Physico-Mechanical Properties of Eggshell Powdered-Reinforced Laterite Composites for Sustainable Construction

Physico-Mechanical Properties of Eggshell Powdered-Reinforced Laterite Composites for Sustainable Construction | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Physico-Mechanical Properties of Eggshell Powdered-Reinforced Laterite Composites for Sustainable Construction John Yirijor⃰ This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6397051/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the enhancement of mechanical properties in laterite-based composites through the incorporation of powdered eggshells (ESP) for sustainable construction applications. Laterite soil was blended with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and varying concentrations of ESP (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) to produce the composites. The physical and mechanical properties were evaluated through tests on compressive strength, flexural strength, density, water absorption, and hardness. The results indicate that the composite with 15% ESP exhibited the highest compressive strength (2.56 MPa) and flexural strength (1.03 MPa). Additionally, increasing ESP content led to a reduction in density, while water absorption decreased up to 10% ESP and then increased beyond that concentration. The hardness of the composites peaked at 15% ESP. These findings demonstrate that incorporating 15% ESP into laterite-based composites enhances their mechanical properties, suggesting its potential as a sustainable material for construction. The use of powdered eggshells, a waste byproduct, not only improves the performance of construction materials but also supports environmental sustainability by reducing waste and promoting recycling. This innovative approach offers a promising solution for developing cost-effective and eco-friendly construction materials. Laterite-based composites Mechanical properties Compressive strength Flexural strength Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 13 May, 2025 Editor invited by journal 12 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 07 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6397051","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":456043689,"identity":"92c72e25-7e9f-4bf0-9067-ae5108e4bd4b","order_by":0,"name":"John Yirijor⃰","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgaGAxIgSoKB8QGQz8NHihZmA5AWNuKtk2BgkwDRBLUYHOd9eMCi4h47v3TvscqvOXYybAzMDx/dwKflMLvBAYkzxcySc86l3Zbdlgx0GJuxcQ5eLWwMByTbEpgNbuSY3ZbcxgzUwsMmTbSWYslt9SRqYfy47TBhLZIgLRJnEpglZ+QYSzNuO87DxkzAL3znjzF/lqhISOaXyDH8+HNbtT0/e/PDx/i0KBwARiMwPpJBHGYeMIlHOQjINzAwMH5gYLADcRh/EFA9CkbBKBgFIxMAACCyQPJFtchEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Academic City College University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"John","middleName":"","lastName":"Yirijor⃰","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-07 19:38:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6397051/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6397051/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82777531,"identity":"d8b7fddf-1cdf-45ca-8fb9-213b7f2ce878","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-15 07:37:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":709304,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"JohnManuscript2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6397051/v1_covered_aed3eb56-d5d6-4214-9a29-5469fcf429cf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Physico-Mechanical Properties of Eggshell Powdered-Reinforced Laterite Composites for Sustainable Construction","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-civil-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Civil Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/44290)","snPcode":"44290","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44290","title":"Discover Civil Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Laterite-based composites, Mechanical properties, Compressive strength, Flexural strength","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6397051/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6397051/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the enhancement of mechanical properties in laterite-based composites through the incorporation of powdered eggshells (ESP) for sustainable construction applications. 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The use of powdered eggshells, a waste byproduct, not only improves the performance of construction materials but also supports environmental sustainability by reducing waste and promoting recycling. 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