode of exercise Exercise frequency Exercise duration exercise intensity Timing of intervention Physiological and psychological improvement of drug users 1.Geng Jingjing 57 in Shanghai Exp (n=30) and Ctrl (n=27) 2016 Synthetic drugs taijiquan, 5 times per week 45 min medium intensity 12 weeks Tai Chi rehabilitation exercises can help improve the physical and mental health of drug addicts, reduce systolic blood pressure, improve balance ability, and significantly improve many aspects of psychology 2.Zhu Dong 57 in Shanghai Exp (n=42) and Ctrl (n=38) 2018 Synthetic drugs 24 taijiquan, 3-5 times per week 55 min medium intensity 24eeks Tai Chi rehabilitation exercises have a good effect on improving the relapse rate of drug addicts 3.Liang Xueping Tianjin 73人 Exp (n=36) and Ctrl (n=37) 2019 Methamphetamine；ecstasy, Ketamine Yoga; aerobic exercise 53times per week 40 min medium intensity 12 weeks Group exercise therapy can improve the quality of life of female drug addicts and effectively relieve their negative emotions such as depression and anxiety, which is worth further promotion in clinical practice. 4. Yao Hui Chongqing 40 people Exp (n=30) and Ctrl (n=10) 2020 Mahu heroin；Ketamine Yoga; aerobic exercise 3 times per week 60 min medium intensity 12 weeks Yoga, meditation and physical training for 12 weeks can reduce the levels of canine uric acid in female drug addicts and effectively reduce the risk of relapse; a combination of exercise and meditation may be more effective in improving withdrawal effects. 5. Cui Zhuo Gansu province140 people Exp (n=68) and Ctrl (n=70) 2023 heroin One-finger Zen massage 7 times per week 60 min medium intensity 12 weeks Finger-point massage can help improve the quality of life of heroin addicts Table 4. Progress of drug rehabilitation research on aerobic combined resistance exercise (N=4) author object of study Study sample size Date of publication Type of drug mode of exercise Exercise frequency Exercise duration exercise intensity Timing of intervention Physiological and psychological improvement of drug users 1. Lu Chunxia 123 people in Hunan province Exp (n=34) and Ctrl (n=63) 2021 Methamphetamine Balance and aerobic combined resistance training 5 times per week 25 min From low to high intensity 12 weeks Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance training can effectively improve the level of inflammatory factors in ATS drug-dependent compulsory isolation addicts, improve their mental health and reduce the degree of drug craving 2. Li Songyang Liaoning province 176 Exp (n=88) and Ctrl (n=88) 2022 Methamphetamine Aerobic exercise combined with resistance training 3 times/week 55 min medium intensity 8 weeks Aerobic exercise combined with resistance training has a good effect on the physical and mental rehabilitation of methamphetamine addicts 3. Lu Chunxia 105 people in Hunan province Exp (n=65) and Ctrl (n=32) 2023 Methamphetamine Aerobic combined resistance 5 times per week 80 min medium intensity 12 weeks Exercise can reduce the dependence of methamphetamine addicts on drugs, improve their ability to control drug use, and have a positive effect on the withdrawal of drug addiction and the prevention of relapse. 4. Guo Yin 45 people in Hunan province Exp (n=22) and Ctrl (n=23) 2023 opioid Treadmill;strength endurance training 5 times per week 30 min medium intensity 8 weeks Opioid-dependent individuals often feel stress and anxiety during detoxification. Eight weeks of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training improved plasma oxytocin and vasopressin levels in male detoxification patients, reduced perceived stress and anxiety, and improved health fitness. Table 4 shows that all studies adopted a combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training, aiming to demonstrate the effectiveness of integrated exercise programs in the rehabilitation of individuals with drug addiction. The experimental design for exercise interventions was flexible, with most studies involving exercise frequencies ranging from 3--5 times per week and exercise durations ranging from 25--80 minutes. The types of addictive drugs included amphetamines, methamphetamine, and opioids. All studies reported positive outcomes, such as reduced levels of inflammatory factors, improved mental health, decreased drug craving, enhanced medication control, reduced stress, decreased anxiety, and improved physical fitness. These findings confirm that combined aerobic and resistance exercise interventions have positive effects on the rehabilitation of individuals with drug addictions. Table 5. Research progress on drug rehabilitation in ball games (N=4) author object of study Study sample size Date of publication Type of drug mode of exercise Exercise frequency Exercise duration exercise intensity Timing of intervention Physiological and psychological improvement of drug users 1. Lu Zhaohui Shanghai 240 people Exp (n=120) and Ctrl (n=120) 2020 Methamphetamine basketball 3 times per week 60 min heavy intensity 16 weeks The effect of high intensity multiproject combination exercise training on the physical and mental rehabilitation of drug addicts 2. Dong Guijun Shandong 14 people Exp (n=14) 2021 Methamphetamine table tennis 3 times per week 20 min medium intensity 8 weeks Table tennis intervention activates the motor cortex and prefrontal lobe, improving cognitive function in METH addicts 3. Li Dan Hubei and Beijing 216 people Exp (n=154) and Ctrl (n=62) 2022 Heroin；冰毒 badminton 3 times per week 150 min no requirement 8 weeks Badminton can improve physical fitness, reduce addiction, and is closely related to serum neurogenic nutrients, so it is suitable for promotion as an auxiliary means of drug rehabilitation 4.Niu Zhong 240 people in Hubei province and Beijing Exp (n=240) and Ctrl (n=165) 2025 Heroin badminton 7times per week 150 min no requirement 12 weeks Badminton can improve the state of muscle protein synthesis by remodeling serum protein synthesis regulatory factors, and then reduce the prevalence of myopathy induced by heroin, so it is suitable for promotion as an auxiliary drug intervention Table 6. Progress of self-compiled drug control movement and drug control research (N=1) author object of study Study sample size Date of publication Type of drug mode of exercise Exercise frequency Exercise duration exercise intensity Timing of intervention Physiological and psychological improvement of drug users 1. Ma Lianzhen There are 96 people in the drug rehabilitation center Exp (n=48) and Ctrl (n=48) 2022 Methamphetamine Ketamine Develop traditional fitness techniques 4 times per week 40 min medium intensity 24 weeks Self-compiled traditional physical exercise can be promoted as an effective intervention method in compulsory rehabilitation centers. 6.5 Analysis of drug rehabilitation cases in ball games Table 5 lists the sports involved in ball game intervention studies, including basketball, table tennis, and badminton. The frequency of exercise is mostly three times a week or daily, with durations ranging from 20--150 minutes. The intensity of exercise varies, and the types of addictive drugs used include methamphetamine, heroin, and methcathinone. All studies have shown positive effects, such as physical and mental rehabilitation, cognitive function enhancement, physical fitness improvement, and reduced addiction. In particular, badminton has been proven to have significant physiological and psychological benefits for drug rehabilitation in two studies. Research has demonstrated that ball game interventions have positive effects on the recovery process of individuals with drug addiction. 6.6 Analysis of self-compiled drug rehabilitation movement examples Table 6: As a unique form of exercise, self-compiled traditional fitness routines integrate elements of traditional culture, physical training, and rehabilitation. It helps improve the physical fitness of individuals in drug rehabilitation while also alleviating their psychological stress, achieving both detoxification and recovery goals. The intervention involves four sessions per week, each lasting 40 minutes. The use of moderate-intensity exercise aids in enhancing cardiorespiratory function, increasing muscle strength and endurance, regulating mental states, and alleviating negative emotions such as anxiety and depression. After six months of intervention, it is beneficial to evaluate the long-term impact of self-compiled traditional fitness routines on the rehabilitation of individuals in drug rehabilitation. Research findings indicate that self-compiled traditional fitness routines significantly improve both the physiological and the psychological conditions of individuals in drug rehabilitation, making them effective intervention methods that can be promoted within compulsory rehabilitation facilities. 7. Discussion Drug addiction is related to neurotransmitters and brain structure, epigenetics, and neuroplasticity. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, has been highlighted as a key subject of study. Its secretion is regulated primarily by the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens of the mesolimbic system, while endorphins play crucial roles in modulating brain neurotransmitters and reward mechanisms. Therefore, dopamine plays a significant role in drug addiction [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ] . Drug addiction is associated with the neurobiology of drug addiction, which involves the ventral tegmental area, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, lateral septum and hippocampus in the brain. These regions are connected through signaling pathways and participate in drug-induced neuroadaptation. Once abnormalities occur, they can lead to strong dependence on drugs [ 14 , 15 ] . Drug addiction is related to epigenetics. One study reported that epigenetic factors also change when individuals take drugs, which can lead to drug addicts' difficulty in quitting and increased addiction. Subsequent studies have shown that epigenetics is a key factor in reversing drug addiction [ 17 , 20 ] . RUSSO and Zhang Wei, Wu Lijun, et al. reported that the use of addictive drugs can lead to significant changes in neural development, altering neural structure and physiological functions, which exacerbates addiction and makes it difficult to reverse. Engaging in physical activity can improve neural status and reduce the craving for drugs. Moreover, there is a strong connection between drug addiction and the psychological aspects of addicted individuals. After addiction, not only does there become significant psychological dependence, but it also leads to various negative physical factors, including anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and mental abnormalities. Long-term or repeated use of drugs can cause damage to brain neurons, imbalance in neurotransmitters, and adverse changes in synaptic plasticity, affecting an individual's emotional regulation, cognitive function, and decision-making ability. To escape these negative emotions, addicted individuals may develop a strong desire to relapse, thereby alleviating their negative emotional experiences [ 29 , 30 ] . Figure 2 illustrates the theoretical model of exercise intervention for drug addiction. Exercise activates the neurotransmitter system responsible for reward in the brain, which is generally caused by the secretion of dopamine in the mesolimbic system. Increasing DA levels can lead to excitement and pleasure. Exercise can activate neural circuits similar to those involved in the reward system during drug addiction, thereby altering neurotransmitter transmission and producing an exercise-induced reward effect. Exercise also promotes the remodeling of brain neural circuits, enhancing connections between neurons and promoting the release and reuptake of neurotransmitters. These changes help improve cognitive abilities, executive functions, and emotional responses and regulation in the brain. It inhibits the neuronal signaling that drives drug-seeking behavior, repairs the function of the DA system, and normalizes the mesolimbic reward system. This helps reduce drug cravings and withdrawal symptoms, improving the quality of life for individuals with addiction. Exercise can also stimulate the release of endorphins and other neurotransmitters, which have analgesic and antidepressant effects. These substances can adjust the emotional state and self-control of addicted individuals, helping them better resist the temptation and impulse to use drugs. Exercise interventions to reduce drug addiction and facilitate recovery after withdrawal mainly include aerobic exercise, resistance training, combined aerobic and resistance exercises, traditional health-preserving activities, self-designed detox exercises, and ball games. Most interventions focus on moderate-intensity exercise, with some studies exploring high-intensity exercise. In terms of frequency, it is recommended that there be no fewer than three sessions per week. The literature data indicate that all exercise interventions positively impact the physiological, psychological, and neurological aspects of addicted individuals, assisting in their detoxification and recovery. Through aerobic exercise intervention, the mental health of individuals with drug addiction improved significantly [ 38 ] . This intervention can effectively reduce drug dependence, reduce craving, promote addiction and prevent relapse [ 37 ] . Long-term HIIT intervention can improve the health level, physical fitness, antioxidant capacity and neurobiological function of individuals with drug addiction [ 39 ] . Medium- and high-intensity interval fitness exercise can significantly improve the physical and mental health of drug-dependent people, and high-intensity exercise is more effective in reducing negative emotions and drug craving [ 40 ] . The best results for drug dependence can be achieved through long-term aerobic exercise combined with mindfulness therapy [ 41 ] . Aerobic exercise can improve attention function in methamphetamine-addicted people and reduce drug cue bias. Drug rehabilitation exercises and power cycling can also improve early recognition and enhance attention control [ 42 ] . In terms of traditional health care exercise, tai chi rehabilitation exercises can help improve the physical and mental health of individuals with drug addictions, reduce their systolic blood pressure, improve their balance ability, and significantly improve their mental health [ 43 ] . This exercise also has a positive effect on the relapse rate of individuals with compulsory drug addictions [ 44 ] . In traditional group exercise therapy, the quality of life of individuals with drug addictions can be improved, and their negative emotions, such as depression and anxiety, can be effectively relieved [ 45 ] . Yoga, meditation and physical training can reduce the levels of citrulline in female individuals with drug addiction and effectively reduce the risk of relapse; the combination of exercise and meditation may be more effective in improving withdrawal effects [ 46 ] . In addition, one-finger massage can also help improve the quality of life of heroin addicted individuals [ 47 ] . Resistance exercise can improve the neurotransmitter system of abstinence, promote neural adaptation, and weaken drug craving, especially in high-intensity intermittent exercise [ 25 ] . Resistance training can activate multiple brain regions in addicted individuals, increase cerebral blood flow, and strengthen the functional connections between brain regions. Long-term participation in resistance exercise improves the heart rate and respiratory activity of brain regions in addicted individuals at rest and improves emotional control, sleep quality and the psychological state [ 48 ] . A study of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training revealed that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance training could effectively increase the level of inflammatory factors in individuals with drug-dependent compulsory isolation, improve their mental health and reduce their craving for drugs [ 49 ] . This training has a positive effect on the physical and mental rehabilitation of methamphetamine-addicted individuals [ 50 ] . This training can reduce the dependence of methamphetamine-addicted individuals on drugs, improve their ability to control drug use, and have a positive effect on the withdrawal of drug addiction and the prevention of relapse [ 51 ] . When individuals are faced with the stress and anxiety of detoxification from opioid dependence, 8 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training improved plasma oxytocin and vasopressin levels in male detoxification subjects, reduce perceived stress and anxiety, and improve health fitness [ 52 ] . Basketball training with high intensity and multiple projects is highly important for the physical and mental rehabilitation of individuals with drug addiction [ 53 ] . Table tennis is more effective at activating the motor cortex and prefrontal lobe and improving cognitive function in METH addicts [ 54 ] . Badminton can improve physical fitness, reduce addiction, and is closely related to serum neurogenic nutrient factor [ 55 ] . By reshaping serum protein synthesis regulatory factors, the muscle protein synthesis state can be improved, and the prevalence of heroin-induced sarcopenia can be reduced. It is suitable for promotion as an auxiliary drug intervention method [ 56 ] At present, there are few studies on self-compiled traditional physical fitness techniques in the field of drug rehabilitation intervention. Previous studies have shown that self-compiled traditional physical fitness techniques can be used as effective interventions to regulate psychological state and alleviate negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, which has significant effects and is worth promoting in compulsory rehabilitation centers [57] . In summary, exercise intervention for drug addiction primarily relies on the positive effects of exercise on the brain's neurotransmitter system, neural circuits, and mental health. By activating neurotransmitter pathways, improving neural circuits and brain function, and enhancing mental health levels, exercise intervention can effectively assist addicts in reducing drug cravings, improving withdrawal symptoms, promoting recovery, and enhancing quality of life after detoxification. In practice, personalized exercise prescriptions need to be developed on the basis of specific addictions and individual circumstances. This includes selecting appropriate types of exercise, intensity, duration, and frequency to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the exercise intervention. 8. Conclusions By summarizing and organizing 22 core domestic literature articles, we found that various exercise interventions have positive effects on addicted individuals. Aerobic exercise can significantly improve physical and mental conditions, enhance mental health levels, reduce drug dependence and craving, and is more effective in controlling attention, weakening drug memories, and improving health and physical fitness. Resistance training improves neurotransmitter systems, promotes neural adaptation, weakens drug cravings, and enhances emotional control and sleep quality, with particularly significant effects on neurological improvements in drug rehabilitation. The combination of aerobic and resistance training is more effective at reducing inflammatory factor levels, enhancing mental health, lowering drug cravings, improving medication control, reducing stress and anxiety, and increasing health and physical fitness. Traditional health-preserving exercises excel in improving physical and mental health, quality of life, balance ability, and psychological state, as well as reducing relapse rates. Self-designed detox exercises are more effective at improving cardiorespiratory function, muscle strength and endurance; regulating psychological states; and alleviating negative emotions. Ball sports are more effective at promoting physical and mental recovery, enhancing cognitive functions and physical fitness, and reducing addiction, especially badminton, which has positive effects on the physical and psychological improvement of detox individuals. 9. Research limitations and future research directions Despite the positive outcomes of these studies, several shortcomings remain: relatively small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and a lack of long-term follow-up. Future research could further expand the sample size, extend the intervention duration, and conduct long-term tracking. Multimodal exercise interventions and combinations can be employed to meet the needs of different types of drug addictions. Exploring integrated intervention models that combine exercise with psychological counseling can lead to a more comprehensive and effective detoxification and rehabilitation system. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics approval and consent to participate：Ethical approval and consent to participate:No ethical approval was required for this study： • Consent for publication：.Agreed to participate:All authors have agreed to the publication of this manuscript.Competing interests • Competing interests：The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article • Funding：fund:No funding was received for this study • Authors' contributions：.Author's contribution:Wang Zhaosong wrote the paper, He Qinghua collected and revised the dataexpress one's thanks • Acknowledgements：The authors would like to thank all those who helped during the research. • Availability of data and materia：Availability of data and information:The review article and all data can be found in CNKI and Wanfang database References 《China's Drug Situation Report 2023, China Drug Control Network http://www.nncc626.com/20240619/d1a1ffb1f3fb4c93bb05f6e73fb50414/c.html Yan Wansen, Liu Sujiao, Wang Lu. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6655884","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":588955986,"identity":"0a6fc180-25ed-49ea-b32b-ee38215ebaf3","order_by":0,"name":"He Qinghua","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangxi University for Nationalities","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"He","middleName":"","lastName":"Qinghua","suffix":""},{"id":588955987,"identity":"735139a7-2e14-4987-acc8-2a84a0378e10","order_by":1,"name":"Wang Zhaosong","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACfobDBwwkKmzkGOc/PkCcFsnGYwkFFmfSjJkb0hKI02Jw+IzBh8q2w4nsDTkGRLrs2LHEDTfb0hJ4G858vPGGwU5Ot4GADsaew4cNZ5yzyZNs7N1sOYch2djsAAEtzBLH0owlytKKDZt5t0nzMBxI3EZIC5v8G/Pff9gOJ+4/xvOMOC08DGcMDCSA3m/s4WEjTosEw7EEAwlgIDPOYDO2nGNAhF/sD8CicgbzwxtvKuzkCGpBtZKH2KhB0kKqjlEwCkbBKBgRAABIbkmLffQZbwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Guangxi University for Nationalities","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wang","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhaosong","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-13 13:23:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6655884/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6655884/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102754146,"identity":"13de7b7e-9b56-4e59-b852-28b58634c0fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-16 09:37:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61914,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow chart of the literature search inclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6655884/v1/7161a0bf67ff140dd31956bf.png"},{"id":102754076,"identity":"218f5063-a7a7-47ba-b0ae-f2a7dbfb9161","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-16 09:36:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":326989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eModel of drug addiction during exercise intervention\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6655884/v1/12d10c9f86d173c216f13275.jpeg"},{"id":102755009,"identity":"cdf32601-caea-448a-9c17-3f7e6178b460","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-16 09:40:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1151614,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6655884/v1/925e03c6-2393-4c5b-b72e-8a63d98d2f5e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A review of the role of \"dynamic attack on drug\" exercise intervention in drug addiction rehabilitation","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn accordance with the \"People's Republic of China Narcotics Control Law\" and the \"Regulations on Drug Rehabilitation,\" which emphasize prevention, scientific detoxification, comprehensive correction, humanistic care, and social collaboration, China's antidrug and drug rehabilitation efforts have entered a phase of routine development. Globally, the nonmedical use of drugs has become a major health crisis that urgently needs to be addressed. It not only severely impacts various aspects of public health but also severely disrupts social stability and order. By the end of 2023, affected by the worsening global drug problem, China has gradually entered a period of resurgence in drug-related crimes, with 896,000 individuals currently using drugs, accounting for 6.4% of the national population\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrug addiction (drug addiction) is a chronic brain disorder characterized by its epidemic and recurrent nature resulting from the misuse of drugs. It involves repeated drug use that leads to central nervous system damage. A hallmark of this condition is the gradual loss of self-control over drug use, making it difficult for addicts to resist intense craving for drugs, leading to uncontrollable and compulsive behaviors in seeking and using drugs\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, drugs themselves cause irreversible and serious damage to many tissues and organs of the human body and cause mental dependence that is difficult to eliminate. Exercise has been proven to be an effective auxiliary treatment measure to prevent relapse\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The effect of exercise intervention on drug addiction rehabilitation has become a new method of drug rehabilitation. With the advancements in theoretical and practical research on exercise drug rehabilitation, traditional drug treatment, psychological treatment and other methods can improve the effectiveness of exercise intervention in individuals with drug addictions more effectively\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Sports-based detoxification, with its safety, cost-effectiveness, broad applicability, and stability, has become the primary direction for development in the \"green detoxification\" field. Exploring and implementing sports-based detoxification strategies not only deeply embodies President Xi Jinping's important instructions on detoxification work but also represents an innovative attempt to offer a \"Chinese solution\" to global drug control issues. This initiative actively responds to the strategic goal proposed by the Ministry of Justice leadership, which is to \"center on sports-based detoxification and build a Chinese-characteristic detoxification system.\" This is a necessary requirement for advancing detoxification work toward scientific and professional standards\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main purpose of this review is to review the literature on exercise detoxification, explore the mechanism of exercise detoxification, clarify the effects of different exercises on detoxification, and improve the exercise detoxification program. This study provides theoretical guidance for future research on exercise detoxification.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Data and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e2.1 Literature retrieval strategy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComputer online searches were used to retrieve randomized controlled trial (RCT) papers on the effectiveness of exercise interventions for drug addiction from Chinese databases (such as CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP). The search period was from 2015--2025, with no language restrictions. The search combines subject terms and free keywords. Subject terms included exercise detoxification, drug addiction, efficacy mechanisms, exercise intervention, aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, aerobic plus resistance exercise, traditional health-preserving exercises, self-designed detoxification exercises, table tennis, badminton, basketball, and other ball sports.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2 Literature inclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figure 1, 2152 Chinese studies were retrieved from the database, and only the core literature was set to obtain 132 literature, 25studies. Twenty-five reviews were excluded, 6 duplicate studies were eliminated, 101 studies were screened, and 89 articles without RCTs and research data were excluded. Finally, 22 Chinese core studies were included.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Biological mechanism of drug addiction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1 Conceptualization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrug addiction refers to the forced acquisition and use of a drug without regard for consequences\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;In the progress of drug addiction research, Li Longhui et al. summarized 8 criteria for drug addiction, which are craving, tolerance, withdrawal, compulsion, impulsiveness, priority, deliberate and stubborn\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;There is a strong desire to abuse addictive drugs for nonmedical purposes, with the dosage and frequency gradually increasing during the process of drug abuse. Tolerance refers to the withdrawal symptoms that occur when the drug is reduced or stopped during forced abstinence. The compulsive aspect is manifested in the difficulty of controlling the onset, termination, and dosage of drug abuse, disregarding social and legal constraints, leading to a decline in self-control. The priority aspect is reflected in the gradual loss of original interests and hobbies after becoming addicted to drugs, which affects family and social relationships. Despite knowledge of the harm caused by addiction, there is still a deliberate intention to continue abusing drugs, as well as the persistence of withdrawal symptoms when reducing or stopping drug use and the increase in dosage after relapse compared with before. In China\u0026apos;s Criminal Law, drugs are explicitly defined to include specific types, such as opium, heroin, methamphetamine (ice), morphine, marijuana, cocaine, and other addictive anesthetic and psychotropic substances that are legally controlled by the state\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2 Neurotransmitters and drug addiction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDopamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter, and the latest research suggests that the dopamine system in the mesolimbic cortex may be involved in and lead to drug addiction\u003csup\u003e[9\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e，\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e10]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;The mesolimbic system is primarily composed of key components such as the ventral tegmental area (ventra tegmental area). VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Among these, dopaminergic neurons make up more than 60% of the cells in the VTA, and they project densely to the NAc, where they form crucial neural connections\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c/sup\u003e. Dopamine is a neurochemical substance that regulates multiple physiological responses in the central nervous system. The mesolimbic dopamine pathway it forms constitutes the primary reward system in the brain. It not only plays a role in positive feedback and reinforcement learning induced by drugs but can also induce persistent craving, ultimately leading to addictive behavior. Endorphins, key neurotransmitters, play a significant role in addiction circuits. They participate in regulating reward pleasure, cognitive function, and behavioral motivation. Endorphins influence the transmission of reward signals by binding to specific receptors in the brain, thereby enhancing an individual\u0026apos;s sense of pleasure. Additionally, they are involved in cognitive regulation processes, affecting functions such as thinking, memory, and learning. In summary, endorphins regulate the release of neurotransmitters, participating in the modulation of behavioral motivation, which leads to strong dependence and craving for certain behaviors\u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c/sup\u003e. Dopamine, as a direct reward transmitter, induces abnormal emotions and impulses such as euphoria by binding to dopamine receptors in drug addiction\u003csup\u003e[13]\u003c/sup\u003e, which is also one of the important mechanisms of drug addiction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3 Brain structure and drug addiction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA previous study revealed that the effects of drugs were mainly concentrated in the ventral tegmental area, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, lateral septum and hippocampus\u003csup\u003e[14]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;From the perspective of neuroanatomy, the development of drug dependence is closely related to the activity of multiple key brain regions that form the neurobiological basis of drug dependence. These regions influence individual behavioral patterns and physiological responses through complex interactions. Furthermore, multiple signaling pathways within the brain play a central role in the pathophysiological processes of drug dependence. In particular, the substantia nigra-striatum pathway, the mesolimbic pathway, and the midbrain-cortex pathway not only regulate normal neurophysiological functions but also play crucial roles in drug-induced changes in neuroadaptation. Abnormal activity in these pathways can lead to intense dependence and craving for drugs, thereby further exacerbating the severity of drug dependence\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4 Epigenetics and drug addiction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrug use not only leads to drug sensitization but also triggers corresponding stimulation of the nervous system. To some extent, addiction is regarded as an impairment of learning and memory functions. Therefore, the long-term brain mechanisms underlying addiction-related memories have always been a challenge and a focus in the field of drug addiction research. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic regulation-mediated changes in long-term gene expression may be one of the mechanisms behind this stable pattern of abnormal behavior in individuals with drug addiction\u003csup\u003e[16]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;With the in-depth study of the long-term molecular mechanism of addiction memory, epigenetic modification has gradually become a field that may provide a new perspective for the study of drug addiction\u003csup\u003e[17]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;More research evidence points to epigenetic regulation of gene expression, including histone acetylation and deacetylation, as contributing to the development of drug reward-related behaviors associated with addiction\u003csup\u003e[18\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e，\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e19]\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition, epigenetic factors undergo significant changes, which largely accelerate the irreversible process of drug addiction. Researchers have utilized cutting-edge techniques in epigenetics to increase the binding of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) with DNA in the brains of experimental animals, successfully identifying HDAC5 target genes. These target genes are closely associated with the early stages of drug addiction, making them potential new research targets for clinicians to develop novel treatments or drugs to reduce the relapse risk in individuals with drug addiction, providing strong support. These findings suggest that reversing the process of drug addiction from an epigenetic perspective is possible\u003csup\u003e[20]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Exercise can help drug addicts prevent drug addiction; has positive effects on neurotransmitters, synaptic plasticity, intracellular signal transmission, neurotrophic factors, and nerve regeneration; regulates epigenetic changes; improves the resistance of the brain to addictive drugs; reduces the desire of the brain for drugs; and plays a role in preventing relapse\u003csup\u003e[21]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5 Neuroplasticity and drug addiction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs early as 2010, studies have shown that addictive drugs can cause significant reorganization of synapses in the brain\u0026apos;s limbic regions, such as the nucleus accumbens\u003csup\u003e[22]\u003c/sup\u003eRUSSO and colleagues analyzed the correlation between drug addiction and these neural changes, identifying how addictive drugs alter the structure and physiology of neurons. Recent studies also indicate that neurons in the reward system stimulated by drugs undergo significant changes, which not only accelerate the remodeling and degeneration of neurons but also increase their dependence on drugs\u003csup\u003e[23]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eTherefore, under the stimulation of addictive drugs, neurons undergo significant changes, resulting in drug dependence and addiction to drugs. Exercise can induce neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex, improve executive function, and reduce compulsive behaviors associated with substance use disorders\u003csup\u003e[24]\u003c/sup\u003e. Resistance exercise of different intensities can effectively improve the state of the neurotransmitter system in individuals with drug addictions and regulate the neuroplasticity and neuroadaptation of individuals with drug addictions to weaken the desire for drugs\u003csup\u003e[25]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.6 Drug withdrawal and relapse mechanism\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch in the field of substance addiction reveals a common phenomenon: in the early stages after successfully overcoming drugs, addicts\u0026apos; ability to experience euphoria induced by drugs significantly decreases. This reduced state gradually improves over time. When this ability recovers to a certain threshold level, addicted individuals may once again develop a strong psychological craving for the drug. This craving can further trigger uncontrollable urges to seek and use the drug, which is commonly known as relapse\u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;In the process of relapse, many neurotransmitters and hormones are involved, especially for relapse caused by drug cues, which are usually considered to be the result of emotional fluctuations mediated by the amygdala complex and abnormal learning and memory in the hippocampus\u003csup\u003e[27\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e，\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e28]\u003c/sup\u003e. In the detoxification period, how to effectively inhibit an individual\u0026apos;s strong craving for drugs and then reduce or even completely prevent the occurrence of relapse behavior is a key problem that urgently needs to be solved in the field of drug detoxification intervention research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.The psychological Psychological mechanisms of drug addiction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDrug addiction is characterized not only by intense physical and psychological dependence but also by a series of significant physical and mental health issues. This includes the emergence of anxiety, the onset of depressive states, frequent sleep disorders such as insomnia, the appearance of psychiatric abnormalities, the pain of withdrawal reactions, and the inability to suppress psychological cravings, among other manifestations\u003csup\u003e[29]\u003c/sup\u003e. The destruction of neuropsychological mechanisms manifests as changes in brain structure and function. The long-term or repeated use of drugs can lead to damage to brain neurons, neurotransmitter imbalances, and alterations in synaptic plasticity. These changes not only affect an individual\u0026apos;s emotional regulation, cognitive functions, and decision-making abilities but also make them more likely to adopt aggressive coping strategies when facing conflicts and challenges\u003csup\u003e[30]\u003c/sup\u003e. According to the negative reinforcement emotion processing framework, depressive and anxious negative emotional states are seen as the core triggers driving individuals with addiction to develop intense drug cravings. During the detoxification process, addicted individuals often experience a series of unpleasant emotional experiences, which become a heavy burden they urgently need to escape. To achieve emotional relief and comfort, addicted individuals may develop an extremely urgent urge to relapse, attempting to reduce the impact of these negative emotions by consuming drugs again\u003csup\u003e[31]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Theoretical basis of drug rehabilitation through exercise","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5.1 Mechanism\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eMechanisms\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;of exercise-based drug rehabilitation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough exercise has not yet been formally incorporated into standardized drug relapse prevention and treatment programs, it has shown positive effects in slowing or preventing relapse behavior in previous clinical practice reports\u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Both physical exercise and drug abuse can significantly impact the structure and function of the brain, but their effects are opposite. Physical exercise is seen as a positive intervention that enhances brain functionality, promoting neuronal connections and information transmission. In contrast, drug abuse severely damages the brain\u0026apos;s memory and cognitive control systems, leading to declines in key cognitive functions such as learning ability, attention, and decision-making. Research indicates that through consistent physical training, the damaged memory and cognitive systems caused by drug abuse can be partially repaired, offering a potential rehabilitation pathway for drug users\u003csup\u003e[32\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e，\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e33]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Sports training has multiple positive impacts on drug users: studies have shown that individuals who participate in sports training can increase their happiness, confidence, and self-esteem while alleviating negative emotions. It optimizes the cognitive control functions of the brain, strengthens resistance to drug temptation, and aids in detoxification. Through exercise, various bodily systems, such as respiration, circulation, the nervous system, digestion, and the endocrine system, can be stimulated\u003csup\u003e[34\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e，\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e35]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Improving and restoring organ function helps enhance both physical and mental health. Drug use often leads individuals to experience persistent dizziness, headaches, and physical pain. It is accompanied by significant mood swings, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, social barriers can arise, making it difficult to communicate effectively with others. In extreme cases, individuals may exhibit violent behavior or suicidal thoughts. These issues not only severely damage the physical and mental health of drug users but also pose a significant threat to society\u003csup\u003e[36]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;By implementing exercise interventions, immune stress responses can be stimulated, and dopamine levels can be regulated, thereby significantly reducing depressive and anxious symptoms in individuals who have successfully stopped drug addiction. This helps improve their negative emotional states and enhances overall mental health. Additionally, exercise interventions can effectively alleviate psychological dependence on drugs among drug users, reducing the craving for drugs, which positively promotes successful detoxification and prevents relapse\u003csup\u003e[37]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Research progress on drug rehabilitation by exercise intervention","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.1 Analysis of examples of aerobic exercise for drug rehabilitation\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eProgress of aerobic exercise in drug rehabilitation (n=6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eauthor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;subject investigated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDate of publication\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of drug\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;mode of exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExercise frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Exercise \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexercise intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiming of intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysiological and psychological improvement of drug users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.Zheng Zhijun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 people under compulsory rehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=60) and Ctrl (n=60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRunning, power cycling, jumping rope, aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-90 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate to high intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mental health level of addicts was significantly improved after 8 weeks of exercise intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Lu Chunxia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere are 105 people in the compulsory isolation drug rehabilitation center in Hunan Province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=61) and Ctrl (n=31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorkout alternates with treadmill training\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate to high intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMovement intervention can reduce drug dependence, reduce craving, promote addiction and prevent relapse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Liu Yang Zichun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108 people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=54) and Ctrl (n=54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlexibility, aerobic endurance, strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh intensity intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLong-term HIIT intervention can improve the health level, physical fitness, antioxidant capacity and neurobiological function of drug addicts.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Wang Kun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChongqing Movement Drug Rehabilitation Research Center has 65 people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=28) and Ctrl (n=37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emethamphetamine hydrochloride\u0026zwnj;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;fit aerobics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate intensity and high intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh-intensity interval fitness exercises for 12 weeks significantly improved the physical and mental health of female methamphetamine abusers, with high intensity being more effective in reducing negative emotions and drug craving.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. Song Liangyuan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere are 48 people in Biquan Compulsory isolation and drug rehabilitation center in Wuhan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=36) and Ctrl (n=12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeroin；Ecstasy；\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Methamphetamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic exercise combined with mindfulness to prevent relapse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;medium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eweeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic exercise combined with mindfulness therapy is effective for drug dependence rehabilitation. After 8 weeks, mindfulness and combined therapy reduced relapse and negative emotions, and the effect lasted for 4 weeks. The long-term effect of combined therapy was the best.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6. Zhao Qi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom 64 people at Moganshan Drug Rehabilitation Center in Zhejiang province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=44) and Ctrl (n=20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrug rehabilitation exercises; bicycle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic exercise can improve attention function and reduce drug cue bias in methamphetamine addicts. Drug rehabilitation exercises and power cycling can also improve early recognition and enhance attention control.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 shows that the methods of exercise intervention are diverse and primarily include running, power cycling, jumping rope, aerobics, workplace exercises, aerobic fitness exercises, detoxification rehabilitation exercises, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The frequency of intervention was at least three times per week, with each session lasting more than 30 minutes. The intensity of exercise ranges from moderate to high. All the research results indicate that exercise intervention significantly improves the physical and psychological conditions of individuals with drug addiction. Exercise intervention enhances the mental health of addicted individuals, reduces their dependence and craving for drugs, aids in addiction recovery, and prevents relapse. Additionally, exercise interventions can improve attention control in addicted individuals, weaken the impact of drug memories, and enhance health levels, physical fitness, antioxidant capacity, and neurobiological functions. Wang Kun\u0026apos;s representative study focused on female methamphetamine-addicted people and reported that high-intensity interval fitness exercises are more effective at reducing negative emotions and drug cravings. Song Liangyuan\u0026apos;s study combined aerobic exercise with mindfulness therapy and reported that the combined approach is more effective in reducing relapse and negative emotions, with effects that can persist.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.2 Analysis of resistance exercise for drug\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003erehabilitation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 Both studies adopted resistance training as an intervention method, and the research revealed that resistance training is highly effective in improving the physical and psychological conditions of individuals with drug addiction. In Wu Li jun\u0026apos;s study, using different intensities of resistance training daily yielded better results for improving addicts\u0026apos; physical and psychological states. Li Kefeng\u0026apos;s study used moderate-intensity resistance training three times a week, with a longer intervention period. From the perspective of intervention effects, both studies agree that resistance training can improve the neurotransmitter system of individuals with drug addiction, promote neural adaptation, reduce drug craving, and enhance emotional control, sleep quality, and mental state. Both studies confirmed that resistance training has more significant effects on the nervous system in drug rehabilitation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.3 Analysis of traditional health care exercise and drug rehabilitation cases\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Traditional health-preserving exercises involve multiple aspects, including Tai Chi, Tai Chi rehabilitation exercises, yoga, aerobic fitness routines, meditation, physical activities, and one-finger Zen massage. The intensity of these exercises is moderate, indicating the diversity and flexibility of exercise interventions in drug rehabilitation. The frequency of exercise interventions in multiple studies ranges from 3--5 times per week, with exercise durations typically ranging from 40--60 minutes. These interventions cover various types of drug addiction, including synthetic drugs (such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, and K powder), Ma Gu, heroin, and others, and target different types of drug addictions. The research results revealed positive improvements in multiple areas, including physical and mental health, quality of life, balance ability, psychological state, and relapse rates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.4 Analysis of examples of aerobic combined resistance exercise for drug rehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT\u003cstrong\u003eable 2\u003c/strong\u003e. Progress in resistance exercise drug rehabilitation research (n=2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eauthor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eobject of study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDate of publication\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of drug\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emode of exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExercise frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Exercise \u0026nbsp;duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;exercise intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiming of intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysiological and psychological improvement of drug users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Wu Lijun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaiyuan New Store Drug Rehabilitation Center 90 people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=60) and Ctrl (n=30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eheroin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifferent intensity resistance training\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edifference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eintensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eweeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 weeks of resistance exercise can improve the neurotransmitter system of heroin abstinence, promote neural adaptation, and weaken drug craving. High intensity interval exercise is more effective.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Li Kefeng\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26people in Shandong Luzhong Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;resistive exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne resistance training can activate multiple brain regions of addicts, and 12 weeks of resistance training can improve the heart rate and respiratory activity connection of brain regions in addicts at rest, improve emotional control, sleep quality and psychological state.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Research progress on traditional health care exercise and drug rehabilitation (N=5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"96%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eauthor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eobject of study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDate of publication\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of drug\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emode of exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExercise frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Exercise \u0026nbsp;duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;exercise intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiming of intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysiological and psychological improvement of drug users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.Geng Jingjing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 in Shanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=30) and Ctrl (n=27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSynthetic drugs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etaijiquan,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;45 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTai Chi rehabilitation exercises can help improve the physical and mental health of drug addicts, reduce systolic blood pressure, improve balance ability, and significantly improve many aspects of psychology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.Zhu Dong\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 in Shanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=42) and Ctrl (n=38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSynthetic drugs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 taijiquan,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-5 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24eeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTai Chi rehabilitation exercises have a good effect on improving the relapse rate of drug addicts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.Liang Xueping\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTianjin 73人\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=36) and Ctrl (n=37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine；ecstasy, Ketamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoga; aerobic exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;40 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup exercise therapy can improve the quality of life of female drug addicts and effectively relieve their negative emotions such as depression and anxiety, which is worth further promotion in clinical practice.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Yao Hui\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChongqing 40 people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=30) and Ctrl (n=10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMahu\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;heroin；Ketamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoga; aerobic exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoga, meditation and physical training for 12 weeks can reduce the levels of canine uric acid in female drug addicts and effectively reduce the risk of relapse; a combination of exercise and meditation may be more effective in improving withdrawal effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. Cui Zhuo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGansu province140 people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=68) and Ctrl (n=70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eheroin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOne-finger Zen massage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 252px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinger-point massage can help improve the quality of life of heroin addicts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eProgress of drug rehabilitation research on aerobic combined resistance exercise (N=4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eauthor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eobject of study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDate of publication\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of drug\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emode of exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExercise frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Exercise \u0026nbsp;duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;exercise intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiming of intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 303px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysiological and psychological improvement of drug users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Lu Chunxia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123 people in Hunan province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=34) and Ctrl (n=63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBalance and aerobic combined resistance training\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom low to high intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 303px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance training can effectively improve the level of inflammatory factors in ATS drug-dependent compulsory isolation addicts, improve their mental health and reduce the degree of drug craving\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Li Songyang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiaoning province 176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=88) and Ctrl (n=88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic exercise combined with resistance training\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 times/week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 303px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic exercise combined with resistance training has a good effect on the physical and mental rehabilitation of methamphetamine addicts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Lu Chunxia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 people in Hunan province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=65) and Ctrl (n=32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAerobic combined resistance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 303px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExercise can reduce the dependence of methamphetamine addicts on drugs, improve their ability to control drug use, and have a positive effect on the withdrawal of drug addiction and the prevention of relapse.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;4. Guo Yin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 people in Hunan province\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=22) and Ctrl (n=23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eopioid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreadmill;strength endurance training\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 303px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpioid-dependent individuals often feel stress and anxiety during detoxification. Eight weeks of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training improved plasma oxytocin and vasopressin levels in male detoxification patients, reduced perceived stress and anxiety, and improved health fitness.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 shows that all studies adopted a combination of aerobic exercise and resistance training, aiming to demonstrate the effectiveness of integrated exercise programs in the rehabilitation of individuals with drug addiction. The experimental design for exercise interventions was flexible, with most studies involving exercise frequencies ranging from 3--5 times per week and exercise durations ranging from 25--80 minutes. The types of addictive drugs included amphetamines, methamphetamine, and opioids. All studies reported positive outcomes, such as reduced levels of inflammatory factors, improved mental health, decreased drug craving, enhanced medication control, reduced stress, decreased anxiety, and improved physical fitness. These findings confirm that combined aerobic and resistance exercise interventions have positive effects on the rehabilitation of individuals with drug addictions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eResearch progress on drug rehabilitation in ball games (N=4)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eauthor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eobject of study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDate of publication\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of drug\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emode of exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExercise frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Exercise \u0026nbsp;duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;exercise intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiming of intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysiological and psychological improvement of drug users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Lu Zhaohui\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai 240 people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=120) and Ctrl (n=120)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;basketball\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eheavy intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe effect of high intensity multiproject combination exercise training on the physical and mental rehabilitation of drug addicts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Dong Guijun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShandong 14 people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etable tennis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable tennis intervention activates the motor cortex and prefrontal lobe, improving cognitive function in METH addicts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Li Dan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHubei \u0026nbsp;and Beijing 216 people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=154) and Ctrl (n=62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeroin；冰毒\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebadminton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno requirement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBadminton can improve physical fitness, reduce addiction, and is closely related to serum neurogenic nutrients, so it is suitable for promotion as an auxiliary means of drug rehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.Niu Zhong\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240 people in Hubei province and Beijing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=240) and Ctrl (n=165)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeroin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebadminton\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eno requirement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBadminton can improve the state of muscle protein synthesis by remodeling serum protein synthesis regulatory factors, and then reduce the prevalence of myopathy induced by heroin, so it is suitable for promotion as an auxiliary drug intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eProgress of self-compiled drug control movement and drug control research (N=1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eauthor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eobject of study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy sample size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDate of publication\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of drug\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emode of exercise\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExercise frequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Exercise \u0026nbsp;duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;exercise intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTiming of intervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysiological and psychological improvement of drug users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Ma Lianzhen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere are 96 people in the drug rehabilitation center\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp (n=48) and Ctrl (n=48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethamphetamine Ketamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDevelop traditional fitness techniques\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 times per week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emedium intensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-compiled traditional physical exercise can be promoted as an effective intervention method in compulsory rehabilitation centers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.5 Analysis of drug rehabilitation cases in ball games\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 lists the sports involved in ball game intervention studies, including basketball, table tennis, and badminton. The frequency of exercise is mostly three times a week or daily, with durations ranging from 20--150 minutes. The intensity of exercise varies, and the types of addictive drugs used include methamphetamine, heroin, and methcathinone. All studies have shown positive effects, such as physical and mental rehabilitation, cognitive function enhancement, physical fitness improvement, and reduced addiction. In particular, badminton has been proven to have significant physiological and psychological benefits for drug rehabilitation in two studies. Research has demonstrated that ball game interventions have positive effects on the recovery process of individuals with drug addiction.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6.6 Analysis of self-compiled drug rehabilitation movement examples\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6: As a unique form of exercise, self-compiled traditional fitness routines integrate elements of traditional culture, physical training, and rehabilitation. It helps improve the physical fitness of individuals in drug rehabilitation while also alleviating their psychological stress, achieving both detoxification and recovery goals. The intervention involves four sessions per week, each lasting 40 minutes. The use of moderate-intensity exercise aids in enhancing cardiorespiratory function, increasing muscle strength and endurance, regulating mental states, and alleviating negative emotions such as anxiety and depression. After six months of intervention, it is beneficial to evaluate the long-term impact of self-compiled traditional fitness routines on the rehabilitation of individuals in drug rehabilitation. Research findings indicate that self-compiled traditional fitness routines significantly improve both the physiological and the psychological conditions of individuals in drug rehabilitation, making them effective intervention methods that can be promoted within compulsory rehabilitation facilities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDrug addiction is related to neurotransmitters and brain structure, epigenetics, and neuroplasticity. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, has been highlighted as a key subject of study. Its secretion is regulated primarily by the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens of the mesolimbic system, while endorphins play crucial roles in modulating brain neurotransmitters and reward mechanisms. Therefore, dopamine plays a significant role in drug addiction\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Drug addiction is associated with the neurobiology of drug addiction, which involves the ventral tegmental area, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, lateral septum and hippocampus in the brain. These regions are connected through signaling pathways and participate in drug-induced neuroadaptation. Once abnormalities occur, they can lead to strong dependence on drugs\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Drug addiction is related to epigenetics. One study reported that epigenetic factors also change when individuals take drugs, which can lead to drug addicts\u0026apos; difficulty in quitting and increased addiction. Subsequent studies have shown that epigenetics is a key factor in reversing drug addiction\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. RUSSO and Zhang Wei, Wu Lijun, et al. reported that the use of addictive drugs can lead to significant changes in neural development, altering neural structure and physiological functions, which exacerbates addiction and makes it difficult to reverse. Engaging in physical activity can improve neural status and reduce the craving for drugs. Moreover, there is a strong connection between drug addiction and the psychological aspects of addicted individuals. After addiction, not only does there become significant psychological dependence, but it also leads to various negative physical factors, including anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and mental abnormalities. Long-term or repeated use of drugs can cause damage to brain neurons, imbalance in neurotransmitters, and adverse changes in synaptic plasticity, affecting an individual\u0026apos;s emotional regulation, cognitive function, and decision-making ability. To escape these negative emotions, addicted individuals may develop a strong desire to relapse, thereby alleviating their negative emotional experiences\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the theoretical model of exercise intervention for drug addiction. Exercise activates the neurotransmitter system responsible for reward in the brain, which is generally caused by the secretion of dopamine in the mesolimbic system. Increasing DA levels can lead to excitement and pleasure. Exercise can activate neural circuits similar to those involved in the reward system during drug addiction, thereby altering neurotransmitter transmission and producing an exercise-induced reward effect. Exercise also promotes the remodeling of brain neural circuits, enhancing connections between neurons and promoting the release and reuptake of neurotransmitters. These changes help improve cognitive abilities, executive functions, and emotional responses and regulation in the brain. It inhibits the neuronal signaling that drives drug-seeking behavior, repairs the function of the DA system, and normalizes the mesolimbic reward system. This helps reduce drug cravings and withdrawal symptoms, improving the quality of life for individuals with addiction. Exercise can also stimulate the release of endorphins and other neurotransmitters, which have analgesic and antidepressant effects. These substances can adjust the emotional state and self-control of addicted individuals, helping them better resist the temptation and impulse to use drugs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExercise interventions to reduce drug addiction and facilitate recovery after withdrawal mainly include aerobic exercise, resistance training, combined aerobic and resistance exercises, traditional health-preserving activities, self-designed detox exercises, and ball games. Most interventions focus on moderate-intensity exercise, with some studies exploring high-intensity exercise. In terms of frequency, it is recommended that there be no fewer than three sessions per week. The literature data indicate that all exercise interventions positively impact the physiological, psychological, and neurological aspects of addicted individuals, assisting in their detoxification and recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThrough aerobic exercise intervention, the mental health of individuals with drug addiction improved significantly\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This intervention can effectively reduce drug dependence, reduce craving, promote addiction and prevent relapse\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Long-term HIIT intervention can improve the health level, physical fitness, antioxidant capacity and neurobiological function of individuals with drug addiction\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Medium- and high-intensity interval fitness exercise can significantly improve the physical and mental health of drug-dependent people, and high-intensity exercise is more effective in reducing negative emotions and drug craving\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The best results for drug dependence can be achieved through long-term aerobic exercise combined with mindfulness therapy\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Aerobic exercise can improve attention function in methamphetamine-addicted people and reduce drug cue bias. Drug rehabilitation exercises and power cycling can also improve early recognition and enhance attention control\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of traditional health care exercise, tai chi rehabilitation exercises can help improve the physical and mental health of individuals with drug addictions, reduce their systolic blood pressure, improve their balance ability, and significantly improve their mental health\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This exercise also has a positive effect on the relapse rate of individuals with compulsory drug addictions\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In traditional group exercise therapy, the quality of life of individuals with drug addictions can be improved, and their negative emotions, such as depression and anxiety, can be effectively relieved\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Yoga, meditation and physical training can reduce the levels of citrulline in female individuals with drug addiction and effectively reduce the risk of relapse; the combination of exercise and meditation may be more effective in improving withdrawal effects\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition, one-finger massage can also help improve the quality of life of heroin addicted individuals\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResistance exercise can improve the neurotransmitter system of abstinence, promote neural adaptation, and weaken drug craving, especially in high-intensity intermittent exercise\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Resistance training can activate multiple brain regions in addicted individuals, increase cerebral blood flow, and strengthen the functional connections between brain regions. Long-term participation in resistance exercise improves the heart rate and respiratory activity of brain regions in addicted individuals at rest and improves emotional control, sleep quality and the psychological state\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. A study of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training revealed that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance training could effectively increase the level of inflammatory factors in individuals with drug-dependent compulsory isolation, improve their mental health and reduce their craving for drugs\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This training has a positive effect on the physical and mental rehabilitation of methamphetamine-addicted individuals\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This training can reduce the dependence of methamphetamine-addicted individuals on drugs, improve their ability to control drug use, and have a positive effect on the withdrawal of drug addiction and the prevention of relapse\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. When individuals are faced with the stress and anxiety of detoxification from opioid dependence, 8 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training improved plasma oxytocin and vasopressin levels in male detoxification subjects, reduce perceived stress and anxiety, and improve health fitness\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Basketball training with high intensity and multiple projects is highly important for the physical and mental rehabilitation of individuals with drug addiction\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Table tennis is more effective at activating the motor cortex and prefrontal lobe and improving cognitive function in METH addicts\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Badminton can improve physical fitness, reduce addiction, and is closely related to serum neurogenic nutrient factor\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. By reshaping serum protein synthesis regulatory factors, the muscle protein synthesis state can be improved, and the prevalence of heroin-induced sarcopenia can be reduced. It is suitable for promotion as an auxiliary drug intervention method\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003eAt present, there are few studies on self-compiled traditional physical fitness techniques in the field of drug rehabilitation intervention. Previous studies have shown that self-compiled traditional physical fitness techniques can be used as effective interventions to regulate psychological state and alleviate negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, which has significant effects and is worth promoting in compulsory rehabilitation centers\u003csup\u003e[57]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, exercise intervention for drug addiction primarily relies on the positive effects of exercise on the brain\u0026apos;s neurotransmitter system, neural circuits, and mental health. By activating neurotransmitter pathways, improving neural circuits and brain function, and enhancing mental health levels, exercise intervention can effectively assist addicts in reducing drug cravings, improving withdrawal symptoms, promoting recovery, and enhancing quality of life after detoxification. In practice, personalized exercise prescriptions need to be developed on the basis of specific addictions and individual circumstances. This includes selecting appropriate types of exercise, intensity, duration, and frequency to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the exercise intervention.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"8. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eBy summarizing and organizing 22 core domestic literature articles, we found that various exercise interventions have positive effects on addicted individuals. Aerobic exercise can significantly improve physical and mental conditions, enhance mental health levels, reduce drug dependence and craving, and is more effective in controlling attention, weakening drug memories, and improving health and physical fitness. Resistance training improves neurotransmitter systems, promotes neural adaptation, weakens drug cravings, and enhances emotional control and sleep quality, with particularly significant effects on neurological improvements in drug rehabilitation. The combination of aerobic and resistance training is more effective at reducing inflammatory factor levels, enhancing mental health, lowering drug cravings, improving medication control, reducing stress and anxiety, and increasing health and physical fitness. Traditional health-preserving exercises excel in improving physical and mental health, quality of life, balance ability, and psychological state, as well as reducing relapse rates. Self-designed detox exercises are more effective at improving cardiorespiratory function, muscle strength and endurance; regulating psychological states; and alleviating negative emotions. Ball sports are more effective at promoting physical and mental recovery, enhancing cognitive functions and physical fitness, and reducing addiction, especially badminton, which has positive effects on the physical and psychological improvement of detox individuals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"9. Research limitations and future research directions","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite the positive outcomes of these studies, several shortcomings remain: relatively small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and a lack of long-term follow-up. Future research could further expand the sample size, extend the intervention duration, and conduct long-term tracking. Multimodal exercise interventions and combinations can be employed to meet the needs of different types of drug addictions. Exploring integrated intervention models that combine exercise with psychological counseling can lead to a more comprehensive and effective detoxification and rehabilitation system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate：Ethical approval and consent to participate:No ethical approval was required for this study：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Consent for publication：.Agreed to participate:All authors have agreed to the publication of this manuscript.Competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Competing interests：The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Funding：fund:No funding was received for this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Authors\u0026apos; contributions：.Author\u0026apos;s contribution:Wang Zhaosong wrote the paper, He Qinghua collected and revised the dataexpress one\u0026apos;s thanks\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Acknowledgements：The authors would like to thank all those who helped during the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Availability of data and materia：Availability of data and information:The review article and all data can be found in CNKI and Wanfang database\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e《China\u0026apos;s Drug Situation Report 2023, China Drug Control Network http://www.nncc626.com/20240619/d1a1ffb1f3fb4c93bb05f6e73fb50414/c.html\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003eYan Wansen, Liu Sujiao, Wang Lu. 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DOI:10.13830/j.cnki.cn44-1129/g8.2022.06.012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssfh","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sport Sciences for Health](http://link.springer.com/journal/11332)","snPcode":"11332","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11332/3","title":"Sport Sciences for Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"exercise rehabilitation, rehabilitation, drug addiction, benefit mechanism, exercise intervention","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6655884/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6655884/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to explore the role and mechanism of exercise rehabilitation and to review the influence mechanisms of existing exercise interventions on individuals with drug addiction. To evaluate the effects of different exercises on the effects of drug rehabilitation and provide a theoretical basis for exercise intervention strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e22Twenty-two core articles concerning exercise interventions were used to discuss the effects and mechanisms of different exercise methods on the physical and psychological aspects of addicted individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis review revealed that exercise interventions reduce drug craving and withdrawal symptoms, improve quality of life, and may reduce relapse rates. For individuals with drug addiction, exercise drug rehabilitation can help improve their physical, psychological and social health and reduce the relapse rate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercise therapy is an important auxiliary means of drug rehabilitation that has potential for active treatment of individuals with drug addiction. Exercise drug rehabilitation can improve the health of individuals with drug addiction, reduce the rate of relapse, and provide new ideas for drug rehabilitation work. Future studies should further explore the specific implementation strategies and optimization directions of exercise rehabilitation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A review of the role of \"dynamic attack on drug\" exercise intervention in drug addiction rehabilitation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-16 09:20:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6655884/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-10T12:04:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-14T09:20:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-14T09:14:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Sport Sciences for Health","date":"2025-05-13T13:15:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssfh","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sport Sciences for Health](http://link.springer.com/journal/11332)","snPcode":"11332","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11332/3","title":"Sport Sciences for Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7d1dfddf-7b0a-4ea9-a69b-8ccff6a75742","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-16T09:20:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-16 09:20:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6655884","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6655884","identity":"rs-6655884","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}