Incidence and risk factors of early-onset neonatal infections in Butembo: case of Katwa Health Zone from January 2020 to December 2022

Incidence and risk factors of early-onset neonatal infections in Butembo: case of Katwa Health Zone from January 2020 to December 2022 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Incidence and risk factors of early-onset neonatal infections in Butembo: case of Katwa Health Zone from January 2020 to December 2022 Roland Muyisa, Apollinaire Saasita, Benjamin Kaghoma, Jean-Marie Tayivweka, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460527/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Early-onset neonatal infections (EONIs) are those infections diagnosed in newborns aged 0 to 3 days or 4 days and constitute a public health problem in both industrialized and developing countries. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and identify the risk factors of EONIs in the health facilities of the Katwa Health Zone. Methods it was longitudinal and descriptive of the incidence of hospital-based EONIs from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022, in four health facilities of the Katwa Health Zone: Matanda, Wahamahika, and Sainte Famille Hospitals, and the Katwa General Referral Hospital. All newborns aged 0 to 3 days, found in the maternity ward and/or the neonatology department and whose sheets contained the study parameters, were included. The following variables were analyzed: Newborn risk factors (gestational age, sex, weight, history) and mother (mother's age, origin, marital status, occupation). The statistical analysis was performed by Epi-INFO version 7. Results The incidence of intra-hospital EONIs was 3.54%. The risk factors related to the newborn are: gestational age inferior to 37 weeks (OR = 2.84; EFs = 64.79%), weight inferior to 2000g (OR = 4.99; EFs = 79.96%), history of a premature rupture of membranes (OR: 9.53; EFs = 89.91%), maternal fever (OR = 6, 82; Fes = 85.34%), lower than 4 prenatal consultations (OR = 2.28, EF = 56.14%), A score of APGAR inferior to 8 (OR = 3.14; EF = 68.13%) and meconium amniotic fluid (OR = 2.74; EFs = 63.50%). The mother's age ≤ 18 exposes the proportion of 55.56% to the risk of maternal-fetal infection at 2.25 times. Conclusion Refocused ANC would be of great importance to limit the risks of maternal-fetal infection, a public health challenge. early-onset neonatal infection incidence Africa DR Congo Background Neonatal infections include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infectious diseases acquired during pregnancy, late pregnancy, and childbirth (prenatal) and up to 28 days of life (postnatal) [ 1 ]. They are categorized into two classes: early-onset neonatal infections (EONIs), diagnosed between days 0 and 3 or 4, and late neonatal infections up to 28 days [ 2 ]. Neonatal infection is a significant public health issue in both developed and developing countries. In the latter, the incidence remains poorly known due to the lack of notification of certain birth cases and their immediate complications [ 2 ]. Early onset neonatal bacterial infections are a leading cause of admissions to neonatal wards in hospitals in low-income countries and likely the primary cause of morbidity in communities. According to major studies, they contribute to 4–56% of hospital neonatal deaths and 8–84% of community neonatal deaths, resulting in an annual estimate of one to two million neonatal deaths related to bacterial infections. World Health Organization estimates suggest that sepsis, pneumonia, diarrhea, and tetanus are responsible for 32% of these deaths [ 2 ]. An incidence of 15.5% of neonatal infections was observed in South Kivu, at Uvira Hospital in 2015. Risk factors for these infections included neonatal hypotrophy, prematurity, 3rd-trimester urogenital infection, maternal fever 48 hours before delivery, mechanical ventilation, nasogastric tube feeding, and amniotic fluid with meconium [ 3 , 4 ]. These realities of EONIs also affect the maternity and neonatology units of the Katwa Health Zone, in Butembo, eastern DR Congo. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the incidence of EONIs and the related risk factors for both the newborn and the mother. The objective of this work was to determine the incidence and identify the risk factors of EONIs in the Katwa Health Zone during the three-year period of 2020, 2021, and 2022. Methodology The study was conducted in four health facilities in the Katwa Health Zone in Butembo, DR Congo: Matanda, Wahamahika, and Sainte Famille Hospitals, and the Katwa General Referral Hospital (GRH). It covered a period from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, and included all newborns aged 0 to 3 days. The study was longitudinally descriptive covering a period from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, i.e. a period of 3 years. The sample was convenient. The inclusion factors were: all newborns aged 0 to 3 days, found in the registers and/or hospitalization records of the maternity wards and neonatology services of the Katwa Health Zone and for which the above-mentioned documents contained all the study parameters. Exclusion factors were: Any newborns whose information was incomplete in the documents cited above. The following variables were analyzed: Baby-related variables: gestational age (less than 37 weeks of amenorrhea and greater than or equal to 37 completed weeks of amenorrhea), sex (male/female), birth weight ([500 g- 4000g [), antenatal (antenatal: maternal pathologies during pregnancy, number of ANC sessions; perinatal: mode of delivery, amniotic fluid, and APGAR). Variables related to the mother: mother's age, residence, marital status, occupation, and parity. The statistical analysis was performed using the Epi-info version 7 software. The links between the different variables were examined through the contingency tables using the Odds Ratio (OR), at the 95% significance level. The P-value corresponded to the probability that the observed association appeared by chance. When the P-value was less than 0.05, the association between the two variables was said to be statistically significant. The etiological fraction of risk in the sample (EFs) was the proportion that could be attributed to the risk factor under study. The etiologic fraction in the population (EFp) measured the weight of the risk factor on the occurrence of the disease in the population. The two fractions mentioned above were calculated when the OR was greater than 1 and when the 95% CI (confidence interval) did not contain 1. However, when the OR was less than 1, the risk factor under study became a protective factor when the 95% CI did not contain 1. In this case, the preventive fraction in exposed subjects (PFs) was calculated, which was the proportion of cases to be avoided by the protective factor in exposed subjects. The preventive fraction of risk in the population (PFp) gave the proportion of cases in the general population that could be avoided by subjecting it to the protective factor. Informed consent was obtained from parents and legal guardians for study participation. Results Incidence of Early Onset Neonatal Infections in Katwa Health Zone From January 2020 to December 2022, out of a total of 22,155 newborns, 785 had contracted an early-onset neonatal infection, an incidence of 3.54%. From Table 1 , the incidence of EONIs was 7.16% at Katwa General Referral Hospital, and 3.96% at Wahamahika Hospital, higher than the total incidence in the health zone. Table 1 Incidence of EONIs from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, in 4 maternity wards in the Katwa HZ Structures Newborns N = 22,155 EONIs n = 785 Incidence (%) = 3.54 Matanda Hospital 7780 137 1.76 Katwa GRH 5575 399 7.16 Wanamahika Hospital 4493 178 3.96 Sainte Famille Hospital 4307 71 1.64 Risk factors for early onset neonatal infections related to the newborn characteristics The results in Table 2 show that EONIs were favored by the gestational age under 37 weeks (OR = 2.84; EFs = 64.79%) and the birth weight under 2500 grams. The incidence of EONIs was high in females but the gender had no significant impact on the occurrence of EONIs. Table 2 Risk factors of EONIs related to newborns data: gestational age, sex, weight Variables/modalities Newborns N = 22,155 EONIs n = 785 Incidence (%) = 3.54 OR IC à 95% P EFs EFp PFs PFp Gestational age (week) < 37 2230 182 8.16 2.84 2.39–3.38 0.00 64.79 15.54 ≥ 37 19925 603 3.03 0.35 0.29–0.42 65 58.5 Gender M 10472 317 3.03 0.75 0.65–0.84 25 11.75 F 11683 468 4.01 1.33 1.16–1.54 0.00 24.81 61.46 Weight (grams) < 1000 28 3 10.71 3.28 1.00 10.87 0.00 69.51 0.30 1000 − 1499 253 26 10.28 3.19 2.11 4.82 0.00 68.65 2.14 1500 − 1999 715 101 14.13 4.99 3.99 6.24 0.00 79.96 10.69 2000 − 2499 1981 160 8.08 2.29 2.28 3.29 0.00 56.33 10.40 2500 − 2999 10292 280 2.72 0.62 0.54 0.73 38 17.48 3000–3999 8310 201 2.42 0.56 0.47 0.66 44 16.72 ≥ 4000 576 14 2.43 0.67 0.39 1.15 33 0.99 Legend: EFs = etiological fraction of risk in the sample, EFp = etiological fraction of risk in the population, PFs = preventive fraction of risk in the sample, PFp = preventive fraction of risk in the population Risks of early onset neonatal infections related to pregnancy history and perinatal events From results in Table 3 , the maternal antenatal factors of EONIs in Katwa Health Zone are premature rupture of membranes (OR = 9.53; EFs = 89.81%) and the antecedent of maternal fever (OR = 6.82; EFs = 85.34%), and the absence of any pathology offers protection to the occurrence of EONIs (OR = 0.19; PFs = 81%). The number of antenatal consultations (ANC) inferior to four is linked to the high incidence of EONIs (OR = 2.28; EFs = 56.14). From the same Table 3 , EONIs are linked to perinatal antecedents such as cesarian delivery (OR = 1.64; EFs = 39.02%), the APGAR score under 8 (OR = 3.14; EFs = 68.15%), and the amniotic fluid with meconium (OR = 2.74; EFs = 63.50%). Table 3 EONIs data in relation with pregnancy history (antenatal and perinatal characteristics) Variables/modalities Newborns N = 22,155 EONIs n = 785 Incidence (%) = 3.54 OR IC à 95% P EFs EFp PFs PFp Ante natal antecedents Pathologies of the mother during pregnancy UGI 1329 57 4.28 1.24 0.93–1.62 PRM 1077 223 20.71 9.53 8.04–11.29 0.00 89.51 40.91 Maternal fever 446 83 18.61 6.82 5.31–8.76 0.00 85.34 10.42 Paludism 1051 36 3.42 0.96 0.68–1.35 None 18252 386 2.13 0.19 0.16–0.22 81 66.42 Number of antenatal consultations < 4 9292 483 5.20 2.28 1.97–2.64 0.00 56.14 34.96 ≥ 4 12863 302 2.35 0.44 0.37–0.51 56 32.48 Perinatal antecedents Delivery mode Vaginal 13560 398 2.94 0.64 0.56–0.74 36 34.16 Cesarian 8595 387 4.50 1.64 1.43–1.91 0.00 39.02 19.97 APGAR score < 8 1338 125 9.34 3.14 2.57–3.84 0.00 68.15 11.38 ≥ 8 20817 660 3.17 0.31 0.26–0.39 66 62.04 Amniotic fluid With meconium 5938 385 6.48 2.74 2.38–3.16 0.00 63.50 31.96 Opalescent 16217 400 2.47 0.36 0.32–0.42 64 46.72 Legend: UGI = urogenital infection, PRM = premature rupture of membranes Maternal-fetal risk factors for EONIs Some sociodemographic characteristics of the mother increased the incidence of EONIs: age of the mother under 18 years (OR = 2.25; EFs = 55.56), rural residence (OR = 1.31; EFs = 23.66%), free union (OR = 1.79; EFs = 44.13%). But the profession has no significant influence on the incidence of EONIs (Table 4 ). Table 4 EONIs by age of the mother, her residence, her marital status and her profession in the 4 maternity wards of the Katwa Health Zone Variables/modalities Newborns N = 22,155 EONIs n = 785 Incidence (%) = 3.54 OR IC à 95% P EFs EFp PFs PFp Age of the mother (years) ≤ 18 1751 123 7.02 2.25 1.85–2.74 0.00 55.56 9.09 19–34 17455 568 3.25 0.69 0.59–0.81 31 24.49 ≥ 35 2949 94 3.19 0.88 0.71–1.10 12 1.16 Residence Rural 2801 124 4.43 1.31 1.08–1.59 0.01 23.66 3.87 Urban 19354 661 3.16 0.76 0.63–0.93 24 20.88 Matrimonial status Married 14425 429 2.97 0.63 0.55–0.73 37 24.05 Celibatarian 3535 128 3.62 1.03 0.85–1.24 Free union 4195 228 5.44 1.79 1.53–2.10 0.00 44.13 13.05 Profession No profession 10556 322 3.05 0.75 0.65–0.87 25 12 Trader 3247 83 2.56 0.68 0.54–0.86 32 4.80 Fonctionnaire 799 27 3.38 0.95 0.64–1.40 5 0.2 Farmer 6344 209 3.29 0.90 0.77–1.05 10 1.16 Others 1209 144 11.91 4.28 3.53–5.18 0.00 76.63 14.09 Discussion In total, we recorded 22155 newborns, including 785 cases of EONIs, i.e. an incidence of 3.54%. This results are lower than those of Chemsi M. and Benomar S (6.2%) [ 5 ]. This difference in incidence can be explained by the difference in methodology. Indeed, the new literature defines EONIs as occurring during the first three days of life, contrary to the old work which extended the early neonatal period to the first 7 days of life. In addition, the fact that the frequency of EONIs in our work was calculated according to the number of births that occurred in the neonatal and maternity departments during the study period, unlike other studies which calculated it according to the number of newborns found only in the neonatal department, that is to say, who have had functional disorders. The incidence of EONIs was 7.16% at Katwa GRH, higher than in other health facilities in Katwa Health Zone (Table 1 ). Table 2 shows that births before 37 weeks of pregnancy (premature) were 2.84 times more likely to acquire a maternal-fetal infection. Prematurity was, therefore, a risk factor in proportions of 64.79% in our sample (EFs) and 15.54% in the entire population (EFp). Births after 37 weeks of gestation, on the other hand, constituted a protective factor in proportions 65% in our sample (PFs) and 58.5% in the entire population (PFp); results similar to those of Mulongo Mbarambara et al [ 3 ]. Preterm babies have immature immunity, which is the reason for this exposure to infections. The female sex multiplied the risk of contracting a maternal-fetal infection by 1.33 times in the proportions of 24.81% in our sample compared to 61.46% of maternal-fetal infection in the entire population, with results almost similar to those of Traoré M. Diallo [ 6 ]. Low birth weight (< 2500g) was a significant risk factor for maternal-fetal infections in newborns. Results corroborate those of Manta et al [ 7 ]. Most often, low birth weight is associated with prematurity or hypotonia, which increases the risk of developing maternal-fetal infections in infants with low birth weight. Table 3 shows that premature rupture of membranes, maternal fever and meconium amniotic fluid multiplied respectively at 9.53 (OR = 9.53, 95% CI 8.04–11.29), 6.81 (OR = 6.81, 95% CI 5.31–8.76) and 2.74 (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 2.38–3.16) times the risk of acquiring a maternal-fetal infection in the proportions of 89.51% (EFs) in the event of premature rupture of membranes, 85.34% (EFs) in case of maternal fever and 63.50% (EFs) in case of meconium-like fluid. These results support those of Mbarambara M et al. in Uvira [ 3 ]. In addition, newborns whose mothers did not present any pathology during pregnancy were protected in 81% (PFs) against maternal-fetal infections. Newborns with an APGAR score less than 8 at birth and those with an ANC session of less than 4 were respectively 3.14 and 2.28 times the risk of contracting maternal-fetal infection, with proportions of 68.15% (EFe) for APGARs and 56.14% (EFs) for Prenatal Consultations. These results confirm those of Miriam Diallo in Bamako [ 6 ]. In addition, obstructed delivery was a risk factor (OR = 1.64 with 95% CI 1.43–1.91), but with EFs and EFp less than 50%. Births by obstructed delivery were recorded in 4.50% of cases of maternal-fetal infection, results similar to those of Kamaye M et al [ 8 ]. The age of mothers under 18 years of age increased the risk of newborns acquiring maternal-fetal infections to 2.25 times in a proportion equivalent to 55.56% in our sample. Maternal inexperience (young age) has been shown to be associated with a higher incidence of early neonatal infections [ 9 ]. Even though the distribution of cases of maternal-fetal infections concerns all origins (urban and rural); Newborns of rural women were 1.31 times more likely to get maternal-fetal infection with a frequency of 1.31% compared to 0.76% in newborns of urban women. This is justified by a lack of sufficient and adequate health facilities in rural areas to provide good prenatal care. These results seem to be in line with those of Perlinot Herindrainy in Madagascar [ 10 ]. Newborns had varying risks depending on their mothers’ marital status. Those women living in a common-law union had 1.79 times the risk of contracting EONIs in the proportion of 44.13% in our sample, followed by those of single women (OR = 1.03) and those of married women who were protected (OR = 0.73; PFs = 37%; PFp = 24.05). These results diverge from those of Kemeze S. et al [ 11 ]. This divergence in results is observed as a result of the difference in lifestyle in the two environments. Conclusion The results of this study show that the incidence of EONIs is very high in Eastern DR Congo. Risk factors of these EONIs are the gestational age inferior to 37 weeks, low birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, antecedents of maternal fever, antenatal consultations inferior to four, cesarian delivery, amniotic fluid with meconium, mothers’ age inferior to 18 years, rural residence. Education for women's health on this subject is important during the sessions of the antenatal consultations, which must also take on a much more focused character. Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate After approval of the research protocol by the Ethics Committee of the Catholic University of Graben in collaboration with the health authorities of the Katwa Health Zone, we obtained permission to collect the data following the principles of scientific research. Anonymity and respect for human dignity have been respected. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guideline. Consent for participation Obtained from all participants’ parents or guardians. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Competing interest Not applicable. Funding No funding. Acknowledgment No acknowledgement Authors statement R.M.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing– review & editing. A.S.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing– review & editing B.K.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing– review & editing JM.T.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources T.M.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources E.N: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources P.V.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources L.S.: supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing– review & editing References Leperchois-loritte M, Infections ML. Infections néonatales bactériennes et conseils à l ’ officine To cite this version: HAL Id : dumas-02458187. 2020. Alain S, Bottineau M, Doit C. Mariani-kurkdjian P. (Abrégés de périnatalité) Alain, Sophie_ Aujard, Yannick_ Biran, Valérie_ Bonacorsi, Stéphane-Infections néonatales _ bactériennes, mycosiques, parasitaires et virales-Elsevier-Masson, Educa Boo.pdf. 2017. Mbarambara PM, Wakeka C, Lamata MM, Bahati JP. Fréquence et facteurs de risque des infections néonatales à l ’ Hôpital Général de Référen ce d ’ Uvira (Est de la RD Congo) Frequency and risk factors of neonatal infections to the General Hospital of Uvira (East of DR Congo). 2015;9. Nyenga A, Mukuku O, Mutombo AMulang. Luboya ON umb. Neonatal infections: what is the place of obstetric history in the prevention of risk? Pan Afr Med J. 2014;19:133. Chemsi M, Benomar S. Early-onset neonatal sepsis. J Pediatr Pueric. 2015;28:29–37. Diallo TM. Etude épidémiologie des infections néonatales au Centre de Santé de Référence de la commune V Distrct de Bamako. Université des sciences, des techniques et des technologies de Bamako; 2019. Jajoo M, Kapoor K, Garg L, Manchanda V, Mittal S. To study the incidence and risk factors of early onset neonatal sepsis in an out born neonatal intensive care unit of India. J Clin Neonatol. 2015. p. 91. Kamaye M, Alido S, Dd I, Sani O, Ibrahim AS, Amadou OC. Aspects diagnostique, thérapeutique et pronostique des infections néonatales bactériennes infections at Issaka Gazobi maternity hospital of Niamey. Niger Article Original Infections néonatales. 2021;16:3–7. Yugbaré Ouédraogo SO, Méda D, Dao L, Kouéta F, Ludovic K, Ouédraogo Traoré R, et al. Facteurs associes aux décès des nouveau-nés suspects d’infections bactériennes au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24:1–6. Herindrainy P. entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamases à To cite this version: Epidémiologie et transmission mère-enfant des entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamase à spectre étendu à Madagascar. 2019. Kemeze S, Moudze B, Chiabi A, Eposse C, Kaya A, Mbangue M, et al. Profil clinique et bactériologique des infections néonatales bactériennes à l’Hôpital Laquintinie de Douala, Cameroun. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;23:1–6. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5460527","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":380746922,"identity":"89308fd8-b163-4f3f-928b-9cd4b5962775","order_by":0,"name":"Roland Muyisa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYGBjYQDeJUgBggEbyAEVnLGRCDkVgtYHYbTAQPMG9vbPxcULYtccNx9oefbs6rjeZvB2r5UbENpxaZMwebpWecu5244TCPsXTutuO5Mw4zNjD2nLmNU4uERGKDNG8bWAsDUMux3AagFmbGNrxamn9DtLA//p0751jufCK0tEFtYTCTzm2oyd1AUAvPwTZrnnO3jWce5jGzzjl2IHcjUMtBvH5hbz58m6fstmzf+eOPb+fU1OXOO3/44IMfFbi1wIHCATB1GEweIKweCOQbwFQdUYpHwSgYBaNgZAEA16JgGlh9yjEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Catholic University of Graben","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Roland","middleName":"","lastName":"Muyisa","suffix":""},{"id":380746925,"identity":"6bf1ecc4-a756-4bf8-9c46-6568558bc4ce","order_by":1,"name":"Apollinaire Saasita","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Catholic University of Graben","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Apollinaire","middleName":"","lastName":"Saasita","suffix":""},{"id":380746927,"identity":"bdf5b34f-bad9-449d-8ec1-1ca5f04e78ed","order_by":2,"name":"Benjamin Kaghoma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Catholic University of Graben","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Benjamin","middleName":"","lastName":"Kaghoma","suffix":""},{"id":380746928,"identity":"2cb69656-325e-45a6-99a4-ebe619edea5a","order_by":3,"name":"Jean-Marie Tayivweka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Catholic University of Graben","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jean-Marie","middleName":"","lastName":"Tayivweka","suffix":""},{"id":380746929,"identity":"c10775ca-a91b-4f75-9686-0a40aa78622a","order_by":4,"name":"Thomas Mughania","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Catholic University of Graben","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thomas","middleName":"","lastName":"Mughania","suffix":""},{"id":380746930,"identity":"76cb54fd-a8d2-404d-ab59-3768dbfbb3be","order_by":5,"name":"Roger Kaliremwira","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Catholic University of Graben","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Roger","middleName":"","lastName":"Kaliremwira","suffix":""},{"id":380746931,"identity":"f52cf640-e93f-409d-bb29-d0b4ef11eefc","order_by":6,"name":"Emmanuel Ngike","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Catholic University of Graben","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emmanuel","middleName":"","lastName":"Ngike","suffix":""},{"id":380746932,"identity":"5d8f119f-5a6a-484f-8856-0e85d8769e45","order_by":7,"name":"Proserpine Vahamwiti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Catholic University of Graben","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Proserpine","middleName":"","lastName":"Vahamwiti","suffix":""},{"id":380746933,"identity":"931e19c4-0a54-4ca1-8a42-76e7795024cb","order_by":8,"name":"Louis Sabuni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Catholic University of Graben","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Louis","middleName":"","lastName":"Sabuni","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-15 12:38:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460527/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460527/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70903565,"identity":"e805b9cf-ce57-4c7b-99b9-10b117ef39c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-09 06:09:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":631239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5460527/v1/9a87324d-64fc-474e-a4a3-3bcb516e2a7e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Incidence and risk factors of early-onset neonatal infections in Butembo: case of Katwa Health Zone from January 2020 to December 2022","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eNeonatal infections include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infectious diseases acquired during pregnancy, late pregnancy, and childbirth (prenatal) and up to 28 days of life (postnatal) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. They are categorized into two classes: early-onset neonatal infections (EONIs), diagnosed between days 0 and 3 or 4, and late neonatal infections up to 28 days [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Neonatal infection is a significant public health issue in both developed and developing countries. In the latter, the incidence remains poorly known due to the lack of notification of certain birth cases and their immediate complications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Early onset neonatal bacterial infections are a leading cause of admissions to neonatal wards in hospitals in low-income countries and likely the primary cause of morbidity in communities. According to major studies, they contribute to 4\u0026ndash;56% of hospital neonatal deaths and 8\u0026ndash;84% of community neonatal deaths, resulting in an annual estimate of one to two million neonatal deaths related to bacterial infections. World Health Organization estimates suggest that sepsis, pneumonia, diarrhea, and tetanus are responsible for 32% of these deaths [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. An incidence of 15.5% of neonatal infections was observed in South Kivu, at Uvira Hospital in 2015. Risk factors for these infections included neonatal hypotrophy, prematurity, 3rd-trimester urogenital infection, maternal fever 48 hours before delivery, mechanical ventilation, nasogastric tube feeding, and amniotic fluid with meconium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. These realities of EONIs also affect the maternity and neonatology units of the Katwa Health Zone, in Butembo, eastern DR Congo. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the incidence of EONIs and the related risk factors for both the newborn and the mother. The objective of this work was to determine the incidence and identify the risk factors of EONIs in the Katwa Health Zone during the three-year period of 2020, 2021, and 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in four health facilities in the Katwa Health Zone in Butembo, DR Congo: Matanda, Wahamahika, and Sainte Famille Hospitals, and the Katwa General Referral Hospital (GRH). It covered a period from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, and included all newborns aged 0 to 3 days. The study was longitudinally descriptive covering a period from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, i.e. a period of 3 years. The sample was convenient. The inclusion factors were: all newborns aged 0 to 3 days, found in the registers and/or hospitalization records of the maternity wards and neonatology services of the Katwa Health Zone and for which the above-mentioned documents contained all the study parameters. Exclusion factors were: Any newborns whose information was incomplete in the documents cited above. The following variables were analyzed:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaby-related variables: gestational age (less than 37 weeks of amenorrhea and greater than or equal to 37 completed weeks of amenorrhea), sex (male/female), birth weight ([500 g- 4000g [), antenatal (antenatal: maternal pathologies during pregnancy, number of ANC sessions; perinatal: mode of delivery, amniotic fluid, and APGAR).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables related to the mother: mother's age, residence, marital status, occupation, and parity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe statistical analysis was performed using the Epi-info version 7 software. The links between the different variables were examined through the contingency tables using the Odds Ratio (OR), at the 95% significance level. The P-value corresponded to the probability that the observed association appeared by chance. When the P-value was less than 0.05, the association between the two variables was said to be statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe etiological fraction of risk in the sample (EFs) was the proportion that could be attributed to the risk factor under study. The etiologic fraction in the population (EFp) measured the weight of the risk factor on the occurrence of the disease in the population. The two fractions mentioned above were calculated when the OR was greater than 1 and when the 95% CI (confidence interval) did not contain 1. However, when the OR was less than 1, the risk factor under study became a protective factor when the 95% CI did not contain 1. In this case, the preventive fraction in exposed subjects (PFs) was calculated, which was the proportion of cases to be avoided by the protective factor in exposed subjects. The preventive fraction of risk in the population (PFp) gave the proportion of cases in the general population that could be avoided by subjecting it to the protective factor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ewas obtained from parents and legal guardians for study participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIncidence of Early Onset Neonatal Infections in Katwa Health Zone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom January 2020 to December 2022, out of a total of 22,155 newborns, 785 had contracted an early-onset neonatal infection, an incidence of 3.54%. From Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the incidence of EONIs was 7.16% at Katwa General Referral Hospital, and 3.96% at Wahamahika Hospital, higher than the total incidence in the health zone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence of EONIs from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, in 4 maternity wards in the Katwa HZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNewborns\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22,155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEONIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e=\u0026thinsp;3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatanda Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7780\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKatwa GRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e399\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWanamahika Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4493\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSainte Famille Hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk factors for early onset neonatal infections related to the newborn characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e show that EONIs were favored by the gestational age under 37 weeks (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.84; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64.79%) and the birth weight under 2500 grams. The incidence of EONIs was high in females but the gender had no significant impact on the occurrence of EONIs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk factors of EONIs related to newborns data: gestational age, sex, weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables/modalities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNewborns\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22,155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEONIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC \u0026agrave; 95%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEFs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEFp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational\u0026nbsp;age (week)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u0026ndash;3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e603\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026ndash;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10472\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026ndash;0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e468\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026ndash;1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (grams)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00 10.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 4.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1500 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99 6.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28 3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2500 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54 0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3000\u0026ndash;3999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47 0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39 1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eLegend: EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;etiological fraction of risk in the sample, EFp\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;etiological fraction of risk in the population, PFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;preventive fraction of risk in the sample, PFp\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;preventive fraction of risk in the population\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisks of early onset neonatal infections related to pregnancy history and perinatal events\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, the maternal antenatal factors of EONIs in Katwa Health Zone are premature rupture of membranes (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.53; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;89.81%) and the antecedent of maternal fever (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.82; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85.34%), and the absence of any pathology offers protection to the occurrence of EONIs (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.19; PFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;81%). The number of antenatal consultations (ANC) inferior to four is linked to the high incidence of EONIs (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.28; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;56.14). From the same Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, EONIs are linked to perinatal antecedents such as cesarian delivery (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.64; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.02%), the APGAR score under 8 (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.14; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;68.15%), and the amniotic fluid with meconium (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.74; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63.50%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEONIs data in relation with pregnancy history (antenatal and perinatal characteristics)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables/modalities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNewborns\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22,155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEONIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC \u0026agrave; 95%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEFs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEFp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnte natal antecedents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePathologies of the mother during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u0026ndash;1.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.04\u0026ndash;11.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e446\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.31\u0026ndash;8.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaludism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026ndash;1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026ndash;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of antenatal consultations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e483\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u0026ndash;2.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026ndash;0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerinatal antecedents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelivery mode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e398\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026ndash;0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCesarian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u0026ndash;1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPGAR score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u0026ndash;3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026ndash;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmniotic fluid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith meconium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5938\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u0026ndash;3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpalescent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026ndash;0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eLegend: UGI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;urogenital infection, PRM\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;premature rupture of membranes\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternal-fetal risk factors for EONIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome sociodemographic characteristics of the mother increased the incidence of EONIs: age of the mother under 18 years (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.25; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;55.56), rural residence (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.31; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23.66%), free union (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.79; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44.13%). But the profession has no significant influence on the incidence of EONIs (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEONIs by age of the mother, her residence, her marital status and her profession in the 4 maternity wards of the Katwa Health Zone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables/modalities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNewborns\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22,155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEONIs\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;785\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidence (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIC \u0026agrave; 95%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEFs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEFp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge of the mother (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u0026ndash;2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17455\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e568\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026ndash;0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2949\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u0026ndash;1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026ndash;1.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e661\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u0026ndash;0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatrimonial status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026ndash;0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCelibatarian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026ndash;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree union\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u0026ndash;2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfession\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo profession\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026ndash;0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrader\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026ndash;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFonctionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026ndash;1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6344\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026ndash;1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u0026ndash;5.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn total, we recorded 22155 newborns, including 785 cases of EONIs, i.e. an incidence of 3.54%. This results are lower than those of Chemsi M. and Benomar S (6.2%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. This difference in incidence can be explained by the difference in methodology. Indeed, the new literature defines EONIs as occurring during the first three days of life, contrary to the old work which extended the early neonatal period to the first 7 days of life. In addition, the fact that the frequency of EONIs in our work was calculated according to the number of births that occurred in the neonatal and maternity departments during the study period, unlike other studies which calculated it according to the number of newborns found only in the neonatal department, that is to say, who have had functional disorders. The incidence of EONIs was 7.16% at Katwa GRH, higher than in other health facilities in Katwa Health Zone (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that births before 37 weeks of pregnancy (premature) were 2.84 times more likely to acquire a maternal-fetal infection. Prematurity was, therefore, a risk factor in proportions of 64.79% in our sample (EFs) and 15.54% in the entire population (EFp). Births after 37 weeks of gestation, on the other hand, constituted a protective factor in proportions 65% in our sample (PFs) and 58.5% in the entire population (PFp); results similar to those of Mulongo Mbarambara et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Preterm babies have immature immunity, which is the reason for this exposure to infections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe female sex multiplied the risk of contracting a maternal-fetal infection by 1.33 times in the proportions of 24.81% in our sample compared to 61.46% of maternal-fetal infection in the entire population, with results almost similar to those of Traor\u0026eacute; M. Diallo [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow birth weight (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2500g) was a significant risk factor for maternal-fetal infections in newborns. Results corroborate those of Manta et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Most often, low birth weight is associated with prematurity or hypotonia, which increases the risk of developing maternal-fetal infections in infants with low birth weight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that premature rupture of membranes, maternal fever and meconium amniotic fluid multiplied respectively at 9.53 (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.53, 95% CI 8.04\u0026ndash;11.29), 6.81 (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.81, 95% CI 5.31\u0026ndash;8.76) and 2.74 (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.71, 95% CI 2.38\u0026ndash;3.16) times the risk of acquiring a maternal-fetal infection in the proportions of 89.51% (EFs) in the event of premature rupture of membranes, 85.34% (EFs) in case of maternal fever and 63.50% (EFs) in case of meconium-like fluid. These results support those of Mbarambara M et al. in Uvira [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, newborns whose mothers did not present any pathology during pregnancy were protected in 81% (PFs) against maternal-fetal infections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNewborns with an APGAR score less than 8 at birth and those with an ANC session of less than 4 were respectively 3.14 and 2.28 times the risk of contracting maternal-fetal infection, with proportions of 68.15% (EFe) for APGARs and 56.14% (EFs) for Prenatal Consultations. These results confirm those of Miriam Diallo in Bamako [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, obstructed delivery was a risk factor (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.64 with 95% CI 1.43\u0026ndash;1.91), but with EFs and EFp less than 50%. Births by obstructed delivery were recorded in 4.50% of cases of maternal-fetal infection, results similar to those of Kamaye M et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe age of mothers under 18 years of age increased the risk of newborns acquiring maternal-fetal infections to 2.25 times in a proportion equivalent to 55.56% in our sample. Maternal inexperience (young age) has been shown to be associated with a higher incidence of early neonatal infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though the distribution of cases of maternal-fetal infections concerns all origins (urban and rural); Newborns of rural women were 1.31 times more likely to get maternal-fetal infection with a frequency of 1.31% compared to 0.76% in newborns of urban women. This is justified by a lack of sufficient and adequate health facilities in rural areas to provide good prenatal care. These results seem to be in line with those of Perlinot Herindrainy in Madagascar [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNewborns had varying risks depending on their mothers\u0026rsquo; marital status. Those women living in a common-law union had 1.79 times the risk of contracting EONIs in the proportion of 44.13% in our sample, followed by those of single women (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.03) and those of married women who were protected (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.73; PFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37%; PFp\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24.05). These results diverge from those of Kemeze S. et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. This divergence in results is observed as a result of the difference in lifestyle in the two environments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study show that the incidence of EONIs is very high in Eastern DR Congo. Risk factors of these EONIs are the gestational age inferior to 37 weeks, low birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, antecedents of maternal fever, antenatal consultations inferior to four, cesarian delivery, amniotic fluid with meconium, mothers\u0026rsquo; age inferior to 18 years, rural residence. Education for women's health on this subject is important during the sessions of the antenatal consultations, which must also take on a much more focused character.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter approval of the research protocol by the Ethics Committee of the Catholic University of Graben in collaboration with the health authorities of the Katwa Health Zone, we obtained permission to collect the data following the principles of scientific research. Anonymity and respect for human dignity have been respected. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guideline.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for participation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObtained from all participants\u0026rsquo; parents or guardians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo acknowledgement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors statement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR.M.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing \u0026ndash; original draft, and writing\u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.S.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing \u0026ndash; original draft, and writing\u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB.K.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing \u0026ndash; original draft, and writing\u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJM.T.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT.M.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE.N: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP.V.: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eL.S.: supervision, validation, visualization, writing \u0026ndash; original draft, and writing\u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeperchois-loritte M, Infections ML. Infections n\u0026eacute;onatales bact\u0026eacute;riennes et conseils \u0026agrave; l \u0026rsquo; officine To cite this version: HAL Id : dumas-02458187. 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlain S, Bottineau M, Doit C. Mariani-kurkdjian P. (Abr\u0026eacute;g\u0026eacute;s de p\u0026eacute;rinatalit\u0026eacute;) Alain, Sophie_ Aujard, Yannick_ Biran, Val\u0026eacute;rie_ Bonacorsi, St\u0026eacute;phane-Infections n\u0026eacute;onatales _ bact\u0026eacute;riennes, mycosiques, parasitaires et virales-Elsevier-Masson, Educa Boo.pdf. 2017.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMbarambara PM, Wakeka C, Lamata MM, Bahati JP. Fr\u0026eacute;quence et facteurs de risque des infections n\u0026eacute;onatales \u0026agrave; l \u0026rsquo; H\u0026ocirc;pital G\u0026eacute;n\u0026eacute;ral de R\u0026eacute;f\u0026eacute;ren ce d \u0026rsquo; Uvira (Est de la RD Congo) Frequency and risk factors of neonatal infections to the General Hospital of Uvira (East of DR Congo). 2015;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNyenga A, Mukuku O, Mutombo AMulang. Luboya ON umb. Neonatal infections: what is the place of obstetric history in the prevention of risk? Pan Afr Med J. 2014;19:133.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChemsi M, Benomar S. Early-onset neonatal sepsis. J Pediatr Pueric. 2015;28:29\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDiallo TM. Etude \u0026eacute;pid\u0026eacute;miologie des infections n\u0026eacute;onatales au Centre de Sant\u0026eacute; de R\u0026eacute;f\u0026eacute;rence de la commune V Distrct de Bamako. Universit\u0026eacute; des sciences, des techniques et des technologies de Bamako; 2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJajoo M, Kapoor K, Garg L, Manchanda V, Mittal S. To study the incidence and risk factors of early onset neonatal sepsis in an out born neonatal intensive care unit of India. J Clin Neonatol. 2015. p. 91.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKamaye M, Alido S, Dd I, Sani O, Ibrahim AS, Amadou OC. Aspects diagnostique, th\u0026eacute;rapeutique et pronostique des infections n\u0026eacute;onatales bact\u0026eacute;riennes infections at Issaka Gazobi maternity hospital of Niamey. Niger Article Original Infections n\u0026eacute;onatales. 2021;16:3\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYugbar\u0026eacute; Ou\u0026eacute;draogo SO, M\u0026eacute;da D, Dao L, Kou\u0026eacute;ta F, Ludovic K, Ou\u0026eacute;draogo Traor\u0026eacute; R, et al. Facteurs associes aux d\u0026eacute;c\u0026egrave;s des nouveau-n\u0026eacute;s suspects d\u0026rsquo;infections bact\u0026eacute;riennes au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire P\u0026eacute;diatrique Charles de Gaulle de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24:1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHerindrainy P. ent\u0026eacute;robact\u0026eacute;ries productrices de b\u0026ecirc;ta-lactamases \u0026agrave; To cite this version: Epid\u0026eacute;miologie et transmission m\u0026egrave;re-enfant des ent\u0026eacute;robact\u0026eacute;ries productrices de b\u0026ecirc;ta-lactamase \u0026agrave; spectre \u0026eacute;tendu \u0026agrave; Madagascar. 2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKemeze S, Moudze B, Chiabi A, Eposse C, Kaya A, Mbangue M, et al. Profil clinique et bact\u0026eacute;riologique des infections n\u0026eacute;onatales bact\u0026eacute;riennes \u0026agrave; l\u0026rsquo;H\u0026ocirc;pital Laquintinie de Douala, Cameroun. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;23:1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"early-onset neonatal infection, incidence, Africa, DR Congo","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460527/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460527/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly-onset neonatal infections (EONIs) are those infections diagnosed in newborns aged 0 to 3 days or 4 days and constitute a public health problem in both industrialized and developing countries. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and identify the risk factors of EONIs in the health facilities of the Katwa Health Zone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eit was longitudinal and descriptive of the incidence of hospital-based EONIs from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022, in four health facilities of the Katwa Health Zone: Matanda, Wahamahika, and Sainte Famille Hospitals, and the Katwa General Referral Hospital. All newborns aged 0 to 3 days, found in the maternity ward and/or the neonatology department and whose sheets contained the study parameters, were included. The following variables were analyzed: Newborn risk factors (gestational age, sex, weight, history) and mother (mother's age, origin, marital status, occupation). The statistical analysis was performed by Epi-INFO version 7.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incidence of intra-hospital EONIs was 3.54%. The risk factors related to the newborn are: gestational age inferior to 37 weeks (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.84; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64.79%), weight inferior to 2000g (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.99; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;79.96%), history of a premature rupture of membranes (OR: 9.53; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;89.91%), maternal fever (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6, 82; Fes\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85.34%), lower than 4 prenatal consultations (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.28, EF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;56.14%), A score of APGAR inferior to 8 (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.14; EF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;68.13%) and meconium amniotic fluid (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.74; EFs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63.50%). The mother's age\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;18 exposes the proportion of 55.56% to the risk of maternal-fetal infection at 2.25 times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefocused ANC would be of great importance to limit the risks of maternal-fetal infection, a public health challenge.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Incidence and risk factors of early-onset neonatal infections in Butembo: case of Katwa Health Zone from January 2020 to December 2022","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-02 17:23:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5460527/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"90384cac-060e-43b4-9c83-3b66e46c4354","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 2nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-11T10:08:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-02 17:23:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5460527","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5460527","identity":"rs-5460527","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}