Seminal Plasma Extracellular Vesicles: Key Mediators of Inter-cellular Communication in Mammalian Reproductive Systems

Seminal plasma, traditionally regarded as a passive transport medium for sperm, has emerged as a sophisticated biofluid orchestrating critical dialogues in reproductive physiology. Contemporary research reveals its multifunctional role in modulating en-dometrial receptivity through molecular priming of the female reproductive tract, a process essential for successful embryo implantation. Notably, seminal plasma contains numerous extracellular vesicles, that serve as critical mediators of intercellular com-munication via the regulation of biological processes in target cells. Through this so-phisticated vesicular communication system, seminal plasma extracellular vesicles (SPEVs) coordinate critical reproductive events. Thus, it will be important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which SPEVs mediate reproductive processes, to provide knowledge that may assist in infertility treatment. Herein, we elucidated the emerging potential of SPEVs as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for male fertility assessment and infertility diagnosis. Furthermore, this review systematically summarized current advances in SPEVs, highlighting their multifaceted roles in mediating sperm maturation, facilitating capacitation, and modulating embryo implantation through targeted deliv-ery of bioactive signaling molecules.