Overcoming PCOS-Related Infertility by Using In Vitro Maturation Approach: A Case Report.

Patient information A 27-year-old female and her 30-year-old husband have been married for five years. After trying to conceive naturally for three and a half years, the couple decided to go for assisted reproductive technology (ART) and was referred to our clinic. The woman worked as an employee, while her husband was a businessman. The patient's chief complaint was an irregular menstrual cycle. After detailed counseling, the patient insisted on going for IVF. Medical history For the past three and a half years, the couple has been engaging in regular and unprotected sexual intercourse, but they have failed to achieve a successful pregnancy. The male partner has been diagnosed with normozoospermia, indicating normal sperm parameters in semen analysis and no documented issues with conception, suggesting that the fertility issue likely lies with the female partner. The female partner has been diagnosed with PCOS by gynecologists after two years of marriage. There is no significant history of inherited conditions among immediate family members with hypertension, diabetes, thyroid, or prior surgeries in partners. The male patient maintains a healthy lifestyle, avoiding smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption. Clinical findings The physical health of the male patient seems normal. The male partner semen investigation showed that the progressive motility was 42%, with a count of 120 million/mL of ejaculation, which is within the normal range as stated in the World Health Organization's WHO 2021 guidelines [ 12 ], as shown in Table 1 . pH: potential of hydrogen, ml: milliliter Diagnostic assessment The female patient appeared to be obese, with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 29 kg/m². The heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate were normal. The FSH value was 11.5 mIU/mL. The luteinizing hormone (LH) was 26.5 mIU/mL. Estradiol, an important form of estrogen, is at 74 pg/mL. Testosterone levels are low at 2.6 ng/mL. The anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) test level was 1.5 ng/mL. The progesterone level is at 16 ng/mL. The antral follicle count (AFC) of both ovaries is 9. The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level was 2.37 mIU/mL. The prolactin level was 24.88 ng/mL, as mentioned in Table 2 . mIU/mL: milli international units per milliliter, pg/mL: picograms per milliliter, nmol/L: nanomole per liter, ng/ml: nanograms per milliliter To confirm the diagnosis of PCOS, a transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) was performed, and AFC was found to be nine, within the reference range, as shown in Figure 1 . A: right ovary, B: left ovary. The orange arrow shows the ovarian cyst. Therapeutic intervention Stimulation Protocol The female partner received a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol for ovarian stimulation along with PCOS, focusing on maximizing ovulation and follicular growth. Starting on the second day of menstruation, the treatment included 100 mg of clomiphene citrate and 150 IU of rFSH. To prevent early ovulation, cetrotide 0.25 mg daily was added on the seventh day of the regimen and continued until day 11, and 0.25 mg of decapeptyl was administered as a trigger on day 14 to manage the cycle further and reduce endogenous gonadotropin secretion. After 36 hours, the oocytes were retrieved. ICSI Procedure Following oocyte pick-up (OPU), nine oocytes were retrieved, three were at the GV stage, and six were at the MI stage. No oocytes were retrieved at the MII stage. The IVM medium involves a controlled environment for the growth and development of embryos. Retrieved immature oocytes were placed in a specialized culture medium designed to support oocyte maturation. Oocytes were incubated at 37°C in a controlled environment (usually 5% CO 2 ) for 24-48 hours. The medium contained hormones, such as FSH, LH, and estradiol, along with electrolyte solutions, bicarbonates, and energy substrates, such as glucose and pyruvate essential and nonessential amino acid, and protein supplements, such as human serum albumin (HSA) or plasma protein fraction. During the incubation period, the oocytes were monitored for maturation. Out of the nine retrieved oocytes, four were matured into the MII stage. Following this, four oocytes were fertilized by the ICSI process. Two embryos were in the eight-cell stage by day 3 of embryonic development, while one embryo was in the six-cell stage. One embryo reached the 12-cell stage by day 4, while another had developed the 14-cell stage. Out of a total of nine retrieved embryos, two of day 4 embryos were cryopreserved. After two months, cryopreserved embryos were thawed and transferred in a single frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle. After the embryos were transferred, the patient was advised to rest, avoid strenuous activity, and come for a follow-up after 14 days. Figure 2 shows the retrieved GV and MI after ovum pickup. The black arrow shows the oocyte at the germinal vesicle stage. The red arrow shows the oocyte at the metaphase I stage. Follow-up The doctor prescribed medications, such as progesterone, iron, calcium supplements, and multivitamins. They were advised to come for a follow-up visit after two weeks. Biochemical pregnancy was confirmed by monitoring the levels of serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), which were 798 mIU/mL. An ultrasound was done to examine the normal growth rate of the fetus.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that can cause infertility in women of childbearing age, in which 80% of cases are related to PCOS [ 1 ]. The irregular menstrual cycle, hyperandrogenism, and multiple cysts in the ovary, along with hirsutism, acne, alopecia, and infertility, are clinical manifestations of PCOS [ 2 ]. Female infertility can result from a variety of factors, including PCOS, hormonal disorders, premature ovarian failure, genital infections, endometriosis, fallopian tube obstruction, and congenital uterine anomalies [ 3 ]. Hyperandrogenism, when combined with hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, causes additional ovarian dysfunction, which can lead to anovulation and infertility. Women with PCOS may be at greater risk of miscarriage and develop complications during pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes [ 4 ]. In vitro maturation (IVM) implies the maturation of retrieved immature oocytes in a specific culture environment. In vitro-developed oocytes were used in the first human vitro fertilization effort as early as in vitro fertilization (IVF). IVM has much broader indications, such as poor ovarian reserve and multiple IVF failures [ 5 ]. IVM drew focus from fertility specialists due to its safety, recurrence affordability, low risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), and suitable pregnancy rates. This medium is less expensive, safer, and more convenient for patients because it requires fewer hormone injections, shorter stimulation cycles, prevents OHSS, and requires less frequent monitoring [ 6 ]. The earliest reports of human conception in culture verified that when removed from follicles and put in the proper culture medium, human follicular oocytes may develop in vitro [ 7 ]. The maturation rate of human oocytes surrounded by cumulus cells is more significant. The production of a positive signal required to complete oocyte maturation in vivo coincides with rising follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels within the follicle [ 8 ]. Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) follows a long down-regulation protocol in IVF intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment cycles [ 9 ]. After oocytes are collected, meiosis begins again by administering a human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) trigger, known as hCG priming. Oocytes that may be at different stages of maturation are germinal vesicles (GV), metaphase I (MI), or metaphase II (MII) collected [ 10 ]. IVM in patients with PCOS can eliminate the risk of OHSS [ 11 ].

The case study highlights the difficulties in treating PCOS-related infertility and emphasizes the need to make lifestyle changes as the initial line of treatment. Furthermore, the newly developed method of oocyte maturation shows potential as an easy and secure means of assisted reproduction, especially for individuals who have poor oocyte maturation or who are at risk. In AFC-elevated patients, abnormal ovulation or anovulation is present. In PCOS patients, the AFC level is elevated, and PCOS patients are considered for IVM treatment. Hatırnaz et al. stated that IVM was initially prescribed for PCOS and OHSS patients who had undergone prior IVF procedures. Still, in recent years, its indications have increased to nearly all forms of infertility. Managing PCOS-related problems by changing lifestyle habits and using medication followed by ART is necessary to resolve infertility [ 13 ]. According to Tannus et al., women undergoing IVM treatment experienced a clinical pregnancy rate of 44.7% and a live birth rate of 34.6%, with most transfers involving a single embryo [ 14 ]. Jaroudi et al. reported on 18 patients initially undergoing IVF who were later identified as being at high risk for developing OHSS. Their cycles were canceled, and they underwent immature oocyte retrieval followed by IVM. On average, each patient had 8.1 immature oocytes retrieved, and a total of 44 embryos were transferred across 17 cycles. The study indicated that oocytes matured in vitro from incomplete IVF cycles could be fertilized using ICSI and that these embryos could potentially lead to pregnancies [ 15 ]. Yang et al. concluded that using a biphasic IVM culturing technique, culture media, and supplements significantly impacts the IVM results. Certain factors, such as various follicular priming techniques, various protein sources and hormones in the medium, and different culture media, have an unknown effect on IVM [ 16 ]. Jing et al. concluded in their study that, in addition to thousands of healthy births, significant improvements in pregnancy and implantation rates have been made possible by IVM technology. IVM increases the usage of this technique and enhances patient benefits, especially when combined with other treatments. The best ways to increase the effectiveness of IVM and make it applicable to a larger population are to gain a deeper comprehension of the whole molecular process of oocyte maturation and to adopt the most influential culture techniques for multiple stages of oocytes formed through different methods [ 17 ].

The efficacy of ART has been observed, especially IVM of oocytes in treating PCOS-related infertility. Despite the challenges brought on by PCOS-related ovulatory dysfunction, IVM combined with PCOS-specific ovarian stimulation techniques resulted in successful conception and embryonic development. For PCOS patients, particularly those who are at risk of poor oocyte maturation or OHSS, further research and clinical experience will continue to optimize and improve effectiveness.