Clinical Outcome And Associated Factors Among Patients Admittedto The Intensive Care Unit Of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital, Somali Region, Ethiopia, 2020

Clinical Outcome And Associated Factors Among Patients Admittedto The Intensive Care Unit Of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital, Somali Region, Ethiopia, 2020 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Clinical Outcome And Associated Factors Among Patients Admittedto The Intensive Care Unit Of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital, Somali Region, Ethiopia, 2020 Mohamedamin Ahmed ibrahim, Amin Ugas Mahad*, Shilpa GS, Getachew G, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8473798/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background In developing countries, there is an insufficiency of ICU beds and more than 50% of these countries lack any published data on ICU capacity. In low-income countries, most ICUs are located in large referral hospitals in cities. ICU services are apparently limited in low-income countries. Objective To assess the clinical outcomes and associated factors among patients admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital Somali Region, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods Institutional based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted based on records of admitted patients from 1st June to 30th June. Data was collected by three trained data collectors. Data was entered, coded and cleaned by using the Epi-data software version 3.0 and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Bivariate logistic regression was done to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. In bivariate logistic regression, variables with a P value of < 0.25 was considered as a candidate for multivariate logistic regression at 95% CI. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the level of statistical significance was declared at P-value less than 0.05. Results - The highest admitted age group were 20–29 years of age (21.9%).The mortality rate in ICU were found to be 40.0% (95% CI: 33.8, 46.7).More male dies than females 25.7%Vs.14.3%. The death rate is higher in 30–39 age group 9%. Emergency department were admitted the highest admission 68 (32.4%). Highest cases of admission were Immediate post-op 33(15.7%) and ARDS 23 (11.0%). The commonest cause of death was multi-organ failure 70 (83.3%).Moreover, in multivariate logistic regression it was found that the clinical outcomes of patients in the ICU is associated with length of ICU stay (1-5days (AOR = 15.2, 95% CI: 1.2, 184.2), need of Mechanical Ventilation (AOR = 24.10, 95% CI: 8.5, 68.2), inotropes/vasopressors (AOR = 12.1, 95% CI: 3.8, 38.2). Conclusion - The mortality rate in the intensive care unit was considerable high. Significant association was found between clinical outcomes of ICU patients and need for mechanical ventilator, Deep Vein Thrombosis prophylaxis, analgesics, inotropes/vasopressors and short ICU stay. Critical Care & Emergency Medicine General Practice intensive care unit critical care clinical outcome Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital Somali Region Ethiopia 2020 Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 BACKGROUND Intensive care Unit (ICU) is a hospital area dedicated to the management and monitoring of patients sever-life threatening condition, that is specially staffed, and equipped, separate, and self- supporting. This offers specialized resources and support for essential activities and uses the expertise of medical, nursing and other professionals who experience the challenges( 1 ). The practice of critical care medicine came into being in the 1940s when poliomyelitis patients suffered revolutionary changes from anesthesiologists. Intensives are able to treat and support critically ill people by developing new equipment, procedures, and medicines through more invasive procedures. With an ageing population and increasing availability of medical technology, the ICU, have become a critical component of modern hospital care( 2 ). ICUs have large differences in quantities and quality of working facilities required to provide properly critical care services in developing countries, especially Sub-Saharan African( 4 ). Knowledge of ICU patients’ characteristics and outcomes in developing countries may assist in identifying the priority allocation of resources and improving these types of care( 5 ). In addition to resource allocation, intensive care also requires considerable time and effort to treat and improve the survival of critically ill patients on behalf of medical and nursing staff. Patients from all departments in the hospital must have a broad range of clinical experiences and an integrated approach to the patient care system as a result of their admittance( 6 ). The main purpose of the ICU is to prevent the deaths of patients with serious illness, who are at high risk of death and are monitored closely. But it costs all those involved in the hospital, staff and patient care provider a huge amount( 7 ). The result of the ICU can be assessed by using indicators like death rate on the basis of the results such as death or survival. The ICU will typically be admitted for patients with a reasonable chance of survival and reversible condition( 8 ).Patients with reversible diseases that can be enhanced by close supervisory and complication treatments in an ICU. From the point of view of reality, there are conditions in the ICU where the most complex and costly administration cannot change the situation( 9 ). In their respective dimensions and capabilities the ICUs have established a highly specialized area. This variation occurs among regions, states, and even hospitals. The types of ICU can be General, cardiothoracic, pediatric, neonatal, coronary care types may be available as well as for medical, operative, neurosurgical, burns, and trauma( 10 ). Intensive care units (ICUs) have become independent divisions of the majority of hospitals in developed countries with career-intense medical doctors, intensivists from different fields of medicine, but ICUs are run by anesthesiologists in countries which have no intensivists( 11 ). The critical patient survival rate is high through well-organized ICU, the early detection and effective timely intervention and very well-drafted and equipped ICU. A reversal of the admission indication, or the resolution of the unstable physiological condition promoting admission to the units, will be used to evaluate and consider patients to discharge them( 1 ). Globally, the biggest challenge in the management of patients with serious illness or accidents is to recognize those who would benefit the most from ICU admission without overriding ICU referrals( 12 ). Intensive care units (ICUs) are now included in the health system. Whereas the majority of ICUs are located in high-income countries, they are increasingly characteristic of low- and medium-income health care systems( 13 ). In developing countries, there is an insufficiency of ICU beds and more than 50% of these countries lack any published data on ICU capacity. In low-income countries, most ICUs are located in large referral hospitals in cities. ICU services are apparently limited in low-income countries( 14 ). Approximately 4 million ICU admissions are available in United-state annually, 79% of those survive, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, nearly 164,000 patients are admitted each year( 13 ). The mortality rate of elderly patients is higher as compared to the survivors of elderly and younger patients in ICU. Nevertheless, it is not age but related factors, such as pre-illness health condition, co-morbidity and disease frequency that tends to be the primary cause of the poorer prognosis. Patient’s sovereignty over life-sustaining care greatly influences the likelihood of outcome. Commonly used prediction models for very elderly patients have not been adapted for use. They also fail to address long-term survival and functional outcome( 17 ). The requirement of intensive care often goes beyond available beds, even in High-Income Countries; therefore accessing the services of intensive care is needed. According to the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine patients who are most likely to recover from intensive care should be prioritized( 18 ). The Ethiopian health sector faces a double burden of disease due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and fast-growing conditions. While the health care facilities have been rising and impaired, it has been almost impossible to obtain adequate critical care. The rudimentary state of acute medical practices is found. Patients were treated sub-optimally due to this situation. Morbidity and mortality associated with accidents, acute illness and complication related labor and delivery are high( 1 ). ICU care was introduced in Ethiopia only some decades ago. Black Lion Hospital was the first to establish an ICU. Currently in Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital (JJUSHYRH) with only five beds available for ICU, it’s prudent to have a basic understanding of which patients are treated and the outcome of the treatment. Starting from the opening of the ICU of JJUSHYRH (2010 E.C/2018G.C.) many patients have been admitted and treated. However, there is no recent study that summarizes the pattern and outcome of patients in the ICU. So this study is intended to assess the clinical outcomes and associated factors among patient admitted to the ICU of JJUSHYRH during a period of one year. Furthemore Evaluation of the morbidity and outcome of admitted patients can assess the efficacy of treatment, making it possible to make better decisions, to further improve quality of care, to standardize the unit, and to ensure effective management of the resources METHODS AND MATERIALS Study area and period The study was conducted in ICU of JJUSHYRH, south eastern Ethiopia. JJUSHYRH is a referral and teaching hospital situated in Jigjiga town , the hospital gives different inpatient and outpatient services to the population in the surrounding area of Jigjiga town and referral service to south eastern population of the country (a catchment population of about 7 million). Currently there are five beds and four functional mechanical ventilator machines, one defibrillator, five non-invasive patient monitors, five infusion pumps, one electro-cardio-graph (ECG), and 4 four functional suction machines. Fourteen trained ICU nurses and 1 untrained nurse, 2 consultant anesthesiologist, and 3 general practitioner doctors and one trained biomedical engineering are present in the ICU of JJUSHYRH round the clock. From June 1st to June 30th 2020.G.C. 210 patients were admitted in the ICU. Study design Institutional based retrospective cross – sectional study design was employed Source and study population Source population Medical records of all patients’ who were admitted to ICU of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital from September 11, 2018 to September 11, 2019 Study population All sampled Medical records of all patients’ who were admitted to ICU from September 11 2018 to September 11 2019 and fulfil inclusion criteria. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion All patients who were admitted to ICU and fully medical recorded information were included in this study. Exclusion Dead on arrivals Sample size determination Since the study is retrospective it is not needed to calculate prevalence, all sampled (n = 210) was taken as sample size to increase the power of the study. Sampling technique Consecutive sampling technique was used to collect the data from the records of all patients admitted to the ICU. Data collection techniques and tools Data collection tool was adapted after review of relevant literature( 16 , 24 ). The registration of ICU was first reviewed, then after by having patients file number/patient record, card review was done in the record room. Data were collected by three trained data collectors used to retrieve information about patient demographic characteristic, pattern of ICU admission, reason for admission, duration of ICU stay, nature of interventions and patient outcome through patient record or card review in the record room, close supervision was done by the supervisor and principal investigator and each filled check list was rechecked for completeness. Data collection procedure Data collectors were given one day of training about data collection technique, objective, relevance of the study, confidentiality of information, pre-test, and techniques of collecting proper data Study variables Independent variable Dependent variable Age Patient outcome (transfer to wards/dead) Sex Mechanical ventilation Length of ICU stay Diagnosis of disease (primary disease) Co-morbidity Pattern of admission Use major therapeutic options Location before ICU admission Data quality control Data collectors were assigned from Karamara General Hospital, Jigjiga, for the reduction of bias. One week before the actual survey, pre-test was carried out one month (May 2020) of documented patients’ charts in ICU of JJUSHYRH, hence there is no other ICU in the region with similar character of 10% of the study population and necessary modification may be made before it is applied on the study population. Close supervision was done by supervisor and principle investigator. Three trained BSc nurses were done data collection procedure and proper recording was taken. Immediate checkup was carried out and any unfilled data was filled immediately. Data was placed properly in secured and safe place. Operational definitions Intensive Care Unit – Place of health care delivery service for patients who needs life supporting service with potentially recoverable diseases. Pattern of admission- the process in which the patient enters to the ICU. This could be from emergency, general wards of the hospital and other hospitals. Outcome -patient status after critical care in the ICU which includes transfer to wards and died. Transfer to wards –patient discharged alive by physician in the ICU Died- patient passed away in ICU after admission Data processing and analysis Data was cleaned for inconsistence and missing values modification was considered as necessitate, coded and entered into Epi data version 3.02 and then it was exported into SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. Characteristics of study participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Model fitness was checked since for the value for COX and snell R square (0.46) was greater than 0.05 the model was well fitted. In bivariate logistic regression, variables with a P value of < 0.25 were considered candidate for multivariate logistic regression, in order to describe the relation of dependent and independent variables, Bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the effect of co-variance on dependent variable with 95% CI and P value less than 0.05 was considered statistical significance. Ethical consideration Prior to the study ethical approval was obtained from the school of Graduate studies, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University Research and Ethical Committee (REC) JJU/SGS/MPH/033/59 . Cooperation letter was obtained from management of the hospital before data collection. All data obtained in the course of the study was kept confidentially and used solely for the purpose of the study. Due to the retrospective character of the study, patient’s consent was not necessary. RESULT Patient’s demographic characteristics During the study period out of 210 patients were admitted in ICU of JJUSHYRH among the reviewed patients card their age category were 1month to 80 years, the majority age group 46(21.9%), were between 20-29years old, while the least 12 (5.7%).was those who were ≥ 70years old, The mean of age the patients was 4.1 ± 1.91. Regarding sex of the patients 126 (60.0%) of them were male and 84 (40.0%) were female. ( Table 1 ) Table 1 -Distribution of patient’s-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants among patients admitted to the ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C. Categories Frequency (n = 210) Percent (%) Age categories 0–9 19 9.0 10–19 21 10.0 20–29 46 21.9 30–39 42 20.0 40–49 29 13.8 50–59 24 11.4 60–69 17 8.1 ≥ 70 12 5.7 Sex Male 126 60.0 Female 84 40.0 Total 210 100.0 Admission Characteristics and co-morbidities From 210 admitted patient, 68 (32.3%) were admitted from the emergency department (ED) which is the major source of ICU admission, 58(27.6) of them were from surgery (including emergency operative and selective ones), while 49 (23.3%), were from internal medicine, 25 (11.9%) Gyn/obs and10 (4.7%) paediatrics respectively (Fig. 2) Cause of ICU admission Regarding the admission, the most leading cause ICU admission was acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) including impending respiratory failure from emergency and internal Medicine 23 (11.0%), followed by Myocardial infarction (MI) 22(10.5%), immediate post-op 33 (15.7%) and severe traumatic brain injury(STBI) 23 (11.0%)from surgery. From specific diagnoses that lead to ICU admissions among surgical patients was immediate post-op, 33(15.7%), from internal medicine the common cause of ICU admission were ARDS 23 (11.0%), from Gyn/obstetric the leading cause of admission in ICU was severe Eclampsia 24(11.4%), from pediatric department complicated pyogenic meningitis7 (3.3%) respectively. ( Table 2 ) Table 2 -Distribution of Cases (diagnosis) of ICU admitted pt. in ICU JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C Categories Cases (diagnosis) Frequency (n = 210) Percent (%) Internal Medicine ARDS 23 11.0 MI 22 10.5 Stroke 10 4.8 cardio-genic shock 11 5.2 Others 11 5.2 CHF 5 2.4 Tetanus 5 2.4 Surgery Immediate post-op 33 15.7 STBI 23 11.0 Septic shock 14 6.7 post cardiac-arrest 4 1.9 Trauma 8 3.8 hypovolemic shock 4 1.9 subdural hematoma 3 1.4 Burn 3 1.4 Gyn/Obs Sever Eclampsia 24 11.4 Paediatrics Complicated Pyogenic Meningitis 7 3.3 Total 210 100.0 ICU Co-morbidities Regarding co-morbidities, out of 210 admitted patients in the ICU 162 (77.1%)of them had no co-morbidities, meanwhile 29 (13.8%) had HTN respectively. ( Fig. 3) ICU outcome and overall management Regarding ICU outcome, the mortality rate was found to be 40.0%( 95% CI: 33.8, 46.7). From the total admission 126 (60.0%) patients were transferred to their respective wards and 84(40.0%) were died. From specific cause of death the commonest was multi-organ failure (MOF) 70 (83.3%), followed by brain herniation 6 (7.1%), massive MI 6(7.1%) and other problems related to ventilator problem 2(2.4%). (Fig. 4) Distribution of length of ICU stays, mechanical ventilation and their outcome among patient’s admitted to the ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C Rendering to their length of stay in ICU 144(68.6%) patients stayed 1–5 days, from this 95 (45.2%) were transferred to their respective wards, 49(23.3%) patients died. The median length of ICU stay was found to be 3 days ± 3.1. Regarding about mechanical ventilation from the total of 210, 104 (49.5%) of them were intubated. among those intubated patient’s 37(17.6%) were transferred to their respective wards and 67 (31.9%) were died.Among non-ventilated patient’s 89(42.3%) of them were transferred to their respective wards and 17 (8.0%) were died. ( Table 3 ) Table 3 -Distribution of length of ICU stays, mechanical ventilation and their outcome among patients admitted to the ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C Length of stay Outcome Total Transfer to wards Died Frequency Percent Frequency Percent 1-5days 96 45.6 63 29.9 159 6-10days 18 8.4 12 5.7 30 11-20days 7 3.2 5 2.3 12 21-25days 2 0.9 2 0.9 4 ≥ 26 3 1.4 2 0.9 5 Total 126 84 210 Mechanical Ventilation Outcome Transfer to wards Died Total Mechanical Ventilation Frequency Percent Frequency Percent No 89 42.3 17 8.0 106 Yes 37 17.6 67 31.9 104 Total 126 84 210 Over all ICU management From total admission of 210 admitted patients, 191 (91.0%) of them were on antibiotics and 19 (9.0%) were not received antibiotics. Furthermore, 130 (61.9%), 79 (37.6%), 178(84.7%) and 50(23.8%) were on ulcer prophylaxis, DVT prophylaxis, anti-pain and Inotropes/vasopressors respectively. Among admitted surgical patient to ICU 38 (18.0%) were transferred to surgical ward and 20 (9.5%) died. From internal medicine patients 27 (12.8%) were transferred to medical ward, 22(10.4%) died. Among gyn/obstetric patients 18(8.5%) were transferred to their wards, 7(3.3%) died. From pediatric patients 6 (2.8%) were transferred to ward, 4(1.9%) died and from emergency department 37 (17.6%) were transferred to their respective wards and 31 (14.7%) were died in ICU. Concerning patients’ age, from 20–29, age group 32 (15.2%), were transferred to their respective wards respectively and from age groups that has the highest death was observed in 30–39 age group 19 (9.0%) and the least 5 (2.3%) was observed in age group ≥ 70 years. Regarding about the sex of patients admitted to ICU during the study period 72 (34.3%) of male and 54 (25.7%) of female patients were transferred to their respective wards, and 54 (25.7%) of male and 30 (14.3%) of female patients were died. ( Table 4 ) Table 4 -Distribution of Patient’s age, sex and their outcome and their outcome among patient’s admitted to the ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C Patients’ age Age Categories Outcome Total Dead (%) Transfer to wards (%) 0–9 7 (3.3) 12 (5.7) 19 10–19 9 (4.2) 12 (5.7) 21 20–29 14 (6.6) 32 (15.2) 46 30–39 19 (9.0) 23 (10.9) 42 40–49 15 (7.1) 14 (6.6) 29 50–59 10 (4.7) 14 (6.6) 24 60–69 5 (2.3) 12 (5.7) 17 ≥ 70 5 (2.3) 7 (3.3) 12 Patients’ Sex Sex of the patients Male 54 (25.7) 72 (34.3) 126 Female 30 (14.3) 54 (25.7) 84 Total 84 126 210 Factors associated with clinical outcome among patients in the intensive care unit of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare referral hospital In Bivariate logistic regression patient outcome status comorbidities, (no comorbidities (COR = 4.8, 95% CI: 0.5, 40.0, HTN(5.6, 95% CI: 1.6, 52.3, DM (COR = 7.0, 95% CI: 1.5, 86.3)), Length of stay in the ICU in 1-5days (COR = 0.7, 95% CI:0.1, 4.7), Mechanical ventilation (COR = 9.4, 95% CI: 4.9, 18.2), ulcer prophylaxis (COR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.4, 4.8), DVT prophylaxis(COR = 2.4 95% CI: 1.3, 4.2), inotropes/vase-pressers.(COR = 10.5, 95% CI: 4.8, 22.8), and analgesic (COR = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.5, 11.7)were significantly associated with patients outcome (dead) at P-value < 0.25 among patients admitted in the ICU of JJUSHYRH. ( Table 5 ) Table 5 Bivariate logistic regression of clinical outcome among patients in ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C Variable Categories Outcomes COR 95%CI P-value Dead (%) Transfer to wards (%) Co-morbidities No 66(40.7) 96(59.2) 4.8 (0.5, 40.0)* 0.14 HTN 13(44.8) 16(55.1) 5.6 (1.6, 52.3)* 0.12 DM 4(50.0) 4(50.0) 7.0 (1.5, 86.3)* 0.12 Malignancy 66(40.8) 96(59.2) 1.00(0.00) LOS 6-10hours 10 (90.0) 1(10.0) 15.0 (0.9, 228.8)* 0.05 1-5days 49(34.0) 95 (66.0) 0.7 (0.1, 4.7) 0.78 6-10days 12(40.0) 18 (60.0) 1.0 (0.1, 6.9) 1.00 11-15days 5(50.0) 5 (50.0) 1.5 (0.1, 13.2) 0.71 ≥ 26 2(40.0) 3 (60.0) 1.00 MV Yes 67 (64.4) 37(35.5 ) 9.4(4.9, 18.2) * 0.000 No 17(16.0) 89 (84.0 ) 1.00 Ulcer prophylaxis Yes 63(48.4) 67 (51.6) 2.6 (1.4, 4.8) * 0.02 No 21(26.5) 59(73.5) 1.00 DVT Yes 42(53.1) 37(46.9) 2.4 (1.3, 4.2) * 0.003 No 42(32.0) 89(68.0) 1.00 Inotropes Yes 40(80.0) 10(20.0) 10.5 (4.8, 22.8) * 0.000 No 44(27.5) 116(72.5) 1.00 Analgesics(anti pain) Yes 79(44.4) 99(55.6) 4.3 (1.5, 11.7 ) * 0.004 No 5(15.6) 27(84.4) 1.00 P-Value < 0.25 In bivariate logistic regression 7 variables were eligible at P-value < 0.25 (comorbidities, diagnosis, length of stay in the ICU, mechanical ventilation, DVT prophylaxis, analgesic/anti-pain, and inotropes/vasopressors) were performed for bivariate model. And those eligible variables at P-value less than 0.05 have been taken for subsequent model (multivariate). Multivariate logistic regression of clinical outcome among patients in ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C In multivariate logistic regression LOS in ICU (1-5days (AOR = 15.2, 95% CI: 1.2, 184.2)), MV (AOR = 24.1, 95% CI:8.5, 68.2), DVT prophylaxis (AOR = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.5, 10.5), inotropes/vasopressors (AOR = 12.1, 95% CI: 3.8, 38.2), analgesic/anti-pain (AOR = 8.1, 95% CI: 1.7, 38.7) were significantly associated with the outcome variable ( Table 6 ) Table 6 Multivariate logistic regression of clinical outcome among patients in ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C Variable Categories Outcome AOR 95%CI P- value Dead (%) Transfer to wards (%) LOS 6-10hours 10 (90.0) 1(10.0) 359.8(10.5, 123.3) 0.10 1-5days 49(34.0) 95 (66.0) 15.2 (1.2, 184.2) * 0.03 6-10days 12(40.0) 18 (60.0) 14.7 (1.0, 198.8) 0.43 11-15days 5(50.0) 5 (50.0) 6.2 (0.4, 96.9) 0.18 21-25days 2(50.0) 2 (50.0) 2.2 (0.0, 54.0) 0.19 ≥ 26 2(40.0) 3 (60.0) 1.00 Need of Mechanical Ventilation Yes 67 (64.4) 37(35.5 ) 24.1 (8.5, 68.2)* 0.000 No 17(16.0) 89 (84.0 ) 1.00 DVT prophylaxis Yes 42(53.1) 37(46.9) 4.0 (1.5, 10.5)* 0.005 No 42(32.0) 89(68.0) 1.00 Inotropes/vasopressors Yes 40(80.0) 10(20.0) 12.1 (3.8, 38.2)* 0.000 No 44(27.5) 116(72.5) 1.00 Analgesics(anti pain) Yes 99(55.6) 79(44.4) 8.1 (1.7, 38.7)* 0.008 No 27(84.4) 5(15.6) 1.00 P value < 0.05 DISCUSSION The present study was conducted to assess clinical outcome and associated factors among patients admitted to the ICU of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare referral hospital The outcomes of patients admitted to intensive care unit depends on the clinical condition of patients on admission, level of training and experience of staffs, supply, structure and dimensions of the unit( 31 , 32 ). In the current study, the mortality rate in ICU were found to be 40.0%( 95% CI: 33.8, 46.7) this finding is comparable with studies done in Addis Ababa (39%), Tanzania (41.1%) and Uganda (40.1%), ( 4 , 27 , 33 ).However, this result was lower in studies done in Congo, Burkina Faso and Malawi 43.7%, 51.6% and 60.9% ( 34 – 36 ).On the other hand, this result was higher than studies done in Mekelle, Ethiopia (27%), Nigeria (34.6%), and Scandinavian countries (9.1% ) ( 29 ), ( 24 , 37 ). This discrepancy might be due to lack of necessary medical equipment’s (ABG analyzer machine, portable dialysis machine and portable x-ray service), study period, ICU infrastructure, and training of the staff. In addition, lack of high dependency unit in the study area may contribute high mortality rate. In the current study, the median length of ICU stay found to be 3 days which has positively significant association with patient death(AOR = 15.2, 95% CI: 1.2, 184.2 ) , In addition, patients who stayed in ICU for less than four days were 15.2 times more likely to die than patients who stayed four or more days with which is comparable with the study done in Uganda ( 14 ), Tanzania and Kenya ( 4 , 38 ). However, this result was different from the study conducted in Hosanna, the length of ICU stay was more than 14 days with ICU mortality (OR = 4.1,P < 0.039)( 39 ). This inconsistency might be explained due to late arrival to ICU and delay in intervention, shortage of crucial emergency drugs, absence of airway management equipment’s in the wards. The finding of this study was also discovered that there is significant positive association between the need for mechanical ventilation and patient death (AOR: 24.1, 95% CI: 8.5, 68.2) patients who are intubated has 24.1 times higher risk of death when compared to those who are not intubated which is similar with the studies done in Kenya and Brazil (AOR = 10.7, p < 0.001) and (AOR: 6.37, p < 0.001) respectively( 38 , 40 ). The possible explanation for this association could be related that mechanical ventilators commenced for the patients with respiratory failure, unable to protect the airway and hemodynamic instability. Furthermore, patients who have respiratory failure and need intubation are more vulnerable for ventilator associated pneumonia and other nosocomial infections and lack off culture studies in the study setup. Furthermore the finding of this study forwards that there is significant positively associated between the need of DVT prophylaxis and patient death with (AOR: 4.0, 95% CI: 1.5, 10.5)patients who didn’t use DVT prophylaxis had 4 times higher risk to death than those who use it, which is comparable with the studies done in London, previous venous thromboembolism (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.4, 10.6)( 41 ). This association may be since patients in the ICU are immobile, may be higher risk to hypercoagulability and vessel injury, they can easily develop DVT, Pulmonary thromboembolism which may contribute high mortality rate. The finding of this study shows that there significant positive association between analgesics and patient death (AOR = 8.1, 95% CI: 1.7, 38.7). Patients who didn’t use anti pain had 8.1 times higher risk of death compared to those who use it.This is parallel with study conducted in European countries (AOR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03–1.08) ( 42 ). This association may be due to unrelieved pain in the ICU has been linked to adverse effects such as prolonged intubation, infections, hemodynamic instability, delirium, and may lead to unstable vital signs. Inappropriate pain assessment and management could contribute high ICU mortality rate because of this, improvement of pain assessment and management would have important for good prognostic ICU outcomes. The result of the study also shows that there is association between vasopressor/inotropes and patient death (AOR = 12.1, 95% CI: 3.8, 38.2). Patients who use of inotropes has 12times high risk to deaththan those patients who didn’t used it. This comparable with study done on effects of Inotropes on the Mortality in Patients with Septic Shock epinephrine, epinephrine (AOR = 3.8, 95%, CI: 1.1, 13.6), dobutamine (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.1, 13.7)( 43 ). This association can explained sepsis can cause sepsis induced cardiomyopathy, which is temporary myocardial dysfunction, and it is known that sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy is associated with worse outcomes. CONCLUSION The mortality rate in the intensive care unit was considerable high, which is higher than in study conducted in Mekele. Significant association were found between death of patientsin the ICU and need for mechanical ventilator, patients who don’t use DVT prophylaxis, patients who don’t use analgesics, inotropes/vasopressors and short ICU stay. The study revealed that there was not significant association between clinical outcomes (dead) of ICU patients and age of the patients, sex of the patients, pattern of admission, diagnosis, comorbidities, use of major antibiotics, and ulcer prophylaxis. Limitation of the study Due to missing data on the patients’ charts, variables related to vital signs on admission, Physiologic and laboratory variables necessary to calculate severity and prognostic score such as sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System (APACHE) were not analysed, the study also shares the limitation of retrospective cross-sectional study designs. Recommendation For the hospital:- ICU set up needs more advanced invasive monitoring, perfussor, defibrillator and departmentalized ICU isrecommended for patient care and managements, supply of emergency equipmentand medications. For health care professionals:- The majority of ICU patients were dying with-in 1-5days of admission. Therefore, improving the acute critical care through the expansion of the care, early and timely intervention. Implementation of admission criteria protocols and other local guidelines. For future research:- Lastly, this study only assessed a one year retrospective record analysis and this study suggests that further studies should be conducted. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the School of Graduate Studies, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University Research and Ethical Committee (REC JJU/SGS/MPH/033/59 ). A cooperation letter was obtained from the management of the hospital prior to data collection. All data collected were treated confidentially and used solely for the purpose of this study. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, patient consent was not required. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. ORCID Amin Ugas Mahad https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8009-6654 Funding statement: The authors did not receive any specific funding for this work. Authors' contributions: Mohamedamin Ahmed Ibrahim, Amin Ugas Mahad, Shilpa GS, Getachew G, and Ahmed Mohammed Ibrahim contributed to the study conception, design, data collection, analysis, and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to everybody who contributed to this original article at any step. Data Availability Statement The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References (FMoH) FMoH. ICU admission and discharge criteria protocol (2016) :5–11 Miller's A (2015) ;2-Volume Set, 8E Wikipedia what is ICU?' Hendry R, Sawe JA, Mfinanga, Salum J, Lidenge, Boniventura CT, Mpondo S, Msangi E, Lugazia et al (2014) Disease patterns and clinical outcomes of patients admitted in intensive care units of tertiary referral hospitals of Tanzania. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 14:26 K A (2012) National Intensive Care Unit Bed Capacity and ICU Patient Characteristics in a Low Income Country. BMC Res Notes 5:475 Koirala S, Ghimire A, Sharma A, Bhattarai B (2011) ICU admission and outcomes in a community-based tertiary care hospital: an audit of one year. Health Renaissance 9(2):83–87 CD (2010) Critical care in the developing world - a challenge for us all. Crit Care 14(2):131 UV O (2009) Challenges in critical care services in Sub-Saharan Africa: perspectives from Nigeria. Indian J Crit Care Med 13(1):25–27 DC (1998) Grappling with intensive care unit quality-Does the readmission rate tells us anything? Crit Care Med 26(2):1779–1780 Nega Desalegn, Haile M (2015) Causes of Admission and out Comes among Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Mothers Admitted to Jimma University Specialized Hospital Intensive Care Unit. Clin Med Res Nov 5:4:154–159 W AAM (2014) Reasons for admission and mortalities following admissions in the intensive care unit of a specialized hospital, in Ethiopia. Int J Med Med Sci 6(9):195–200 Simpson HK, Clancy M, Goldfrad C, Rowan K (2005) Admissions to intensive care units from emergency departments: a descriptive study. Emerg Med J 22(13):423–428 Marshall JC, Bosco L, Neill KA, bronwen Connolly JV, Diaz T, Dorman et al (2017) What is an ICU? A report of the task force of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. J Crit Care Feb 37:270–276 S. M, A. L, NKJ A. Intensive Care Unit Capacity in Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE (2015) ;10(1): e0116949 TE O (1992) Intensive care in Hong kong where now? J Hong kong Med Ass Association. ;44(57) Tesema HG, Lema GF, Mesfin N, Fentei DY, Arefayne NR Admission pattern, Clinical outcome and associated factors among patients admitted in medical intensive care unit at University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. A retrospective cross-sectional study. Res Square. 21 August 2019;1. Sophia E, de Rooij A, Abu-Hanna M, Levi J (eds) (2005) Factors that predict outcome of intensive care treatment in very elderly patients. ;9(4):R307–R14 Engdahl Mtango S, Lugazia E, Baker U, Johansson Y (2019) T B. Referral and admission to intensive care: A qualitative study of doctors’ practices in a Tanzanian university hospital. PLoS ONE ;14 e.0224355(10) Poluyi EO, Fadiran OOPC et al (2016) Profile of Intensive Care Unit Admissions and Outcomes in a Tertiary Care Center of a Developing Country in West Africa: A 5 Year Analysis. J Intensive Crit Care ;2(3) Maria Maniou RNM, Laboratory collaborator (2012) Nursing department, ΑTEI Crete. admissions to an Intensive Care Unit of Crete.Venizelio-Pananio’ General Hospital of Heraklion. Heal Sci J July-Sep ;6(3) De Jong A, Verzilli D, Sebbane M, Monnin M, Belafia F, Cisse M et al (2018) Medical vs. surgical ICU obese patient outcome: a propensity-matched analysis to review clinical trial Controversies. Fr Crit Care Med 46(4):e294–e301 Jigeeshu VD, Amin PR, Ramakrishnan N, Todi FNKS, Sahu S et al (2016) Intensive Care in India: the Indain Intensive Care case mix and practice pattern study. Indian J Crit Care Med Apr 20(4):216–225 Ghanshani R, Rajeev BS, Gupta S, Kalra RSK, Smita Sood (2015) Epidemiological study of prevalence, determinants and outcome of infections in medical Intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital in India. Lung India 5 September-October 32:441–448 Onyekwulu FA, U AS (2015) Pattern of admission and outcome of patients admitted in to the Intensive Care Unit of the university of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu: a five year review. Niger J Clin Prac 18:775–779 al TSSe (2016) Retrospective Descriptive Study of an Intensive Care Unit at a Ugandan Regional Referral Hospital. World J Surg 40:2847–2856 Melaku Z, Alemayehu M, Oli K, Tizazu G (2006) Pattern of admissions to the Medical Intensive Care Unit of Addis Ababa University Teaching Hospital. Ethiop Med J 44:33–42 . BA 27SK (2017) T. B, T W. admission patterns and outcomes in the medical intensive care unit of st.paul’s hospital millennium medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. ;55(1) Agidew A Retrospective assessment of admission and outcome in Intensive Care Unit in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Jimma, Ethiopia. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res March 01–03, 2018;9. Kibreab Gidey A, Hailu, Bayray A (2018) Pattern and outcome of medical Intensive Care Unit admission to Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital In Tigray, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. ;56(1) Moreno RP, Metnitz PGH, Almeida E, Jordan B, Bauer P, Campos RA et al (2005) SAPS 3—From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2: Development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission. Intensive Care Med 31:1345–1355 Vincent JLMJ, Namendys-Silva SA, Francois B, Martin-Loeches I, Lipman J et al (2014) Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: the intensive care over nations (ICON) audit. Lancet Respiratory Med 2(5):380–386 Ilori IUKQ (2012) Intensive care admissions and outcome at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. J Crit Care 27(1):105 Rhodes AMR (2012) Intensive care provision: a global problem. Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva 24(4):322–325 Manika Muteya M, Kakoma Sakatolo ZJB 3, KNM, M3 KN, O MK HMT (2017) Epidemiological Profile of ICU Mortality at the Lubumbashi University Teaching Hospital, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Sci Res (IJSR) 6(9):2319–7064 Bonkoungou PTI, Bako YP, Sanou J, Ouédraogo N (2014) La mortalité en réanimation polyvalente du centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou au Burkina – Faso. Reanim Ann Fr Anesth 33S:A310–A4 Gundo RLE, Maluwa A (2014) An Audit of Admissions to Intensive Care Unit at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Malawi. Open J Nurs 4:583–589 Strand KWS, Reinikainen M, Ala-Kokko T, Nolin T, Martner J et al (2010) Variations in the length of stay of intensive care unit nonsurvivors in three Scandinavian countries. J Crit Care 14(5):R175 Lalani HSW-SW, Mwogi T, Kituyi P, Egger JR, Park LP et al (2018) Intensive care outcomes and mortality prediction at a national referral hospital in western Kenya. Annals Am Thorac Soc 15(11):1336–1343 Suleiman MAAO, Gete Getish B Clinical outcomes of patients admitted in intensive care units of Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital of Hosanna, Southern Ethiopia. Int J Med Med Sci. 2017:79–85 p Toufen CJ, Franca SA, Okamoto VN, Salge JM, Carvalho CRR (2013) Infection as an independent risk factor for mortality in the surgical intensive care unit. Clin (Sao Paulo) 68(8):1103–1108 Lauzier F, Muscedere J, Deland É, Kutsogiannis D, Jacka M, Heels-Ansdell D et al (2014) Thromboprophylaxis patterns and determinants in critically ill patients: a multicenter audit, vol 18. Critical care, London, England, p R82 Puntillo KA, Max A, Timsit J-F, Vignoud L, Chanques G, Robleda G et al (2013) Determinants of Procedural Pain Intensity in the Intensive Care Unit. The Europain® Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189(1):39–47 Sato R, Ariyoshi N, Hasegawa D, Crossey E, Hamahata N, Ishihara T et al (2019) Effects of Inotropes on the Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock. J Intensive Care Med. :0885066619892218 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files ANNEX1Questionaire.docx Quationaire used for data collection Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Part 2: development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission. Modified (30)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Capture1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473798/v1/1978819afe49829dff6d8e9e.png"},{"id":99601867,"identity":"f40cef4f-5920-4ac9-a6e9-f8cb4d7635b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 10:51:42","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17434,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource of ICU admission of the Study Participants in ICU JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Capture2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473798/v1/7d418b79416e220beecbf03a.png"},{"id":99601874,"identity":"258a20e0-de35-4101-8ecb-09c8bbcac816","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 10:51:43","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShowing comorbidities among patients admitted in the ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020G.C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Capture3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473798/v1/e1241189001d9cf8409ecd6c.png"},{"id":99601873,"identity":"7e30727d-a754-4753-af61-6ce5a97b4e86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 10:51:43","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20166,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShowing ICU Outcome of the Study Participants in ICU JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Capture4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473798/v1/7caddf586c7637758ce61b67.png"},{"id":100356298,"identity":"1bcf158a-80a9-45b9-8df3-119bfaa6fec7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 06:59:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2117355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473798/v1/dfbd5f2f-c85a-4833-9079-b93643cce59f.pdf"},{"id":99601875,"identity":"96399c2a-177e-42e0-ab7b-c18c53d0ee9a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-06 10:51:43","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":23412,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eQuationaire used for data collection\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ANNEX1Questionaire.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8473798/v1/ee15a9ce91c1fa3fdc8fd816.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Outcome And Associated Factors Among Patients Admittedto The Intensive Care Unit Of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital, Somali Region, Ethiopia, 2020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"BACKGROUND","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntensive care Unit (ICU) is a hospital area dedicated to the management and monitoring of patients sever-life threatening condition, that is specially staffed, and equipped, separate, and self- supporting. This offers specialized resources and support for essential activities and uses the expertise of medical, nursing and other professionals who experience the challenges(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe practice of critical care medicine came into being in the 1940s when poliomyelitis patients suffered revolutionary changes from anesthesiologists. Intensives are able to treat and support critically ill people by developing new equipment, procedures, and medicines through more invasive procedures. With an ageing population and increasing availability of medical technology, the ICU, have become a critical component of modern hospital care(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eICUs have large differences in quantities and quality of working facilities required to provide properly critical care services in developing countries, especially Sub-Saharan African(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Knowledge of ICU patients\u0026rsquo; characteristics and outcomes in developing countries may assist in identifying the priority allocation of resources and improving these types of care(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to resource allocation, intensive care also requires considerable time and effort to treat and improve the survival of critically ill patients on behalf of medical and nursing staff. Patients from all departments in the hospital must have a broad range of clinical experiences and an integrated approach to the patient care system as a result of their admittance(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main purpose of the ICU is to prevent the deaths of patients with serious illness, who are at high risk of death and are monitored closely. But it costs all those involved in the hospital, staff and patient care provider a huge amount(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The result of the ICU can be assessed by using indicators like death rate on the basis of the results such as death or survival. The ICU will typically be admitted for patients with a reasonable chance of survival and reversible condition(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).Patients with reversible diseases that can be enhanced by close supervisory and complication treatments in an ICU. From the point of view of reality, there are conditions in the ICU where the most complex and costly administration cannot change the situation(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn their respective dimensions and capabilities the ICUs have established a highly specialized area. This variation occurs among regions, states, and even hospitals. The types of ICU can be General, cardiothoracic, pediatric, neonatal, coronary care types may be available as well as for medical, operative, neurosurgical, burns, and trauma(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Intensive care units (ICUs) have become independent divisions of the majority of hospitals in developed countries with career-intense medical doctors, intensivists from different fields of medicine, but ICUs are run by anesthesiologists in countries which have no intensivists(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe critical patient survival rate is high through well-organized ICU, the early detection and effective timely intervention and very well-drafted and equipped ICU. A reversal of the admission indication, or the resolution of the unstable physiological condition promoting admission to the units, will be used to evaluate and consider patients to discharge them(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally, the biggest challenge in the management of patients with serious illness or accidents is to recognize those who would benefit the most from ICU admission without overriding ICU referrals(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Intensive care units (ICUs) are now included in the health system. Whereas the majority of ICUs are located in high-income countries, they are increasingly characteristic of low- and medium-income health care systems(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). In developing countries, there is an insufficiency of ICU beds and more than 50% of these countries lack any published data on ICU capacity. In low-income countries, most ICUs are located in large referral hospitals in cities. ICU services are apparently limited in low-income countries(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproximately 4\u0026nbsp;million ICU admissions are available in United-state annually, 79% of those survive, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, nearly 164,000 patients are admitted each year(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mortality rate of elderly patients is higher as compared to the survivors of elderly and younger patients in ICU. Nevertheless, it is not age but related factors, such as pre-illness health condition, co-morbidity and disease frequency that tends to be the primary cause of the poorer prognosis. Patient\u0026rsquo;s sovereignty over life-sustaining care greatly influences the likelihood of outcome. Commonly used prediction models for very elderly patients have not been adapted for use. They also fail to address long-term survival and functional outcome(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). The requirement of intensive care often goes beyond available beds, even in High-Income Countries; therefore accessing the services of intensive care is needed. According to the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine patients who are most likely to recover from intensive care should be prioritized(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ethiopian health sector faces a double burden of disease due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and fast-growing conditions. While the health care facilities have been rising and impaired, it has been almost impossible to obtain adequate critical care. The rudimentary state of acute medical practices is found. Patients were treated sub-optimally due to this situation. Morbidity and mortality associated with accidents, acute illness and complication related labor and delivery are high(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eICU care was introduced in Ethiopia only some decades ago. Black Lion Hospital was the first to establish an ICU. Currently in Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital (JJUSHYRH) with only five beds available for ICU, it\u0026rsquo;s prudent to have a basic understanding of which patients are treated and the outcome of the treatment. Starting from the opening of the ICU of JJUSHYRH (2010 E.C/2018G.C.) many patients have been admitted and treated. However, there is no recent study that summarizes the pattern and outcome of patients in the ICU. So this study is intended to assess the clinical outcomes and associated factors among patient admitted to the ICU of JJUSHYRH during a period of one year. Furthemore Evaluation of the morbidity and outcome of admitted patients can assess the efficacy of treatment, making it possible to make better decisions, to further improve quality of care, to standardize the unit, and to ensure effective management of the resources\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS AND MATERIALS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area and period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in ICU of JJUSHYRH, south eastern Ethiopia. JJUSHYRH is a referral and teaching hospital situated in \u003cb\u003eJigjiga town\u003c/b\u003e, the hospital gives different inpatient and outpatient services to the population in the surrounding area of Jigjiga town and referral service to south eastern population of the country (a catchment population of about 7\u0026nbsp;million). Currently there are five beds and four functional mechanical ventilator machines, one defibrillator, five non-invasive patient monitors, five infusion pumps, one electro-cardio-graph (ECG), and 4 four functional suction machines. Fourteen trained ICU nurses and 1 untrained nurse, 2 consultant anesthesiologist, and 3 general practitioner doctors and one trained biomedical engineering are present in the ICU of JJUSHYRH round the clock. From June 1st to June 30th 2020.G.C. 210 patients were admitted in the ICU.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInstitutional based retrospective cross – sectional study design was employed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSource and study population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSource population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical records of all patients’ who were admitted to ICU of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital from September 11, 2018 to September 11, 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll sampled Medical records of all patients’ who were admitted to ICU from September 11 2018 to September 11 2019 and fulfil inclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInclusion\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll patients who were admitted to ICU and fully medical recorded information were included in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eExclusion\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDead on arrivals\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample size determination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince the study is retrospective it is not needed to calculate prevalence, all sampled (n = 210) was taken as sample size to increase the power of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling technique\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsecutive sampling technique was used to collect the data from the records of all patients admitted to the ICU.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection techniques and tools\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collection tool was adapted after review of relevant literature(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). The registration of ICU was first reviewed, then after by having patients file number/patient record, card review was done in the record room. Data were collected by three trained data collectors used to retrieve information about patient demographic characteristic, pattern of ICU admission, reason for admission, duration of ICU stay, nature of interventions and patient outcome through patient record or card review in the record room, close supervision was done by the supervisor and principal investigator and each filled check list was rechecked for completeness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collectors were given one day of training about data collection technique, objective, relevance of the study, confidentiality of information, pre-test, and techniques of collecting proper data\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIndependent variable Dependent variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge Patient outcome (transfer to wards/dead)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical ventilation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of ICU stay\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis of disease (primary disease)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-morbidity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePattern of admission\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse major therapeutic options\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation before ICU admission\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData quality control\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collectors were assigned from Karamara General Hospital, Jigjiga, for the reduction of bias. One week before the actual survey, pre-test was carried out one month (May 2020) of documented patients’ charts in ICU of JJUSHYRH, hence there is no other ICU in the region with similar character of 10% of the study population and necessary modification may be made before it is applied on the study population. Close supervision was done by supervisor and principle investigator. Three trained BSc nurses were done data collection procedure and proper recording was taken. Immediate checkup was carried out and any unfilled data was filled immediately. Data was placed properly in secured and safe place.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOperational definitions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIntensive Care Unit –\u003c/b\u003ePlace of health care delivery service for patients who needs life supporting service with potentially recoverable diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePattern of admission-\u003c/b\u003e the process in which the patient enters to the ICU. This could be from emergency, general wards of the hospital and other hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOutcome\u003c/b\u003e -patient status after critical care in the ICU which includes transfer to wards and died.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTransfer to wards\u003c/b\u003e –patient discharged alive by physician in the ICU\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDied-\u003c/b\u003e patient passed away in ICU after admission\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData processing and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was cleaned for inconsistence and missing values modification was considered as necessitate, coded and entered into Epi data version 3.02 and then it was exported into SPSS version 23.0 for analysis. Characteristics of study participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Model fitness was checked since for the value for COX and snell R square (0.46) was greater than 0.05 the model was well fitted. In bivariate logistic regression, variables with a P value of \u0026lt; 0.25 were considered candidate for multivariate logistic regression, in order to describe the relation of dependent and independent variables, Bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the effect of co-variance on dependent variable with 95% CI and P value less than 0.05 was considered statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical consideration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior to the study ethical approval was obtained from the school of Graduate studies, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University Research and Ethical Committee (REC) \u003cb\u003eJJU/SGS/MPH/033/59\u003c/b\u003e. Cooperation letter was obtained from management of the hospital before data collection. All data obtained in the course of the study was kept confidentially and used solely for the purpose of the study. Due to the retrospective character of the study, patient’s consent was not necessary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULT","content":"\u003ch2\u003ePatient’s demographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the study period out of 210 patients were admitted in ICU of JJUSHYRH among the reviewed patients card their age category were 1month to 80 years, the majority age group 46(21.9%), were between 20-29years old, while the least 12 (5.7%).was those who were \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≥\u003c/span\u003e 70years old, The mean of age the patients was 4.1 \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e±\u003c/span\u003e 1.91. Regarding sex of the patients 126 (60.0%) of them were male and 84 (40.0%) were female. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Distribution of patient’s-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants among patients admitted to the ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n = 210)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge categories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0–9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10–19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20–29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30–39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40–49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50–59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60–69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≥\u003c/span\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAdmission Characteristics and co-morbidities\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom 210 admitted patient, 68 (32.3%) were admitted from the emergency department (ED) which is the major source of ICU admission, 58(27.6) of them were from surgery (including emergency operative and selective ones), while 49 (23.3%), were from internal medicine, 25 (11.9%) Gyn/obs and10 (4.7%) paediatrics respectively \u003cb\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCause of ICU admission\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding the admission, the most leading cause ICU admission was acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) including impending respiratory failure from emergency and internal Medicine 23 (11.0%), followed by Myocardial infarction (MI) 22(10.5%), immediate post-op 33 (15.7%) and severe traumatic brain injury(STBI) 23 (11.0%)from surgery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom specific diagnoses that lead to ICU admissions among surgical patients was immediate post-op, 33(15.7%), from internal medicine the common cause of ICU admission were ARDS 23 (11.0%), from Gyn/obstetric the leading cause of admission in ICU was severe Eclampsia 24(11.4%), from pediatric department complicated pyogenic meningitis7 (3.3%) respectively. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Distribution of Cases (diagnosis) of ICU admitted pt. in ICU JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCases (diagnosis)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n = 210)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInternal Medicine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eARDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStroke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecardio-genic shock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetanus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSurgery\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmediate post-op\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTBI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeptic shock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epost cardiac-arrest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehypovolemic shock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esubdural hematoma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGyn/Obs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSever Eclampsia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePaediatrics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplicated Pyogenic Meningitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eICU Co-morbidities\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding co-morbidities, out of 210 admitted patients in the ICU 162 (77.1%)of them had no co-morbidities, meanwhile 29 (13.8%) had HTN respectively.\u003cb\u003e( Fig.\u0026nbsp;3)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eICU outcome and overall management\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding ICU outcome, the mortality rate was found to be 40.0%( 95% CI: 33.8, 46.7). From the total admission 126 (60.0%) patients were transferred to their respective wards and 84(40.0%) were died. From specific cause of death the commonest was multi-organ failure (MOF) 70 (83.3%), followed by brain herniation 6 (7.1%), massive MI 6(7.1%) and other problems related to ventilator problem 2(2.4%). \u003cb\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;4)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDistribution of length of ICU stays, mechanical ventilation and their outcome among patient’s admitted to the ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRendering to their length of stay in ICU 144(68.6%) patients stayed 1–5 days, from this 95 (45.2%) were transferred to their respective wards, 49(23.3%) patients died. The median length of ICU stay was found to be 3 days \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e±\u003c/span\u003e 3.1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding about mechanical ventilation from the total of 210, 104 (49.5%) of them were intubated. among those intubated patient’s 37(17.6%) were transferred to their respective wards and 67 (31.9%) were died.Among non-ventilated patient’s 89(42.3%) of them were transferred to their respective wards and 17 (8.0%) were died. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Distribution of length of ICU stays, mechanical ventilation and their outcome among patients admitted to the ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of stay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer to wards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-5days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-10days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11-20days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21-25days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≥\u003c/span\u003e 26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMechanical Ventilation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer to wards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMechanical Ventilation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOver all ICU management\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom total admission of 210 admitted patients, 191 (91.0%) of them were on antibiotics and 19 (9.0%) were not received antibiotics. Furthermore, 130 (61.9%), 79 (37.6%), 178(84.7%) and 50(23.8%) were on ulcer prophylaxis, DVT prophylaxis, anti-pain and Inotropes/vasopressors respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong admitted surgical patient to ICU 38 (18.0%) were transferred to surgical ward and 20 (9.5%) died. From internal medicine patients 27 (12.8%) were transferred to medical ward, 22(10.4%) died. Among gyn/obstetric patients 18(8.5%) were transferred to their wards, 7(3.3%) died. From pediatric patients 6 (2.8%) were transferred to ward, 4(1.9%) died and from emergency department 37 (17.6%) were transferred to their respective wards and 31 (14.7%) were died in ICU.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConcerning patients’ age, from 20–29, age group 32 (15.2%), were transferred to their respective wards respectively and from age groups that has the highest death was observed in 30–39 age group 19 (9.0%) and the least 5 (2.3%) was observed in age group \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≥\u003c/span\u003e 70 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding about the sex of patients admitted to ICU during the study period 72 (34.3%) of male and 54 (25.7%) of female patients were transferred to their respective wards, and 54 (25.7%) of male and 30 (14.3%) of female patients were died. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-Distribution of Patient’s age, sex and their outcome and their outcome among patient’s admitted to the ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatients’ age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge Categories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDead (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer to wards (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0–9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10–19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20–29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30–39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40–49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50–59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60–69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≥\u003c/span\u003e 70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatients’ Sex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex of the patients\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (34.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFactors associated with clinical outcome among patients in the intensive care unit of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare referral hospital\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Bivariate logistic regression patient outcome status comorbidities, (no comorbidities (COR = 4.8, 95% CI: 0.5, 40.0, HTN(5.6, 95% CI: 1.6, 52.3, DM (COR = 7.0, 95% CI: 1.5, 86.3)), Length of stay in the ICU in 1-5days (COR = 0.7, 95% CI:0.1, 4.7), Mechanical ventilation (COR = 9.4, 95% CI: 4.9, 18.2), ulcer prophylaxis (COR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.4, 4.8), DVT prophylaxis(COR = 2.4 95% CI: 1.3, 4.2), inotropes/vase-pressers.(COR = 10.5, 95% CI: 4.8, 22.8), and analgesic (COR = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.5, 11.7)were significantly associated with patients outcome (dead) at \u003cb\u003eP-value \u0026lt; 0.25\u003c/b\u003e among patients admitted in the ICU of JJUSHYRH. \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate logistic regression of clinical outcome among patients in ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOR 95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDead (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer to wards (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCo-morbidities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(40.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(59.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.8 (0.5, 40.0)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHTN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(44.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(55.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.6 (1.6, 52.3)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.0 (1.5, 86.3)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalignancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(40.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(59.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLOS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-10hours\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (90.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.0 (0.9, 228.8)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-5days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(34.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (66.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.1, 4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-10days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0 (0.1, 6.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11-15days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 (0.1, 13.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≥\u003c/span\u003e 26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMV\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (64.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(35.5 )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.4(4.9, 18.2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (84.0 )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUlcer prophylaxis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63(48.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (51.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.6 (1.4, 4.8)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(26.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(73.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDVT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(53.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(46.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.4 (1.3, 4.2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(32.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(68.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInotropes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(80.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.5 (4.8, 22.8)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(27.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116(72.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnalgesics(anti pain)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.3 (1.5, 11.7\u003c/b\u003e)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(15.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(84.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-Value \u0026lt; 0.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn bivariate logistic regression 7 variables were eligible at P-value \u0026lt; 0.25 (comorbidities, diagnosis, length of stay in the ICU, mechanical ventilation, DVT prophylaxis, analgesic/anti-pain, and inotropes/vasopressors) were performed for bivariate model. And those eligible variables at P-value less than 0.05 have been taken for subsequent model (multivariate).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMultivariate logistic regression of clinical outcome among patients in ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn multivariate logistic regression LOS in ICU (1-5days (AOR = 15.2, 95% CI: 1.2, 184.2)), MV (AOR = 24.1, 95% CI:8.5, 68.2), DVT prophylaxis (AOR = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.5, 10.5), inotropes/vasopressors (AOR = 12.1, 95% CI: 3.8, 38.2), analgesic/anti-pain (AOR = 8.1, 95% CI: 1.7, 38.7) were significantly associated with the outcome variable \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate logistic regression of clinical outcome among patients in ICU of JJUSHYRH, 2020 G.C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR 95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP- value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDead (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfer to wards (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLOS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-10hours\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (90.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359.8(10.5, 123.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-5days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(34.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (66.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.2 (1.2, 184.2)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6-10days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 (1.0, 198.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11-15days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 (0.4, 96.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21-25days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 (0.0, 54.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≥\u003c/span\u003e 26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(40.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNeed of Mechanical Ventilation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (64.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(35.5 )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.1 (8.5, 68.2)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (84.0 )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDVT prophylaxis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(53.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(46.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.0 (1.5, 10.5)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(32.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(68.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInotropes/vasopressors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(80.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(20.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.1 (3.8, 38.2)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(27.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116(72.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnalgesics(anti pain)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.1 (1.7, 38.7)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(84.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(15.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eP value \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study was conducted to assess clinical outcome and associated factors among patients admitted to the ICU of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare referral hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outcomes of patients admitted to intensive care unit depends on the clinical condition of patients on admission, level of training and experience of staffs, supply, structure and dimensions of the unit(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the mortality rate in ICU were found to be 40.0%( 95% CI: 33.8, 46.7) this finding is comparable with studies done in Addis Ababa (39%), Tanzania (41.1%) and Uganda (40.1%), (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e).However, this result was lower in studies done in Congo, Burkina Faso and Malawi 43.7%, 51.6% and 60.9% (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR35\" citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e).On the other hand, this result was higher than studies done in Mekelle, Ethiopia (27%), Nigeria (34.6%), and Scandinavian countries (9.1%\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e), (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis discrepancy might be due to lack of necessary medical equipment\u0026rsquo;s (ABG analyzer machine, portable dialysis machine and portable x-ray service), study period, ICU infrastructure, and training of the staff. In addition, lack of high dependency unit in the study area may contribute high mortality rate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the median length of ICU stay found to be 3 days which has positively significant association with patient death(AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.2, 95% CI: 1.2, 184.2\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, In addition, patients who stayed in ICU for less than four days were 15.2 times more likely to die than patients who stayed four or more days with which is comparable with the study done in Uganda (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), Tanzania and Kenya (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). However, this result was different from the study conducted in Hosanna, the length of ICU stay was more than 14 days with ICU mortality (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.1,P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.039)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis inconsistency might be explained due to late arrival to ICU and delay in intervention, shortage of crucial emergency drugs, absence of airway management equipment\u0026rsquo;s in the wards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe finding of this study was also discovered that there is significant positive association between the need for mechanical ventilation and patient death (AOR: 24.1, 95% CI: 8.5, 68.2) patients who are intubated has 24.1 times higher risk of death when compared to those who are not intubated which is similar with the studies done in Kenya and Brazil (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.7, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and (AOR: 6.37, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) respectively(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe possible explanation for this association could be related that mechanical ventilators commenced for the patients with respiratory failure, unable to protect the airway and hemodynamic instability. Furthermore, patients who have respiratory failure and need intubation are more vulnerable for ventilator associated pneumonia and other nosocomial infections and lack off culture studies in the study setup.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore the finding of this study forwards that there is significant positively associated between the need of DVT prophylaxis and patient death with (AOR: 4.0, 95% CI: 1.5, 10.5)patients who didn\u0026rsquo;t use DVT prophylaxis had 4 times higher risk to death than those who use it, which is comparable with the studies done in London, previous venous thromboembolism (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.4, 10.6)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis association may be since patients in the ICU are immobile, may be higher risk to hypercoagulability and vessel injury, they can easily develop DVT, Pulmonary thromboembolism which may contribute high mortality rate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe finding of this study shows that there significant positive association between analgesics and patient death (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.1, 95% CI: 1.7, 38.7). Patients who didn\u0026rsquo;t use anti pain had 8.1 times higher risk of death compared to those who use it.This is parallel with study conducted in European countries (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.06, 95% CI: 1.03\u0026ndash;1.08) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis association may be due to unrelieved pain in the ICU has been linked to adverse effects such as prolonged intubation, infections, hemodynamic instability, delirium, and may lead to unstable vital signs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInappropriate pain assessment and management could contribute high ICU mortality rate because of this, improvement of pain assessment and management would have important for good prognostic ICU outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result of the study also shows that there is association between vasopressor/inotropes and patient death (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.1, 95% CI: 3.8, 38.2). Patients who use of inotropes has 12times high risk to deaththan those patients who didn\u0026rsquo;t used it. This comparable with study done on effects of Inotropes on the Mortality in Patients with Septic Shock epinephrine, epinephrine (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.8, 95%, CI: 1.1, 13.6), dobutamine (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.9, 95% CI: 1.1, 13.7)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis association can explained sepsis can cause sepsis induced cardiomyopathy, which is temporary myocardial dysfunction, and it is known that sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy is associated with worse outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe mortality rate in the intensive care unit was considerable high, which is higher than in study conducted in Mekele. Significant association were found between death of patientsin the ICU and need for mechanical ventilator, patients who don\u0026rsquo;t use DVT prophylaxis, patients who don\u0026rsquo;t use analgesics, inotropes/vasopressors and short ICU stay.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that there was not significant association between clinical outcomes (dead) of ICU patients and age of the patients, sex of the patients, pattern of admission, diagnosis, comorbidities, use of major antibiotics, and ulcer prophylaxis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitation of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to missing data on the patients\u0026rsquo; charts, variables related to vital signs on admission, Physiologic and laboratory variables necessary to calculate severity and prognostic score such as sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System (APACHE) were not analysed, the study also shares the limitation of retrospective cross-sectional study designs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRecommendation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFor the hospital:-\u003c/b\u003e ICU set up needs more advanced invasive monitoring, perfussor, defibrillator and departmentalized ICU isrecommended for patient care and managements, supply of emergency equipmentand medications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFor health care professionals:-\u003c/b\u003eThe majority of ICU patients were dying with-in 1-5days of admission. Therefore, improving the acute critical care through the expansion of the care, early and timely intervention. Implementation of admission criteria protocols and other local guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFor future research:-\u003c/b\u003eLastly, this study only assessed a one year retrospective record analysis and this study suggests that further studies should be conducted.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical approval for this study was obtained from the School of Graduate Studies, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University Research and Ethical Committee \u003cb\u003e(REC JJU/SGS/MPH/033/59\u003c/b\u003e). A cooperation letter was obtained from the management of the hospital prior to data collection. All data collected were treated confidentially and used solely for the purpose of this study. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, patient consent was not required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical trial number:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eORCID\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmin Ugas Mahad \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-8009-6654\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8009-6654\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding statement:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors did not receive any specific funding for this work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthors' contributions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMohamedamin Ahmed Ibrahim, Amin Ugas Mahad, Shilpa GS, Getachew G, and Ahmed Mohammed Ibrahim contributed to the study conception, design, data collection, analysis, and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors express their gratitude to everybody who contributed to this original article at any step.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e(FMoH) FMoH. ICU admission and discharge criteria protocol (2016) :5\u0026ndash;11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMiller's A (2015) ;2-Volume Set, 8E\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWikipedia what is ICU?'\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHendry R, Sawe JA, Mfinanga, Salum J, Lidenge, Boniventura CT, Mpondo S, Msangi E, Lugazia et al (2014) Disease patterns and clinical outcomes of patients admitted in intensive care units of tertiary referral hospitals of Tanzania. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 14:26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK A (2012) National Intensive Care Unit Bed Capacity and ICU Patient Characteristics in a Low Income Country. BMC Res Notes 5:475\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKoirala S, Ghimire A, Sharma A, Bhattarai B (2011) ICU admission and outcomes in a community-based tertiary care hospital: an audit of one year. Health Renaissance 9(2):83\u0026ndash;87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCD (2010) Critical care in the developing world - a challenge for us all. Crit Care 14(2):131\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUV O (2009) Challenges in critical care services in Sub-Saharan Africa: perspectives from Nigeria. Indian J Crit Care Med 13(1):25\u0026ndash;27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDC (1998) Grappling with intensive care unit quality-Does the readmission rate tells us anything? Crit Care Med 26(2):1779\u0026ndash;1780\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNega Desalegn, Haile M (2015) Causes of Admission and out Comes among Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Mothers Admitted to Jimma University Specialized Hospital Intensive Care Unit. Clin Med Res Nov 5:4:154\u0026ndash;159\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eW AAM (2014) Reasons for admission and mortalities following admissions in the intensive care unit of a specialized hospital, in Ethiopia. Int J Med Med Sci 6(9):195\u0026ndash;200\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSimpson HK, Clancy M, Goldfrad C, Rowan K (2005) Admissions to intensive care units from emergency departments: a descriptive study. Emerg Med J 22(13):423\u0026ndash;428\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarshall JC, Bosco L, Neill KA, bronwen Connolly JV, Diaz T, Dorman et al (2017) What is an ICU? A report of the task force of the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. J Crit Care Feb 37:270\u0026ndash;276\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS. M, A. L, NKJ A. Intensive Care Unit Capacity in Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE (2015) ;10(1): e0116949\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTE O (1992) Intensive care in Hong kong where now? J Hong kong Med Ass Association. ;44(57)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTesema HG, Lema GF, Mesfin N, Fentei DY, Arefayne NR Admission pattern, Clinical outcome and associated factors among patients admitted in medical intensive care unit at University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. A retrospective cross-sectional study. Res Square. 21 August 2019;1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSophia E, de Rooij A, Abu-Hanna M, Levi J (eds) (2005) Factors that predict outcome of intensive care treatment in very elderly patients. ;9(4):R307\u0026ndash;R14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEngdahl Mtango S, Lugazia E, Baker U, Johansson Y (2019) T B. Referral and admission to intensive care: A qualitative study of doctors\u0026rsquo; practices in a Tanzanian university hospital. PLoS ONE ;14 e.0224355(10)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePoluyi EO, Fadiran OOPC et al (2016) Profile of Intensive Care Unit Admissions and Outcomes in a Tertiary Care Center of a Developing Country in West Africa: A 5 Year Analysis. J Intensive Crit Care ;2(3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaria Maniou RNM, Laboratory collaborator (2012) Nursing department, ΑTEI Crete. admissions to an Intensive Care Unit of Crete.Venizelio-Pananio\u0026rsquo; General Hospital of Heraklion. Heal Sci J July-Sep ;6(3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDe Jong A, Verzilli D, Sebbane M, Monnin M, Belafia F, Cisse M et al (2018) Medical vs. surgical ICU obese patient outcome: a propensity-matched analysis to review clinical trial Controversies. Fr Crit Care Med 46(4):e294\u0026ndash;e301\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJigeeshu VD, Amin PR, Ramakrishnan N, Todi FNKS, Sahu S et al (2016) Intensive Care in India: the Indain Intensive Care case mix and practice pattern study. Indian J Crit Care Med Apr 20(4):216\u0026ndash;225\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhanshani R, Rajeev BS, Gupta S, Kalra RSK, Smita Sood (2015) Epidemiological study of prevalence, determinants and outcome of infections in medical Intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital in India. Lung India 5 September-October 32:441\u0026ndash;448\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOnyekwulu FA, U AS (2015) Pattern of admission and outcome of patients admitted in to the Intensive Care Unit of the university of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu: a five year review. Niger J Clin Prac 18:775\u0026ndash;779\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eal TSSe (2016) Retrospective Descriptive Study of an Intensive Care Unit at a Ugandan Regional Referral Hospital. World J Surg 40:2847\u0026ndash;2856\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMelaku Z, Alemayehu M, Oli K, Tizazu G (2006) Pattern of admissions to the Medical Intensive Care Unit of Addis Ababa University Teaching Hospital. Ethiop Med J 44:33\u0026ndash;42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e. BA 27SK (2017) T. B, T W. admission patterns and outcomes in the medical intensive care unit of st.paul\u0026rsquo;s hospital millennium medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. ;55(1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgidew A Retrospective assessment of admission and outcome in Intensive Care Unit in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Jimma, Ethiopia. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res March 01\u0026ndash;03, 2018;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKibreab Gidey A, Hailu, Bayray A (2018) Pattern and outcome of medical Intensive Care Unit admission to Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital In Tigray, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. ;56(1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoreno RP, Metnitz PGH, Almeida E, Jordan B, Bauer P, Campos RA et al (2005) SAPS 3\u0026mdash;From evaluation of the patient to evaluation of the intensive care unit. Part 2: Development of a prognostic model for hospital mortality at ICU admission. Intensive Care Med 31:1345\u0026ndash;1355\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVincent JLMJ, Namendys-Silva SA, Francois B, Martin-Loeches I, Lipman J et al (2014) Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: the intensive care over nations (ICON) audit. Lancet Respiratory Med 2(5):380\u0026ndash;386\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIlori IUKQ (2012) Intensive care admissions and outcome at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. J Crit Care 27(1):105\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRhodes AMR (2012) Intensive care provision: a global problem. Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva 24(4):322\u0026ndash;325\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManika Muteya M, Kakoma Sakatolo ZJB 3, KNM, M3 KN, O MK HMT (2017) Epidemiological Profile of ICU Mortality at the Lubumbashi University Teaching Hospital, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J Sci Res (IJSR) 6(9):2319\u0026ndash;7064\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBonkoungou PTI, Bako YP, Sanou J, Ou\u0026eacute;draogo N (2014) La mortalit\u0026eacute; en r\u0026eacute;animation polyvalente du centre hospitalier universitaire Yalgado Ou\u0026eacute;draogo de Ouagadougou au Burkina \u0026ndash; Faso. Reanim Ann Fr Anesth 33S:A310\u0026ndash;A4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGundo RLE, Maluwa A (2014) An Audit of Admissions to Intensive Care Unit at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Malawi. Open J Nurs 4:583\u0026ndash;589\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStrand KWS, Reinikainen M, Ala-Kokko T, Nolin T, Martner J et al (2010) Variations in the length of stay of intensive care unit nonsurvivors in three Scandinavian countries. J Crit Care 14(5):R175\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLalani HSW-SW, Mwogi T, Kituyi P, Egger JR, Park LP et al (2018) Intensive care outcomes and mortality prediction at a national referral hospital in western Kenya. Annals Am Thorac Soc 15(11):1336\u0026ndash;1343\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuleiman MAAO, Gete Getish B Clinical outcomes of patients admitted in intensive care units of Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Hospital of Hosanna, Southern Ethiopia. Int J Med Med Sci. 2017:79\u0026ndash;85 p\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eToufen CJ, Franca SA, Okamoto VN, Salge JM, Carvalho CRR (2013) Infection as an independent risk factor for mortality in the surgical intensive care unit. Clin (Sao Paulo) 68(8):1103\u0026ndash;1108\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLauzier F, Muscedere J, Deland \u0026Eacute;, Kutsogiannis D, Jacka M, Heels-Ansdell D et al (2014) Thromboprophylaxis patterns and determinants in critically ill patients: a multicenter audit, vol 18. Critical care, London, England, p R82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePuntillo KA, Max A, Timsit J-F, Vignoud L, Chanques G, Robleda G et al (2013) Determinants of Procedural Pain Intensity in the Intensive Care Unit. The Europain\u0026reg; Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189(1):39\u0026ndash;47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSato R, Ariyoshi N, Hasegawa D, Crossey E, Hamahata N, Ishihara T et al (2019) Effects of Inotropes on the Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock. J Intensive Care Med. :0885066619892218\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Jigjiga University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"intensive care unit, critical care, clinical outcome, Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital Somali Region, Ethiopia, 2020","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8473798/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8473798/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn developing countries, there is an insufficiency of ICU beds and more than 50% of these countries lack any published data on ICU capacity. In low-income countries, most ICUs are located in large referral hospitals in cities. ICU services are apparently limited in low-income countries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e To assess the clinical outcomes and associated factors among patients admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital Somali Region, Ethiopia, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitutional based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted based on records of admitted patients from 1st June to 30th June. Data was collected by three trained data collectors. Data was entered, coded and cleaned by using the Epi-data software version 3.0 and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Bivariate logistic regression was done to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. In bivariate logistic regression, variables with a P value of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25 was considered as a candidate for multivariate logistic regression at 95% CI. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the level of statistical significance was declared at P-value less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e The highest admitted age group were 20\u0026ndash;29 years of age (21.9%).The mortality rate in ICU were found to be 40.0% (95% CI: 33.8, 46.7).More male dies than females 25.7%Vs.14.3%. The death rate is higher in 30\u0026ndash;39 age group 9%. Emergency department were admitted the highest admission 68 (32.4%). Highest cases of admission were Immediate post-op 33(15.7%) and ARDS 23 (11.0%). The commonest cause of death was multi-organ failure 70 (83.3%).Moreover, in multivariate logistic regression it was found that the clinical outcomes of patients in the ICU is associated with length of ICU stay (1-5days (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.2, 95% CI: 1.2, 184.2), need of Mechanical Ventilation (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.10, 95% CI: 8.5, 68.2), inotropes/vasopressors (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.1, 95% CI: 3.8, 38.2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e The mortality rate in the intensive care unit was considerable high. Significant association was found between clinical outcomes of ICU patients and need for mechanical ventilator, Deep Vein Thrombosis prophylaxis, analgesics, inotropes/vasopressors and short ICU stay.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Clinical Outcome And Associated Factors Among Patients Admittedto The Intensive Care Unit Of Jigjiga University Sheik Hassen Yabare Referral Hospital, Somali Region, Ethiopia, 2020","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-06 10:51:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8473798/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d57cde0c-91fe-4512-8324-56cf849c3bd9","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":60619758,"name":"Critical Care \u0026 Emergency Medicine"},{"id":60619759,"name":"General Practice"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-06T10:51:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-06 10:51:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8473798","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8473798","identity":"rs-8473798","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}