SPECT/CT with 99mTc labelled heat-denatured erythrocyte to detect thoracic and abdominal splenosis.

A 72-year-old man was referred for a triphasic bone scintigraphy with 99 mTc-disphosphonate to evaluate painful prosthetic implant of the knee. In all the study phases, images showed abnormal uptake close to the tibial portion of the implant. Whole-body scan revealed intense radiopharmaceutical accumulation in the left hypochondrium (fig.4). To establish septic involvement of the prosthesis, scintigraphy with 99m Tc HMPAO-labeled leukocytes was subsequently performed and the whole body images confirmed accumulation of labelled cells in the left hypochondrium. The patient underwent splenectomy owing to Banti syndrome 60 years earlier. Therefore, 99m Tc-DRBC scintigraphy (planar images and SPECT/CT) was performed, confirming radiopharmaceutical accumulation in the left hypochondrium corresponding to solid tissue being consistent with splenosis (fig. 5,6). Bone scan with 99m Tc-HDP: whole body anterior ( a ) and posterior ( b ) view demonstrating focal tracer accumulation near the upper pole of the left kidney (red arrow). Scintigraphy (planar images) with 99m Tc-HMPAO-labeled leukocytes ( a,b ) and 99m Tc-DRBC ( c,d ): anterior ( a,c ) and posterior ( b,d ) views demonstrating accumulation of labeled blood cells in the left hypochondrium (red arrows). 99m Tc-DRBC SPECT/CT: accumulation of labeled red blood cells (red arrow) in the solid tissue (fused image a ) localized in the left hypochondrium at the CT scan ( b )

Splenosis is an heterotopic splenic tissue implantation following splenic trauma or surgery. It has been widely reported with an incidence of 16-67% ( 1 ). Generally, the splenic implants are numerous and located within the peritoneal cavity; however, extra-abdominal splenosis does occur, including pleural cavity, lung, pericardium, pelvis, and subcutaneous tissues. Splenosis may occurr from months to years after accident or splenectomy. The correct identification of this condition is critical to avoid unnecessary procedures. The differential diagnosis of splenosis is challenging using conventional imaging (ultrasound, CT, and MRI) ( 2 ) and it include metastatic disease, hepatic or renal malignancies, lymphoma, pheochromocytoma, endometriosis, carcinomatosis, or adenopathy. Fine needle aspiration is considered the gold standard for a definitive diagnosis, but it is an invasive procedure not immune to complications especially bleeding. The use of 99 mTc labelled heat-denatured erythrocyte ( 99m Tc-DRBC) scintigraphy allows diagnosis confirmation demonstrating phagocytic ability in the ectopic splenic tissue. It should be considered as the technique of choice due to its great sensitivity and specificity, as previously described ( 3 ). We report two cases of patients with previous splenectomy referred to our Center to perform 99m Tc-DRBC scintigraphy for the differential diagnosis of thoracic and abdominal incidental findings at conventional imaging.

Radiolabelled heat-damaged red blood cell scintigraphy is a reliable, sensitive and non invasive imaging method to confirm the presence of functioning splenic tissue avoiding diagnostic pitfalls and misinterpretations. Adding SPECT/CT to planar imaging may be helpful in equivocal cases to accurately localize uptake foci expecially in combined thoracic and abdominal splenosis. Finally, SPECT/CT with 99m Tc-DRBC may complete the diagnostic algorithm of oncological patients previously submitted to PET/CT.

Splenosis is mostly asymptomatic and found incidentally on US, CT, and MRI examinations. However, heterotopic splenic tissue may be occasionally demonstrated during scintigraphy or PET scan performed with different tracers ( 5 , 6 , 7 ), as in case #2, in which splenic remnants after surgery were revealed by 99 mTc-HMPAO–labeled leukocytes and 99 mTc-disphosphonate scintigraphy. Detection of splenic tissue by leukocyte scintigraphy is always incidental and due to uptake of 99 mTc-HMPAO–labeled leukocytes by phagocytic Kupffer cells of the reticuloendothelial system ( 8 ). For many years, the most commonly used radiopharmaceutical for imaging the spleen was Tc-99m sulfur colloid (SC). However, heat-denatured RBC scintigraphy has demonstrated superior sensitivity in the identification of residual or heterotopic splenic tissue in adults ( 9 , 10 ) and children ( 11 ). Occasionally, splenosis can mimic metastatic malignancy on imaging and pose a diagnostic challenge, as in case #1, submitted to surgery for a renal lesion. Locations of splenosis especially in the hepatic, or lung parenchyma, may be confused with neoplastic lesions and may lead to unnecessary surgery. In this context, PET/CT largely used to assess cancer may pose this diagnostic challenge with growing frequency, as in the case of intrapancreatic mass suspected for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) ( 6 ). Indeed, PET imaging of NETs with labelled-peptides (68Ga-DOTATOC, 68Ga-DOTATATE, 68Ga-DOTANOC) may determine false positive results ( 6 ) due to the presence of SSTRs on the surface of splenic lymphocytes. On the other hand, PET/CT with different tracers as 18F-FDG or 68Ga-DOTATOC may be used to exclude ( 12 ) or confirm (fig. 7) malignancy in the case of abdominal implant associated to inconclusive conventional imaging in oncologic patients. 68-year-old woman with a lesion of the pancreatic tail (12x11 mm). MR signal similar to the spleen suggested the presence of splenic tissue or neuroendocrine tumor. The CT scan was also inconclusive. Combination of 99m Tc-DRBC scintigraphy (planar images and SPECT/CT) ( a ) and 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT ( b ) provided the final diagnosis of NET excluding splenic tissue. Nonetheless, PET/CT does not definitively assess the presence of splenosis, always requiring the use of specific tracers targeting the hemocatheretic function of the spleen as 99m Tc-DRBC. Scintigraphy with 99m Tc-DRBC provides selective splenic imaging allowing the noninvasive diagnosis of this entity avoiding more aggressive diagnostic techniques such as fine needle aspiration or laparotomy. The additional use of hybrid imaging (combining SPECT and CT) improves specificity through a more precise localization of ectopic splenic tissue. Indeed, in case #2, planar imaging alone didn’t allow accurate localization of labeled RBC accumulation in the left lung, being the uptake site confused with left hypocondrium, as for the other abdominal nodules. Combined intrathoracic and intraperitoneal splenosis have been previously described ( 13 ) but the added value of SPECT/CT is only occasionally reported as in one woman with previous splenectomy following a road accident ( 14 ), to assess lung nodules incidentally discovered in a chest radiograph forty-seven years after a car accident ( 3 ) and to characterize an incidental liver lesion discovered on abdominal ultrasound diagnosed as intrahepatic splenosis ( 15 ). SPECT/CT has been used with radiolabelled colloids to detect accessory spleen mimicking pancreatic tumour ( 16 ). Before hybrid technology was available in the clinical routine, SPECT alone was used to increase detection accuracy of planar imaging in localizing 99m Tc-DRBC or radiolabelled colloids accumulation ( 17 , 18 ). However, Ekmekçi S. et al. demonstrated that there was no contribution of SPECT alone to planar imaging with 99m Tc-DRBC in detecting splenosis or accessory spleen in splenectomized and nonsplenectomized patients (112 scintigraphic scans of 96 patients). 99m Tc-DRBC scan showed high specificity in the detection of accessory spleens/splenosis with no false positive results in patients who underwent surgery ( 19 ). Fusion of transmission (SPECT) and emission (CT) tomography (called TET) for correct localization of ectopic splenic tissue was assessed for the first time by Horger M et al. in 7 patients with haematological disorders ( 20 ). Diagnostic impact of fused images was highest for intrahepatic, pulmonary or pleural splenic implants. Utilization of SPECT/CT increased accuracy in identifing spleen remnants in a patient with recurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and thrombocytopenia after splenectomy, undergoing surgery with intraoperative gamma probe ( 21 ). Moreover, SPECT/CT demonstrated better performance compared to planar imaging in localizing splenic morsels using labeled colloidal stannous chloride in 19 patients with spleen autoimplantation as a protective measure after splenectomy in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis ( 22 ).