BlueMIC: Coordination for Mitigating Inter-Piconet Interference in BLE5 Networks

BlueMIC: Coordination for Mitigating Inter-Piconet Interference in BLE5 Networks | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article BlueMIC: Coordination for Mitigating Inter-Piconet Interference in BLE5 Networks Hamed Khanmirza, Peyman Teymoori This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3829508/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The proliferation of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in diverse applications has led to a dense clustering of piconets in confined spaces. BLE operates within the congested 2.4GHz ISM band, shared by numerous short-range wireless protocols. Frequency hopping and Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) mechanisms have been introduced in Bluetooth to reduce interference with other protocols in the same band. However, research shows these mechanisms are ineffective in reducing inter-piconet interferences. These studies have demonstrated the relationship between the number of piconets and the level of interference. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the similarity of channel maps and the number of neighboring piconets in interference intensity. Then, we present a light and practical coordination framework to address this challenge. Our solution employs a BLE gateway to detect its surrounding piconet masters and computes a better channel map to reduce the impact of inter-piconet interferences. We also introduce the Isolated Channels (ICA) algorithm for channel allocation of neighboring piconets with controlled channel overlaps for BLE5. Simulation results show a 20 to 60% reduction of interference level in environments with high to moderate inter-piconet interferences. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical BLE5-compatible solution for mitigating the inter-piconet interference problem and does not require modifying the standard stack. BLE5 inter-piconet interference Frequency Hopping Channel Selection Algorithm 2 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3829508","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":264952173,"identity":"08adab01-0ae9-4157-86e8-36c377b4faee","order_by":0,"name":"Hamed Khanmirza","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA40lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwY2NhDNA8SMDxtgwglEamE2bADyidYCAmyScC34gDkDW9qDnzu2yZj3H35WOXPHn8QG9sMPGB7uwa3FsoHtuGHvmds8MgeOmd3ceMYgsYEnzYAh4Rkehx1gb5PgbbvNI8HYYHbzYRtQC0MO0C8H8GuR/AvSwsz+rRCshf8NIS1sx6TBtrDxmDFuBGmRIGTLYbY0aVmQFh6eYsmZbcbGbRLPDA7g1XK8zUzybdttewn+4xs/9rbJyfbzJz98+AOPFgZmdAFQNOHTMApGwSgYBaOACAAAnWZN7G0Yy9IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"K.N.Toosi University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hamed","middleName":"","lastName":"Khanmirza","suffix":""},{"id":264952174,"identity":"b75077ce-80db-4e38-bfc6-33b54b7674b2","order_by":1,"name":"Peyman Teymoori","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of South-Eastern Norway","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peyman","middleName":"","lastName":"Teymoori","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-02 12:44:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3829508/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3829508/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58554219,"identity":"b6355fd2-8527-4926-9271-24258fa6dc99","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-18 07:40:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":902055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"latexsrc.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3829508/v1_covered_aa00ff8e-2cbe-4a4d-b01e-a1539153e6ae.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"BlueMIC: Coordination for Mitigating Inter-Piconet Interference in BLE5 Networks","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"BLE5, inter-piconet interference, Frequency Hopping, Channel Selection Algorithm 2","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3829508/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3829508/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The proliferation of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in diverse applications has led to a dense clustering of piconets in confined spaces. 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