Breeding alters females’ social positions by changing dominance dynamics

Agonistic and affiliative interactions with group members dictate individuals’ access to resources, and investment in competing for resources is often traded off with other needs. For example, reproductive investment can reduce body condition and, thereby, an individual’s ability to win future agonistic interactions. However, group members may also alter their behaviour towards reproductive individuals, such as becoming more or less aggressive. Here, we investigated the social consequences of reproduction in female vulturine guineafowl Acryllium vulturinum , a plural breeder in which females disperse and are subordinate to males. We found opposing patterns for breeders’ within- and between-sex dominance interactions from before to after breeding. Specifically, while breeding females became far less likely to win dominance interactions with non-breeding females after breeding than before breeding, they received considerably fewer male aggressions than non-breeding females after breeding. Using agent-based models, we then show that hierarchies inferred using the Percolation and Conductance method are robust to such variation in interaction rates, while other common methods may be prone to systematically overestimating or underestimating particular individuals’ hierarchy positions. Our study highlights reproduction as a driver of dominance dynamics, and illustrates how the study of dominance may benefit from considering variation in interaction rates.