Laparoscopic gynecological surgery under minimally invasive anesthesia: a prospective cohort study.

The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility and the perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic gynecological surgery in regional anesthesia (RA) from the point of view of the surgeon, anesthesiologist and patient. This is a prospective cohort study comprising sixty-six women planned to undergo gynecologic laparoscopy surgery for benign pathology at tertiary care gynecolgical center of the University Federico II of Naples. Women were assigned, according to their preference, to either RA (Group A) or general anesthesia (GA) (Group B). Surgical, anesthesiologic and postoperative recovery data were recorded. Postoperative pain was considered as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included mobilization, length of hospital stay, global surgeons and patient satisfaction, intraoperative pain assessment in Group A. Immediate postoperative pain was significantly lower in Group A 0 vs 2 (p < 0.001), with no significant differences at 24 h. The secondary outcome demonstrated early patient’s mobilization (p < 0.001) as well as early discharge (p < 0.001) and greater patient’s satisfaction for the Group A. In these patients, a maximum pain score of 3 points out of 5 was recorded through the entire surgery. RA showed to decrease the impact of surgical stress and to guarantee a quicker recovery without compromising surgical results. Although several surgical approaches can be employed to treat different conditions, RA technique could be a viable option for well-selected patients affected by gynecological diseases.

Gynecological surgery · Regional analgesia · Postoperative pain

Outpatient surgery, defined as the surgical patient being admitted and discharged on the same day or within 24 h, is accountable for undoubted benefits such as satisfying patient preference to recover at home, lowering the risk of noso - comial infection, providing cost-effectiveness, and earlier mobilization [1, 2]. The pursuit of accomplishing “day sur- gery” is one of the main goals of any surgeon [3]. Laparoscopic procedures are commonly described as “minimally invasive” and the word minimal is attributed to surgical trauma, pain, hospitalization interval, scar [4 ]. Regional anesthesia (RA) from an anesthesiology per - spective is the “minimally invasive technique” to achieve anesthesia. General anesthesia (GA) is the most common and used technique for laparoscopic procedures, however, it is responsible for different adverse effects in the post- operative period including the need for rescue analgesics, and antiemetics [5, 6]. Moreover, one of the main concerns observed in a patient scheduled for GA is preoperative anxi- ety. It can be generated for the fear of the unconscious state, losing control as well as the fear of awakening during the procedure. In addition, GA is in the collective imagination, synonymous with major surgical procedures and invasive high-risk surgeries [7, 8]. RA for the operative laparoscopic procedure has been largely applied for cholecystectomy procedures. It results in less surgical stress response, post- operative pain, lower incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and rapid bowel canalization [9 ]. However, * Antonio Mercorio [email protected] 1 Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy 2 Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Policlinico - Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy 1756 Updates in Surgery (2022) 74:1755–1762 1 3 as regards, the gynecological domain, evidence about the outcomes of laparoscopy in RA are scarce. Trendelenburg procedure required for the gynecological procedure, worsen- ing pulmonary compliance and generating discomfort for the patient, appears to be a great limit for the application of this technique [10]. Surgical gynecological procedures, under RA, are currently limited to diagnostic laparoscopy adnex- ectomy, ablation of endometriotic foci, and adhesiolysis [11, 12]. Only one case report on total laparoscopic hysterectomy is reported in the literature [13]. Recently, a review by Della Corte et al. has shown no significant advantages to using SA over GA for laparoscopic treatment of gynecological diseases [14]. The aim of our study was to assess the feasibility and the intraoperative and postoperative outcome of laparoscopic gynecological surgery under RA compared GA from the point of view of the surgeon, anesthesiologist and patient.

This is a prospective cohort study performed in a tertiary level referral center for minimally invasive gynecological surgery. All women who were referred to our center and met the inclusion criteria between January 2020 and April 2021 were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were: women scheduled for laparo- scopic surgery for benign gynecological conditions such as ovarian cyst (simple cyst, endometrioma, dermoid cyst) with a maximum diameter ≤ 8 cm, hydro/sactosalpinx, ectopic pregnancy (clinically stable conditions), primary/second- ary infertility, patient carrier of BRCA mutation and aged more than 18 years old. The choice of including cysts ≤ 8 cm has been done to avoid cyst ruptures during manipulation of large ovaries and, so, the spread of possible neoplastic cells in the pelvis and abdomen. All women gave their written informed consent to participate in the study. Exclusion cri- teria were contraindications to GA o RA, including Ameri- can Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classifi- cation System (ASA score) IV, suspected malignancy, and BMI > 30 kg/m2,coagulopathy (acquired, induced, genetic), allergy to local anesthetics, patients with suspected malig- nancy, uncooperative patient for psychiatrics and neurologi- cal disorders (such as dementia and psychosis), increased intracranial pressure. During the preoperative workup, all patients underwent gynecological examination and a detailed pelvic ultrasound scan was performed by an expert sonographer, eventually, MRI was performed to accurately define the characteristics of the lesion. Women were invited to participate in the study during the preoperative examination. After detailed and extensive counseling by the surgeon as well as by two anes- thesiologists (AC and GG), with expertise about anesthesia in laparoscopic surgery and clinical and practical implication of both GA and RA, informed written consent was obtained and patient were allocated to one of the two groups accord- ing to their preferences. Seventy patients were initially analyzed, but 66 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study: 36 in Group A, 30 in Group B. All the procedures were performed by a single operator (PG) with expertise in laparoscopic gynecological surgery who performed more than 100 procedures per year. The entire procedure was performed so that the patient could be invited to follow the entire procedure. A high-resolution color video screen was provided to show the intraoperative images. In group A, patients were informed about every sin- gle step of the intervention by both the surgeon and anesthe- siologist. During each phase, patients were asked to score the pain using a Likert scale from 1 to 5. Baseline demographic and clinical data of the patients included in the study as well as the intraoperative surgical and anestesiologic variables were recorded. Postoperative pain assessed through Visual analog scale (VAS) was the primary outcome. The main secondary out- comes included: postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and antiemetic/analgesic drugs usage. Further secondary outcomes were anesthesia complications, resumption of bowel motility, time to mobilization, global surgeons and patient satisfaction, length of hospital stay, intraoperative pain in RA group through Likert scale. In the operating room, venous access was placed (18 G) and antibiotic prophylaxis was administered (Cefazolin 1 or 2 gr. iv, or in case of allergy, Clindamycin 600 mg iv) 30 min before skin incision, also dexamethasone 4 mg iv and mida- zolam 1 mg iv w administered. Vital signs were monitored: SpO2, heart rate and blood pressure every 5 min. In the sitting position, in group A, RA was performed at the T9-T10 or T10-T11 level. The level of puncture was confirmed by ultrasound counting the vertebrae from the sacrum, in a caudo-cranial sense. The technique was per - formed in asepsis. In the subarachnoid space after the vision of clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the spinal needle 27 Gauge, without letting out the CSF, Ropivacaine 0.375% 18 mg, Sufentanyl 7 mcg, and Clonidine 20 mcg were injected. Intraoperative sedation was carried out with mida- zolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 mcg/kg when pneumop- eritoneum was performed. The anesthetic plane, suitable to the surgical procedure (T1-S4), was tested with the Pinprick and Ice test. Group B patients undergoing GA received propofol (2 mg/kg), sufentanil (0.5 mcg/kg) and rocuronium bro- mide (0.6 mg/kg) for the induction of the anesthetic plane. The maintenance of the anesthetic plane was ensured with sevoflurane from 1 to 2%. Residual neuromuscular block antagonized with sugammadex 2–4 mg/kg about TOF. 1757Updates in Surgery (2022) 74:1755–1762 1 3 The management of postoperative pain was based on the administration of Paracetamol 1000 mg in the case of VAS < 5 and the administration of Ketorolac 30 mg in the case of VAS ≥ 5. In case of inadequate analgesia, after 60 min of the Ketorolac after administration, Tramadol 100 mg i.v. was administered. The incidence of PONV was considered and ondansetron 4 mg i.v. was administered in case of manifestation of the complication. If after 60 min PONV still occurred, dexa- methasone 4 mg i.v. was administered. Pneumoperitoneum induction was achieved by open laparoscopy (Hasson tech- nique) to avoid the high intraperitoneal pressure, otherwise necessary for the blind insertion of the first trocar, when performing the closed technique (Veress technique), and to prevent inferior epigastric artery damage [15]. Thus, the procedure was started with a low pressure of 8 mmHg and slowly increased to high flow, and pressure not higher than 11 mmHg was maintained throughout the entire surgery. Patients were placed into a minimal Trendelenburg position (maximum 20°) able to provide adequate visualization and bowel retraction. Ultrasound energy to cut and coagulate instead of monopolar/bipolar energy was used to perform salpingectomy or adnexectomy allowing to save time and reduce tissue trauma. Statistical analysis All statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical Platform R (vers. 4.0.1). Sample characteristics were reported using standard descriptive statistics. Mean ± standard deviation (min to max) in case of numerical variables and absolute frequencies and percentages in case of categorical factors. Numerical variables showing highly skewed distribution were described using median with interquartile range (25th–75th percen - tile). Accordingly, between-group comparisons were based on the t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test in case of numeri- cal variables and the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test in case of categorical outcome. No correction for multiple comparisons was undertaken when analyzing longitudinal outcomes (VAS score and analgesic intake). A sample size of 30 patients for group was deemed suf- ficient to highlight a large effect size (d = 0.8) with a power of 0.8 and a two-sided significance level of 0.05, using a Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney U test on the primary outcome represented by the VAS score after 24 h from surgery.

All selected patients underwent surgical laparoscopy under regional (Group A) or general (Group B) anesthesia. Baseline demographic and clinical data of the patients included in the study did not show significant differences between the two groups (Table  1). Among the gynecological benign diseases, most of the patients had a simple ovarian cyst (43/66, 65.2%) in particu- lar among Group B (26/30, 86.7%). No patient who under - went general anesthesia had sterility, ectopic pregnancy or BRCA1/2 mutation as surgical indication. Considering the type of intervention, although a statistically significant dif- ference emerged between the two groups, this difference was not clinically relevant. No patients required laparotomic or anesthesia conversion and in no case accessory ports, in addition to the conventional four scheduled, were needed. The degree of Trendelenburg’s position was similar in the groups: 16.3 ± 3 in Group A vs. 16.7 ± 2.8 degrees in Group B (p = 0.609). Also, operative time was not significantly dif- ferent between the two groups (58.2 ± 24.8 in group A vs. 65 ± 24.4 min in group B, p = 0.267). Regarding the postoperative pain (Table  2), the VAS score showed a change from 0 to 24 h (h): indeed, it was significantly lower in Group A up to 6 h [0 (0–0.8) vs 2 (1–5)], p < 0.001 in the immediate postoperative period and (1.5 (0–2.8) vs 3 (1–5), p 0.004 at 6 h) with an inversion at 18 h (2 (0.2–5.2) vs 0.5 (0–3), p 0.02) for Group B, and no statistically significant differences between the two groups at 24 h. Figure  1 reports the VAS score trend during the observation time (0–24 h). Analyzing the intake of anal- gesics after surgery, no differences were observed among the type of analgesic (paracetamol, ketorolac and tramadol) and during the post-operative observation time, except for paracetamol at 0 h, with a significant difference between the two groups (0 (0) vs 6 (20), (p = 0.007). In Table  3 are reported the secondary outcomes such as anesthesia related complications, resumption of bowel motility, patient’s mobi- lization, surgeons global satisfaction (the surgical team at the end of the procedure was asked about global satisfaction in term of pelvic organ exposure and ability to perform the procedure in relation to the anesthesia used), patient satisfac- tion (patients were asked to answer a closed-ended question upon discharge: would you do the same anesthesia again?), length in hospital stay. A faster resumption of bowel motil- ity (7.1 ± 1.1 vs 13 ± 1.2, p < 0.001) and patient’s mobiliza- tion (2.9 ± 0.6 vs 6.7 ± 1.4, p < 0.001) and an early discharge (17.9 + 1.4 vs 23.8 ± 1.8, p < 0.001) were observed in Group A compared to Group B. No significant differences were recorded in term of PONV. Concerning anesthetic complications, we registered two cases of intraoperative hypotension (one for each group), managed with intravenous saline infusion, and only one case of bradycardia in group A. Two post-operative complications were recorded (according to Clavien-Dindo Classification I): one urinary tract infection (Group A) and one urinary reten- tion (Group B) resolved with intermittent catheterization. 1758 Updates in Surgery (2022) 74:1755–1762 1 3 Finally, we reported for Group A the pain score obtained with the Likert scale, classically divided into 5 points (0: no pain, 5: maximum pain) during the various stages of sur - gery: introduction of uterine manipulator, introduction Has- son trocar and induction of pneumoperitoneum; introduc- tion of ancillary trocars; exploration of pelvic organs; actual surgical procedure; skin suture. As reported in Table  4, all patients showed a pain score of 1 or 2, with only 3 cases (7.9%) with a score of 3 during the skin suture.

Our data confirm the suitability of laparoscopy surgery under RA for gynecological surgery, a still debated subject in literature, in contrast to general surgery of which success- ful results are already reported in literature [14– 18]. Indeed, no need for laparotomic or general anesthesia conversion was required. Based on our results, less pain was registered in RA group especially in the first postoperative hours. In addition, RA proved to lead to a quick recovery in terms of mobilization, resumption of bowel motility, length of hospital stays and was well accepted by both patients and surgeons. Although we are fully aware that no other studies like randomized controlled trials can minimize bias and pro- vide a rigorous tool to examine cause-effect relationships between intervention and outcome, our study was conceived and designed as a prospective study. We believe, indeed, that patient’s motivation and willingness to accomplish sur- gery under RA are key aspects for the accomplishment of the procedure therefore, in our opinion, randomization of patients at the moment has to be considered counterintuitive and challenging. Strengths of our study were the sample size (the largest reported so far in literature), the accomplishment of all the procedures by one skilled surgeon and the assessment of the tolerability and the evaluation of the pain during each step of laparoscopy (to determine the acceptability of the procedure when performed under regional anesthesia). We consider this latter of paramount importance based on the assump- tion that sedation should be avoided as much as possible to preserve spontaneous breathing already restricted by the level of neuraxial anesthesia and Trendelenburg’s position. An adequate and lasting post-operative pain control is crucial to enhance recovery [19]. Regarding postoperative pain, our result confirms the findings already registered in laparoscopy cholecystectomy under RA: less pain is regis- tered especially in the first postoperative hour [16, 20, 21] and this can be considered of foremost importance as long as the early onset of pain right after surgery is capable to affect the whole recovery phase [ 19]. This result might be explained by the persistent neuraxial blockade. To enhance this effect in our study clonidine was administered to the Table 1 Patient’s characteristics BMI Body Mass Index; ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists Overall (n = 66) Group A (n = 36; 54.5%) Group B (n = 30; 45.5%) p value Age (years) 39 ± 16.1 (18–85) 39.9 ± 7.8 (27–52) 37.8 ± 22.4 (18–85) 0.625 BMI 23.7 ± 2.8 (19–30.5) 23.2 ± 2.4 (20.6–27) 24.3 ± 3.2 (19–30.5) 0.105 Comorbidity 23 (34.8) 13 (36.1) 10 (33.3) 1  Hypertension 5 (7.6) 1 (2.8) 4 (13.3)  Thyroid disease 6 (9.1) 3 (8.3) 3 (10)  Diabetes 3 (4.5) 3 (8.3) 0 (0)  Other 9 (13.6) 6 (16.7) 3 (10) ASA 0.084  I 18 (27.3) 6 (16.7) 12 (40)  II 42 (63.6) 27 (75) 15 (50)  III 6 (9.1) 3 (8.3) 3 (10) Gynecological disease 0.003  Ovarian cyst 43 (65.2) 17 (47.2) 26 (86.7)  Endometrioma 6 (9.1) 3 (8.3) 3 (10)  Sactosalpinx 5 (7.6) 4 (11.1) 1 (3.3)  Sterility 3 (4.5) 3 (8.3) 0 (0)  Ectopic pregnancy 3 (4.5) 3 (8.3) 0 (0)  BRCA mutation 6 (9.1) 6 (16.7) 0 (0) Trendelenburg’s position (degree) 16.5 ± 2.9 16.3 ± 3 16.7 ± 2.8 0.609 Operative Time (minutes) 61.3 ± 24.7 58.2 ± 24.8 65 ± 24.4 0.267 1759Updates in Surgery (2022) 74:1755–1762 1 3 patient who underwent RA. Clonidine is an α2 adrenergic agonist used like an adjuvant in anesthesia. There were dif- ferent possible mechanisms to explain the enhanced anes- thetic efficiency. According to some researchers, the action of α2-agonism of clonidine induces vasoconstriction, which might contribute to prolonging the analgesia time. Further - more, clonidine potentiates the spinal block via synergis- tic interaction between α2 receptors and sodium channels, resulting in a reduction in the dose of the local anesthetics required for achieving effective spinal anesthesia for certain surgical procedures [22, 23]. Duration of surgery for women who underwent RA was comparable to the control group and the whole surgical team, questioned about pelvic organ exposure at the end of the procedure, gave in agreement positive feedback. These data, in particular, are encouraging given that one of the main concerns regarding the execution of this anesthesia for gynecological laparoscopic procedure is the difficulty to achieve a sufficient degree of Trendelenburg’s position (a key factor in gynecological surgery to retract bowel and provide adequate visualization) providing at the same time adequate ventilation. In our study, the degree of Trendelen- burg’s position obtained in RA group was only 16.33 ± 2.97. No case of hypercapnia or pulmonary complication was registered. RA compared with GA showed a quick recovery in the immediate postoperative setting. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Protocols encourage the early mobilization of the patients [24 ]. Our data, according to the literature, demonstrate a significantly earlier mobilization in RA group compared to patient underwent general anesthesia. This finding together with the faster resumption of bowel move- ment, equally founded to be statistically significant in the RA group, is of particular interest in childbearing age women for the preventive effect on post-surgical adhesion formation (a proven factor for infertility disorders) [25]. GA has long been considered as causing a greater frequency and severity of PONV than regional anesthetic techniques [26]. In our study, patients in the RA group showed a lower incidence of PONV and required fewer drugs to avoid it, although these results were no statistically significant. Two previous studies evalu- ating PONV among gynecological patients treated with lapa- roscopy surgery with RA and GA showed discordant results. Raimondo et al. reported a higher incidence rate of PONV in women that received GA whereas Zirak et al. revealed this complication to be more frequent in the RA group [10, Table 2 Primary outcome VAS Visual Analog Scale, NA not applicable Overall (n = 66) Group A (n = 36; 54.5%) Group B (n = 30; 45.5%) p value VAS score  0 h 1 (0–1) 0 (0–0.8) 2 (1–5) < 0.001  6 h 2 (0–4) 1.5 (0–2.8) 3 (1–5) 0.004  12 h 3 (0–5) 3 (0–5) 2.5 (0–5) 0.877  18 h 2 (0–3) 2 (0.2–5.2) 0.5 (0–3) 0.02  24 h 0.5 (0–3) 0.5 (0–4.5) 0.5 (0–3) 0.714 Analgesics intake  Paracetamol 1 g   0 h 6 (9.1) 0 (0) 6 (20) 0.007   6 h 9 (13.6) 3 (8.3) 6 (20) 0.28   12 h 12 (18.2) 6 (16.7) 6 (20) 0.758   18 h 9 (13.6) 3 (8.3) 6 (20) 0.28   24 h 12 (18.2) 6 (16.7) 6 (20) 0.758  Ketorolac 30 mg   0 h 6 (9.1) 3 (8.3) 3 (10) 1   6 h 3 (4.5) 0 (0) 3 (10) 0.089   12 h 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) NA   18 h 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) NA   24 h 12 (18.2) 6 (16.7) 6 (20) 0.758  Tramadol 100 mg   0 h 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) NA   6 h 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) NA   12 h 3 (4.5) 0 (0) 3 (10) 0.089   18 h 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) NA   24 h 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) NA 1760 Updates in Surgery (2022) 74:1755–1762 1 3 Fig. 1 VAS score trend during the observation time in the two groups (0 to 24 h) Table 3 Secondary outcomes Overall (n = 66) Group A (n = 36; 54.5%) Group B (n = 30; 45.5%) p value Anesthesia complications 3 (4.5) 2 (5.5) 1 (3.3) 0.245 PONV (no. (%))  No 39 (59.1) 24 (66.7) 15 (50) 0.213  Yes 27 (40.1) 12 (33.3) 15 (50) Antiemetic drugs (No. patients) 9 (13.6) 3 (8.3) 6 (20) 0.280 Resumption of bowel motility (h) 9.8 ± 3.2 (5 to 15) 7.1 ± 1.1 (5 to 9) 13 ± 1.2 (11 to 15) < 0.001 Length of hospital stay (h) 20.8 ± 3.4 (15 to 28) 17.9 ± 1.4 (15 to 21) 23.8 ± 1.8 (21 to 28) < 0.001 Mobilization (h) 4.6 ± 2.2 (2 to 9) 2.9 ± 0.6 (2 to 4) 6.7 ± 1.4 (4 to 9) < 0.001 Global surgeon satisfaction 0.136  Good 3 (4.5) 0 (0) 3 (10)  Very good 12 (18.2) 6 (16.7) 6 (20)  Excellent 51 (77.3) 30 (83.3) 21 (70) General patient satisfaction (would you do the same anesthesia again?) 63 (95.5) 36 (100) 27 (90) 0.089 1761Updates in Surgery (2022) 74:1755–1762 1 3 27]. This divergence could be explained by the presence of a confounding factor, the inflation during laparoscopy, which can be considered by itself a cause of PONV [28, 29]. Although our study was not focused on cost analysis, based on our results we can globally consider RA a cost saving alternative to GA, in accordance with Turkstani et al. (who instead performed an accurate comparison of anesthesia cost about spinal versus general anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy) [30], taking in consideration the reduced amount of drugs used for our patients in the postoperative time and the earlier discharge. Great motivation for the patient is mandatory to accom- plish this technique and patient anxiety must be addressed before surgery with appropriate counseling but communica- tion with an empathetic anesthesiologist and surgeon just during surgery may help significantly to reduce patients' anxiety. In this regard, we considered it essential to inform the patient about each step of the surgery (showing on request the live procedure on the screen) and obtain his feedback even during surgery. Considering all the steps, a maximum of 2 points on the Likert scale (considered a mild pain) was recorded: only 3 cases with a score of 3 during skin suture were registered. Finally, another important advantage of RA, to not be underestimated during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, is the avoidance of airway management that can prevent the risk of virus spread [31].

Based on the aforementioned results we consider RA a valid alternative to GA for laparoscopic gynecological surgery: in accordance with the goals of the minimally invasive surgery era, RA demonstrated to decrease the impact of surgical stress and to guarantee a quicker recovery with- out compromising, at the same time, surgical outcomes. As well as different surgical approaches could be selected based on patients characteristics and diseases, accordingly, anesthesia’s technique should be tailored on patients motiva- tions and conditions. However, further studies are required to evaluate more complex and longer surgical procedures.

Vitale SG, Gasbarro N, Lagana AS, Sapia F, Rapisarda AMC, Valenti G, Trovato MA, Rossetti D, Chiofalo B, Bar- rasso G, Tinelli A, Corrado F. Safe introduction of ancillary trocars in gynecological surgery: the “yellow island” anatomical landmark. Ann Ital Chir. 2016;87:608-611. PMID: 27909270. Author contributions All the authors conform to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for author - ship, contributed to the intellectual content of the study. PG, AM and LDC conceptualized the study. PG performed laparoscopic surgery. GG, ADP, AC performed anesthesia. DA, AM, LDC managed the data set and performed statistical analyses. GB and PG gave approval for the final version of the article. Funding Open access funding provided by Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II within the CRUI-CARE Agreement. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Data availability The datasets generated during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declarations Conflict of interest The authors have no relevant financial or non-fi- nancial interests to disclose. Ethical approval In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki all patients signed a written detailed informed consent prior to the inclu- sion in the study. The study received ethical approval from the local research ethics committee of the University of Naples Federico II on June 2019 (protocol number: 75/19). Consent to participate Informed consent was filled out as required for the execution of this study. Human participants and/or animals All procedures performed in stud- ies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or com- parable ethical standards. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri- bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta- tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will Table 4 Likert scale in Group A Likert scale Value (0–5) Number of patients (%)

of uterine manipulator 1 33 (100%)

of Verres needle 1 36 (100%)

of Hasson and ancillary trocars 1 36 (100%) induction of pneumoperitoneum 1 2 27 (75%) 9 (25%) Exploration of pelvic organs 1 2 35 (92.1) 3 (7.9) Actual surgical procedure 1 2 33 (84.6) 6 (15.4) Skin suture 1/2 3 35 (92.1) 3 (7.9) 1762 Updates in Surgery (2022) 74:1755–1762 1 3 need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/.

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