Comparative impact of oils and synthetic chemicals on survival, reproduction, and resistance of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Comparative impact of oils and synthetic chemicals on survival, reproduction, and resistance of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative impact of oils and synthetic chemicals on survival, reproduction, and resistance of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) MUHAMMAD ASIF ASIF QAYYOUM This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934052/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Panonychus citri (McGregor) was reported resistant to more than 23 pesticides because of the considerable application of acaricides. Finding new and environmental-friendly is the main research objective of this study, by evaluating the impact of oils and chemicals on the survival and reproduction of P. citri in addition to the identification of resistance levels between susceptible, on-field treated plant oil (PO) and F1-generation populations. Results indicated that the survival and oviposition rates were directly proportional to each other and showed significantly differences (P = 0.005) in all aspects (within treatment and between treatments). Mineral oil had less impact on survivability with an increasing trend (higher to low doses) while all other treatments responded almost similarly after 24 hours of exposure time. The egg dipping method had no impact on the survival of next-generation parameters except slight difference between the highest and lowest doses. The PO population was susceptible to all treatments as LC 50 values ranged from 0.038 to 1.132 mL − 1 with 1.23 to 4.72-fold difference except in plant oil case. The resistance levels of F1-generation and PO population remained very high in evaluation to susceptible strain and 1.45 to 1.99 times fold difference among them. According to our results, plant oil can be used as a potential alternative product for P. citri control, The egg dipping method has less or no impact and the F1 generation population develops quick resistance ability. These results will be helpful for pest and resistance management strategies in the future. Entomology Citrus red mite kitchen waste oil survival reproduction resistance Figures Figure 1 Highlights 1. Plant oil showed potential as an alternative control method for , with LC50 values indicating susceptibility. 2. Mineral oil had a minimal effect on survival, with higher doses leading to slightly better survivability. 3. F1-generation populations quickly developed high resistance, with resistance levels 1.45 to 1.99 times higher than the susceptible strain. Introduction Citrus plantations are severely infested by the citrus red mite ( Panonychus citri ) in different citrus-growing regions of the world (Barbar, 2014 ; Fadamiro, Akotsen-Mensah, Xiao, & Anikwe, 2013 ; Faez, Fathipour, Ahadiyat, & Shojaei, 2018 ; Gotoh & Kubota, 1997 ; Jamieson, Charles, Stevens, McKenna, & Bawden, 2005 ; Jamieson, Chhagan, & Charles, 2008 ; Jamieson & Stevens, 2009 ; Karmakar, 2019 ; Kasap & Şekeroğlu, 2004 ) as well as in China (Kong, Hu, Xu, Zhang, & Liang, 2005 ; Z. Liu, Xu, Beattie, Zhang, & Cen, 2019 ; YongQiang Zhang, Ding, Tian, & Zhao, 2009 ; YX Zhang, Lin, & JI, 2002 ; Y. X. Zhang, Zhang, Chen, Lin, & Chen, 2001 ). Southern China is known as the most suitable home preferred by the P. citri due to favorable climatic conditions which show two times (1. June to July 2. October to November) infestation of the pest in a year (Shi & Feng, 2006 ). All mature and immature stages of the pest play their role in decreasing fruit production by feeding on leaves and twigs as well as on the fruits. During the severe infestation of P. citri , chemical application is the standard and preferable practice by Chinese farmers (Hu, Wang, Wang, You, & Chen, 2010 ). Since 1979, resistance reports have been published against different groups of chemicals in different parts of China (G. H. Chen & Wang, 2001 ; N. C. Chen, Huang, & Peng, 1996 ; G. Y. Huang, Xu, & Fang, 1999 ; H. J. Huang, Huang, Mo, & Chen, 1994 ; M. D. Huang, 1979 ; NATESC, 2003 ). The introduction of new chemicals is known as the best practice to reduce the chances of non-judicious use of specific pesticides and resistance response by P. citri (Sato, Silva, Raga, & Souza Filho, 2005 ). A new product was launched by Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R & D Company Limited, known as SYP-9625, which is the novel pyrazolyl acrylonitrile derivative having acaricidal activity against Tetranychids with a lower toxic effect on mammals (Yu et al., 2016 ). Recently, J.-C. Chen et al. ( 2019 ) reported the resistance status of SYP-9625 against Tetranychus urticae in the field, which impacts inhibitory complex II, and many other trials were conducted to check the different aspects of this product on predatory mites and pest mites (Chai et al., 2011 ; Li et al., 2010 ; Ouyang et al., 2018 ). Abamectin has commonly been used to control phytophagous mites in the last couple of decades, which has also been reported against other mite pests (Arshad et al., 2019 ; Dou, Xia, Niu, & Wang, 2017 ; Hu et al., 2010 ; Ilias, Vassiliou, Vontas, & Tsagkarakou, 2017 ; Liao et al., 2016 ; Meng, Wang, Jiang, & Yi, 2002 ; Rameshgar, Khajehali, Nauen, Dermauw, & Van Leeuwen, 2019 ; Sato et al., 2005 ; Tian et al., 2015 ; Yorulmaz & Ay, 2009 ). Except for synthetic chemicals, many plant-based and some mineral oils were also used against different pests of mites as biorational pesticides or compatible with predators (Al-Assiuty, Nenaah, & Ageba, 2019 ; Elmhalli et al., 2019 ; Mossa, Afia, Mohafrash, & Abou-Awad, 2019 ; Silva et al., 2019 ). New plant oil, comprises saturated non-esterase (Stearic 4.99%, Palmitic 13%, and Oleic acids 22.98%), polyunsaturated omega-9 (Linoleic acid 52.52%), and omega-3 (Linolenic acid 6.31%) fatty acids, extracted from kitchen vegetable waste was launched by Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou city, Guangdong province, P. R. China. Various reports also been published for the use of different mineral oils against citrus red mites as well as other mite pests (Cen, Tian, Pang, & Rae, 2002 ; Moghimi, Damavandian, & Ahadiyat, 2018 ). Korea Oil Energy Ltd. launched the product with the trade name “Mineral Oil 99%EC” which is part of our efficacy comparative study. However, many newer and old agrochemicals are being extensively used against pests that may cause resistance as well as negatively impact the beneficial insects. Therefore, this research activity uses two synthetic chemicals and two oils (new to agrochemicals): 1. to check the impact of different doses on the survival and reproduction of adult females (F0-generation) and survival of their offspring (F1-generation); 2. To check cross or back cross-resistance by using three different populations in this study. The study will add the knowledge of P. citri impact and its resistance management by the rational and timely use of chemicals along with biocontrol agents. Material and Methods Mites Citrus red mites, P. citri was collected from an orange orchard in Liaodong village, Luoyang town, Boluo county, Huizhou city, Guangdong province, China (Coordinates: N23, 11' 43.9833", E114, 15' 17.1387"). Treated (Plant Oil) and untreated (no acaricides used from last two years) mite populations were collected from the selected site on 22 November 2019. Furthermore, rearing of susceptible/untreated mites was done on lemon leaves placed on the water-saturated sponge by maintaining the 26 ± 1 ºC, 16:8h (Light: Dark) photoperiod. The 2nd generation of reared (susceptible strain) mites were used for experimentation (Impact and bioassay). Plant Oil (PO) was used to treat the population directly after seven days of exposure in the field. Chemical History of Collection Site During the 1st outbreak (June to July 2019) of P. citri , three chemicals were used (Table 1 ) along with predatory mite ( Amblyseius cucumeris ) by dividing the orchard into different plots (Treated and Bio-control). Plant oil (PO) was sprayed on the 5–10 plants row surrounded by untreated plantation during the start (15 November 2019) of 2nd outbreak (November to October 2019). The untreated field had no history of chemical and predator usage from last two years. Table 1 Chemicals used for the control of Panonychus citri . Chemicals Company 5% Acetamiprid EC Hebei Pesticide Chemical Co., Ltd . 50% sulfur Jiangmen Daguangming Agrochemical New Association Co., Ltd. 4.5% Beta-cypermethrin EC Guangzhou Yinong Biochemical Co., Ltd. Acaricides Four chemicals were used for this experiment; SYP 30% EC by Shenyang Kechuang Chemicals Co. Ltd., Abamectin 5% EC by North China Pharmaceutical Group Ainuo Co. Ltd., Mineral Oil 99% EC by Korea oil energy Ltd. and Plant oil 99% (Trial product) (Palmitic acid 13.21%, Stearic acid 4.99%, Oleic acid 22.98%, Linoleic acid 52.52% and Linolenic acid 6.31%) by Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources. Experimental methodology The toxicity impact of selected chemicals was measured using a modified leaf dip bioassay (Nauen, 2005 ; Wang et al., 1971 ) to check the response of P . citri against different concentrations. Full green and healthy leaves were collected from untreated lemon field and stored in the refrigerator within 24 hours. Before cutting of leaf disc, each leaf was washed with water thoroughly and tissue paper used for cleaning and drying. Each leaf disc of approximately 3 cm 2 was fully dipped for 10 to 15 seconds and shifted on the water-saturated sponge in the plastic container surrounded with wet tissue paper to avoid the escape of mites. After 10–15 minutes of drying leaf, 30 adult female mites (same age of laboratory-reared susceptible strain population- ≥ 1 day old) per leaf with three replications were released. Water dipped leaves were used as the control treatment. Data was recorded after 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours of exposure time to check the survival. Eggs laid on each leaf disc were counted daily and shifted to the untreated leaf disc to assess eclosion rates of each treatment. Further, ovicidal effect of each treatment was checked by egg dipping method for 5 seconds, to check the hatchability and F1-generational immature to adult survival percentage. The toxicity bioassay of different chemicals was performed by using susceptible strain, field treated with PO and F1-generation (offspring of treatment application on susceptible strain) populations. Mortality (30 mites/leaf disc) after 24 hours of exposure was recorded, non-motile responding mites were counted as dead for bioassay. Statistical Analysis All recorded data were analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD test (P = 0.005) with the help of Statistix 8.1 (McGraw-Hill, 2008 ). Before analysis, survival data were converted into percentages. For the bioassay test, all mortality data were analyzed by using probit analysis using POLO + statistical software (Robertson, Preisler, & Russell, 2003 ; Software, 2002 ). If 90% CI (Confidence intervals) of LC 50 values were found overlapping, then data considered as non-significantly different (N. Liu & Yue, 2000 ). The resistance ratio (R.R.) was calculated by using the following formula; $$\:R.R=\:\frac{{\text{L}\text{C}}_{50}\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{t}\text{r}\text{e}\text{a}\text{t}\text{m}\text{e}\text{n}\text{t}\:\text{p}\text{o}\text{p}\text{u}\text{l}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}}{{\text{L}\text{C}}_{50}\:\text{o}\text{f}\:\text{t}\text{h}\text{e}\:\text{s}\text{u}\text{s}\text{c}\text{e}\text{p}\text{t}\text{i}\text{b}\text{l}\text{e}\:\text{s}\text{t}\text{r}\text{a}\text{i}\text{n}\:\text{p}\text{o}\text{p}\text{u}\text{l}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n}}$$ R.R indicators: ≤0.5 (Low), 0.5–1.5 (Moderate), 1.5–2.5(High) and > 2.5 (Very High). Results Impact of pesticides on Panonychus citri The toxicity of chemicals was tested for the survival of P. citri adult females at different dose levels below field application rate. The toxicity of chemicals tested within treatment (among the different doses) and between the treatments (among the highest (HD’s) and lowest (LD’s) doses) while observation was done at different time intervals after application, as shown in Fig. 1 and Table 2 . The survival rate of P. citri adult females has a decreasing trend within all treatments over the time after exposure. Generally, higher the concentration of chemicals has the lowest survival rate. After 24 hours, minimum survival (17.67 ± 1.45) was observed by 0.0606 mL − 1 Mineral oil and 3.75 mL − 1 Abamectin (F 7,23 = 176, p = 0.0000 and F 7,23 = 152, p = 0.0000 respectively). All doses of abamectin significantly decreased the P. citri population from 0 to 30% after 192 hours (F 7,23 = 97.1, p = 0.0000). The survival (%) rate initially slightly differed within highly concentrated doses of all treatments except mineral oil after 24 hours and latterly, it had an jncreasing trend. All the treatments within comparison of each chemical were significantly different from control (water dipped leaf) (Fig. 1 ). Table 2 Survival of Panonychus citri adult(♀) on Citrus lemon leaf discs treated with insecticides and oils (Mean ± SEM). Treatments 24 Hours 48 Hours 96 Hours 192 Hours Highest Doses comparision SYP-9625 (30%) 28.33 ± 1.67b 15.67 ± 3.33b 0 ± 0b 0 ± 0b Abamectin (5%) 26.33 ± 1.856b 9 ± 4.58b 0 ± 0b 0 ± 0b Plant Oil (99%) 28.67 ± 2.33b 17.67 ± 1.45b 7.33 ± 3.71b 0 ± 0b Mineral Oil (99%) 17.67 ± 1.45c 14.33 ± 1.20b 9.67 ± 0.33b 9 ± 0.58b Control 98.67 ± 1.33a 83.33 ± 2.40a 80 ± 3.06a 67 ± 4.93a F(df)P-value 353(4,14)0.0000 152(4,14)0.0000 251(4,14)0.0000 173(4,14)0.0000 Lowest Doses Comparision SYP-9625 (30%) 87.677 ± 1.45B 73.33 ± 1.67BC 56.67 ± 3.71BC 45.33 ± 1.76BC Abamectin (5%) 86.67 ± 3.33B 65.33 ± 1.33C 47.67 ± 1.45C 30 ± 5.77C Plant Oil (99%) 77.67 ± 1.453C 67.67 ± 1.45C 65.67 ± 2.33ABC 47.67 ± 1.45B Mineral Oil (99%) 90 ± 0B 78.33 ± 1.67AB 68 ± 6.93AB 50 ± 0B Control 98.67 ± 1.33A 83.33 ± 2.40A 80 ± 3.06A 67 ± 4.93A F(df)P-value 16.5(4,14)0.0002 18.1(4,14)0.0001 9.45(4,14)0.0020 13.8(4,14)0.0004 * Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P= 0.05, Tukey HSD test). Letters a,b,c,..etc (High doses) and A, B,…etc (Low doses). All doses used in mL−1. Higher and lower doses mentioned in Figure 1. The HD’s and LD’s of all treatments were also found highly significant as compared to control. Among the HD’s quick mortality was observed by SYP-9625 and Abamectin after 96 hours with all mites died (F 4,14 = 251, p = 0.0000). Plant oil and SYP-9625 gave similar results after 24 hours exposure time and latterly, plant oil efficacy decreased as compared to SYP-9625. HD of mineral oil gave minimal survival rate within 24 hours (17.67 ± 1.45; F 4,14 = 353, p = 0.0000) and latterly found no efficacy against P. citri . The LD of plant oil was more effective after 24 hours (77.67 ± 1.453; F 4,14 = 16.5, p = 0.0002) while abamectin (0.05859 mL − 1 ) gave 30 ± 5.77% survival rate after 192 hours exposure time (F 4,14 = 13.8, p = 0.0000) as results showed in Table 2 . Oviposition was significantly affected by the exposure to all treatments (within doses, within HD’s and LD’s of each treatment) as compared to the control treatment (P = 0.05). After reviewing the survival rate (%) and the number of eggs per live female results, it is concluded that oviposition is directly proportional to the survival rate of P. citri adult females (Table 3 and S1 ). All the reproductive stages and eclosion were not significant within treatment (between different doses) (see supplementary data Table S1 for details) except Plant Oil (F 8,26 = 4.68, p = 0.0031) for eclosion percentage. The HD was significantly different in eclosion, durtonymphal and adult survival as compared with control treatment. The Egg hatchability, larval survival, protonymph and deutonymph (%) were not considerably affected by the chemicals similar to the control treatment while within LD’s. Adult survival (%) of F1-generation was significantly affected by HD’s and LD’s comparison (Table 3 ). From oviposition to adult, all next-generation development showed that egg treatment method has no or slight impact. Due to no impact, citrus red mite population emerges rapidly after the spray. Table 3 Effect of different chemicals and oils impact on the reproduction (F0) and life stage survivalship of Panonychus citri (F1) (Mean ± SEM). Treatments Number of Eggs %Eclosion %Hatchability %Larval survival %Protonymph survival %Deutonymph survival %Adult survival Highest Doses comparision SYP-9625 (30%) 7.33 ± 1.86b 93.33 ± 6.67b 87.67 ± 4.33a 83.67 ± 13.91a 95 ± 1.73a 91.67 ± 6.01a 96 ± 2.33a Abamectin (5%) 8.67 ± 2.23b 97.33 ± 0.67b 95 ± 1.73a 92 ± 6.11a 95 ± 1.73a 97 ± 0.58a 100 ± 0a Plant Oil (99%) 22.67 ± 4.56b 97.33 ± 0.88b 98 ± 1.16a 98 ± 1a 97.33 ± 2.67a 97.33 ± 2.67a 98.67 ± 0.67a Mineral Oil (99%) 8 ± 0.43b 100 ± 0a 92.67 ± 3.71a 98.33 ± 1.67a 96 ± 2.31a 80 ± 2.89b 91.67 ± 1.67b Control 79 ± 7.23a 100 ± 0a 100 ± 0a 100 ± 0a 100 ± 0a 98.67 ± 1.33a 100 ± 0a F(df)P-value 63(4,14)0.0000 4.62(4,14)0.0227 3.10(4,14)0.0666 0.88(4,14)0.5074 1.19(4,14)0.3730 17.3(4,14)0.0002 20.4(4,14)0.0001 Lowest Doses Comparision SYP-9625 (30%) 37 ± 0.58B 100 ± 0A 100 ± 0A 100 ± 0A 100 ± 0A 100 ± 0A 100 ± 0A Abamectin (5%) 42.33 ± 2.11B 100 ± 0A 100 ± 0A 92 ± 8A 100 ± 0A 91.67 ± 6.01A 99 ± 1A Plant Oil (99%) 68.33 ± 8.33A 100 ± 0A 96.33 ± 2.33A 100 ± 0A 99.67 ± 0.33A 100 ± 0A 93.67 ± 1.67A Mineral Oil (99%) 43.67 ± 0.89B 93.33 ± 6.67A 98.67 ± 1.33A 100 ± 0A 100 ± 0A 95 ± 2.89A 95.67 ± 2.96A Control 79 ± 7.23A 100 ± 0A 100 ± 0A 100 ± 0A 100 ± 0A 98.67 ± 1.33A 100 ± 0A F(df)P-value 13.4(4,14)0.0005 0.66(4,14)0.6355 1.25(4,14)0.3523 0.94(4,14)0.4804 0.85(4,14)0.5251 1.22(4,14)0.3623 3.25(4,14)0.0593 * Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P= 0.05, Tukey HSD test). Letters a,b,c,..etc (High doses) and A, B,…etc (Low doses). All doses used in mL−1. Pesticides resistance of Panonychus. citri Bioassay test was performed by using 2 to 0.00193 mL − 1 (SYP-9625), 15 to 0.059 mL − 1 (Abamectin 5%), 0.24 to 0.00094 mL − 1 (Plant Oil 99%) and 0.242 to 0.0095 mL − 1 (Mineral oil 99%) doses of each chemical (Table 4 ). All LC values had clear differences in resistance to three different populations. The LC values were higher in all F1-generations of each treatment than others; the LC 50 value of Abamectin was higher 2.262 (1.563–3.469) than SYP. Results of SYP (30%) application indicated that treatment with plant oil (PO) with susceptible strain population of P. citri showed high resistance (2.236) while F1-generation treated with SYP exhibited very higher resistance (4.368, R.R > 2.5) as compared to susceptible strain in Huizhou orange field. LC 50 of SYP (30%) ranged from 0.038 to 0.166 mL − 1 , 2.24, and 4.37 times higher as compared to the susceptible population in the field population sprayed by PO and F1-generation, respectively. All other LC values were also higher than the susceptible population; LC 10, LC 30, and LC 90 in the field treated with plant oil were greater than the susceptible population, ranging from 0.003 to 2.642 mL − 1 with slope value of 1.106+-0.109 while F1-generation values ranging from 0.002 to 17.802 mL − 1 with slope value slightly higher (0.859+-0.099) than susceptible population (0.829+-0.101). Table 4 Susceptibility of treated strain with plant oil (P.O. field population), untreated field population and F1 generation (after treated) by chemicals and oils. Treatments LC10 LC30 LC50 LC90 Slope chi-square N t-ratio df R.R.* SYP-9625 (30%) Susceptible strain 0.001 0.009 0.038 1.325 0.829+-0.101 17.071 330 8.162 31 1 (0.000-0.003) (0.004–0.015) (0.024–0.057) (0.656–3.895) Treated with P.O. 0.006 0.029 0.085 1.227 1.106+-0.109 9.772 330 10.182 31 2.236 (0.003–0.010) (0.019–0.040) (0.062–0.119) (0.709–2.642) F1 generation 0.005 0.041 0.166 5.162 0.859+-0.099 19.854 330 8.717 31 4.368 (0.002–0.010) (0.025–0.061) (0.111–0.262) (2.285–17.802) Abamectin (5%) Susceptible strain 0.036 0.178 0.538 7.993 1.094+-0.127 12.212 270 8.611 25 1 (0.014–0.069) (0.101–0.271) (0.365–0.770) (4.587–18.146) Treated with P.O. 0.069 0.359 1.132 18.69 1.052+-0.122 10.759 270 8.591 25 2.104 (0.028–0.125) (0.216–0.533) (0.781–1.661) (9.888–48.674) F1 generation 0.143 0.73 2.262 35.839 1.068+-0.127 10.997 270 8.393 25 4.204 (0.064–0.246) (0.467–1.061) (1.563–3.469) (17.757-105.373) Plant Oil (99%) Susceptible strain 0.001 0.005 0.018 0.331 1.004+-0.171 20.349 270 5.856 25 1 (0.000-0.002) (0.002–0.009) (0.011–0.025) (0.159–1.338) Treated with P.O. 0.008 0.032 0.085 0.939 1.228+-0.172 23.153 270 7.159 25 2.837 (0.004–0.012) (0.023–0.044) (0.060–0.140) (0.436–3.464) F1 generation 0.005 0.021 0.056 0.603 1.246+-0.170 18.467 270 7.324 25 1.822 (0.003–0.008) (0.015–0.029) (0.041–0.085) (0.303–1.907) Mineral Oil (99%) Susceptible strain 0.005 0.015 0.031 0.185 1.644+-0.191 10.593 270 8.605 25 1 (0.003–0.007) (0.011–0.019) (0.024–0.040) (0.120–0.356) Treated with P.O. 0.002 0.012 0.038 0.581 1.079+-0.166 11.064 270 6.494 25 1.226 (0.001–0.005) (0.007–0.018) (0.027–0.057) (0.268–2.332) F1 generation 0.005 0.023 0.062 0.708 1.208+-0.169 11.701 270 7.16 25 2 (0.003–0.009) (0.016–0.031) (0.044–0.096) (0.341–2.455) *R.R values: ≤0.5 (Low), 0.5–1.5 (Moderate), 1.5–2.5(High) and >2.5 (Very High). The LC values of Abamectin against treated with PO ranged from 0.028 to 48.674, with an LC 50 value of 1.132 (0.781 to 1.1661) mL − 1, which is higher than the susceptible population 0.538 (0.365 to 0.770) mL − 1 . The slope of the PO-treated population remained lower (1.052+-0.122) than the susceptible strain (1.094+-0.127), which indicates the absence of a typical response. A high resistance ratio was found between the PO treatment compared to susceptible strain (R.R = 1.5–2.5). The LC values of F1-generation were 3 to 4 times folded higher than susceptible strain with very high resistance (4.204) and lower slope (1.068+-0.127). The highest LC 90 was found in F1-generation (35.839 mL − 1 ) than others. The response of the field treated with plant oil (PO) population, again treated with plant oil in the laboratory conditions, ranged from 2.84 to 8 times greater LC values than the susceptible population. The resistance ratio was also very high (R.R. >2.5) as compared to the field already treated with P.O. susceptible strain. The LC 50 value 4.72 times higher (0.085 mL − 1 ) than the susceptible strain (0.018 mL − 1 ), ranging from 0.060 to 0.140 mL − 1 along with a higher slope (1.228+-0.172). The F1-generation LC values ranged from 1.5 to 1.6 times lower than the field treated with PO, while 1.8 to 5 times greater than susceptible population. The LC 50 and LC 90 of the F1-generation are 0.056 (0.041–0.085) mL − 1 and 0.603 (0.303–1.907) mL − 1, respectively, with greater slope (1.246+-0.170) than susceptible and field treated with PO, and high resistance ratio (1.822) were observed as compared to susceptible strain. Due to variation in the data, the next susceptibility response based on LC 50 and LC 90 different with three treatments against different three conditions of populations, the highest LC 90 value (0.939 mL − 1 ) being found in already field treated with plant oil population which also showed very high resistance than others. Mineral oil (99%) was also checked against field treated population of PO and its susceptible strain and F1-generation for comparison of results. The LC 10 and LC 30 values were found less in the treated population with PO than in the vulnerable population, but the LC 50 and LC 90 became 1.23 and 3.14 times higher than the susceptible strain, respectively, with moderate resistance ratio (1.226, R.R.=0.5–1.5) than susceptible strain. The F1-generation has an equal LC 10 value to a vulnerable population, but the other LC values 1.53 to 3.83 times greater than susceptible strain along with a lower slope (1.208+-0.169), which indicates that no typical response and (2) high resistance ratio (R.R. = 1.5–2.5) than others respectively. Discussion This study highlights the efficacy of plant-based oils and synthetic pesticides against citrus red mites, offering sustainable pest control solutions. It underscores the importance of integrated approaches to manage resistance and ensure long-term effectiveness. For the efficacy test, we used doses, that resulted in survival from 23.33 to 90% observed that the concentration of SYP-11277 has 90 to 100% efficacy on 1500 to 3000 times solution for field trials after 1 to 30 days, which have similar to our results in laboratory conditions. The highest dose (4000 times solution) gave 71 to 82% mortality. After 192 hours, 4000 ~ 16000 times solution works effectively to reduce survival to zero percent in all three treatments except mineral oil. The fecundity rate was not affected by the SYP 9625 and was slightly different from the control treatment, which was directly proportional to the number of females alive, endorsed by checking the efficacy on Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Huixia, Chun, & Hongjun, 2013 ; Ouyang et al., 2018 ). As SYP-9625 had no effect on the survival of immature stages and adults of the next generations, even on the egg viabilities, similar results were found by against the natural enemy ( Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) of T. cinnabarinus . The LC 50 value of citrus red mite found lowest in susceptible stain and field-treated plant oil with no cross-resistance, but greater doses against T. urticae with no cross-resistance to other chemicals (J.-C. Chen et al., 2019 ). The resistance level depends on the population and species differences as well as field chemical history. Long ( 2010 ) observed that 6.8% of abamectin-hexythiazox has maximum toxicity after 48 hours, which leads to 90% mortality after seven days of spray. Our results endorsed the findings of Long ( 2010 ) by getting the maximum and fast death after 48 hours, and effectiveness reduces slowly, and after 192 hours, 90% mortality was observed by 4000 ~ 32000 times solutions. The LC 50 values of susceptible strains ranging from 0.365 to 0.770 mL − 1 while Liao et al. ( 2018 ), found similar results (0.30 to 1.6) while the field population (Wanzhou) showed a different effect (more than 14 fold) to susceptible strains as Luoyang town got more than twofold resistance (Liao et al., 2016 ; Xia et al., 2016 ). Hu et al. ( 2010 ) got lowest LC 50 value (0.023(0.017–0.03)) than all other susceptible stainpopulation from Fuzhou have a similar to susceptible stain (GAAS, Laboratory reared) and Chongqing field population have same ranged LC 50 value than field treated plant oil population (Luoyang, Guangdong) after application of Abamectin. In 2002, a monitoring report was published by the National Agricultural Technological Extension Centre of China by assessing the field population from Hubei and Sichuan provinces that abamectin developed resistance (NATESC, 2003 ). The agriculture pesticide sector is full of synthetic chemicals for the control mites due to broad action, low cost, and fast mode of action (Gay, 2012 ). Currently, researches shifted to find new plant-based products for the control of agricultural pests by protecting the environment and minimize the resistance issues (Batish, Singh, Kohli, & Kaur, 2008 ). In this study, we used plant raw materials (Kitchen waste) from houses and oil extraction was done. The plant oil (kitchen waste) composed of different saturated, unsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids having characteristics to use as pest controlling product within in-vitro as well as in-vivo conditions. Plant oil (PO) gave similar results to SYP-9625 and Abamectin for the survival of citrus red mite by giving maximum mortality (> 70%) after 24 hours at 0.12 mL − 1 and after 192 hours higher to lower doses gave 0-47.67% survival rate. The LC 50 resistance level of PO ranged from high to very high against field treated PO population and F1-genreation respectively with minimum dose range (0.011 to 0.025 mL-1) on susceptible strain population. Many plant oils used for the control of different phytophagous mites: Ocimum basilicum , Achillea fragrantissima , and Achillea santolina showed toxicity against Tyrophagusputrescentiae (Al-Assiuty et al., 2019 ); Lippiagracilis against Aceria guerreronis and Raoiellaindica (dos Santos et al., 2019 ) and Six natural monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, (-)-citronellal, limonene, α-pinene, pulegone, and 4-terpineol) against Tetranychus urticae (Abdelgaleil, Badawy, Mahmoud, & Marei, 2019 ) which are endorsement of trial. In few citrus plantations, oil or water sprays are common traditional practice for the pest management to inhibit their activity on the adaxial leaf surface of the plant. The mineral oil gave minimum mortality and survival rate (> 80 − 10% and 9–50% respectively) after 24 and 192 hours, respectively, with the highest percentage of egg production and no direct effect on the next generation survival with a low resistance to synthetic chemicals used in this study. Cen et al. ( 2002 ) stated that the oil-treated surface has the lowest feeding, shorter longevity and prolong the pre-oviposition period as compared to water-treated leaves. The survival rate of larvae and nymphal stages reduce by 0.25% resulted, and population reduction happened about 0.276 times (Cen et al., 2002 ), which is more or less similar to our results with little resistance. The development of resistance mechanisms in the citrus red mite takes more than ten years or longer with repeated use of the same chemicals(Hu et al., 2010 ). As some nature-based chemicals have similar results to synthetic chemicals, it time to use natural products alone or with different combinations with other chemicals. In China chemical industry is facing problems by using the same chemicals with different formulations and combinations, which played its role for quick resistance response by the P. citri as more than 174 registered products only contain abamectin, while more than 44 products have pyridaben to control the said pest of citrus (ICAMA, 2009). The combination of products may have quick results but lead to resistance in long-term usage. Pesticides rotation along with low toxic chemical and natural product along with predators compatibility is a complete code of a healthy and safe environment as well as long-term efficient control of P. citri . Therefore, more research studies are need of time to address the outcomes of rotational and rational use of different chemical combinations as well as finding the answer; why treated eggs have no impact on the next generation. Declarations Conflicts of interest The authors declare they have no competing interests. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS MAQ: Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Visualization BSK: Writing – Review & Editing, Validation ZWS: Conceptualization, Methodology AN: Validation, review DSL: Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Review & Editing, Validation, Resources, Supervision, Project Administration, and Funding Acquisition. TCY: Review & Editing ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All authors acknowledged the support of the Guangdong provincial government, China, and the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences for their support and facilities. We also acknowledged the supportive efforts of Prof. Zhang Bao-Xin and Yuan Zheng (Bio-control Lab. Assistant, PPRI, GAAS, China) and anonymous reviewers. China Postdoctoral Research Foundation (348577). References Abdelgaleil SA, Badawy ME, Mahmoud NF, Marei AE-SM (2019) Acaricidal activity, biochemical effects and molecular docking of some monoterpenes against two-spotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae Koch). 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J Chem Ecol 31(9):2193–2203 Li Y, Liu C-l, Tian J-f, Zhou Y-p, Zhang H, Song Y-q (2010) Research of novel 2-acyl cyanoacetic acid derivative SYP-10898. Chin J Pesticide Sci (4), 12 Liao C-Y, Feng Y-C, Li G, Shen X-M, Liu S-H, Dou W, Wang J-J (2018) Antioxidant Role of PcGSTd1 in Fenpropathrin Resistant Population of the Citrus Red Mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor). Front Physiol 9:314 Liao C-Y, Xia W-K, Feng Y-C, Li G, Liu H, Dou W, Wang J-J (2016) Characterization and functional analysis of a novel glutathione S-transferase gene potentially associated with the abamectin resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor). Pestic Biochem Physiol 132:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.11.002 Liu N, Yue X (2000) Insecticide resistance and cross-resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J Econ Entomol 93(4):1269–1275 Liu Z, Xu C, Beattie GA, Zhang X, Cen Y (2019) Influence of different fertilizer types on life table parameters of citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). Syst Appl Acarology 24(11):2209–2218 Long YH (2010) Indoor Toxicity Determination and Field Control Effect of 6.8% Abamectin-Hexythiazox Emulsifiable Solution against Panonychus citri . 38(11):147–149 McGraw-Hill C (2008) Statistix 8.1 (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, Florida). Maurice/Thomas text Meng H, Wang K, Jiang X, Yi M (2002) Studies on resistance selection by abamectin and fenpropathrin and activity change of detoxicant enzymes in Panonychus citri . Acta Entomologica Sinica 45(1):58–62 Moghimi F, Damavandian MR, Ahadiyat A (2018) Determination of application time and concentration of mineral oil against Pulvinaria aurantii (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in northern Iran. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5934052","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":409390349,"identity":"c655a868-4712-40ff-b2bb-2753d8d665cd","order_by":0,"name":"MUHAMMAD ASIF ASIF QAYYOUM","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxoYPMNYDIMHDR4SWxhlQFrMBSAsbMdbAtLBJgElC6vn7Dzc2vKk5nNgvkZ1W+TXHToaNgfnhoxt4tEjcSGxsnHPscOLMGbnbbstuSwY6jM3YOAefNTcY2x/zsB1O3HADqEVyGzNQCw+bND4t8ucPNjbz/INoKZbcVk9Yi8GBxMZm3jaIFsaP2w4T1mII8svcvnTjmT1vN0szbjvOw8ZMwC9y548/bHjzzVq2nz1348ef26rt+dmbHz7G630Q4GFodmwA0sw8IB4zIeUQLXX2IJrxBzGqR8EoGAWjYMQBACAWT/aCbaAPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Guizhou university","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"MUHAMMAD","middleName":"ASIF ASIF","lastName":"QAYYOUM","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-31 06:13:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934052/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934052/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75314709,"identity":"19038dde-efca-4336-ac7f-6716b8ae33b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 09:32:53","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":142480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDose dependent response of \u003cem\u003ePanonychus citri\u003c/em\u003e adult(♀) at different exposure time (1(24h), 2(48h), 3(96h) and 4(196h).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5934052/v1/095d6bed2bbcc9c261821632.png"},{"id":75316720,"identity":"fa0637f4-e66e-4407-ae4c-12eb4e4f2e2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 09:48:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1304854,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5934052/v1/dff72b11-358a-4d6c-8f19-08f9bbf3f672.pdf"},{"id":75314707,"identity":"41456c0d-1cdc-4e1c-b66e-21cf49557437","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 09:32:53","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementrydata.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5934052/v1/88aac23071edd53c262500b3.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparative impact of oils and synthetic chemicals on survival, reproduction, and resistance of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePanonychus citri\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cp\u003e1. Plant oil showed potential as an alternative control method for , with LC50 values indicating susceptibility.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Mineral oil had a minimal effect on survival, with higher doses leading to slightly better survivability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. F1-generation populations quickly developed high resistance, with resistance levels 1.45 to 1.99 times higher than the susceptible strain.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCitrus plantations are severely infested by the citrus red mite (\u003cem\u003ePanonychus citri\u003c/em\u003e) in different citrus-growing regions of the world (Barbar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Fadamiro, Akotsen-Mensah, Xiao, \u0026amp; Anikwe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Faez, Fathipour, Ahadiyat, \u0026amp; Shojaei, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Gotoh \u0026amp; Kubota, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; Jamieson, Charles, Stevens, McKenna, \u0026amp; Bawden, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Jamieson, Chhagan, \u0026amp; Charles, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Jamieson \u0026amp; Stevens, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Karmakar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kasap \u0026amp; Şekeroğlu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) as well as in China (Kong, Hu, Xu, Zhang, \u0026amp; Liang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Z. Liu, Xu, Beattie, Zhang, \u0026amp; Cen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; YongQiang Zhang, Ding, Tian, \u0026amp; Zhao, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; YX Zhang, Lin, \u0026amp; JI, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Y. X. Zhang, Zhang, Chen, Lin, \u0026amp; Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Southern China is known as the most suitable home preferred by the \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e due to favorable climatic conditions which show two times (1. June to July 2. October to November) infestation of the pest in a year (Shi \u0026amp; Feng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). All mature and immature stages of the pest play their role in decreasing fruit production by feeding on leaves and twigs as well as on the fruits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the severe infestation of \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e, chemical application is the standard and preferable practice by Chinese farmers (Hu, Wang, Wang, You, \u0026amp; Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Since 1979, resistance reports have been published against different groups of chemicals in different parts of China (G. H. Chen \u0026amp; Wang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; N. C. Chen, Huang, \u0026amp; Peng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; G. Y. Huang, Xu, \u0026amp; Fang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; H. J. Huang, Huang, Mo, \u0026amp; Chen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; M. D. Huang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e; NATESC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The introduction of new chemicals is known as the best practice to reduce the chances of non-judicious use of specific pesticides and resistance response by \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e (Sato, Silva, Raga, \u0026amp; Souza Filho, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA new product was launched by Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R \u0026amp; D Company Limited, known as SYP-9625, which is the novel pyrazolyl acrylonitrile derivative having acaricidal activity against Tetranychids with a lower toxic effect on mammals (Yu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Recently, J.-C. Chen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) reported the resistance status of SYP-9625 against \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e in the field, which impacts inhibitory complex II, and many other trials were conducted to check the different aspects of this product on predatory mites and pest mites (Chai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Ouyang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Abamectin has commonly been used to control phytophagous mites in the last couple of decades, which has also been reported against other mite pests (Arshad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Dou, Xia, Niu, \u0026amp; Wang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Hu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Ilias, Vassiliou, Vontas, \u0026amp; Tsagkarakou, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Liao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Meng, Wang, Jiang, \u0026amp; Yi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Rameshgar, Khajehali, Nauen, Dermauw, \u0026amp; Van Leeuwen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Sato et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Tian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Yorulmaz \u0026amp; Ay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Except for synthetic chemicals, many plant-based and some mineral oils were also used against different pests of mites as biorational pesticides or compatible with predators (Al-Assiuty, Nenaah, \u0026amp; Ageba, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Elmhalli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mossa, Afia, Mohafrash, \u0026amp; Abou-Awad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Silva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). New plant oil, comprises saturated non-esterase (Stearic 4.99%, Palmitic 13%, and Oleic acids 22.98%), polyunsaturated omega-9 (Linoleic acid 52.52%), and omega-3 (Linolenic acid 6.31%) fatty acids, extracted from kitchen vegetable waste was launched by Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou city, Guangdong province, P. R. China. Various reports also been published for the use of different mineral oils against citrus red mites as well as other mite pests (Cen, Tian, Pang, \u0026amp; Rae, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Moghimi, Damavandian, \u0026amp; Ahadiyat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Korea Oil Energy Ltd. launched the product with the trade name \u0026ldquo;Mineral Oil 99%EC\u0026rdquo; which is part of our efficacy comparative study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, many newer and old agrochemicals are being extensively used against pests that may cause resistance as well as negatively impact the beneficial insects. Therefore, this research activity uses two synthetic chemicals and two oils (new to agrochemicals): 1. to check the impact of different doses on the survival and reproduction of adult females (F0-generation) and survival of their offspring (F1-generation); 2. To check cross or back cross-resistance by using three different populations in this study. The study will add the knowledge of \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e impact and its resistance management by the rational and timely use of chemicals along with biocontrol agents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitrus red mites, \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e was collected from an orange orchard in Liaodong village, Luoyang town, Boluo county, Huizhou city, Guangdong province, China (Coordinates: N23, 11' 43.9833\", E114, 15' 17.1387\"). Treated (Plant Oil) and untreated (no acaricides used from last two years) mite populations were collected from the selected site on 22 November 2019. Furthermore, rearing of susceptible/untreated mites was done on lemon leaves placed on the water-saturated sponge by maintaining the 26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1 \u0026ordm;C, 16:8h (Light: Dark) photoperiod. The 2nd generation of reared (susceptible strain) mites were used for experimentation (Impact and bioassay). Plant Oil (PO) was used to treat the population directly after seven days of exposure in the field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eChemical History of Collection Site\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1st outbreak (June to July 2019) of \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e, three chemicals were used (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) along with predatory mite (\u003cem\u003eAmblyseius cucumeris\u003c/em\u003e) by dividing the orchard into different plots (Treated and Bio-control). Plant oil (PO) was sprayed on the 5\u0026ndash;10 plants row surrounded by untreated plantation during the start (15 November 2019) of 2nd outbreak (November to October 2019). The untreated field had no history of chemical and predator usage from last two years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemicals used for the control of \u003cem\u003ePanonychus citri\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemicals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompany\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% Acetamiprid EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHebei Pesticide Chemical Co., Ltd .\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% sulfur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJiangmen Daguangming Agrochemical New Association Co., Ltd.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5% Beta-cypermethrin EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuangzhou Yinong Biochemical Co., Ltd.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAcaricides\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour chemicals were used for this experiment; SYP 30% EC by Shenyang Kechuang Chemicals Co. Ltd., Abamectin 5% EC by North China Pharmaceutical Group Ainuo Co. Ltd., Mineral Oil 99% EC by Korea oil energy Ltd. and Plant oil 99% (Trial product) (Palmitic acid 13.21%, Stearic acid 4.99%, Oleic acid 22.98%, Linoleic acid 52.52% and Linolenic acid 6.31%) by Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExperimental methodology\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe toxicity impact of selected chemicals was measured using a modified leaf dip bioassay (Nauen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e) to check the response of \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ecitri\u003c/em\u003e against different concentrations. Full green and healthy leaves were collected from untreated lemon field and stored in the refrigerator within 24 hours. Before cutting of leaf disc, each leaf was washed with water thoroughly and tissue paper used for cleaning and drying. Each leaf disc of approximately 3 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e was fully dipped for 10 to 15 seconds and shifted on the water-saturated sponge in the plastic container surrounded with wet tissue paper to avoid the escape of mites. After 10\u0026ndash;15 minutes of drying leaf, 30 adult female mites (same age of laboratory-reared susceptible strain population- \u0026ge; 1 day old) per leaf with three replications were released. Water dipped leaves were used as the control treatment. Data was recorded after 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours of exposure time to check the survival. Eggs laid on each leaf disc were counted daily and shifted to the untreated leaf disc to assess eclosion rates of each treatment. Further, ovicidal effect of each treatment was checked by egg dipping method for 5 seconds, to check the hatchability and F1-generational immature to adult survival percentage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe toxicity bioassay of different chemicals was performed by using susceptible strain, field treated with PO and F1-generation (offspring of treatment application on susceptible strain) populations. Mortality (30 mites/leaf disc) after 24 hours of exposure was recorded, non-motile responding mites were counted as dead for bioassay.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll recorded data were analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005) with the help of Statistix 8.1 (McGraw-Hill, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Before analysis, survival data were converted into percentages. For the bioassay test, all mortality data were analyzed by using probit analysis using POLO\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e statistical software (Robertson, Preisler, \u0026amp; Russell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Software, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). If 90% CI (Confidence intervals) of LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values were found overlapping, then data considered as non-significantly different (N. Liu \u0026amp; Yue, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe resistance ratio (R.R.) was calculated by using the following formula;\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:R.R=\\:\\frac{{\\text{L}\\text{C}}_{50}\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{t}\\text{r}\\text{e}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{m}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\:\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{p}\\text{u}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}}{{\\text{L}\\text{C}}_{50}\\:\\text{o}\\text{f}\\:\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e}\\:\\text{s}\\text{u}\\text{s}\\text{c}\\text{e}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{b}\\text{l}\\text{e}\\:\\text{s}\\text{t}\\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\:\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{p}\\text{u}\\text{l}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.R indicators: \u0026le;0.5 (Low), 0.5\u0026ndash;1.5 (Moderate), 1.5\u0026ndash;2.5(High) and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2.5 (Very High).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImpact of pesticides on\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePanonychus citri\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe toxicity of chemicals was tested for the survival of \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e adult females at different dose levels below field application rate. The toxicity of chemicals tested within treatment (among the different doses) and between the treatments (among the highest (HD\u0026rsquo;s) and lowest (LD\u0026rsquo;s) doses) while observation was done at different time intervals after application, as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The survival rate of \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e adult females has a decreasing trend within all treatments over the time after exposure. Generally, higher the concentration of chemicals has the lowest survival rate. After 24 hours, minimum survival (17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45) was observed by 0.0606 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e Mineral oil and 3.75 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e Abamectin (F\u003csub\u003e7,23\u003c/sub\u003e= 176, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0000 and F\u003csub\u003e7,23\u003c/sub\u003e= 152, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0000 respectively). All doses of abamectin significantly decreased the \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e population from 0 to 30% after 192 hours (F\u003csub\u003e7,23\u003c/sub\u003e= 97.1, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0000). The survival (%) rate initially slightly differed within highly concentrated doses of all treatments except mineral oil after 24 hours and latterly, it had an jncreasing trend. All the treatments within comparison of each chemical were significantly different from control (water dipped leaf) (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurvival of \u003cem\u003ePanonychus citri\u003c/em\u003e adult(♀) on \u003cem\u003eCitrus lemon\u003c/em\u003e leaf discs treated with insecticides and oils (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighest Doses comparision\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSYP-9625 (30%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbamectin (5%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.856b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.58b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Oil (99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMineral Oil (99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45c\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.93a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF(df)P-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353(4,14)0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152(4,14)0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251(4,14)0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173(4,14)0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLowest Doses Comparision\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSYP-9625 (30%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.677\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67BC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71BC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76BC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbamectin (5%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Oil (99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.453C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33ABC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMineral Oil (99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67AB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.93AB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.06A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.93A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF(df)P-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5(4,14)0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1(4,14)0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.45(4,14)0.0020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8(4,14)0.0004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e* Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P= 0.05, Tukey HSD test). Letters a,b,c,..etc (High doses) and A, B,\u0026hellip;etc (Low doses). All doses used in mL\u0026minus;1. Higher and lower doses mentioned in Figure 1.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe HD\u0026rsquo;s and LD\u0026rsquo;s of all treatments were also found highly significant as compared to control. Among the HD\u0026rsquo;s quick mortality was observed by SYP-9625 and Abamectin after 96 hours with all mites died (F\u003csub\u003e4,14\u003c/sub\u003e= 251, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0000). Plant oil and SYP-9625 gave similar results after 24 hours exposure time and latterly, plant oil efficacy decreased as compared to SYP-9625. HD of mineral oil gave minimal survival rate within 24 hours (17.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45; F\u003csub\u003e4,14\u003c/sub\u003e= 353, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0000) and latterly found no efficacy against \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e. The LD of plant oil was more effective after 24 hours (77.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.453; F\u003csub\u003e4,14\u003c/sub\u003e= 16.5, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0002) while abamectin (0.05859 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) gave 30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77% survival rate after 192 hours exposure time (F\u003csub\u003e4,14\u003c/sub\u003e= 13.8, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0000) as results showed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOviposition was significantly affected by the exposure to all treatments (within doses, within HD\u0026rsquo;s and LD\u0026rsquo;s of each treatment) as compared to the control treatment (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05). After reviewing the survival rate (%) and the number of eggs per live female results, it is concluded that oviposition is directly proportional to the survival rate of \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e adult females (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). All the reproductive stages and eclosion were not significant within treatment (between different doses) (see supplementary data Table S1 for details) except Plant Oil (F\u003csub\u003e8,26\u003c/sub\u003e= 4.68, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0031) for eclosion percentage. The HD was significantly different in eclosion, durtonymphal and adult survival as compared with control treatment. The Egg hatchability, larval survival, protonymph and deutonymph (%) were not considerably affected by the chemicals similar to the control treatment while within LD\u0026rsquo;s. Adult survival (%) of F1-generation was significantly affected by HD\u0026rsquo;s and LD\u0026rsquo;s comparison (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). From oviposition to adult, all next-generation development showed that egg treatment method has no or slight impact. Due to no impact, citrus red mite population emerges rapidly after the spray.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEffect of different chemicals and oils impact on the reproduction (F0) and life stage survivalship of \u003cem\u003ePanonychus citri\u003c/em\u003e (F1) (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Eggs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Eclosion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Hatchability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Larval survival\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Protonymph survival\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Deutonymph survival\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%Adult survival\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHighest Doses comparision\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSYP-9625 (30%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.33a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.91a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbamectin (5%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.23b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.11a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Oil (99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.56b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.88b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMineral Oil (99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.31a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF(df)P-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63(4,14)0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62(4,14)0.0227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10(4,14)0.0666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88(4,14)0.5074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19(4,14)0.3730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3(4,14)0.0002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4(4,14)0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLowest Doses Comparision\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSYP-9625 (30%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbamectin (5%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.01A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Oil (99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.33A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.33A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMineral Oil (99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.67A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.89A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.96A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.23A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF(df)P-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4(4,14)0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66(4,14)0.6355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25(4,14)0.3523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94(4,14)0.4804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85(4,14)0.5251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22(4,14)0.3623\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25(4,14)0.0593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P= 0.05, Tukey HSD test). Letters a,b,c,..etc (High doses) and A, B,\u0026hellip;etc (Low doses). All doses used in mL\u0026minus;1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePesticides resistance of\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ePanonychus. citri\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBioassay test was performed by using 2 to 0.00193 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (SYP-9625), 15 to 0.059 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Abamectin 5%), 0.24 to 0.00094 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Plant Oil 99%) and 0.242 to 0.0095 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (Mineral oil 99%) doses of each chemical (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). All LC values had clear differences in resistance to three different populations. The LC values were higher in all F1-generations of each treatment than others; the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of Abamectin was higher 2.262 (1.563\u0026ndash;3.469) than SYP. Results of SYP (30%) application indicated that treatment with plant oil (PO) with susceptible strain population of \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e showed high resistance (2.236) while F1-generation treated with SYP exhibited very higher resistance (4.368, R.R\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2.5) as compared to susceptible strain in Huizhou orange field. LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of SYP (30%) ranged from 0.038 to 0.166 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.24, and 4.37 times higher as compared to the susceptible population in the field population sprayed by PO and F1-generation, respectively. All other LC values were also higher than the susceptible population; LC\u003csub\u003e10,\u003c/sub\u003e LC\u003csub\u003e30,\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e in the field treated with plant oil were greater than the susceptible population, ranging from 0.003 to 2.642 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e with slope value of 1.106+-0.109 while F1-generation values ranging from 0.002 to 17.802 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e with slope value slightly higher (0.859+-0.099) than susceptible population (0.829+-0.101).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSusceptibility of treated strain with plant oil (P.O. field population), untreated field population and F1 generation (after treated) by chemicals and oils.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSlope\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003echi-square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et-ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR.R.*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cth style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"11\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSYP-9625 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSusceptible strain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.829+-0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.000-0.003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.004\u0026ndash;0.015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.024\u0026ndash;0.057)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.656\u0026ndash;3.895)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreated with P.O.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.106+-0.109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.772\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.003\u0026ndash;0.010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.019\u0026ndash;0.040)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.062\u0026ndash;0.119)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.709\u0026ndash;2.642)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF1 generation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.859+-0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.717\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.002\u0026ndash;0.010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.025\u0026ndash;0.061)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.111\u0026ndash;0.262)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.285\u0026ndash;17.802)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"11\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbamectin (5%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSusceptible strain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.094+-0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.611\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.014\u0026ndash;0.069)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.101\u0026ndash;0.271)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.365\u0026ndash;0.770)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4.587\u0026ndash;18.146)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreated with P.O.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.052+-0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.028\u0026ndash;0.125)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.216\u0026ndash;0.533)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.781\u0026ndash;1.661)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9.888\u0026ndash;48.674)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF1 generation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.839\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.068+-0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.064\u0026ndash;0.246)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.467\u0026ndash;1.061)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.563\u0026ndash;3.469)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(17.757-105.373)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"11\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Oil (99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSusceptible strain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.004+-0.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.000-0.002)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.002\u0026ndash;0.009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.011\u0026ndash;0.025)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.159\u0026ndash;1.338)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreated with P.O.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.939\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.228+-0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.004\u0026ndash;0.012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.023\u0026ndash;0.044)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.060\u0026ndash;0.140)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.436\u0026ndash;3.464)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF1 generation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.603\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.246+-0.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.822\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.003\u0026ndash;0.008)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.015\u0026ndash;0.029)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.041\u0026ndash;0.085)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.303\u0026ndash;1.907)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" colspan=\"11\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMineral Oil (99%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSusceptible strain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.644+-0.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.003\u0026ndash;0.007)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.011\u0026ndash;0.019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.024\u0026ndash;0.040)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.120\u0026ndash;0.356)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreated with P.O.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.079+-0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.001\u0026ndash;0.005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.007\u0026ndash;0.018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.027\u0026ndash;0.057)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.268\u0026ndash;2.332)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 70.9883px;\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF1 generation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.208+-0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 35.9883px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35.9883px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.003\u0026ndash;0.009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35.9883px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.016\u0026ndash;0.031)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35.9883px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.044\u0026ndash;0.096)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35.9883px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.341\u0026ndash;2.455)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35.9883px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35.9883px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35.9883px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35.9883px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35.9883px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 35.9883px;\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr style=\"height: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"height: 15px;\" colspan=\"11\"\u003e*R.R values: \u0026le;0.5 (Low), 0.5\u0026ndash;1.5 (Moderate), 1.5\u0026ndash;2.5(High) and \u0026gt;2.5 (Very High).\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe LC values of Abamectin against treated with PO ranged from 0.028 to 48.674, with an LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of 1.132 (0.781 to 1.1661) mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,\u003c/sup\u003e which is higher than the susceptible population 0.538 (0.365 to 0.770) mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The slope of the PO-treated population remained lower (1.052+-0.122) than the susceptible strain (1.094+-0.127), which indicates the absence of a typical response. A high resistance ratio was found between the PO treatment compared to susceptible strain (R.R\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5\u0026ndash;2.5). The LC values of F1-generation were 3 to 4 times folded higher than susceptible strain with very high resistance (4.204) and lower slope (1.068+-0.127). The highest LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e was found in F1-generation (35.839 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) than others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe response of the field treated with plant oil (PO) population, again treated with plant oil in the laboratory conditions, ranged from 2.84 to 8 times greater LC values than the susceptible population. The resistance ratio was also very high (R.R. \u0026gt;2.5) as compared to the field already treated with P.O. susceptible strain. The LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value 4.72 times higher (0.085 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) than the susceptible strain (0.018 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), ranging from 0.060 to 0.140 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e along with a higher slope (1.228+-0.172). The F1-generation LC values ranged from 1.5 to 1.6 times lower than the field treated with PO, while 1.8 to 5 times greater than susceptible population. The LC\u003csub\u003e50 and\u003c/sub\u003e LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e of the F1-generation are 0.056 (0.041\u0026ndash;0.085) mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.603 (0.303\u0026ndash;1.907) mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,\u003c/sup\u003e respectively, with greater slope (1.246+-0.170) than susceptible and field treated with PO, and high resistance ratio (1.822) were observed as compared to susceptible strain. Due to variation in the data, the next susceptibility response based on LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e different with three treatments against different three conditions of populations, the highest LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e value (0.939 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) being found in already field treated with plant oil population which also showed very high resistance than others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMineral oil (99%) was also checked against field treated population of PO and its susceptible strain and F1-generation for comparison of results. The LC\u003csub\u003e10 and\u003c/sub\u003e LC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e values were found less in the treated population with PO than in the vulnerable population, but the LC\u003csub\u003e50 and\u003c/sub\u003e LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e became 1.23 and 3.14 times higher than the susceptible strain, respectively, with moderate resistance ratio (1.226, R.R.=0.5\u0026ndash;1.5) than susceptible strain. The F1-generation has an equal LC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e value to a vulnerable population, but the other LC values 1.53 to 3.83 times greater than susceptible strain along with a lower slope (1.208+-0.169), which indicates that no typical response and (2) high resistance ratio (R.R. = 1.5\u0026ndash;2.5) than others respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the efficacy of plant-based oils and synthetic pesticides against citrus red mites, offering sustainable pest control solutions. It underscores the importance of integrated approaches to manage resistance and ensure long-term effectiveness. For the efficacy test, we used doses, that resulted in survival from 23.33 to 90% observed that the concentration of SYP-11277 has 90 to 100% efficacy on 1500 to 3000 times solution for field trials after 1 to 30 days, which have similar to our results in laboratory conditions. The highest dose (4000 times solution) gave 71 to 82% mortality. After 192 hours, 4000\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;16000 times solution works effectively to reduce survival to zero percent in all three treatments except mineral oil. The fecundity rate was not affected by the SYP 9625 and was slightly different from the control treatment, which was directly proportional to the number of females alive, endorsed by checking the efficacy on \u003cem\u003eTetranychus cinnabarinus\u003c/em\u003e (Huixia, Chun, \u0026amp; Hongjun, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Ouyang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). As SYP-9625 had no effect on the survival of immature stages and adults of the next generations, even on the egg viabilities, similar results were found by against the natural enemy (\u003cem\u003eNeoseiulus californicus\u003c/em\u003e (McGregor) of \u003cem\u003eT. cinnabarinus\u003c/em\u003e. The LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value of citrus red mite found lowest in susceptible stain and field-treated plant oil with no cross-resistance, but greater doses against \u003cem\u003eT. urticae\u003c/em\u003e with no cross-resistance to other chemicals (J.-C. Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The resistance level depends on the population and species differences as well as field chemical history.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) observed that 6.8% of abamectin-hexythiazox has maximum toxicity after 48 hours, which leads to 90% mortality after seven days of spray. Our results endorsed the findings of Long (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) by getting the maximum and fast death after 48 hours, and effectiveness reduces slowly, and after 192 hours, 90% mortality was observed by 4000\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;32000 times solutions. The LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of susceptible strains ranging from 0.365 to 0.770 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e while Liao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), found similar results (0.30 to 1.6) while the field population (Wanzhou) showed a different effect (more than 14 fold) to susceptible strains as Luoyang town got more than twofold resistance (Liao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Xia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Hu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) got lowest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value (0.023(0.017\u0026ndash;0.03)) than all other susceptible stainpopulation from Fuzhou have a similar to susceptible stain (GAAS, Laboratory reared) and Chongqing field population have same ranged LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value than field treated plant oil population (Luoyang, Guangdong) after application of Abamectin. In 2002, a monitoring report was published by the National Agricultural Technological Extension Centre of China by assessing the field population from Hubei and Sichuan provinces that abamectin developed resistance (NATESC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe agriculture pesticide sector is full of synthetic chemicals for the control mites due to broad action, low cost, and fast mode of action (Gay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Currently, researches shifted to find new plant-based products for the control of agricultural pests by protecting the environment and minimize the resistance issues (Batish, Singh, Kohli, \u0026amp; Kaur, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, we used plant raw materials (Kitchen waste) from houses and oil extraction was done. The plant oil (kitchen waste) composed of different saturated, unsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids having characteristics to use as pest controlling product within in-vitro as well as in-vivo conditions. Plant oil (PO) gave similar results to SYP-9625 and Abamectin for the survival of citrus red mite by giving maximum mortality (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;70%) after 24 hours at 0.12 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and after 192 hours higher to lower doses gave 0-47.67% survival rate. The LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e resistance level of PO ranged from high to very high against field treated PO population and F1-genreation respectively with minimum dose range (0.011 to 0.025 mL-1) on susceptible strain population. Many plant oils used for the control of different phytophagous mites: \u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAchillea fragrantissima\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAchillea santolina\u003c/em\u003e showed toxicity against \u003cem\u003eTyrophagusputrescentiae\u003c/em\u003e (Al-Assiuty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cem\u003eLippiagracilis\u003c/em\u003e against \u003cem\u003eAceria guerreronis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eRaoiellaindica\u003c/em\u003e(dos Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and Six natural monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, (-)-citronellal, limonene, α-pinene, pulegone, and 4-terpineol) against \u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e (Abdelgaleil, Badawy, Mahmoud, \u0026amp; Marei, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) which are endorsement of trial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn few citrus plantations, oil or water sprays are common traditional practice for the pest management to inhibit their activity on the adaxial leaf surface of the plant. The mineral oil gave minimum mortality and survival rate (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;80\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10% and 9\u0026ndash;50% respectively) after 24 and 192 hours, respectively, with the highest percentage of egg production and no direct effect on the next generation survival with a low resistance to synthetic chemicals used in this study. Cen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) stated that the oil-treated surface has the lowest feeding, shorter longevity and prolong the pre-oviposition period as compared to water-treated leaves. The survival rate of larvae and nymphal stages reduce by 0.25% resulted, and population reduction happened about 0.276 times (Cen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), which is more or less similar to our results with little resistance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe development of resistance mechanisms in the citrus red mite takes more than ten years or longer with repeated use of the same chemicals(Hu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). As some nature-based chemicals have similar results to synthetic chemicals, it time to use natural products alone or with different combinations with other chemicals. In China chemical industry is facing problems by using the same chemicals with different formulations and combinations, which played its role for quick resistance response by the \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e as more than 174 registered products only contain abamectin, while more than 44 products have pyridaben to control the said pest of citrus (ICAMA, 2009). The combination of products may have quick results but lead to resistance in long-term usage. Pesticides rotation along with low toxic chemical and natural product along with predators compatibility is a complete code of a healthy and safe environment as well as long-term efficient control of \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e. Therefore, more research studies are need of time to address the outcomes of rotational and rational use of different chemical combinations as well as finding the answer; why treated eggs have no impact on the next generation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAUTHORS\u0026rsquo; CONTRIBUTIONS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMAQ: Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing \u0026ndash; Original Draft, Writing \u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReview \u0026amp; Editing, Visualization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBSK: Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing, Validation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZWS: Conceptualization, Methodology\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAN: Validation, review\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDSL: Writing \u0026ndash; Original Draft, Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing, Validation, Resources,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSupervision, Project Administration, and Funding Acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTCY: Review \u0026amp; Editing\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll authors acknowledged the support of the Guangdong provincial government, China, and the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences for their support and facilities. We also acknowledged the supportive efforts of Prof. Zhang Bao-Xin and Yuan Zheng (Bio-control Lab. Assistant, PPRI, GAAS, China) and anonymous reviewers. China Postdoctoral Research Foundation (348577).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdelgaleil SA, Badawy ME, Mahmoud NF, Marei AE-SM (2019) Acaricidal activity, biochemical effects and molecular docking of some monoterpenes against two-spotted spider mite (\u003cem\u003eTetranychus urticae\u003c/em\u003e Koch). Pestic Biochem Physiol 156:105\u0026ndash;115\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl-Assiuty BA, Nenaah GE, Ageba ME (2019) Chemical profile, characterization and acaricidal activity of essential oils of three plant species and their nanoemulsions against \u003cem\u003eTyrophagus putrescentiae\u003c/em\u003e, a stored-food mite. 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Syst Appl Acarology 6(0):35. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.11158/saa.6.1.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.11158/saa.6.1.6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Guizhou University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Citrus red mite, kitchen waste oil, survival, reproduction, resistance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934052/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934052/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePanonychus citri\u003c/em\u003e (McGregor) was reported resistant to more than 23 pesticides because of the considerable application of acaricides. Finding new and environmental-friendly is the main research objective of this study, by evaluating the impact of oils and chemicals on the survival and reproduction of \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e in addition to the identification of resistance levels between susceptible, on-field treated plant oil (PO) and F1-generation populations. Results indicated that the survival and oviposition rates were directly proportional to each other and showed significantly differences (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005) in all aspects (within treatment and between treatments). Mineral oil had less impact on survivability with an increasing trend (higher to low doses) while all other treatments responded almost similarly after 24 hours of exposure time. The egg dipping method had no impact on the survival of next-generation parameters except slight difference between the highest and lowest doses. The PO population was susceptible to all treatments as LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values ranged from 0.038 to 1.132 mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e with 1.23 to 4.72-fold difference except in plant oil case. The resistance levels of F1-generation and PO population remained very high in evaluation to susceptible strain and 1.45 to 1.99 times fold difference among them. According to our results, plant oil can be used as a potential alternative product for \u003cem\u003eP. citri\u003c/em\u003e control, The egg dipping method has less or no impact and the F1 generation population develops quick resistance ability. These results will be helpful for pest and resistance management strategies in the future.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative impact of oils and synthetic chemicals on survival, reproduction, and resistance of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-03 09:32:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934052/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c373c6d2-423d-458a-9421-0d0757027637","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":43655493,"name":"Entomology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-03T09:32:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-03 09:32:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5934052","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5934052","identity":"rs-5934052","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}