A fiber Bragg grating-based method for measuring mesiodistal tooth displacement and force under physiological conditions

A fiber Bragg grating-based method for measuring mesiodistal tooth displacement and force under physiological conditions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A fiber Bragg grating-based method for measuring mesiodistal tooth displacement and force under physiological conditions Ling Wu, Leifeng Zhang, Xinyu Xu, Xiaojing Liu, Zili Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7946270/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives This study aims to establish a system for measuring mesiodistal tooth displacement and force via fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and investigate its stability and feasibility via experiments on both models and healthy volunteers. Methods The system was established using an FBG sensor and decoder. The FBG sensor was embedded into an 0.018×0.025 NiTi Archwires (Heat-activated Archwire SM Rectangular, Innovative Material and Devices, Inc., China) and placed on the brackets of the upper incisors. The micro shift of teeth led to the bending of the FBG fiber and a consequent wavelength shift. The shift was exported to the deformation of teeth by the decoder. In the in vitro test, a dynamometer was used to load known vertical forces on the model, the mobility was tested, and the mesiodistal tooth displacement and force were measured. In the in vivo test, biting and chewing tests for hard, medium, and soft foods were conducted with two volunteers. The mesiodistal tooth displacement and force were calculated based on the Bragg wavelength shift. Results In the in vitro experiment, when a force of 1 N was applied vertically on the model, the strain deviation of the FBG sensor was 8.56 ± 2.83 µε, the consequent mesiodistal tooth displacement was 0.068 ± 0.023 µm, and the mesiodistal force was 0.200 ± 0.067 N. A linear relationship was observed between the loading force and both tooth displacement and force in the mesiodistal direction. In the in vivo experiment, the two subjects showed different biting and chewing patterns, and the mesiodistal tooth displacement and force showed large differences when biting foods with different hardness levels. Conclusions The established FBG-based system enabled the measurement of mesiodistal tooth displacement and force under physiological conditions, effectively capturing the dynamic biomechanical interactions during orthodontic processes. This provides a reliable tool for obtaining quantitative data directly from the oral environment. Clinical Relevance: This research provides a novel FBG-based method for measuring mesiodistal tooth displacement and force in vivo, informing the physiological and pathological conditions of teeth. mesiodistal tooth displacement mesiodistal force fiber Bragg grating physiological conditions Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7946270","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":550648391,"identity":"97f4adf0-8033-4bbe-977a-c34f080e48fa","order_by":0,"name":"Ling Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology \u0026 National","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ling","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":550648392,"identity":"bf5c2e83-6a57-4032-b1fe-6f4b5d79400d","order_by":1,"name":"Leifeng Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Harbin Institute of 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conditions","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"mesiodistal tooth displacement, mesiodistal force, fiber Bragg grating, physiological conditions","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7946270/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7946270/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to establish a system for measuring mesiodistal tooth displacement and force via fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and investigate its stability and feasibility via experiments on both models and healthy volunteers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe system was established using an FBG sensor and decoder. The FBG sensor was embedded into an 0.018×0.025 NiTi Archwires (Heat-activated Archwire SM Rectangular,\u003cbr\u003e\nInnovative Material and Devices, Inc., China) and placed on the brackets of the upper incisors. The micro shift of teeth led to the bending of the FBG fiber and a consequent wavelength shift. The shift was exported to the deformation of teeth by the decoder. In the in vitro test, a dynamometer was used to load known vertical forces on the model, the mobility was tested, and the mesiodistal tooth displacement and force were measured. In the in vivo test, biting and chewing tests for hard, medium, and soft foods were conducted with two volunteers. The mesiodistal tooth displacement and force were calculated based on the Bragg wavelength shift.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the in vitro experiment, when a force of 1 N was applied vertically on the model, the strain deviation of the FBG sensor was 8.56 ± 2.83 µε, the consequent mesiodistal tooth displacement was 0.068 ± 0.023 µm, and the mesiodistal force was 0.200 ± 0.067 N. A linear relationship was observed between the loading force and both tooth displacement and force in the mesiodistal direction. In the in vivo experiment, the two subjects showed different biting and chewing patterns, and the mesiodistal tooth displacement and force showed large differences when biting foods with different hardness levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe established FBG-based system enabled the measurement of mesiodistal tooth displacement and force under physiological conditions, effectively capturing the dynamic biomechanical interactions during orthodontic processes. This provides a reliable tool for obtaining quantitative data directly from the oral environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Relevance: \u003c/strong\u003eThis research provides a novel FBG-based method for measuring mesiodistal tooth displacement and force in vivo, informing the physiological and pathological conditions of teeth.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A fiber Bragg grating-based method for measuring mesiodistal tooth displacement and force under physiological conditions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-01 10:15:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7946270/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9e56efb7-a589-42db-a1ce-bd8a1cdc8162","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-09T20:08:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-01 10:15:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7946270","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7946270","identity":"rs-7946270","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}