Bracketing phenes contributing to Phytophthora pod rot resistance in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): a potential agroforestry crop

Bracketing phenes contributing to Phytophthora pod rot resistance in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): a potential agroforestry crop | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Bracketing phenes contributing to Phytophthora pod rot resistance in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): a potential agroforestry crop JS Minimol, B Suma, Anna Mary, T. K Shija, Sherin Jose, Sainamole P. Kurian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005771/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The level of resistance against Phytophthora pod rot disease was assessed among twenty-four exotic accessions of cocoa by non pricking method of pod inoculation. In the non-pricking method, eleven genotypes were grouped under highly resistant category. Binomial logistic regression model revealed that phenes like polyphenol content, wax, husk polyphenol and calcium content had a negative influence with Phytophthora Resistance. From the present investigation, it was found accessions NA 33, NA 702 and PA 70 showed maximum resistance to disease with high yield potential and those could be utilized for further genetic improvement programmes in cocoa. Cocoa Phytophthora resistance phenes black pod disease Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Theobroma cacao L. (cacao), the source of cocoa beans, an important ingredient in chocolate, is grown worldwide where a favorable tropical environment prevails. Cocoa cultivation is heavily promoted due to the growing demand for cocoa beans and other by-products in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chocolate sectors. Since it is native to the forested basin of the Andes River and is a shade-loving tree, it is widely promoted as a crop in agroforestry systems in addition to inter-cropping systems. It has been estimated that 40 percent of the worldwide production of cocoa is lost annually due to five major diseases: black pod ( Phytophthora spp.), witches’ broom ( Moniliopthora perniciosa ), cocoa swollen shoot virus, and frosty pod/moniliasis ( Moniliophthora roreri ). Black pod rot disease caused by various species of Phytophthora , is the most serious pathogen in cocoa with losses estimated at 700,000 metric tons (Ploetz, 2016 ). Black pod disease is severe, especially during the colder months of the year when the average minimum temperature is less than 20°C and humidity is greater than 85 percent (Luz et al., 2006 ). During peak infestations, at least six fungicide applications are needed to control black pod disease. This relatively high frequency of spraying, coupled with increasing input costs (labour and fungicides) and a lack of knowledge about effective spraying techniques, has led to the adoption of chemical control being very low. An ecofriendly approach on black pod control is the use of resistant genotypes enriched with genes of morphological and agronomic traits of interest (Nyasse et al., 2003 ; Pokou et al., 2008 ). The classification of genotypes based on their reaction to disease resistance is very important before using it for future cocoa breeding. The level of resistance was assessed mainly by in vitro screening on leaves and detached pods (Nyasse et al., 1995 ; Iwaro et al., 2000 ) however little information is known about the factors contributing to disease resistance in cocoa. It has been reported that anatomical characters, morphophysiological characters of pod and several biochemical characters might confer resistance to black pod disease in cocoa in addition to the disease resistant genes (Nyadanu et al., 2011 ). The understanding of phenes associated with disease resistance could make selection and breeding programmes more effective and easier. Materials and methods Plant materials The experimental material consisted of a diverse array of 24 cocoa genotypes that showed resistance to Phytophthora in other countries. They were introduced from International Cocoa Germplasm Quarantine House, University of Reading U.K. and were maintained at Cocoa Research Centre, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara as budded plants in the field. Screening test for Phytophthora resistance Pathogen isolation The Phytophthora isolate used in this investigation was isolated from the infected cocoa pods on carrot agar medium during the monsoon season which spans from June to August. For further experimental purpose the isolates were maintained on potato dextrose agar plates after being purified using hyphal tip culture method (Fig. 1 ). Artificial Inoculation of Pathogen by Detached Pod Test (DPT) The methodology suggested by (Iwaro et al., 2000 ) was used to evaluate the resistance of cocoa accessions. Fresh, healthy, immature pods of the same size and age (four months old) were selected from 24 genotypes. Pods from highly susceptible genotype to Phytophthora pod rot served as the control. The pod length and width were measured. The pods were thoroughly cleaned with soap and water before being disinfected with 70 percent ethanol. The inoculation of the pod with the pathogen was done through non-pricking method. Using this technique, cotton that had been moistened with sterile water was placed over the pathogen that had been applied to the pod's surface. The inoculated pods were incubated in polythene bags with a cotton pad dampened with sterile water to create humidity. Every cocoa genotype was maintained in three replications. The lesion's length and width were measured alternatively for ten days. The following formula (Kurian, 2011 ) was used to determine the percentage of infection (Fig. 2 ). Grouping of the genotypes was done as per the class given by (Rubiyo and Rivaie, 2013 ) as mentioned in Table 1 . Table 1 Score chart based on pod area infection Sl.No. Score Pod area infection (%) 1 Highly resistant 0–15 2 Resistant 15.1 to 25 3 Moderately resistant 25.1 to 50 4 Moderately susceptible 50.1 to 75 5 Susceptible More than75 Assessment of morphological, yield and biochemical parameters The following morphological and yield characteristics viz. bean colour, pod weight, pod shape, rind thickness, number of beans per pod, single dry bean weight, and yield on exotic accessions of cocoa were noted. The proposed descriptor (Bekele and Butler, 2000 ) was used to record the observations. Standard procedures were adhered to in the analysis of biochemical attributes, such as the polyphenol content, fat, wax, calcium, potassium, and sodium content. Statistical data analysis Correlation analysis was carried out and highly correlated characters were used for regression analysis. A binomial logistic regression model was employed to determine phenes contributing to Phytophthora pod rot infection. It is a univariate/multivariate technique applied to estimate the probability that a character is present by predicting a binary dependent outcome from a set of explanatory variables and it is used for model binary response data. When a response is binary, it can have two values: 0 or 1, which, depending on the kind of study, can indicate resistant or susceptible. The dependent variable in this model is categorical. A logistic model is used to predict the effect of change in the independent variable on the probability of belonging to a group when the dependent variable is dichotomous (Mafini and Omoruyi, 2013 ). The correlation and regression analysis were done using the software IBM SPSS statistics 20. Identification of genetic stock for Phytophthora pod rot resistance breeding The resistance was ranked along with other morphological traits that contributed to resistance based on level of resistance of the twenty-four cocoa genotypes to Phytophthora pod rot. The genotypes with more than 2 Kg of dry bean weight per tree per year was considered as high yielders, 1 Kg to 2 Kg as moderate yielders and less than 1 Kg were considered as low yielders. Scoring for pod base and rugosity was done as follows, 1- strong, 2- intermediate, 3- slight and 4 - absent. The biochemical parameters such as fat, calcium, polyphenol content, and wax, as well as pod basal constriction and rugosity, were ranked from highest to lowest (the highest value in the data with rank 1). Results Relative susceptibility of exotic cocoa genotypes to Phytophthora palmivora The relative susceptibility of 24 cocoa genotypes used in the present study to Phytophthora by non-pricking methods are presented in Table 2 . In non-pricking method, out of 24 genotypes tested, eleven were grouped as highly resistant, with maximum resistance observed in genotype GU 226/V (0%), GU 249/H (0.2%), and NA 702 (0.9%). The genotypes GU 195/V (15.2%), ICS 100 (15.6%), SPA 9 (17.9%), LCTEEN 162–1010 (15.6%), and GU 125C (24.26%) were classified as resistant. Six genotypes were under the class moderately resistant with an infection range from 25.1 to 50 per cent. Accessions CHUNDALE (62.7%) and PNG 299 (58.6%) were under the class moderately susceptible (Fig. 2 ). Table 2 Classification of exotic accessions based on percent pod area infection by non-pricking method Sl. No Genotypes Pod Parameters(cm) Lesion size (cm) Classification based on percent pod area infection (%) L B L B HR R MR MS S 1 AMAZ 12 20.5 26.9 6.3 10.2 13.04 2 VB 514 23.2 24.2 7.1 7.2 8.83 3 AMAZ 5/25 23.6 30.1 6.6 8.3 7.70 4 NA 804 21.5 24.9 6.1 7.3 8.40 5 GU 249/H 16.6 24.5 1.1 1 0.20 6 NA 33 17.4 23 5.7 5.3 7.40 7 NA 702 22.5 28.9 2.6 2.3 0.90 8 GU 183/G 19.7 25.5 4.6 6.6 6.10 9 GU 269/V 22.4 20.1 4.4 4.1 4.00 10 ICS 100 18.7 26.1 8.2 9.6 15.90 11 LAF 1 17.3 24.5 12.3 17 49.10 12 CHUNDALE 19.3 26 15.5 20.3 62.70 13 PNG 290 21.5 26.8 13.8 12.2 29.09 14 PNG 299 17.7 27.2 13.9 20.2 58.60 15 1MC 105 18.3 23.6 13.3 15.5 47.84 16 PA 70 21.7 27.3 7.9 11.1 14.80 17 GU 125C 18.3 24.6 11.5 9.6 24.26 18 GU 226/V 20.2 23.9 0 0 0.00 19 WA 40 15.4 23.8 11.3 15.7 49.10 20 SPA 9 19.3 23.2 8.2 9.7 17.90 21 TSA 792 21.3 25.4 13.1 13.3 36.30 22 GU 195/V 17.3 26.5 10 7.4 15.20 23 SNK 413 16.6 23.2 11.4 9.1 27.20 24 LCTEEN 162–1010 20.1 28.2 8.6 10.4 15.60 HR : Highly resistant (0–15%) L : Length R : Resistant (15.1–25%) B : Breadth SR : Moderately resistant (25.1–50%) MS : Moderately susceptible (50.1–75%) S : Susceptible (> 75%) Analysis of morphological, yield and biochemical characterization of cocoa genotypes The consolidated data on classification of twenty-four exotic genotypes based on morphological, yield and biochemical characters were presented in Table 3 . Out of twenty-four genotypes, thirteen genotypes displayed Angoleta shaped fruits, four had Criollo shaped fruits, four had Cundeamore shaped fruits, two had Amelonado shaped fruits and one belonged to Calabacillo. The result of present study revealed that out of the twenty-four genotypes, fourteen genotypes (58%) expressed dark purple colour for beans and six genotypes (25%) with light purple colour, three (13%) genotypes with mixed color for cotyledons and one (4%) with medium purple. The pod weight and ridge thickness varied from 254 g to 630 g and 0.76 to 1.65 cm respectively, across the exotic collection. The dry weight of beans ranged from 0.7 to 1.5 g respectively. Based on yield statistics of 2022–2023, genotype LCTEEN 162–1010 recorded the highest yield with 2.5 kg, while VB 514 recorded the lowest yields at 0.2 kg. Biochemical parameters like total polyphenol (0.66%-13.92%), husk polyphenol (1.05%-4.58%), fat (39.66%-55%), and calcium (203.25 mg/100g-324.24 mg/100g) were recorded. Table 3 Passport data of exotic cocoa genotypes Genotypes Resistance category Characters AMAZ 12 Highly resistant PS-Criollo, BC- Dark purple, PW- 313 g, RT-1.13 cm, BpP-17, SDBW- 1.0 g, Yd- 0.3 Kg, PP- 10.32%, HPP- 4.58, Fat- 52.24%, Ca- 320.15 mg/100g VB 514 Highly resistant PS-Cundeamore, BC- Mixed, PW- 260 g, RT-1.28cm, BpP-19,SDBW- 1.0 g, Yd- 0.2 Kg, PP- 11.75%, HPP- 4.5, Fat 51.16%, Ca- 310.84 mg/100g AMAZ 5/25 Highly resistant PS- Amelonado,BC- Dark purple, PW- 312 g, RT- 1.12, BpP-32, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 0.5 Kg, PP- 10.79%, HPP- 4.27%, Fat- 53%, Ca- 311.65 mg/100g NA 804 Highly resistant PS-Cundeamore, BC- Dark purple, PW- 290 g, RT-0.94 cm, BpP-45, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 0.6 Kg, PP- 11.52%, HPP- 3.64%, Fat- 55%, Ca- 308.15 mg/100g GU 249/H Highly resistant PS-Angoleta, BC- Light purple, PW- 466g, RT- 1.48 cm, BpP- 28.9, SDBW- 1.1 g, Yd- 1.1 Kg, PP- 9.49%, HPP-3.57%, Fat- 49.66%, Ca- 312.58 mg/100g NA 33 Highly resistant PS- Angoleta, BC- Darkpurple, PW- 515g, RT-1.4cm, BpP- 50, SDBW- 1.2g, Yd- 2.4 Kg,PP- 10.64%, HPP- 3.48, Fat- 48%, Ca- 298.75 mg/100g NA 702 Highly resistant PS- Criollo, BC- Dark purple, PW- 440 g, RT- 1.04cm, BpP-54.2, SDBW- 1 g, Yd- 2.4 Kg, PP- 10.96%, HPP – 3.25, Fat- 45%, Ca- 284.69 mg/100g GU 183/G Highly resistant PS- Angoleta, BC- Dark purple, PW- 475 g, RT-1.6 cm, BpP-35, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 1.2 Kg, PP- 11.82%, HPP – 2.54%, Fat- 47%, Ca- 283.42 mg/100g GU 269/V Highly resistant PS- Angoleta,BC- Dark purple, PW- 460 g, RT-1.54cm, BpP-31.8, SDBW- 1 g, Yd- 1.3 Kg, PP- 13.92%, HPP-3.58%, Fat- 49%, Ca- 292.79 mg/100g ICS 100 Resistant PS- Angoleta, BC- Medium purple, PW- 506g, RT- 1.46 cm, BpP- 32.33, SDBW- 1.2 g, Yd- 1.5 Kg, PP- 6.89%, HPP-2.64%, Fat- 44.66%, Ca- 241.46 mg/100g LAF 1 Moderately resistant PS- Criollo, BC- Dark purple, PW- 470 g, RT- 1.42 cm, BpP-35.2, SDBW- 1.1 g, Yd- 2.4 Kg, PP- 6.65%, HPP- 2.08%, Fat- 45.33%, Ca- 206.58 mg/100g CHUNDALE Moderately susceptible PS- Criollo, BC- Light purple, PW- 544g, RT- 1.12cm, BpP-45.4, SDBW- 1.2 g, Yd- 2.1Kg, PP- 7.70%,HPP-1.17%, Fat- 53%, Ca- 207.56 mg/100g PNG 290 Moderately resistant PS- Angoleta, BC- Dark purple, PW- 604 g, RT-1.4cm, BpP-38, SDBW- 0.8 g, Yd- 1.3 Kg, PP- 3.98%, HPP- 1.38%,Fat- 44.3%, Ca- 203.25 mg/100g PNG 299 Moderately susceptible PS- Angoleta, BC- Dark purple, PW- 630g, RT- 1.65cm, BpP-44, SDBW- 1.2 g, Yd- 1.5 Kg, PP- 4.27%, HPP- 4.42%,Fat- 43%, Ca- 226.87 mg/100g 1MC 105 Moderately resistant PS-Cundeamore, BC- Light purple, PW- 350 g, RT-1.1cm, BpP-49, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 1.4 Kg, PP- 3.19%, HPP- 2.34%,Fat- 39.66%, Ca- 215.56 mg/100g PA 70 Highly resistant PS- Angoleta, BC- Light purple, PW- 454 g, RT-1.48cm, BpP-48, SDBW- 1.1 g, Yd- 1.8 Kg, PP- 11.27%, HPP- 4.55%, Fat- 40.6%, Ca- 292.31 mg/100g GU 125C Resistant PS-Angoleta, BC- Dark purple, PW- 360g, RT-1.6cm, BpP-29, SDBW- 0.7 g, Yd- 0.9kg, PP- 7.17%, HPP-1.54, Fat- 52%, Ca- 279.46 mg/100g GU 226/V Highly resistant PS-Calabacillo, BC- Light purple, PW- 550 g, RT-1.6cm, BpP-42, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 0.7 Kg, PP- 12.02%, HPP- 1.05%, Fat- 53%, Ca- 324.24mg/100g WA 40 Moderately resistant PS-Cundeamore, BC- Light purple, PW- 540g, RT- 1.64cm, BpP- 38, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 1.2 Kg, PP- 4.21%, HPP-2.11%, Fat- 41.66%, Ca- 236.25 mg/100g SPA 9 Resistant PS-Angoleta, BC- Dark purple, PW- 272 g, RT-0.76, BpP-31.6, SDBW- 0.7 g, Yd-0.4 Kg, PP- 9.08%, HPP-2.73%, Fat- 46.0%, Ca- 265.32 mg/100g TSA 792 Moderately resistant PS-Angolata, BC- Mixed, PW- 360g, RT-1.1 cm, BpP- 53, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 2.4 Kg,PP- 5.18%, HPP- 1.24, Fat- 42.33%, Ca- 232.48mg/100g GU 195/V Resistant PS- Amelonado, BC- Dark purple, PW-312 g, RT-1.12cm, BpP-27.8, SDBW- 0.8 g, Yd- 0.5 Kg, PP- 9.35%, HPP- 3.61%, Fat- 45%, Ca- 259.16 mg/100g SNK 413 Moderately resistant PS-Angolata, BC- Mixed, PW- 254g, RT-1.34cm, BpP- 44, SDBW- 0.7 g, Yd- 0.2 Kg,PP- 0.66%, HPP- 1.86%, Fat- 41.0%, Ca- 235.64 mg/100g LCTEEN 162–1010 Resistant PS-Angolata, BC-Dark purple, PW- 508g, RT-1.28cm, BpP-35.4, SDBW- 1.5 g, Yd- 2.5 kg, PP- 5.62%, HPP- 3.63%, Fat- 51%, Ca- 220.25 mg/100g PS : Podshape BpP : No. of beans/pod PP : Polyphenolcontent RT :R idge thickness HPP : Husk Polyphenol content BC : Beancolor SDBW : Single dry beanweight Fat : Fatcontent PW : Podweight Yd : Yield (Total dry bean weight/pod/year) Ca : Calcium content Phenes influencing Phytophthora pod rot resistance Correlation studies done on the quantitative attributes indicated that calcium, bean and husk polyphenol, wax and fat content responded negatively to the Phytophthora infection. The calcium content (0.806) and polyphenol content (0.697) displayed strong negative correlations, whereas the wax content (0.530) and fat content (0.455) showed moderate negative correlations. Weak but negative correlation was exhibited in husk polyphenol (0.388) (Table 4 ). The resultant result of the binomial regression model, specifically the high value of odds ratio Exp (B) and negative coefficient, indicated a negative relation between Phytophthora infection and the fat and polyphenol content of cocoa beans, as well as husk polyphenol and pod wax. Among these characters husk polyphenol exhibited a significant value less than 0.03 which is the constant. The results are depicted in Table 4 . Based on Exp (B) value from the regression model, when the expected percentage of improvement for disease resistance over the base population was calculated, it was found that if selection is based on percentage of polyphenol present in husk, new population formed from the base population will express 5.3 percent improved disease resistance. Correlation studies for qualitative characters demonstrated a strong positive correlation with rugosity (0.839) while moderate correlation was observed for pod base (0.518) with the Phytophthora infection (Table 5 ). When logistic estimate of qualitative phenes influencing disease resistance was carried out, the model was good with the significance value 0.01 for only one characters i.e. pod rugosity (Table 5 ). The result of current study showed a positive relation between infection percentage and pod rugosity. If selection is done within the existing population, based on absence of basal constriction and smooth pod surface devoid of rugosity, a marked reduction in infection rate of 84.42 per cent is anticipated. Table 4 Logistic estimate of quantitative phenes influencing Phytophthora infection Variables Coefficient Standard error Wald Significance Exp(B) Expected per cent of improvement overpopulation Fat** -0.455 0.441 1.067 0.302 1.577 Polyphenol** -0.697 0.812 1.464 0.226 0.374 Wax** -0.530 2.685 0.065 0.799 1.983 Husk polyphenol** -0.388 1.265 5.209 0.022 0.056 5.3 Calcium** -0.806 0.089 1.934 0.164 0.884 Constant 29.43 13.719 4.562 0.03 **Significance value less than0.03 Table 5 Logistic estimate of qualitative phenes influencing Phytophthora Infection Variables Coefficient Standard error Wald Significance Exp(B) Expected per cent of improvement overpopulation Pod base** 0.518 0.838 0.244 0.62 0.661 Rugosity** 0.839 0.593 8.119 0.004 5.422 84.42 Constant − .877 0.346 6.435 0.01 0.416 **Significance value less than 0.01 Development of genetic stock for Phytophthora palmivora resistance The twenty-four genotypes were ranked through a comparative analysis of two categories. In the first category the classification was done based on the percentage of infection, distinguishing between highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, and moderately susceptible. The second category utilized qualitative and quantitative phenes identified by a binomial logistic regression model that were relevant in contributing to resistance. Factors contributing negatively to percentage of infection like wax, husk polyphenol content and factors positively contributing to disease resistance like pod rugosity and pod basal constriction were scored in descending and ascending order respectively (Table 6 ), which revealed, AMAZ 12, VB 514, AMAZ 5/25, NA 804, GU 249/H, NA 33, NA 702, GU 183/G, GU 269/V, PA 70 and GU 226/V emerging as highly resistant genotypes occupying the first eleven ranks attributing to the significant role of phenes in disease resistance. Further classification based on yield and resistance portrayed, higher yield potential coupled with higher disease resistance in NA 33, and NA 702. Conversely GU 269/V, GU 249/H, GU 183/G and PA 70 were categorized under moderate yielders despite exhibiting higher disease resistance. Table 6 Genetic stock for Phytophthora pod rot resistance breeding in cocoa Classes Genotypes Score for fat content Score for polyphenol content Score for Wax content in the husk Score for husk polyphenol content Score for calcium content Score for pod basal constriction Score For pod Rugosity Total Score Class of yield Rank Highly Resistant AMAZ 12 3 10 9 1 2 0 0 25 Low yielder 2 VB 514 5 4 12 3 5 0 0 29 Low yielder 4 AMAZ 5/25 2 8 8 5 4 0 0 27 Low yielder 3 NA 804 1 5 6 6 6 0 0 24 Low yielder 1 GU249/H 7 11 13 9 3 0 0 43 Moderate yielder 8 NA 33 9 9 2 10 7 1 0 38 High yielder 6 NA 702 13 7 10 11 10 0 0 51 High yielder 11 GU183/G 10 3 5 14 11 0 1 44 Moderate yielder 9 GU 269/V 8 1 21 8 8 0 0 46 Moderate yielder 10 PA 70 20 6 3 2 9 0 0 40 Moderate yielder 7 GU226/V 2 2 4 24 1 0 0 33 Low yielder 5 Resistant ICS 100 14 16 14 13 15 0 0 72 Moderate yielder 16 GU125C 4 15 17 19 12 0 3 70 Low yielder 15 SPA 9 11 13 18 12 13 0 0 67 Low yielder 13 GU195/V 13 12 11 7 14 0 1 58 Low yielder 12 LCTEEN 16-1010 6 18 1 20 24 2 3 74 High yielder 17 Moderately resistant LAF 1 12 17 15 17 22 1 7 91 High yielder 19 PNG 290 15 22 19 21 23 0 0 100 Moderate yielder 21 IMC 105 21 23 16 15 20 3 3 101 Moderate yielder 22 WA40 18 21 22 16 16 1 7 101 Moderate yielder 22 TSA 792 17 19 18 22 18 0 5 99 Moderate yielder 20 SNK 413 19 24 19 18 17 0 3 100 Low yielder 21 Moderately susceptible CHUNDALE 2 14 20 23 21 2 7 89 High yielder 18 PNG 299 16 20 7 4 19 0 3 69 Moderate yielder 14 Discussion In the current investigation, phytophthora screening was done by artificially inoculating cocoa pods using a non-pricking approach. Non-pricking method is the most appropriate method to check the phenes influencing Phytophthora pod rot resistance in cocoa (Nyadanu et al., 2009 ). The importance of various factors contributing to disease resistance is necessary to develop stable resistance against black pod disease genotypes. Thus, the twenty-four genotypes of cocoa used in the present study were classified based on morphology, yield and biochemical characters to know the influence of these characters on disease resistance. Morphological characters are reported to influence disease resistance in crops (Gokbayrak et al., 2010 ). Thickness of pod husk serve as resistant factor to Phytophthora pod rot in cocoa (Nyadanu et al., 2011 ). The present study revealed that pod base and pod rugosity had a positive relation with disease infection. Thresh et al. ( 1988 ) and Iwaro et al. ( 1997 ) concluded that more resistance was observed in Cundeamore and Angoleta and reason behind the resistance was smooth surface of the pod (absence of rugosity) with absence of basal constriction. Iwaro et al. ( 1997 ) reported that resistance was mainly due to smooth surface of Calabacillo and Cundeamore pods conferring less water retention over the surface of the pod. In the present study out of nine highly resistant genotypes six were expressing either Cundeamore, Angoleta or Calabacillo shaped fruits (Fig. 3 ). Quantitative characters correlation studies revealed an overall negative correlation with the Phytophthora infection. Therefore, limiting the spread of infection can be achieved by selecting genotypes with higher values for characteristics like calcium content, polyphenol content, and wax content. In case of the qualitative characters, rugosity and pod base had positive correlation with Phytophthora infection. Hence, selection of genotypes having smooth pod surface or absence of rugosity can help minimize the Phytophthora infection. Similarly, selecting genotypes having low or absence of pod base constriction can help in lowering the growth of Phytophthora on the pod and hence, minimizing the spread of infection. Regression model was used to estimate the conditional expectation of the dependent characters. Logistic regression indicated that morphological phenes mainly influence on disease susceptibility or resistance (Willocquet et al., 2012 ). The regression studies indicated that wax, polyphenol, and calcium content had a negative relation with Phytophthora infection. Nyadanu et al. ( 2012 ) studied the role of epicuticular wax on pod and leaf surfaces in the host plant resistance to Phytophthora Pod Rot in Cacoa ( Theobroma cacao L.) and reported that cacoa genotypes that contain more wax were highly impervious to Phytophthora infection compared with those of low wax. The high amount of wax on the surface of pod was observed in LCTEEN 60-1010. This study established that epicuticular wax layer affords cacoa pod greater protection against Phytophthora Pod Rot. Nazaruddin et al. ( 2006 ) reported that polyphenols are responsible for disease resistance. Veeresh et al. ( 2020 ) reported that ICS 41 which is highly resistant with high yield exhibited more polyphenol content. The highest total phenol content was observed in genotype GU 269/V (13.92%) which was showing high disease resistance too. This suggests that phenolics plays a major role in conferring disease resistance in cocoa. An increase in the level of calcium will trigger the cellular response and result in production of secondary metabolites, which are directly related to defense mechanism in plants (Sudha and Ravishankar, 2002 ; Ranty et al., 2016 ). Calcium content was recorded high in GU226/V which showed high resistance to Phytophthora Pod Rot. Genetic stocks are the “first resources” which gives attention to the wide diversity among and between crop species. The study showed that genotype NA 702 had a high score for phenes contributing to resistance, indicating that some other signal transduction pathway may be the reason for the resistance (Hlavacek et al., 2003 ). Genotypes exhibiting strong disease resistance and high yield potential can be crossed by considering their genetic divergence. This approach aims to generate a favorable hybrid without experiencing adverse heterosis, and it also facilitates gene pyramiding, given that Phytophthora resistance is known to involve multiple genetic factors. Genotypes displaying high resistance but with moderate or low yield can be crossbred with a documented high-yielding variety or another high-yielder from the same gene pool. This breeding strategy is employed to enhance overall yield potential. Conclusion Due to the heightened prevalence of Phytophthora disease during the rainy season, the application of fungicides has proven ineffective as a control measure. Thus, the breeding of resistant cultivars is the most effective and environmentally sustainable approach to combating this disease. The aforementioned results highlight the non-pricking method's efficacy and imply that morphological characteristics other than internal resistance have an impact on resistance. Binomial logistic regression analysis revealed that Phytophthora infection was inversely correlated with specific phenes, such as calcium content, polyphenol content, and wax. On the other hand, phenes that have a positive association with disease infection include pod rugosity and pod basal constriction. The population that results from selection using these phenes may have much higher resistance levels. The population that results from selection using these phenes may have much higher resistance levels. Accessions demonstrating high resistance can then be strategically employed in subsequent cocoa breeding programs. Declarations Table 2 Classification of exotic accessions based on percent pod area infection by non-pricking method Author Contribution Minimol JS: The project concept was visualized, the methodology was formulated, and the investigation was done. The draft manuscript was reviewed and editedSuma B: Administration of the project and fund acquisition Anna Mary: Lab analysis, data creation and analysisShija TK: Lab analysis and data creation and analysisSherin Jose: Data analysis and draft preparation of the manuscript Sainamole Kurian: Supervision of the project References Bekele F, Butler DR (2000). Proposed short list of cocoa descriptors for characterization. In: Eskes, AB, Engels JMM, Lass RA, editors. Working Procedures for Cocoa Germplasm Evaluation and Selection. Proceedings of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI project workshop, Montpellier, France. IPGR. 41-48. Gokbayrak Z, Ozer C, Soylemezoglu G (2010). Use of morphological markers to identify foliar disease resistance in grapevine. J. Anim. Plant. Sci. 20(4): 243-247. Hlavacek WS, Faeder JR, Blinov ML, Perelson AS, Goldstein B (2003). The complexity of complexes in signal transduction. Biotechnol.Bioeng.84:783-794. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10842 Iwaro AD, Sreenivasan TN, Umaharan P (1997). Foliar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora as an indicator of pod resistance in Theobroma cacao . Plant Dis. 81:619-624. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-47.x Iwaro AD, Sreenivasan TN, Butler DR, Umaharan P (2000). Rapid screening for Phytophthora pod rot resistance by means of detached pod inoculation. Working procedures for cocoa germplasm evaluation and selection. In: Proceedings of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Project Workshop, Montpellier, France. 109-113. Kurian SP (2011). Endophytic microorganism mediated systemic resistance in cocoa against Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler. Ph.D. thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. 197. Luz EDMN, Paim MCA, Silva SDVM, Pires JL, Santos Filho LP, Monteiro WR (2006). Correlation of cacao clones reactions to different species of Phytophthora . In Eskes AB and Efron Y, editors. Global approaches to cocoa germplasm utilization and conservation. CFC/ICCO/IPGRI, Amsterdam. 132-136. Mafini C, Omoruyi O (2013). Logistics benefits and challenges: The case of SMEs in a South African local municipality. South. Afr. J. Entrepreneurship Small Business Manag. 6:61-77. DOI:10.4102/sajesbm. v6i1.38 Nazaruddin R, Seng LK, Hassan O, Said M (2006). Effect of pulp preconditioning on the content of polyphenols in cocoa beans ( Theobroma cacao ) during fermentation. Ind Crops Prod. 24:87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.03.013 Nyadanu D, Assuah MK, Adomako B, Asiama YP, Opoku IY, Adu-Ampomah Y (2009). Efficacy of screening methods used in breeding for black pod disease resistance varieties in cocoa. Afr.Crop Sci.Jl. 17(4):175 - 186. https://DOI:10.4314/acsj.v17i4.54298 Nyadanu D, Assuah MK, Adomako B, Asiama YO, Ampomah Y (2011). Thickness of the cocoa pod husk and its moisture content as resistance factors to Phytophthora pod rot. Int. J. Agric. Res. 6:310-322. https://DOI:10.3923/ijar.2011.310.322 Nyadanu D, Akromah R, Adomako B, Kwoseh C, Lowor ST, Akrofi AY, Assuah MK (2012). Inheritance and general combining ability studies of detached pod, leaf disc and natural field resistance to Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya in cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.). Euphytica.188:253-264. https://DOI:10.1007/s10681-012-0717-x Nyasse S, Efombagn MIB, Eskes AB (1995). Selection for resistance to black pod disease and yield gains prediction by use of selected cocoa varieties in Cameroon. Plant genet. resour. 1: 157-160. https:// DOI:10.1079/PGR200323 Nyasse S, Cilas C, Herail C, Blaha G (2003). Leaf inoculation as an early screening test for cocoa ( Theobroma cacao L.) resistance to Phytophthora black pod disease. Crop Prot. 14: 657–663. https:// DOI:10.1016/0261-2194(95)00054-2 Ploetz R (2016). “The impact of diseases on cacao production: a global overview,” in Cacao Diseases: A History of Old Enemies and New Encounters, eds Bailey PA, Meinhardt LW (New York, NY: Springer International Publishing), Springer Cham. 33-59. Pokou ND, N’Goran JAK, Kebe A, Eskes A, Tahi M, Sangare A (2008). Levels of resistance to Phytophthora pod rot in cocoa accessions selected on-farm in Cote d’Ivoire. Crop Prot. 27: 302-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2007.07.012 Ranty B, Aldon D, Cotelle V, Galaud JP, Thuleau P, Mazars C (2016). Calcium sensors as key hubs in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Front. Plant Sci.7:95-107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00327 Rubiyo R, Rivaie AA (2013). Diallel analysis of cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ) resistance to Phytphthora palmivora in Indonesia. J. Biol. Agric. Health.3:76-83. Sudha G, Ravishankar GA (2002). Involvement and interaction of various signaling compounds on the plant metabolic events during defense response, resistance to stress factors, formation of secondary metabolites and their molecular aspects. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 71:181-212. https://DOI:10.1023/A:1020336626361 Thresh JM, Owusu GK, Boamah A, Lockwood G (1988). Ghanai an cocoa varieties and swollen shoot virus. Crop Prot.7:219-231. Veeresh SA, Minimol JS, Suma B, Athira MR, Shilpa KS (2020). Fat, polyphenol and minerals estimate in exotic accessions of cocoa ( Theobroma cacao L.). Int. J. Agric.l Sci., 16(1): 11-16. https://DOI:10.15740/HAS/IJAS/16.1/11-16 Willocquet L, Noel M, Hamilton RS, Savary S (2012). Susceptibility of rice to sheath blight: An assessment of the diversity of rice germplasm according to genetic groups and morphological traits. Euphytica . 183:227-241. https://DOI:10.1007/s10681-011-0451-9 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files QUATITATIVEDATAANOVA.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4005771","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":276461764,"identity":"3ce86eda-7271-4f9a-a3ec-a09e2ec19653","order_by":0,"name":"JS Minimol","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgaGAwwMFgyMDcyHQXweYrVIALWwJROpBQIkQIqNiVOr28578NCNCgkG5v4znw1+tjHImBPSYnaYL+Fwzhmgw2bkbk7sbWPgsWwgqIXH4HBuG0gL7+YDvEAtBgeI1tJ/5vHBv6RpachhTibeFqBfeBhnpBkby5yTIELL+TPGn3MqbOQM+w8/lnxTZmNPUAsM8Bg2gGkJItWDgDwJakfBKBgFo2CEAQAfVjogBxdTSwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Kerala Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"JS","middleName":"","lastName":"Minimol","suffix":""},{"id":276461765,"identity":"a118221e-650b-4b60-8b1d-dc39f5e0e88d","order_by":1,"name":"B Suma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kerala Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"B","middleName":"","lastName":"Suma","suffix":""},{"id":276461766,"identity":"69533e03-3f4d-4c4f-9b2e-4230b2e1e5f2","order_by":2,"name":"Anna Mary","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kerala Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anna","middleName":"","lastName":"Mary","suffix":""},{"id":276461767,"identity":"15b4401b-a614-49da-8b95-45ee426ef304","order_by":3,"name":"T. K Shija","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kerala Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"T.","middleName":"K","lastName":"Shija","suffix":""},{"id":276461768,"identity":"7fcd9dff-0e64-4513-9733-656055f512bb","order_by":4,"name":"Sherin Jose","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kerala Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sherin","middleName":"","lastName":"Jose","suffix":""},{"id":276461769,"identity":"66b48f43-e1fd-4706-8b77-a04d99cef536","order_by":5,"name":"Sainamole P. Kurian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kerala Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sainamole","middleName":"P.","lastName":"Kurian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-02 07:16:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005771/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005771/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52134820,"identity":"44a9cf69-4385-4bbf-b16c-e5c3d89acdcd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 09:16:42","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":264833,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaintenance of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e in artificial media\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005771/v1/8268c2309dbd29369b673200.png"},{"id":52134822,"identity":"681df944-fd3f-4eac-96e2-e92cbbec2e33","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 09:16:42","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":421524,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifferent category of disease incidence under non-pricking method of pod inoculation based on score chart\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005771/v1/0d4802590f93d3a4463084b8.png"},{"id":52134821,"identity":"4599df50-aa09-4e81-8059-fb746fe6f5d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 09:16:42","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":545428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShapes of cocoa pod\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005771/v1/af39805c83998b5cfa755028.jpg"},{"id":52355877,"identity":"cd432614-1320-4c88-940a-7c9f5face581","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-09 22:08:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1413170,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005771/v1/6ef62d68-8aad-4f19-94ec-ad1f7ede7dae.pdf"},{"id":52134819,"identity":"1d7df1de-0376-4339-9427-bcb16fa1f965","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 09:16:42","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":17327,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"QUATITATIVEDATAANOVA.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4005771/v1/9ce4f43051593a7f831d3d4f.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Bracketing phenes contributing to Phytophthora pod rot resistance in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): a potential agroforestry crop","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTheobroma cacao\u003c/em\u003e L. (cacao), the source of cocoa beans, an important ingredient in chocolate, is grown worldwide where a favorable tropical environment prevails. Cocoa cultivation is heavily promoted due to the growing demand for cocoa beans and other by-products in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chocolate sectors. Since it is native to the forested basin of the Andes River and is a shade-loving tree, it is widely promoted as a crop in agroforestry systems in addition to inter-cropping systems. It has been estimated that 40 percent of the worldwide production of cocoa is lost annually due to five major diseases: black pod (\u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e spp.), witches\u0026rsquo; broom (\u003cem\u003eMoniliopthora perniciosa\u003c/em\u003e), cocoa swollen shoot virus, and frosty pod/moniliasis (\u003cem\u003eMoniliophthora roreri\u003c/em\u003e). Black pod rot disease caused by various species of \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e, is the most serious pathogen in cocoa with losses estimated at 700,000 metric tons (Ploetz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Black pod disease is severe, especially during the colder months of the year when the average minimum temperature is less than 20\u0026deg;C and humidity is greater than 85 percent (Luz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). During peak infestations, at least six fungicide applications are needed to control black pod disease. This relatively high frequency of spraying, coupled with increasing input costs (labour and fungicides) and a lack of knowledge about effective spraying techniques, has led to the adoption of chemical control being very low. An ecofriendly approach on black pod control is the use of resistant genotypes enriched with genes of morphological and agronomic traits of interest (Nyasse et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Pokou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The classification of genotypes based on their reaction to disease resistance is very important before using it for future cocoa breeding. The level of resistance was assessed mainly by \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e screening on leaves and detached pods (Nyasse et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Iwaro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) however little information is known about the factors contributing to disease resistance in cocoa. It has been reported that anatomical characters, morphophysiological characters of pod and several biochemical characters might confer resistance to black pod disease in cocoa in addition to the disease resistant genes (Nyadanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The understanding of phenes associated with disease resistance could make selection and breeding programmes more effective and easier.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePlant materials\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental material consisted of a diverse array of 24 cocoa genotypes that showed resistance to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e in other countries. They were introduced from International Cocoa Germplasm Quarantine House, University of Reading U.K. and were maintained at Cocoa Research Centre, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara as budded plants in the field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eScreening test for\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eresistance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePathogen isolation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e isolate used in this investigation was isolated from the infected cocoa pods on carrot agar medium during the monsoon season which spans from June to August. For further experimental purpose the isolates were maintained on potato dextrose agar plates after being purified using hyphal tip culture method (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eArtificial Inoculation of Pathogen by Detached Pod Test (DPT)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe methodology suggested by (Iwaro et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) was used to evaluate the resistance of cocoa accessions. Fresh, healthy, immature pods of the same size and age (four months old) were selected from 24 genotypes. Pods from highly susceptible genotype to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e pod rot served as the control. The pod length and width were measured. The pods were thoroughly cleaned with soap and water before being disinfected with 70 percent ethanol. The inoculation of the pod with the pathogen was done through non-pricking method. Using this technique, cotton that had been moistened with sterile water was placed over the pathogen that had been applied to the pod's surface. The inoculated pods were incubated in polythene bags with a cotton pad dampened with sterile water to create humidity. Every cocoa genotype was maintained in three replications. The lesion's length and width were measured alternatively for ten days. The following formula (Kurian, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) was used to determine the percentage of infection (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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r+yX+obL/p3TVfX2PD53dsKhtnDJWL9f6nefh76MhXls1J51YM8m3xN7crLK1mvk37pP0BNOfT8k3j5+bp+gs6/FaO9stU9GOZkPCcmtrEflyPW583mku8YaO+ivjXk1j0f2R4wy1vVV3UvPefKk+lp19Ose57n3V/zkVVu31e+X+t3nYYMxfLStQ+B15bKCzhSBLFQ23UhtDhnkOGhIdA6zJFOejw64bCp65jG/HlZJWg44DlNeVU+e182VNyFk03IosIHmDmNiwFZ8p2eszsE/xrBNgw1FSrXHdXhgk1diZd6IZzglfmxnTg7sxEs8taEfLtgMy/TIZV4KKXrk8XvKnzoPGVrswIjrNPRgu47lcMhcZBNj2PRcYT6663PiiN/oGK1l9FYujKEL38IbXxjLfeZhIw0fsM+8vRo+kAf4UJlWf5LnxJN8rc+JiWej+VkbciD7rjLI89HazeUn9mGHXvTxQh4b1cfon7Jf48h15rBmaRmb0pPn1Xb2ZvY0z7Le8RkZfE6eYA9d4clcuGI3Y/FptBfyLD1MsBm+2GFePUOiH7kac3TUPnmMj2noZi7+oZcX/iYfiJUYuefFXMbSwq7aXuJ35s0xj4302Cf+us8Zi/9VV+bQI4NP/7JPYICdkY3Eci6/so7xDebxibWt3CKLTfQm55BZY5+gD/s1v7mvbBNXfInfySN8iz/4GDbMQxdysE+ORRY9xM386EYWHWFc56GX5zCKLhik5Yyr+yLP0jM/vLNf0cVY7pGNfmKYa/iHv7y4pmWMGLJv0vOcOIg7nOgTL8/xkftqe4nfmYetNHxBF/Zs6xBYtXhmsVig+qoL2F1O8iBP0tWNW3VwXRuJkIOFZB9tEpI+mw8fSChaDr3o59loDNkkKnoyv/qRa3ShJ/ZqLJGhxw7+Io8MPvZWZYiR2Eh4DrFsyj4HmeiEaT08pmKLDg6KHIr4hnwa9ogr8SGLLeTqoRp5+m6v36MrhwTXeY3GeJY2lSt5zvrEV9h2//padnvMTau68AE+OVD7PJ6PxqLrmn3iD9Nue7QWdb2RJ3f6WPSQD1l/bJCfycluu+qYy8/oRlfeQON/evjS5uxHT+2nfJrTM5ozGkMH/o58Zn+ES8+7xJR+lDuJt8aSa7hOnSEjXfg+aiPZyE2dnTxnnXLOEQN7I7F2TjWOOb/7PGRHY/EvfZUZjeFf9WFKJuPpsZ/1Sc9YbcSM/VHj2Vv2CWcWa8uLNeDM4Ro7YbzFPiEG8hTdyS3yurKrrGHSeSCbvdDf/9CdnIELsSDLGM9ojGEf3fiQHCC/UhdkHs9h1dcJH0djozVKzDWues7zvD5LHlQmVW+ep4/c3PsrMtUGPPK+xbPookcuDWZ1XvW7z2PuaCy67N9O4KU6ebuOh59JgvbD5OGhCEACCwnwpsibam+Ms69ucW/xBjb68Js3S96wbBJYk8AR98ma8atLArdEwOJ5hdWweF4BoioelgDfokwVyHzrlG9jbgUQRQzffk0VyHwQyF8qbsVn/Tg+gaPtk+MTNwIJTBOweJ5ms+hJ/iTCn5xsEpDA5QT4Ey7FKN/kpiClp2gefSN9uYV1Z+TP6fiNj3wLTUGNz3wIuLVif93o1bYXgaPtk704aVcC1yBg8fwPlHmj5Fvn+voHdU6VwEMSyJ+j87tI9hPfst1yEUrBXH8jSvHPbw9T/D/kQhr0pgSOuE82BaJyCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCABCexIwOJ5R/ialoAEJCABCUhAAhI4FgGL52Otl95KQAISkIAEJCCBwxH4/fv36cuXL6dPnz5N+v7r16/Thw8fTk9PT6f379+ffv78+Zfsnz9/nnUg8+7du9O3b9/+ktl6wOJ5a8Lql4AEJCABCUhAAg9MgML5x48fzwXxx48fhyQonCmIUwx///79+b4W0BTOFNWfP38+cc0cCuivX78OdW41aPG8FVn1SkACEpCABCQgAQn8R4DCeap4pijmW+fa+Jaa8TSKZgpsCuc0im3GKNCv1Syer0VaOxKQgAQkIAEJSOCABPj2lwI1rxTAuadf0qaK53zr3L9BTmGcb5/5ljm2Y29qbp5v0S+LdgvL6pSABCQgAQlIQAISOAQBvtnlW2AKZQpWGsVtfkKxJIip4pmiGb38tKO2FO08zzW/m+6Nub2o7jJr3ls8r0lTXRKQgAQkIAEJSOBOCeQ3xvy8guu5f/lvhOBc8ZxvmDM3BXMtnvu308haPIeYvQQkIAEJSEACEpDATRHIv8jHt9D1t8dLnLR4XkJJGQlI4GoE+ORdX/kTFn0d55qWP5PVZ3zKzyf9Ol4/9fdxdNUxrrUt8+TEXK5dmoNr5pq2X86LuX3/FuZrnTnaflmjc2fqFHMYbtHyn5Mjdy5p+JlY6rzsx64v70f1PYjr3ur7Tn+2xb0/29iCqjolsAMBDpT64tsBGn0dz8HDodTH+U0brz6O7NQ4Nrq8tmWenCA/pnJtavwauabtl/Nibt+/ZX+vdeZo+2WNzp2pU8xhuHZjb/NbZwpo/gW+S759niqep/6lP2xRGLNfaaN/YZBnyCB7rWbxfC3S2pGABCQgAQlIQAIHJkCRTuFM40MXxWz/z8vNhTdVPDOHn4H0b6W57/+pul6wp8DGn2s1i+drkdaOBCQgAQlIQAISOCgBCudayBIG/+ULvvVd8l/c4BvquW+r8w1yvmXv/5k67KGD4hl7NOZwf81vnbFr8fyM339IQAISkIAEJCABCYwIpLCtP4+oY4z3b42rni5b9VS5/F8IeU6hzbze+IkHtpChmM834V1uy3uL5y3pqlsCEpCABCQgAQlI4K4IWDzf1XIajAQkIAEJSEACEpDAlgQsnrekq24JSEACEpCABCQggbsiYPF8V8tpMBKQgAQkIAEJSEACWxKweN6SrrolIAEJSEACEpCABO6KgMXzXS2nwUhAAhKQgAQkIAEJbEnA4nlLuuqWgAQkIAEJSEACErgrAhbPd7WcBiMBCUhAAhKQgAQksCUBi+ct6apbAhKQgAQkIAEJSOCuCFg839VyGowEJCABCUhAAhKQwJYELJ63pKtuCUhAAhKQgAQkIIG7ImDxfFfLaTASkIAEJCABCUhAAlsSsHjekq66JSABCUhAAhKQgATuioDF810tp8FIQAISkIAEJCABCWxJwOJ5S7rqloAEJCABCUhAAhK4KwIWz3e1nAYjAQlIQAISkIAEJLAlAYvnLemqWwISkIAEJCABCUjgrghYPN/VchqMBCQgAQlIQAISkMCWBCyet6SrbglIQAISkIAEJCCBuyJg8XxXy2kwEpCABCQgAQlIQAJbErB43pKuuiUgAQlIQAISkIAE7oqAxfNdLafBSEACEpCABCQgAQlsScDieUu66paABCQgAQlIQAISuCsCFs93tZwGIwEJSEACEpCABCSwJQGL5y3pqlsCEpCABCQgAQlI4K4IWDzf1XIajAQkIAEJSEACEpDAlgQsnrekq24JSEACEpCABCQggbsiYPF8V8tpMBKQgAQkIAEJSEACWxKweN6SrrolIAEJSEACEpCABO6KgMXzXS2nwUhAAhKQgAQkIAEJbEnA4nlLuuqWgAQksAOB379/n759+3Z6//796efPnzt4cFsmK4+vX79OOvfjx4/T58+fTx8/fpyUWePBr1+/Tp8+fTo9PT2d3r17d/ry5csaahfp+PPnz+n79+/PMW4d5yKHFJLAAQlYPB9w0XRZAhK4PgEKnf66peKDgiiNYpEiEX+vUTzDobPJPcUhheI1/Ej8vYcHhTE+9eK5csNHPnBsua74AhMKaApZCmf84v4aDZv4gM0t47xGLNqQwF4ELJ73Iq9dCUjgcARSgFFgUYDcUsOn2igEKZCuVbSmIMNmWr7lpFhkHH57tfCoxTOFc73HNwrKLYvKfKjZi0PsWjyHhL0ELifwcspdPtcZEpCABB6OwC0WHfzUoBatLEqKxWsVz9j88OHDX34wzreq+NcL/GsmT3ikWMYnivrcxxeL55Cwl4AEpghYPE+RcVwCEpDAgMAlxTPftFIwpnDMTwT4Rrb+JrnKjX7/SoGXb2/RlRe682f/jNHTUizSV/29WKwhUjhWPcxFPmNzc9GT+VVnrqMj97BAHp1cEx8/70hjPDFTlNefNXCd3wyjtz9HB9+ERwY98Q29PIvu+JXYkOPFGuVDCZyX/KUha4pO5kQn/mQ9Yi994q0965XfXhNrPpTgV+UQvXlOTMzD99q4J08Sc7igzyYBCVxOwOL5cmbOkIAEHpgARc+SooOCkKKGoqsWYhRRjFFYoYtih2vGU9TUAilFT8ZS0FGopUVX7ulTrDGfa1oK7blCMLrwJY1CMDoyNurhQky9YY9xijcaPCgQGcMOseBbuBJjikDmwpG5KQrxh3nc85x7ZNIYZ6zrwB7xpfV7xvEBXfgU/SlKM2/U43/Wm+fMRz8+1Ba+daxeYxPW2EQf87nPPOJKgyFyWZs6Dz1psIpvjKMT38I7cvYSkMAyAn+fcsvmKSUBCUjgIQksLTooamqRStHC3BSlFDrcUwClZSzFEOPI9AKs+5DCKnroo+uc/jon1ymumJviLc/m+lHxXL85zTfv0TGKDflaICKLH8jmAwNsc83zfCiIXnye0rG0eI4ueuKaKzTz4aCyZh5rjd/54MPYaK2qrVxjj4K3tswNR2Ik9tpStIcPsvgwysW5mKpOryUggdcELJ5f8/BOAhKQwCwBCpFzRUcKV2T7K0VdZGqhnLFa4FEodnvorAV1iqrqeHSN9Pcir87jmkKfwg07KcK6zOgeP3u8ua8xZS7P+nhiybza15jRQWyMRSZ6YTaS7fb6PfOJofPmvheysUUfn2uByniK/hpjZOv80fXID4rw+Jz1TSEdHfmQlhgo4JNzkaFHT2TquNcSkMB5AhbP5xkpIQEJSOA/AkuKjhQ2/00aXESGPi1jtdjKN4eR6/fMHRVk0ZV5yGWs6o/t3qfwu6TAQhY+tVHwpcClAKW4S0shmHt6fDtnkyIVGfTBo8c/0juKfSSH3m6f+x5X95nn9Rtmno9sdl+rnno98oPn8Tm6Rx9ukEkMc3oiU+16LQEJnCfw+pQ7L6+EBCQggYcmUAuTKRApbEbf8GYsMvRpGevFLcUnhQ62+RYxOjJvVJBF1xL90ZOeAhd7+QlA9ydyvY+PfZz7FND1ZwYpBKt8YqlFdp4TN+P9m+XMiRx68/OYjIVHjWVknxh41TYXF3Kx39clNmuBG9mqf3Q98oPY43N0V57RU+NHD7x6Q6bH2WW8l4AExgQsnsdcHJWABCQwJHCu6EhxRsHSv2nlG9M8T/FDn5axyDDOdb2PbO15jl+1Rdc5/UjqZrMAAAUBSURBVHUO1xRoFJ4pXvN74l4Y9nncE2/3I3LRU4s9ZHts+WlC/9kF9nmN4urx8wED/okBHzKv2hvZHxWtjE3Fhe743ItR/GVe/TlHOITLVD/yI391iD5i7HGmwEaWlg8tNQ8Yx6/u75QvjktAAq8JvD5tXz/zTgISkIAECoEUQxSJvVHQUKjkW8Z8a0txQ8HEi6IuBV2e12Iu+muBSYGDjhRTFLbMSXGEH9FFgUQhhy8ZO6e/xoFv+SlExlOM4UMvwCJDj00Ksl5kMo4PjKODe1oKzsok+ogReZ4xF64p9DIvxTU+8Qx5+OXFPbHEXopW5qGDFq5cM49YR4V3PhRk7eJn7dGLTbjTsMu8upbRj1x8qDrqdWKq+vCt6ksxjW108+Iau2n4QZx1/ZJnyM2taXTYS0ACrwlYPL/m4Z0EJCCBIQEKniWvWmBR+FDwMI9iKAVTisno49loDEcokFLQRT49c2jYpBCiQEJ+pGs01gNNwYb+tDrG+KjY6jLxLz3+U9SlkEVHnqWPPXrioUgkHp6nOIxMCmH0oivFYC0sGavssxZwiB8pPvEfm/El/cjPUfzxC93xGdspfHk+0oXdqcYzdIQtetHfW40TGRjUHESevIsedDIHWbgmJ7te7yUggWkCLyfktIxPJCABCUhgJwKjYghXKIDmiq+d3NXsSgRYW9d3JZiqkcDKBCyeVwaqOglIQAJrEeCbxqkCim8X+ebQdp8ELJ7vc12N6j4IWDzfxzoahQQkcIcE8vMEev7sT8HMn9n51rn/lOEOw3/YkFhnflbBT3H6TzAeFoqBS+CGCFg839Bi6IoEJCCBToDfzVJE5Xe4XPONtEVVJ3Uf96PfRs/9zvo+ojYKCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLgMXzsdZLbyUgAQlIQAISkIAEdiRg8bwjfE1LQAISkIAEJCABCRyLwP8Ah7f1afPInB0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrouping of the genotypes was done as per the class given by (Rubiyo and Rivaie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) as mentioned in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore chart based on pod area infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl.No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePod area infection (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 to 25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 to 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately susceptible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.1 to 75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSusceptible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAssessment of morphological, yield and biochemical parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following morphological and yield characteristics \u003cem\u003eviz.\u003c/em\u003e bean colour, pod weight, pod shape, rind thickness, number of beans per pod, single dry bean weight, and yield on exotic accessions of cocoa were noted. The proposed descriptor (Bekele and Butler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) was used to record the observations. Standard procedures were adhered to in the analysis of biochemical attributes, such as the polyphenol content, fat, wax, calcium, potassium, and sodium content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical data analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis was carried out and highly correlated characters were used for regression analysis. A binomial logistic regression model was employed to determine phenes contributing to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e pod rot infection. It is a univariate/multivariate technique applied to estimate the probability that a character is present by predicting a binary dependent outcome from a set of explanatory variables and it is used for model binary response data. When a response is binary, it can have two values: 0 or 1, which, depending on the kind of study, can indicate resistant or susceptible. The dependent variable in this model is categorical.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA logistic model is used to predict the effect of change in the independent variable on the probability of belonging to a group when the dependent variable is dichotomous (Mafini and Omoruyi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The correlation and regression analysis were done using the software IBM SPSS statistics 20.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIdentification of genetic stock for\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003epod rot resistance breeding\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe resistance was ranked along with other morphological traits that contributed to resistance based on level of resistance of the twenty-four cocoa genotypes to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e pod rot. The genotypes with more than 2 Kg of dry bean weight per tree per year was considered as high yielders, 1 Kg to 2 Kg as moderate yielders and less than 1 Kg were considered as low yielders. Scoring for pod base and rugosity was done as follows, 1- strong, 2- intermediate, 3- slight and 4 - absent. The biochemical parameters such as fat, calcium, polyphenol content, and wax, as well as pod basal constriction and rugosity, were ranked from highest to lowest (the highest value in the data with rank 1).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRelative susceptibility of exotic cocoa genotypes to\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhytophthora palmivora\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relative susceptibility of 24 cocoa genotypes used in the present study to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e by non-pricking methods are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. In non-pricking method, out of 24 genotypes tested, eleven were grouped as highly resistant, with maximum resistance observed in genotype GU 226/V (0%), GU 249/H (0.2%), and NA 702 (0.9%). The genotypes GU 195/V (15.2%), ICS 100 (15.6%), SPA 9 (17.9%), LCTEEN 162\u0026ndash;1010 (15.6%), and GU 125C (24.26%) were classified as resistant. Six genotypes were under the class moderately resistant with an infection range from 25.1 to 50 per cent. Accessions CHUNDALE (62.7%) and PNG 299 (58.6%) were under the class moderately susceptible (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of exotic accessions based on percent pod area infection by non-pricking method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl. No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotypes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePod\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters(cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esize (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification based on percent pod area infection (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAMAZ 12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVB 514\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAMAZ 5/25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNA 804\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 249/H\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNA 33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNA 702\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 183/G\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 269/V\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eICS 100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLAF 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHUNDALE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePNG 290\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePNG 299\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1MC 105\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePA 70\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 125C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 226/V\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWA 40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSPA 9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTSA 792\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 195/V\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSNK 413\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLCTEEN 162\u0026ndash;1010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant (0\u0026ndash;15%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant (15.1\u0026ndash;25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreadth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSR\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately resistant (25.1\u0026ndash;50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately susceptible (50.1\u0026ndash;75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSusceptible (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAnalysis of morphological, yield and biochemical characterization of cocoa genotypes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe consolidated data on classification of twenty-four exotic genotypes based on morphological, yield and biochemical characters were presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Out of twenty-four genotypes, thirteen genotypes displayed Angoleta shaped fruits, four had Criollo shaped fruits, four had Cundeamore shaped fruits, two had Amelonado shaped fruits and one belonged to Calabacillo. The result of present study revealed that out of the twenty-four genotypes, fourteen genotypes (58%) expressed dark purple colour for beans and six genotypes (25%) with light purple colour, three (13%) genotypes with mixed color for cotyledons and one (4%) with medium purple. The pod weight and ridge thickness varied from 254 g to 630 g and 0.76 to 1.65 cm respectively, across the exotic collection. The dry weight of beans ranged from 0.7 to 1.5 g respectively. Based on yield statistics of 2022\u0026ndash;2023, genotype LCTEEN 162\u0026ndash;1010 recorded the highest yield with 2.5 kg, while VB 514 recorded the lowest yields at 0.2 kg. Biochemical parameters like total polyphenol (0.66%-13.92%), husk polyphenol (1.05%-4.58%), fat (39.66%-55%), and calcium (203.25 mg/100g-324.24 mg/100g) were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassport data of exotic cocoa genotypes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotypes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAMAZ 12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Criollo, BC- Dark purple, PW- 313 g, RT-1.13 cm, BpP-17, SDBW- 1.0 g, Yd- 0.3 Kg, PP- 10.32%, HPP- 4.58, Fat- 52.24%, Ca- 320.15 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVB 514\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Cundeamore, BC- Mixed, PW- 260 g, RT-1.28cm, BpP-19,SDBW- 1.0 g, Yd- 0.2 Kg, PP- 11.75%, HPP- 4.5, Fat 51.16%,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa- 310.84 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAMAZ 5/25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Amelonado,BC- Dark purple, PW- 312 g, RT- 1.12, BpP-32, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 0.5 Kg, PP- 10.79%, HPP- 4.27%, Fat- 53%, Ca- 311.65 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNA 804\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Cundeamore, BC- Dark purple, PW- 290 g, RT-0.94 cm, BpP-45, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 0.6 Kg, PP- 11.52%, HPP- 3.64%, Fat- 55%, Ca- 308.15 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 249/H\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Angoleta, BC- Light purple, PW- 466g, RT- 1.48 cm, BpP- 28.9, SDBW- 1.1 g, Yd- 1.1 Kg, PP- 9.49%, HPP-3.57%, Fat- 49.66%, Ca- 312.58 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNA 33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Angoleta, BC- Darkpurple, PW- 515g, RT-1.4cm, BpP- 50, SDBW- 1.2g, Yd- 2.4 Kg,PP- 10.64%, HPP- 3.48, Fat- 48%, Ca- 298.75 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNA 702\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Criollo, BC- Dark purple, PW- 440 g, RT- 1.04cm, BpP-54.2, SDBW- 1 g, Yd- 2.4 Kg, PP- 10.96%, HPP \u0026ndash; 3.25, Fat- 45%, Ca- 284.69 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 183/G\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Angoleta, BC- Dark purple, PW- 475 g, RT-1.6 cm, BpP-35, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 1.2 Kg, PP- 11.82%, HPP \u0026ndash; 2.54%, Fat- 47%, Ca- 283.42 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 269/V\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Angoleta,BC- Dark purple, PW- 460 g, RT-1.54cm, BpP-31.8, SDBW- 1 g, Yd- 1.3 Kg, PP- 13.92%, HPP-3.58%, Fat- 49%, Ca- 292.79 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eICS 100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Angoleta, BC- Medium purple, PW- 506g, RT- 1.46 cm, BpP- 32.33, SDBW- 1.2 g, Yd- 1.5 Kg, PP- 6.89%, HPP-2.64%, Fat- 44.66%, Ca- 241.46 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLAF 1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Criollo, BC- Dark purple, PW- 470 g, RT- 1.42 cm, BpP-35.2, SDBW- 1.1 g, Yd- 2.4 Kg, PP- 6.65%, HPP- 2.08%, Fat- 45.33%, Ca- 206.58 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHUNDALE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately susceptible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Criollo, BC- Light purple, PW- 544g, RT- 1.12cm, BpP-45.4, SDBW- 1.2 g, Yd- 2.1Kg, PP- 7.70%,HPP-1.17%, Fat- 53%, Ca- 207.56 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePNG 290\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Angoleta, BC- Dark purple, PW- 604 g, RT-1.4cm, BpP-38, SDBW- 0.8 g, Yd- 1.3 Kg, PP- 3.98%, HPP- 1.38%,Fat- 44.3%, Ca- 203.25 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePNG 299\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately susceptible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Angoleta, BC- Dark purple, PW- 630g, RT- 1.65cm, BpP-44, SDBW- 1.2 g, Yd- 1.5 Kg, PP- 4.27%, HPP- 4.42%,Fat- 43%, Ca- 226.87 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1MC 105\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Cundeamore, BC- Light purple, PW- 350 g, RT-1.1cm, BpP-49, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 1.4 Kg, PP- 3.19%, HPP- 2.34%,Fat- 39.66%, Ca- 215.56 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePA 70\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Angoleta, BC- Light purple, PW- 454 g, RT-1.48cm, BpP-48, SDBW- 1.1 g, Yd- 1.8 Kg, PP- 11.27%, HPP- 4.55%, Fat- 40.6%, Ca- 292.31 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 125C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Angoleta, BC- Dark purple, PW- 360g, RT-1.6cm, BpP-29, SDBW- 0.7 g, Yd- 0.9kg, PP- 7.17%, HPP-1.54, Fat- 52%, Ca- 279.46 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 226/V\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighly resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Calabacillo, BC- Light purple, PW- 550 g, RT-1.6cm, BpP-42, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 0.7 Kg, PP- 12.02%, HPP- 1.05%, Fat- 53%, Ca- 324.24mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWA 40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Cundeamore, BC- Light purple, PW- 540g, RT- 1.64cm, BpP- 38, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 1.2 Kg, PP- 4.21%, HPP-2.11%, Fat- 41.66%, Ca- 236.25 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSPA 9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Angoleta, BC- Dark purple, PW- 272 g, RT-0.76, BpP-31.6, SDBW- 0.7 g, Yd-0.4 Kg, PP- 9.08%, HPP-2.73%, Fat- 46.0%, Ca- 265.32 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTSA 792\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Angolata, BC- Mixed, PW- 360g, RT-1.1 cm, BpP- 53, SDBW- 0.9 g, Yd- 2.4 Kg,PP- 5.18%, HPP- 1.24,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFat- 42.33%, Ca- 232.48mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGU 195/V\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS- Amelonado, BC- Dark purple, PW-312 g, RT-1.12cm, BpP-27.8, SDBW- 0.8 g, Yd- 0.5 Kg, PP- 9.35%, HPP- 3.61%, Fat- 45%, Ca- 259.16 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSNK 413\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerately resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Angolata, BC- Mixed, PW- 254g, RT-1.34cm, BpP- 44, SDBW- 0.7 g, Yd- 0.2 Kg,PP- 0.66%, HPP- 1.86%, Fat- 41.0%, Ca- 235.64 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLCTEEN 162\u0026ndash;1010\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS-Angolata, BC-Dark purple, PW- 508g, RT-1.28cm, BpP-35.4, SDBW- 1.5 g, Yd- 2.5 kg, PP- 5.62%, HPP- 3.63%, Fat- 51%, Ca- 220.25 mg/100g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePodshape\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBpP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of beans/pod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyphenolcontent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:R\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eidge thickness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHPP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e: Husk Polyphenol content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeancolor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSDBW\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle dry beanweight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFat\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatcontent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePW\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePodweight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYd\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYield (Total dry bean weight/pod/year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhenes influencing\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003epod rot resistance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation studies done on the quantitative attributes indicated that calcium, bean and husk polyphenol, wax and fat content responded negatively to the Phytophthora infection. The calcium content (0.806) and polyphenol content (0.697) displayed strong negative correlations, whereas the wax content (0.530) and fat content (0.455) showed moderate negative correlations. Weak but negative correlation was exhibited in husk polyphenol (0.388) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The resultant result of the binomial regression model, specifically the high value of odds ratio Exp (B) and negative coefficient, indicated a negative relation between Phytophthora infection and the fat and polyphenol content of cocoa beans, as well as husk polyphenol and pod wax.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong these characters husk polyphenol exhibited a significant value less than 0.03 which is the constant. The results are depicted in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Based on Exp (B) value from the regression model, when the expected percentage of improvement for disease resistance over the base population was calculated, it was found that if selection is based on percentage of polyphenol present in husk, new population formed from the base population will express 5.3 percent improved disease resistance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation studies for qualitative characters demonstrated a strong positive correlation with rugosity (0.839) while moderate correlation was observed for pod base (0.518) with the Phytophthora infection (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). When logistic estimate of qualitative phenes influencing disease resistance was carried out, the model was good with the significance value 0.01 for only one characters i.e. pod rugosity (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The result of current study showed a positive relation between infection percentage and pod rugosity. If selection is done within the existing population, based on absence of basal constriction and smooth pod surface devoid of rugosity, a marked reduction in infection rate of 84.42 per cent is anticipated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic estimate of quantitative phenes influencing \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora infection\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExp(B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected per cent of improvement overpopulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFat**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePolyphenol**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.812\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWax**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.685\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHusk polyphenol**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCalcium**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.806\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConstant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.719\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**Significance value less than0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic estimate of qualitative phenes influencing \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e Infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard error\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExp(B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected per cent of improvement overpopulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePod base**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.661\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRugosity**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.877\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**Significance value less than 0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDevelopment of genetic stock for\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003ePhytophthora palmivora\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eresistance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe twenty-four genotypes were ranked through a comparative analysis of two categories. In the first category the classification was done based on the percentage of infection, distinguishing between highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, and moderately susceptible. The second category utilized qualitative and quantitative phenes identified by a binomial logistic regression model that were relevant in contributing to resistance. Factors contributing negatively to percentage of infection like wax, husk polyphenol content and factors positively contributing to disease resistance like pod rugosity and pod basal constriction were scored in descending and ascending order respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), which revealed, AMAZ 12, VB 514, AMAZ 5/25, NA 804, GU 249/H, NA 33, NA 702, GU 183/G, GU 269/V, PA 70 and GU 226/V emerging as highly resistant genotypes occupying the first eleven ranks attributing to the significant role of phenes in disease resistance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther classification based on yield and resistance portrayed, higher yield potential coupled with higher disease resistance in NA 33, and NA 702. Conversely GU 269/V, GU 249/H, GU 183/G and PA 70 were categorized under moderate yielders despite exhibiting higher disease resistance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic stock for \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e pod rot resistance breeding in cocoa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClasses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotypes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore for fat content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore for polyphenol content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore for Wax content in the husk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore for husk\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epolyphenol content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore for calcium content\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore for pod basal constriction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore For pod\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRugosity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass of yield\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"10\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHighly\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResistant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMAZ 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVB 514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMAZ 5/25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA 804\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU249/H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA 33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA 702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU183/G\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU 269/V\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePA 70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU226/V\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResistant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICS 100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU125C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPA 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGU195/V\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLCTEEN 16-1010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerately resistant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAF 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePNG 290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIMC 105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWA40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSA 792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNK 413\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerately susceptible\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHUNDALE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePNG 299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate yielder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the current investigation, phytophthora screening was done by artificially inoculating cocoa pods using a non-pricking approach. Non-pricking method is the most appropriate method to check the phenes influencing Phytophthora pod rot resistance in cocoa (Nyadanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe importance of various factors contributing to disease resistance is necessary to develop stable resistance against black pod disease genotypes. Thus, the twenty-four genotypes of cocoa used in the present study were classified based on morphology, yield and biochemical characters to know the influence of these characters on disease resistance. Morphological characters are reported to influence disease resistance in crops (Gokbayrak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Thickness of pod husk serve as resistant factor to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e pod rot in cocoa (Nyadanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The present study revealed that pod base and pod rugosity had a positive relation with disease infection. Thresh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e) and Iwaro et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) concluded that more resistance was observed in Cundeamore and Angoleta and reason behind the resistance was smooth surface of the pod (absence of rugosity) with absence of basal constriction. Iwaro et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) reported that resistance was mainly due to smooth surface of Calabacillo and Cundeamore pods conferring less water retention over the surface of the pod. In the present study out of nine highly resistant genotypes six were expressing either Cundeamore, Angoleta or Calabacillo shaped fruits (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003eQuantitative characters correlation studies revealed an overall negative correlation with the Phytophthora infection. Therefore, limiting the spread of infection can be achieved by selecting genotypes with higher values for characteristics like calcium content, polyphenol content, and wax content. In case of the qualitative characters, rugosity and pod base had positive correlation with Phytophthora infection. Hence, selection of genotypes having smooth pod surface or absence of rugosity can help minimize the Phytophthora infection. Similarly, selecting genotypes having low or absence of pod base constriction can help in lowering the growth of Phytophthora on the pod and hence, minimizing the spread of infection. Regression model was used to estimate the conditional expectation of the dependent characters. Logistic regression indicated that morphological phenes mainly influence on disease susceptibility or resistance (Willocquet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The regression studies indicated that wax, polyphenol, and calcium content had a negative relation with \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e infection. Nyadanu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) studied the role of epicuticular wax on pod and leaf surfaces in the host plant resistance to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e Pod Rot in Cacoa (\u003cem\u003eTheobroma cacao\u003c/em\u003e L.) and reported that cacoa genotypes that contain more wax were highly impervious to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e infection compared with those of low wax. The high amount of wax on the surface of pod was observed in LCTEEN 60-1010. This study established that epicuticular wax layer affords cacoa pod greater protection against \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e Pod Rot. Nazaruddin et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) reported that polyphenols are responsible for disease resistance. Veeresh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reported that ICS 41 which is highly resistant with high yield exhibited more polyphenol content. The highest total phenol content was observed in genotype GU 269/V (13.92%) which was showing high disease resistance too. This suggests that phenolics plays a major role in conferring disease resistance in cocoa. An increase in the level of calcium will trigger the cellular response and result in production of secondary metabolites, which are directly related to defense mechanism in plants (Sudha and Ravishankar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Ranty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Calcium content was recorded high in GU226/V which showed high resistance to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e Pod Rot.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic stocks are the \u0026ldquo;first resources\u0026rdquo; which gives attention to the wide diversity among and between crop species. The study showed that genotype NA 702 had a high score for phenes contributing to resistance, indicating that some other signal transduction pathway may be the reason for the resistance (Hlavacek et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Genotypes exhibiting strong disease resistance and high yield potential can be crossed by considering their genetic divergence. This approach aims to generate a favorable hybrid without experiencing adverse heterosis, and it also facilitates gene pyramiding, given that \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e resistance is known to involve multiple genetic factors. Genotypes displaying high resistance but with moderate or low yield can be crossbred with a documented high-yielding variety or another high-yielder from the same gene pool. This breeding strategy is employed to enhance overall yield potential.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to the heightened prevalence of \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e disease during the rainy season, the application of fungicides has proven ineffective as a control measure. Thus, the breeding of resistant cultivars is the most effective and environmentally sustainable approach to combating this disease. The aforementioned results highlight the non-pricking method's efficacy and imply that morphological characteristics other than internal resistance have an impact on resistance. Binomial logistic regression analysis revealed that \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e infection was inversely correlated with specific phenes, such as calcium content, polyphenol content, and wax. On the other hand, phenes that have a positive association with disease infection include pod rugosity and pod basal constriction. The population that results from selection using these phenes may have much higher resistance levels. The population that results from selection using these phenes may have much higher resistance levels. Accessions demonstrating high resistance can then be strategically employed in subsequent cocoa breeding programs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2 Classification of exotic accessions based on percent pod area infection by\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003enon-pricking method\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinimol JS: The project concept was visualized, the methodology was formulated, and the investigation was done. The draft manuscript was reviewed and editedSuma B: Administration of the project and fund acquisition Anna Mary: Lab analysis, data creation and analysisShija TK: Lab analysis and data creation and analysisSherin Jose: Data analysis and draft preparation of the manuscript Sainamole Kurian: Supervision of the project\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBekele F, Butler DR (2000). Proposed short list of cocoa descriptors for characterization. In: Eskes, AB, Engels JMM, Lass RA, editors. Working Procedures for Cocoa Germplasm Evaluation and Selection. Proceedings of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI project workshop, Montpellier, France. IPGR. 41-48.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGokbayrak Z, Ozer C, Soylemezoglu G (2010). Use of morphological markers to identify foliar disease resistance in grapevine. J. Anim. Plant. Sci. 20(4): 243-247.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHlavacek WS, Faeder JR, Blinov ML, Perelson AS, Goldstein B (2003). The complexity of complexes in signal transduction. Biotechnol.Bioeng.84:783-794. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.10842\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIwaro AD, Sreenivasan TN, Umaharan P (1997). Foliar resistance to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora palmivora \u003c/em\u003eas an indicator of pod resistance in \u003cem\u003eTheobroma cacao\u003c/em\u003e. Plant Dis. 81:619-624. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-47.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIwaro AD, Sreenivasan TN, Butler DR, Umaharan P (2000). Rapid screening for \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora \u003c/em\u003epod rot resistance by means of detached pod inoculation. Working procedures for cocoa germplasm evaluation and selection. In: Proceedings of the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI Project Workshop, Montpellier, France. 109-113.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKurian SP (2011). Endophytic microorganism mediated systemic resistance in cocoa against \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora palmivora \u003c/em\u003e(Butler) Butler. Ph.D. thesis, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. 197.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuz EDMN, Paim MCA, Silva SDVM, Pires JL, Santos Filho LP, Monteiro WR (2006). Correlation of cacao clones reactions to different species of \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e. In Eskes AB and Efron Y, editors. Global approaches to cocoa germplasm utilization and conservation. CFC/ICCO/IPGRI, Amsterdam. 132-136.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMafini C, Omoruyi O (2013). Logistics benefits and challenges: The case of SMEs in a South African local municipality. South. Afr. J. Entrepreneurship Small Business Manag. 6:61-77. DOI:10.4102/sajesbm. v6i1.38\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNazaruddin R, Seng LK, Hassan O, Said M (2006). Effect of pulp preconditioning on the content of polyphenols in cocoa beans (\u003cem\u003eTheobroma cacao\u003c/em\u003e) during fermentation. Ind Crops Prod. 24:87-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.03.013\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNyadanu D, Assuah MK, Adomako B, Asiama YP, Opoku IY, Adu-Ampomah Y (2009). Efficacy of screening methods used in breeding for black pod disease resistance varieties in cocoa. Afr.Crop Sci.Jl. 17(4):175 - 186. https://DOI:10.4314/acsj.v17i4.54298\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNyadanu D, Assuah MK, Adomako B, Asiama YO, Ampomah Y (2011). 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Leaf inoculation as an early screening test for cocoa (\u003cem\u003eTheobroma cacao \u003c/em\u003eL.) resistance to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora \u003c/em\u003eblack pod disease. Crop Prot. 14: 657\u0026ndash;663. https:// DOI:10.1016/0261-2194(95)00054-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePloetz R (2016). \u0026ldquo;The impact of diseases on cacao production: a global overview,\u0026rdquo; in Cacao Diseases: A History of Old Enemies and New Encounters, eds Bailey PA, Meinhardt LW (New York, NY: Springer International Publishing), Springer Cham. 33-59.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePokou ND, N\u0026rsquo;Goran JAK, Kebe A, Eskes A, Tahi M, Sangare A (2008). Levels of resistance to \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e pod rot in cocoa accessions selected on-farm in Cote d\u0026rsquo;Ivoire. Crop Prot. 27: 302-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2007.07.012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRanty B, Aldon D, Cotelle V, Galaud JP, Thuleau P, Mazars C (2016). Calcium sensors as key hubs in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Front. Plant Sci.7:95-107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00327\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRubiyo R, Rivaie AA (2013). Diallel analysis of cocoa (\u003cem\u003eTheobroma cacao\u003c/em\u003e) resistance to \u003cem\u003ePhytphthora palmivora \u003c/em\u003ein Indonesia. J. Biol. Agric. Health.3:76-83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSudha G, Ravishankar GA (2002). Involvement and interaction of various signaling compounds on the plant metabolic events during defense response, resistance to stress factors, formation of secondary metabolites and their molecular aspects. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 71:181-212. https://DOI:10.1023/A:1020336626361\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThresh JM, Owusu GK, Boamah A, Lockwood G (1988). Ghanai an cocoa varieties and swollen shoot virus. Crop Prot.7:219-231.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVeeresh SA, Minimol JS, Suma B, Athira MR, Shilpa KS (2020). Fat, polyphenol and minerals estimate in exotic accessions of cocoa (\u003cem\u003eTheobroma cacao\u003c/em\u003e L.). Int. J. Agric.l Sci., 16(1): 11-16. https://DOI:10.15740/HAS/IJAS/16.1/11-16\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWillocquet L, Noel M, Hamilton RS, Savary S (2012). Susceptibility of rice to sheath blight: An assessment of the diversity of rice germplasm according to genetic groups and morphological traits. Euphytica\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e183:227-241. https://DOI:10.1007/s10681-011-0451-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cocoa, Phytophthora, resistance, phenes, black pod, disease","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005771/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005771/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe level of resistance against \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e pod rot disease was assessed among twenty-four exotic accessions of cocoa by non pricking method of pod inoculation. In the non-pricking method, eleven genotypes were grouped under highly resistant category. Binomial logistic regression model revealed that phenes like polyphenol content, wax, husk polyphenol and calcium content had a negative influence with \u003cem\u003ePhytophthora\u003c/em\u003e Resistance. From the present investigation, it was found accessions NA 33, NA 702 and PA 70 showed maximum resistance to disease with high yield potential and those could be utilized for further genetic improvement programmes in cocoa.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bracketing phenes contributing to Phytophthora pod rot resistance in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): a potential agroforestry crop","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-07 09:16:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4005771/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1a586797-4824-4024-9e7e-14683f3da962","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-09T22:06:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-07 09:16:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4005771","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4005771","identity":"rs-4005771","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}