Concurrent TMS-fMRI: An international consensus and functional guide for current and future researchers

Concurrent TMS-fMRI provides a step-change in the toolkit of neuroscience research. Using non-invasive perturbation of ongoing human brain activity and simultaneous read-out of its effects across the brain, it permits causal inference into human brain-behaviour relationships with important implications for both fundamental research and clinical application. Many of the practical barriers to implementation have now been solved and the community is rapidly growing. Here we present an international consensus and discussion, from researchers at all levels and across the fields of cognitive and applied human neuroscience, on the experimental design and practical considerations of this exciting technique.