Mint Condition: Lamiaceae (Mentha) Species as Antidiabetic Agents

Mint Condition: Lamiaceae (Mentha) Species as Antidiabetic Agents | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Mint Condition: Lamiaceae ( Mentha ) Species as Antidiabetic Agents Jon Zaccary Regala, Shaun Pereira This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7396223/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, with various genetic and lifestyle causes. The limitations associated with conventional therapies, such as adverse affects and decreasing efficacy over time, warrant the need for exploration of better treatments. This gap is filled by plants with biologically active phytochemicals, readily available in natural environments and uncostly. Lamiaceae species, including those of the genus Mentha , have been studied in this context, demonstrating potential as antidiabetic agents. With the vast amount of scholarly information available, review articles are helpful for consolidation, synthesis, and convenience; a rapid review also accelerates this process, adapting the methods of a systematic review. Screened from 10,106 documents from databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, MDPI, ProQuest’s Global Health Library, and Sage Journals sourced in March 2025, this rapid review evaluates 15 modern research articles with evidence of the antidiabetic potential of Lamiaceae species through the guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Further experimentation is warranted in Lamiaceae species especially to explore synergy with other plants, though existing data stimulates optimism for the future of diabetes treatment. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinical Pharmacology diabetes mellitus antidiabetic activity plants lamiaceae mentha mint Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder primarily caused by a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion ( 1 ). Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development, with lifestyle factors such as obesity, poor diet, and physical inactivity playing major roles ( 2 – 5 ). As of 2017, approximately 462 million people were living with T2DM, accounting for about 6.28% of the global population. The prevalence of the disease has continued to rise, accompanied by a significant increase in mortality. Notably, T2DM rose from being the 18th leading cause of death in 1990 to the 7th by 2017 ( 6 ). Given this alarming rise, T2DM has arguably become one of the most pressing concerns for health professionals around the world. Multiple conventional therapies aimed at treating T2DM e.g. metformin, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 agonists, and insulin analogues are present today. However, they are associated with a wide range of limitations including adverse effects and decreasing efficacy over time ( 7 ). Some of these drugs need to be taken multiple times throughout the day and/or by subcutaneous administration, posing challenges in long-term compliance with these drugs ( 8 ). Moreover, these high-cost therapies place a huge burden on the already overburdened, resource-starved health systems of low-income countries, thus making their long-term, large-scale use in these settings untenable ( 9 – 10 ). These challenges have hence prompted researchers to seek alternative, low-cost alternatives to conventional therapies that can be widely available to the general public. Medicinal plants and their various parts are being increasingly explored as low-cost, natural alternatives to conventional therapies in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. As phytochemicals, compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids extracted from these plants have shown considerable promise as potential anti-diabetic agents ( 11 – 14 ). Mint, sage, basil, and oregano are common, popular examples of Lamiaceae species. These plants, including those of the genus Mentha , have emerged as particularly promising natural therapeutic options, demonstrating anti-diabetic effects through multiple mechanisms. These include the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, enhancement of insulin secretion, reduction of oxidative stress, and modulation of lipid metabolism ( 15 – 17 ). Given the increasing demand for plant-based therapies, this review aims to critically analyse and synthesise the available literature on the antidiabetic potential of these plants, making information more accessible and consumable. Producing this review is also significant due to the fact that no reviews on the antidiabetic potential of Lamiaceae and Mentha species have been published despite the growing body of evidence. Additionally, we aim to study the phytochemical constituents, proposed mechanisms of action, and outcomes from in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the therapeutic relevance of Lamiaceae in the context of T2DM. METHODOLOGY The guidelines in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions were adapted in conducting this literature review, modified for application in a rapid review ( 18 – 19 ). Due to the swift rate at which information is being communicated, conducting a rapid review was deemed most appropriate in compiling and evaluating the following data ( 20 ). The keywords “(bioactive OR biologically active) AND (antidiabetic OR diabetes OR diabetes mellitus) AND (mint OR mentha OR lamiaceae OR peppermint OR spearmint)” were searched in databases Science Direct, PubMed, MDPI, ProQuest’s Global Health Library, and Sage Journals in March 2025. Research articles related to diabetes and Lamiaceae species were screened. Exclusion criteria were non-research articles e.g. review articles and book chapters, literature published prior to January 2020, literature not openly accessible, and unrelated literature. Both authors conducted literature survey and evaluation. From 5,666 search results from ProQuest, 2,664 from Sage Journals, 1,463 from ScienceDirect, 271 from PubMed, and 42 from MDPI, 10,106 articles were generated from the initial search of the keywords, with Fig. 1 showing the decision flowchart that ultimately produced the list of articles to be reviewed. Fifteen articles were selected for the review. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 is a summary of the included literature in this review. Table 1 Details of included literature in the rapid review, ordered by date of publication. PUBLICATION DATE OF PUBLICATION LAMIACEAE SPECIES METHODS RESULTS ( 16 ) Feb 2020 Minthostachys diffusa ɑ-amylase inhibition IC 50 = 16.40 ± 1.61 µg/mL with ethyl acetate fraction ɑ-glucosidase inhibition promising ( 23 ) Apr 2020 Mentha arvensis ɑ-amylase inhibition - ɑ-glucosidase inhibition 91.07% inhibitory activity in undiluted sample of aqueous extract 93.71% inhibitory activity in ethanol extract Asian basil varieties ɑ-amylase inhibition low (0-12.84%) ɑ-glucosidase inhibition high (41–94% in the undiluted sample) ( 24 ) Mar 2021 Mentha spicata ɑ-amylase inhibition 86.77 ± 0.08% inhibitory activity ɑ-glucosidase inhibition 98.68 ± 0. 76% inhibitory activity ( 22 ) Jan 2022 Mentha spicata ɑ-amylase inhibition (HAE) Hexane: 0.83 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g Chloroform: 0.71 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE/g Acetone: 0.86 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE/g Acetone/water: 0.61 ± 0.04 mmol ACAE/g ɑ-amylase inhibition (UAE) Hexane: 0.57 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g Chloroform: 0.80 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g Acetone: 0.83 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g Acetone/water: 0.57 ± 0.02 mmol ACAE/g ɑ-amylase inhibition (MAC) Hexane: 0.54 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g Chloroform: 0.75 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g Acetone: 0.74 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g Acetone/water: 0.52 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g ɑ-glucosidase inhibition (HAE) Hexane: 0.62 ± 0.06 mmol ACAE/g Chloroform: 1.40 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE/g Acetone: 0.90 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE/g Acetone/water: 1.66 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g ɑ-glucosidase inhibition (UAE) Hexane: 1.27 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE/g Chloroform: 1.39 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE/g Acetone: 1.20 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g Acetone/water: 1.52 ± 0.12 mmol ACAE/g ɑ-glucosidase inhibition (MAC) Hexane: 1.29 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE/g Chloroform: 1.49 ± 0.02 mmol ACAE/g Acetone: 1.45 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE/g Acetone/water: 1.62 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g ( 21 ) Mar 2022 Cyclotrichium leucotrichum ɑ-amylase inhibition IC 50 = 3.43 µg/mL (r 2 = 0.9711) with water extract IC 50 = 1.01 µg/mL (r 2 = 0.9644) with methanol extract ɑ-glucosidase inhibition IC 50 = 62.94 µg/mL (r 2 = 0.9685) with water extract IC 50 = 36.47 µg/mL (r 2 = 0.9417) with methanol extract ( 25 ) Jun 2022 Salvia officinalis ɑ-amylase inhibition IC 50 = 81.91 ± 0.03 µg/mL ɑ-glucosidase inhibition IC 50 = 113.17 ± 0.02 µg/mL Mentha suaveolens ɑ-amylase inhibition IC 50 = 94.30 ± 0.06 µg/mL ɑ-glucosidase inhibition IC 50 = 141.16 ± 0.2µg/mL ( 28 ) Jun 2022 Mentha piperita ɑ-amylase inhibition IC 50 = 98.12 ± 0.05 µg/mL ɑ-glucosidase inhibition IC 50 = 103.48 ± 0.06 µg/mL Lipase inhibition IC 50 = 71.36 ± 0.02 µg/mL Lavandula multifida ɑ-amylase inhibition IC 50 = 85.34 ± 0.02 µg/mL ɑ-glucosidase inhibition IC 50 = 59.36 ± 0.03 µg/mL Lipase inhibition IC 50 = 30.94 ± 0.08 µg/mL ( 33 ) Mar 2023 Mentha piperita Antiglycation non-enzymatic assay (BSA-MGO Model) 73.7 ± 1.3% inhibition of MGO mediated AGEs IC 50 of peppermint leaf dry extract = 2mg/ml MGO trapping and adduct analysis non-methylated flavones demonstrated substantially higher antiglycation and MGO-trapping potential than non-methylated flavanones. ( 29 ) Jul 2023 Mentha arvensis ɑ-amylase inhibition 400 µg/mL concentration: 42.18 ± 0.83% 200 µg/mL concentration: 28.25 ± 0.61% 100 µg/mL concentration: 19.37 ± 0.73% 50 µg/mL concentration: 10.36 ± 0.12% 25 µg/mL concentration: 10.36 ± 0.12% ɑ-glucosidase inhibition 400 µg/mL concentration: 58.36 ± 0.12% 200 µg/mL concentration: 51.32 ± 0.16% 100 µg/mL concentration: 31.44 ± 0.13% 50 µg/mL concentration: 24.18 ± 0.23% 25 µg/mL concentration: 18.21 ± 0.23% ( 15 ) Jul 2023 Mentha piperita effect of FCM and mentha extract on serum glucose of diabetic rats 186 mg/dl in FCM with 1.5% mint leaves powder compared to 253 mg/dl in diabetic control group effect of FCM and mentha extract on serum insulin levels of diabetic rats 27.4, and 28.6 µU/mL plasma insulin levels in FCM with 1 and 1.5% mint leaves powder compared to 35.9 µU/mL in healthy control group Salvia officinalis effect of FCM and sage extract on serum glucose of diabetic rats 175.2 mg/dl in FCM with 1.5% sage leaves powder compared to 253 mg/dl in diabetic control group effect of FCM and sage extract on serum insulin levels of diabetic rats 29.11 and 30.2 µU/mL plasma insulin levels in FCM with 1 and 1.5% mint leaves powder compared to 35.9 µU/mL in healthy control group ( 26 ) Sep 2023 Mentha royleana ɑ-glucosidase inhibition IC 50 = 2.04 ± 0.03 µg/mL Ocimum basilicum ɑ-glucosidase inhibition IC 50 = 3.32 ± 0.47 µg/mL ( 27 ) Feb 2024 Mint (species unspecified) ɑ-amylase inhibition (lemongrass mint ZnONPs) concentration-dependent inhibition, with percentages between 36–80% at concentrations between 10–50 µL β-glucosidase inhibition (lemongrass mint ZnONPs) concentration-dependent inhibition, with percentages between 50–78% at concentrations between 10–50 µL ɑ-amylase inhibition (lemongrass mint CuONPs) concentration-dependent inhibition, with percentages between 40–77% at concentrations between 10–50 µL β-glucosidase inhibition (lemongrass mint CuONPs) concentration-dependent inhibition, with percentages between 53–79% at concentrations between 10–50 µL ( 21 ) Dec 2024 Mentha aquatica ɑ-glucosidase inhibition IC 50 = 354.179 µg/mL (HE) IC 50 = 20.917 µg/mL (INF) ( 30 ) Feb 2025 Thymbra capitata ɑ-amylase inhibition 62.44 ± 0.78% inhibitory activity ɑ-glucosidase inhibition 64.89 ± 0.82% inhibitory activity Thymbra fontanesii ɑ-amylase inhibition 47.68 ± 0.57% inhibitory activity ɑ-glucosidase inhibition 58.33 ± 0.39% inhibitory activity Lavandula stoechas ɑ-amylase inhibition 46.70 ± 0.73% inhibitory activity ɑ-glucosidase inhibition 51.05 ± 0.90% inhibitory activity ( 34 ) Mar 2025 Salvia officinalis Mentha piperita OGTT test carried out in normoglycemic mice and ΔBG calculated before and after treatment with sage and peppermint extracts (20,40 and 80 mg/kg BW) at 0, 5 and 10 days and compared with saline control C1 (saline): Δ BGL 0 = 3.25 ± 0.83 Δ BGL 5 = 2.15 ± 1.45 Δ BGL 10 = 1.83 ± 1.45 (all differences insignificant) SJ-20a: Δ BGL 0 = 2.95 ± 1.38 Δ BGL 5 = 3.57 ± 1.62 Δ BGL 10 = 0.65 ± 0.68 (all differences insignificant) SJ-40a: Δ BGL 0 = 4.00 ± 1.23 Δ BGL 5 = 2.32 ± 0.75 Δ BGL 10 = 1.37 ± 0.38 (all differences insignificant) SJ-80a: Δ BGL 0 = 3.77 ± 1.52 Δ BGL 5 = 2.48 ± 0.80 Δ BGL 10 = 1.30 ± 0.64 (all differences insignificant) PJ-20a: Δ BGL 0 = 3.77 ± 1.52 Δ BGL 5 = 2.85 ± 0.91 Δ BGL 10 = 1.32 ± 1.25 (all differences insignificant) PJ-40a: Δ BGL 0 = 3.47 ± 0.80 Δ BGL 5 = 3.40 ± 1.00 Δ BGL 10 = 10.98 ± 0.99 (all differences insignificant) PJ-80a: Δ BGL 0 = 2.53 ± 1.11 Δ BGL 5 = 2.15 ± 0.86 Δ BGL 10 = 1.38 ± 1.32 (all differences insignificant) OGTT test carried out in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and ΔBG calculated before and after treatment with sage and peppermint extracts (20,40 and 80 mg/kg BW) at 75 hrs and 10 days and compared with saline control C2 (saline): Δ BGL 10–72 h = 13.65 ± 7.74 (all differences insignificant) SJ-20b: Δ BGL 10–72 h = 5.25 ± 5.56 (all differences insignificant) SJ-40b: Δ BGL 10–72 h = 7.65 ± 9.80 (all differences insignificant) SJ-80b: Δ BGL 10–72 h = 6.95 ± 6.45 (all differences insignificant) PJ-20b: Δ BGL 10–72 h = 5.46 ± 8.64 (all differences insignificant) PJ-40b: Δ BGL 10–72 h = 6.54 ± 4.53 (all differences insignificant) PJ-80b: Δ BGL 10–72 h = 5.76 ± 5.05 (all differences insignificant) *IC50: half-maximal inhibitory concentration; HAE: hot aqueous extraction; UAE: ultrasonic-assisted extraction; MAC: maceration; BSA: bovine serum albumin; MGO: methylgloxal; FCM: fermented camel milk; HE: hydroethanolic extract; INF: infusion extract; BGL: blood glucose levels; BW: body weight. This review consolidates the antidiabetic potential of various species within the Lamiaceae family, mainly by examining and describing the in vitro inhibition of enzymes that play a key role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, like α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase. Fifteen studies from 2020 to 2025 were analysed in this study, revealing significant variability in the effectiveness of different extracts, plant parts, and methods used, which greatly influenced the plants' anti-diabetic potential ( 21 ). Notable variation was found in α-amylase inhibitory activity across all species included in the various studies. Various methods were used to report this data, with the IC 50 concentration being the most common. The most potent inhibition was reported in ( 21 ), where methanol extracts achieved an IC₅₀ as low as 1.01 µg/mL, indicating high enzyme suppression potential. In comparison, aqueous extracts often demonstrated higher IC₅₀ values, suggesting that solvent polarity greatly influences the biological activity of the extracted compounds. ( 22 ) presented a unique comparative analysis of extraction techniques: hot aqueous extraction (HAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and maceration (MAC) across four solvents, revealing that acetone/water fractions were consistently among the most effective, especially when extracted by maceration (MAC). This highlights the impact of both the extraction technique and solvent polarity on bioactivity. The inhibition of α-Glucosidase was found to be even more pronounced than that of α-amylase activity across a majority of studies. Mentha extracts in ( 23 ) showed up to 93.71% inhibition, while ( 24 ) recorded 98.68%, highlighting their strong potential as therapeutic agents. The lowest IC₅₀ values were seen in ( 26 ) with Mentha royleana (IC 50 = 2.04 ± 0.03 µg/mL) and Ocimum basilicum (IC 50 = 3.32 ± 0.47 µg/mL), suggesting significant bioactivity even at low concentrations. Interestingly, ( 17 ) contrasted the effectiveness of hydroethanolic and infusion extracts, with infusions outperforming hydroethanolic forms, reinforcing the importance of traditional preparation methods. ( 27 ) introduced an innovative approach using ZnO and CuO nanoparticles synthesised with extracts from mint and lemongrass. These metal oxide nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of both α-amylase and β-glucosidase, offering a potential avenue for nanotechnology-assisted plant-based therapeutics. Only ( 28 – 30 ) included a standard pharmaceutical control (acarbose) to compare α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, allowing for more meaningful comparisons. The various species studied in these studies showed a moderate amount of enzyme inhibition compared to the control, thus exhibiting promising natural bioactive properties. When compared against acarbose, which was used as a positive control in ( 28 – 30 ), many plant extracts demonstrated comparable inhibition at higher concentrations. For example, in ( 29 ), increasing extract concentration correlated with stronger inhibition of both enzymes, although acarbose maintained consistently higher activity at equivalent doses. However, due to the limited number of studies that included a positive control such as acarbose, definitive conclusions regarding the relative enzyme inhibitory efficacy of Lamiaceae extracts compared to pharmaceutical standards cannot be drawn. Some studies presented detailed dose-response or IC 50 data, while others reported only percentage inhibition, limiting direct comparisons ( 21 – 22 ). Standardization in reporting would enhance future comparative analyses. ( 28 ) also chose to study the inhibition of the lipase enzyme, which degrades lipids in the intestinal lumen and helps absorption. Inhibition of this enzyme prevents the absorption of lipids in the blood and helps lower their concentration in the blood. This has been found to have a positive impact on glycaemic control and peripheral glucose tolerance, thus decreasing the risk of T2DM ( 28 – 29 ). The two species described in this study showed promising lipase inhibitory activity: Mentha piperita (IC 50 = 71.36 ± 0.02 µg/mL) and Lavandula multifida (IC 50 = 30.94 ± 0.08 µg/mL) when compared to a positive control (Orlistat), a potent lipase inhibitor also used as a weight loss drug. While a majority of the studies chose the conventional method of reporting anti-diabetic properties in terms of digestive enzyme inhibition, some studies chose novel methods to further explore and understand the true antidiabetic potential of the Lamiaceae family. ( 33 ) studied AGE inhibition, where a non-enzymatic BSA-MGO model was used to evaluate antiglycation activity. ( 15 ) evaluated the in vivo effects of mint-supplemented fermented camel milk, demonstrating lowered serum glucose and improved insulin levels in diabetic rats. The use of nanoparticles as a vehicle for dose delivery also showcases the potential of such methods in the exploration of natural antidiabetic remedies. ( 34 ) chose a different approach to explore the antidiabetic potential of sage and mint juices by carrying out oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) in normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The difference in blood glucose was calculated before and after treatment with sage and peppermint extracts with increasing concentrations at timed intervals and compared with a saline control. The study, however, was not able to demonstrate a significant difference between the control and the varying concentrations of sage and mint extracts. High variability in the measured values was cited as a reason. The study noted that an increase in blood glucose levels in most groups treated with sage or peppermint juice was reduced twofold compared to the saline group, being lowest in the groups treated with the lowest doses of the juices. The study also noted a reduction in the increase in blood glucose levels detected during OGTT in the experimental groups compared to the control group treated with saline after 10 days of treatment, although the effect was not statistically significant. A longer treatment duration was suggested as an avenue for future research to properly understand and document the long-term hypoglycaemic effects of these plants. These findings underscore that Lamiaceae species may modulate multiple diabetes-related pathways, beyond the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase alone, and that newer and better extraction methods can be explored in order to maximise the antidiabetic properties gained from these plants ( 35 – 38 ). Despite promising results, several limitations affect cross-study comparability: lack of a positive control, such as acarbose, to compare results with in most studies; heterogeneity in plant parts used, extraction solvents, and assay conditions; inconsistent reporting of IC₅₀ values or control comparisons, and; lack of phytochemical characterization of plant species in many studies. Future research should focus on standardizing protocols for in vitro assays, identifying active constituents responsible for enzyme inhibition, validating results in vivo and assessing long-term safety and efficacy, exploring synergistic effects, e.g., via co-administration or formulation with probiotics or nanocarriers. Collectively, these studies reaffirm the therapeutic promise of Lamiaceae plants and lay the groundwork for future antidiabetic drug development from plant-based sources. The production of this rapid review was beneficial for a more focused perspective on the antidiabetic activity of plants ( 39 – 41 ). Centering the lens of a review on Lamiaceae plants allowed for the illumination of biological activity, providing a closer look onto these plants specifically. Consistency was identified across both Lamiaceae and, more narrowed, Mentha species, cementing their potential in therapy, drug development, and medicine ( 42 ). CONCLUSION The collective evidence discussed in this review article indicates that Lamiaceae species, including those within the genus Mentha , possess promise in the context of T2DM. Through various methodologies e.g. conventionally reliable enzyme inhibition assays and novel models, the antidiabetic potential of Lamiaceae species has been showcased through the enhancement of glucose uptake and protection of β-cells. While these findings underscore the therapeutic promise of Lamiaceae species as complementary agents in diabetes management, variability in study design, dosage, and extract preparation limits direct clinical translation, with implementable methods for future study being suggested above. By further studying such plants especially in synergy with other green chemistry sources or synthetic formulations, diabetes treatment can be driven forward toward a future where diabetes treatment is more effective, more reliable, and more accessible. 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Molecules 28(6):2865 Krstić S, Milanović I, Stilinović N, Vukmirović S, Pavlović N, Berežni S et al (2025) Health Benefits of Traditional Sage and Peppermint Juices: Simple Solutions for Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Support. Foods 14(7):1182 Lu W, Lei W, Yang Y et al (2025) Clean integrated extraction of Piper nigrum L. essential oil and comparative analysis of volatile profiles with traditional methods. LWT 229:118174 Pogorzelska-Nowicka E, Hanula M, Pogorzelski G (2024) Extraction of polyphenols and essential oils from herbs with green extraction methods – An insightful review. Food Chem 460(1):140456 Nabi MHB, Ahmed MM, Mia MS, Islam S, Zzaman W (2025) Essential oils: Advances in extraction techniques, chemical composition, bioactivities, and emerging applications. Food Chem Adv 8:101048 Yusoff MHM, Shafie MH (2024) A review of in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic polysaccharides: Extraction methods, physicochemical and structure-activity relationships. Int J Biol Macromol 282(4):137143 Mohammed A, Tajuddeen N (2022) Antidiabetic compounds from medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes in Africa: A review update (2015–2020). South Afr J Bot 146:585–602 Shori AB (2015) Screening of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of medicinal plants. J Integr Med 13(5):297–305 Yedjou CG, Grigsby J, Mbemi A et al (2023) The Management of Diabetes Mellitus Using Medicinal Plants and Vitamins. Int J Mol Sci 24(10):9085 Baruah RR, Patle D (2025) Computational and biological perspective of phytoconstituents and their synthetic derivatives in antidiabetic therapy. Lett Drug Des Discovery 22(5):100060 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7396223","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":501717740,"identity":"2a9a6cc1-904c-4124-9feb-59644aae3a61","order_by":0,"name":"Jon Zaccary Regala","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgY4k/kAkJCQIUULWwJICw8pFvIYgEmC6pjbew9/+FFjJ28+I+fzqxs1FjwM7IePbsDrsJ5zCYY9x5IN59zI3WadcwzoMJ60tBt4tczIMUjgbTjAOEMid5txDhtQiwSPGUEtB/82HLCfIZHzzDjnH3FaDJuBtiQCtTA/zm0jRkvPGWNmmWPJyTN4npkx5/ZJ8LAR8othe4/xxzc1drYz2JMff875VifHz374GH4tDTCWQAKbBIhmw6ccBOThLP4DzB8IqR4Fo2AUjIKRCQC7j0ZXUOVbAwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8968-7773","institution":"Ajman University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jon","middleName":"Zaccary","lastName":"Regala","suffix":""},{"id":501717741,"identity":"bde0db46-98e9-4d51-9da0-336f6ab079c5","order_by":1,"name":"Shaun Pereira","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shaun","middleName":"","lastName":"Pereira","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-18 06:14:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7396223/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7396223/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89468049,"identity":"8728cca8-5ee5-4831-9c30-d119289c6804","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 08:56:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":135094,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDecision flowchart for identifying studies for review (18).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Identificationofstudiesviadatabases.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7396223/v1/b00502e288dc55d7837d62c4.png"},{"id":89469298,"identity":"c5cab4b5-a5f8-4f23-9e8c-c83bf1c9d300","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 09:12:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":710163,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7396223/v1/6f635a4f-19b2-481b-b3f5-fd8794ecc30c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMint Condition: \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e) Species as Antidiabetic Agents\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder primarily caused by a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development, with lifestyle factors such as obesity, poor diet, and physical inactivity playing major roles (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). As of 2017, approximately 462\u0026nbsp;million people were living with T2DM, accounting for about 6.28% of the global population. The prevalence of the disease has continued to rise, accompanied by a significant increase in mortality. Notably, T2DM rose from being the 18th leading cause of death in 1990 to the 7th by 2017 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Given this alarming rise, T2DM has arguably become one of the most pressing concerns for health professionals around the world.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiple conventional therapies aimed at treating T2DM e.g. metformin, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 agonists, and insulin analogues are present today. However, they are associated with a wide range of limitations including adverse effects and decreasing efficacy over time (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Some of these drugs need to be taken multiple times throughout the day and/or by subcutaneous administration, posing challenges in long-term compliance with these drugs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, these high-cost therapies place a huge burden on the already overburdened, resource-starved health systems of low-income countries, thus making their long-term, large-scale use in these settings untenable (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). These challenges have hence prompted researchers to seek alternative, low-cost alternatives to conventional therapies that can be widely available to the general public.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedicinal plants and their various parts are being increasingly explored as low-cost, natural alternatives to conventional therapies in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. As phytochemicals, compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids extracted from these plants have shown considerable promise as potential anti-diabetic agents (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMint, sage, basil, and oregano are common, popular examples of \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e species. These plants, including those of the genus \u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e, have emerged as particularly promising natural therapeutic options, demonstrating anti-diabetic effects through multiple mechanisms. These include the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, enhancement of insulin secretion, reduction of oxidative stress, and modulation of lipid metabolism (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven the increasing demand for plant-based therapies, this review aims to critically analyse and synthesise the available literature on the antidiabetic potential of these plants, making information more accessible and consumable. Producing this review is also significant due to the fact that no reviews on the antidiabetic potential of \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e species have been published despite the growing body of evidence. Additionally, we aim to study the phytochemical constituents, proposed mechanisms of action, and outcomes from in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the therapeutic relevance of \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e in the context of T2DM.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe guidelines in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions were adapted in conducting this literature review, modified for application in a rapid review (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Due to the swift rate at which information is being communicated, conducting a rapid review was deemed most appropriate in compiling and evaluating the following data (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe keywords \u0026ldquo;(bioactive OR biologically active) AND (antidiabetic OR diabetes OR diabetes mellitus) AND (mint OR mentha OR lamiaceae OR peppermint OR spearmint)\u0026rdquo; were searched in databases Science Direct, PubMed, MDPI, ProQuest\u0026rsquo;s Global Health Library, and Sage Journals in March 2025. Research articles related to diabetes and \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e species were screened. Exclusion criteria were non-research articles e.g. review articles and book chapters, literature published prior to January 2020, literature not openly accessible, and unrelated literature. Both authors conducted literature survey and evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom 5,666 search results from ProQuest, 2,664 from Sage Journals, 1,463 from ScienceDirect, 271 from PubMed, and 42 from MDPI, 10,106 articles were generated from the initial search of the keywords, with Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 showing the decision flowchart that ultimately produced the list of articles to be reviewed. Fifteen articles were selected for the review.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e is a summary of the included literature in this review.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDetails of included literature in the rapid review, ordered by date of publication.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePUBLICATION\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDATE OF PUBLICATION\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLAMIACEAE\u003c/em\u003e SPECIES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMETHODS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRESULTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeb 2020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMinthostachys diffusa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.61 \u0026micro;g/mL with ethyl acetate fraction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epromising\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApr 2020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha arvensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.07% inhibitory activity in undiluted sample of aqueous extract\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.71% inhibitory activity in ethanol extract\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsian basil varieties\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003elow (0-12.84%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehigh (41\u0026ndash;94% in the undiluted sample)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMar 2021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha spicata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08% inhibitory activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0. 76% inhibitory activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJan 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha spicata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition (HAE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexane: 0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChloroform: 0.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone: 0.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u0026nbsp; mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone/water: 0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition (UAE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexane: 0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChloroform: 0.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone: 0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u0026nbsp; mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone/water: 0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition (MAC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexane: 0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChloroform: 0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone: 0.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone/water: 0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition (HAE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexane: 0.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChloroform: 1.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone: 0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone/water: 1.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition (UAE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexane: 1.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChloroform: 1.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone: 1.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone/water: 1.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition (MAC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHexane: 1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChloroform: 1.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone: 1.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u0026nbsp; mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcetone/water: 1.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mmol ACAE/g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMar 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyclotrichium leucotrichum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.43 \u0026micro;g/mL (r\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9711) with water extract\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.01 \u0026micro;g/mL (r\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9644) with methanol extract\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;62.94 \u0026micro;g/mL (r\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9685) with water extract\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;36.47 \u0026micro;g/mL (r\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9417) with methanol extract\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJun 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalvia officinalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;81.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;113.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha suaveolens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;94.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;141.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJun 2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;98.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;103.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLipase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;71.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLavandula multifida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;59.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLipase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMar 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntiglycation non-enzymatic assay (BSA-MGO Model)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3% inhibition of MGO mediated AGEs\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of peppermint leaf dry extract\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2mg/ml\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMGO trapping and adduct analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enon-methylated flavones demonstrated substantially higher antiglycation and MGO-trapping potential than non-methylated flavanones.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJul 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha arvensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e400 \u0026micro;g/mL concentration: 42.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e200 \u0026micro;g/mL concentration: 28.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 \u0026micro;g/mL concentration: 19.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 \u0026micro;g/mL concentration: 10.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 \u0026micro;g/mL concentration: 10.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e400 \u0026micro;g/mL concentration: 58.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e200 \u0026micro;g/mL concentration: 51.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 \u0026micro;g/mL concentration: 31.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 \u0026micro;g/mL concentration: 24.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23%\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 \u0026micro;g/mL concentration: 18.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJul 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eeffect of FCM and mentha extract on serum glucose of diabetic rats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186 mg/dl in FCM with 1.5% mint leaves powder compared to 253 mg/dl in diabetic control group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eeffect of FCM and mentha extract on serum insulin levels of diabetic rats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.4, and 28.6 \u0026micro;U/mL plasma insulin levels in FCM with 1 and 1.5% mint leaves powder compared to 35.9 \u0026micro;U/mL in healthy control group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalvia officinalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eeffect of FCM and sage extract on serum glucose of diabetic rats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175.2 mg/dl in FCM with 1.5% sage leaves powder compared to 253 mg/dl in diabetic control group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eeffect of FCM and sage extract on serum insulin levels of diabetic rats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.11 and 30.2 \u0026micro;U/mL plasma insulin levels in FCM with 1 and 1.5% mint leaves powder compared to 35.9 \u0026micro;U/mL in healthy control group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSep 2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha royleana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47 \u0026micro;g/mL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeb 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMint (species unspecified)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(lemongrass mint ZnONPs)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003econcentration-dependent inhibition, with percentages between 36\u0026ndash;80% at concentrations between 10\u0026ndash;50 \u0026micro;L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-glucosidase inhibition (lemongrass mint ZnONPs)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003econcentration-dependent inhibition, with percentages between 50\u0026ndash;78% at concentrations between 10\u0026ndash;50 \u0026micro;L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(lemongrass mint CuONPs)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003econcentration-dependent inhibition, with percentages between 40\u0026ndash;77% at concentrations between 10\u0026ndash;50 \u0026micro;L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eβ-glucosidase inhibition (lemongrass mint CuONPs)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003econcentration-dependent inhibition, with percentages between 53\u0026ndash;79% at concentrations between 10\u0026ndash;50 \u0026micro;L\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDec 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha aquatica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;354.179 \u0026micro;g/mL (HE)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.917 \u0026micro;g/mL (INF)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeb 2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThymbra capitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78% inhibitory activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82% inhibitory activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThymbra fontanesii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57% inhibitory activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39% inhibitory activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLavandula stoechas\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-amylase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73% inhibitory activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eɑ-glucosidase inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90% inhibitory activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMar 2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalvia officinalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGTT test carried out in normoglycemic mice and ΔBG calculated before and after treatment with sage and peppermint extracts (20,40 and 80 mg/kg BW) at 0, 5 and 10 days and compared with saline control\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC1 (saline):\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 10\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSJ-20a: Δ BGL 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 10\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68 \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSJ-40a: Δ BGL 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 10\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38 \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSJ-80a: Δ BGL 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 10\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64 \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePJ-20a: Δ BGL 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 10\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25 \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePJ-40a: Δ BGL 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 10\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99 \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePJ-80a: Δ BGL 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eΔ BGL 10\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.32 \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOGTT test carried out in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and ΔBG calculated before and after treatment with sage and peppermint extracts (20,40 and 80 mg/kg BW) at 75 hrs and 10 days and compared with saline control\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC2 (saline): Δ BGL 10\u0026ndash;72 h\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSJ-20b: Δ BGL 10\u0026ndash;72 h\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSJ-40b: Δ BGL 10\u0026ndash;72 h\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSJ-80b: Δ BGL 10\u0026ndash;72 h\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePJ-20b: Δ BGL 10\u0026ndash;72 h\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePJ-40b: Δ BGL 10\u0026ndash;72 h\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePJ-80b: Δ BGL 10\u0026ndash;72 h\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(all differences insignificant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*IC50: half-maximal inhibitory concentration; HAE: hot aqueous extraction; UAE: ultrasonic-assisted extraction; MAC: maceration; BSA: bovine serum albumin; MGO: methylgloxal; FCM: fermented camel milk; HE: hydroethanolic extract; INF: infusion extract; BGL: blood glucose levels; BW: body weight.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis review consolidates the antidiabetic potential of various species within the \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e family, mainly by examining and describing the in vitro inhibition of enzymes that play a key role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, like α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase. Fifteen studies from 2020 to 2025 were analysed in this study, revealing significant variability in the effectiveness of different extracts, plant parts, and methods used, which greatly influenced the plants' anti-diabetic potential (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNotable variation was found in α-amylase inhibitory activity across all species included in the various studies. Various methods were used to report this data, with the IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e concentration being the most common. The most potent inhibition was reported in (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e), where methanol extracts achieved an IC₅₀ as low as 1.01 \u0026micro;g/mL, indicating high enzyme suppression potential. In comparison, aqueous extracts often demonstrated higher IC₅₀ values, suggesting that solvent polarity greatly influences the biological activity of the extracted compounds. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) presented a unique comparative analysis of extraction techniques: hot aqueous extraction (HAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and maceration (MAC) across four solvents, revealing that acetone/water fractions were consistently among the most effective, especially when extracted by maceration (MAC). This highlights the impact of both the extraction technique and solvent polarity on bioactivity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe inhibition of α-Glucosidase was found to be even more pronounced than that of α-amylase activity across a majority of studies. \u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e extracts in (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e) showed up to 93.71% inhibition, while (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e) recorded 98.68%, highlighting their strong potential as therapeutic agents. The lowest IC₅₀ values were seen in (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) with \u003cem\u003eMentha royleana\u003c/em\u003e (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u0026micro;g/mL) and \u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47 \u0026micro;g/mL), suggesting significant bioactivity even at low concentrations. Interestingly, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) contrasted the effectiveness of hydroethanolic and infusion extracts, with infusions outperforming hydroethanolic forms, reinforcing the importance of traditional preparation methods. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e) introduced an innovative approach using ZnO and CuO nanoparticles synthesised with extracts from mint and lemongrass. These metal oxide nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of both α-amylase and β-glucosidase, offering a potential avenue for nanotechnology-assisted plant-based therapeutics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnly (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e) included a standard pharmaceutical control (acarbose) to compare α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, allowing for more meaningful comparisons. The various species studied in these studies showed a moderate amount of enzyme inhibition compared to the control, thus exhibiting promising natural bioactive properties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen compared against acarbose, which was used as a positive control in (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), many plant extracts demonstrated comparable inhibition at higher concentrations. For example, in (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e), increasing extract concentration correlated with stronger inhibition of both enzymes, although acarbose maintained consistently higher activity at equivalent doses. However, due to the limited number of studies that included a positive control such as acarbose, definitive conclusions regarding the relative enzyme inhibitory efficacy of \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e extracts compared to pharmaceutical standards cannot be drawn. Some studies presented detailed dose-response or IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e data, while others reported only percentage inhibition, limiting direct comparisons (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Standardization in reporting would enhance future comparative analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e) also chose to study the inhibition of the lipase enzyme, which degrades lipids in the intestinal lumen and helps absorption. Inhibition of this enzyme prevents the absorption of lipids in the blood and helps lower their concentration in the blood. This has been found to have a positive impact on glycaemic control and peripheral glucose tolerance, thus decreasing the risk of T2DM (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). The two species described in this study showed promising lipase inhibitory activity: \u003cem\u003eMentha piperita\u003c/em\u003e (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;71.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 \u0026micro;g/mL) and \u003cem\u003eLavandula multifida\u003c/em\u003e (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 \u0026micro;g/mL) when compared to a positive control (Orlistat), a potent lipase inhibitor also used as a weight loss drug.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile a majority of the studies chose the conventional method of reporting anti-diabetic properties in terms of digestive enzyme inhibition, some studies chose novel methods to further explore and understand the true antidiabetic potential of the \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e family. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e) studied AGE inhibition, where a non-enzymatic BSA-MGO model was used to evaluate antiglycation activity. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) evaluated the in vivo effects of mint-supplemented fermented camel milk, demonstrating lowered serum glucose and improved insulin levels in diabetic rats. The use of nanoparticles as a vehicle for dose delivery also showcases the potential of such methods in the exploration of natural antidiabetic remedies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e) chose a different approach to explore the antidiabetic potential of sage and mint juices by carrying out oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) in normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The difference in blood glucose was calculated before and after treatment with sage and peppermint extracts with increasing concentrations at timed intervals and compared with a saline control. The study, however, was not able to demonstrate a significant difference between the control and the varying concentrations of sage and mint extracts. High variability in the measured values was cited as a reason. The study noted that an increase in blood glucose levels in most groups treated with sage or peppermint juice was reduced twofold compared to the saline group, being lowest in the groups treated with the lowest doses of the juices. The study also noted a reduction in the increase in blood glucose levels detected during OGTT in the experimental groups compared to the control group treated with saline after 10 days of treatment, although the effect was not statistically significant. A longer treatment duration was suggested as an avenue for future research to properly understand and document the long-term hypoglycaemic effects of these plants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings underscore that \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e species may modulate multiple diabetes-related pathways, beyond the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase alone, and that newer and better extraction methods can be explored in order to maximise the antidiabetic properties gained from these plants (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR36 CR37\" citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite promising results, several limitations affect cross-study comparability: lack of a positive control, such as acarbose, to compare results with in most studies; heterogeneity in plant parts used, extraction solvents, and assay conditions; inconsistent reporting of IC₅₀ values or control comparisons, and; lack of phytochemical characterization of plant species in many studies. Future research should focus on standardizing protocols for in vitro assays, identifying active constituents responsible for enzyme inhibition, validating results in vivo and assessing long-term safety and efficacy, exploring synergistic effects, e.g., via co-administration or formulation with probiotics or nanocarriers. Collectively, these studies reaffirm the therapeutic promise of \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e plants and lay the groundwork for future antidiabetic drug development from plant-based sources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe production of this rapid review was beneficial for a more focused perspective on the antidiabetic activity of plants (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR40\" citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). Centering the lens of a review on \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e plants allowed for the illumination of biological activity, providing a closer look onto these plants specifically. Consistency was identified across both \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e and, more narrowed, \u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e species, cementing their potential in therapy, drug development, and medicine (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe collective evidence discussed in this review article indicates that \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e species, including those within the genus \u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e, possess promise in the context of T2DM. Through various methodologies e.g. conventionally reliable enzyme inhibition assays and novel models, the antidiabetic potential of \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e species has been showcased through the enhancement of glucose uptake and protection of β-cells. While these findings underscore the therapeutic promise of \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e species as complementary agents in diabetes management, variability in study design, dosage, and extract preparation limits direct clinical translation, with implementable methods for future study being suggested above. By further studying such plants especially in synergy with other green chemistry sources or synthetic formulations, diabetes treatment can be driven forward toward a future where diabetes treatment is more effective, more reliable, and more accessible.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuoio DM, Newgard CB (2008) Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of insulin resistance and β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9(3):193\u0026ndash;205\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Groop L, Henry RR, Herman WH, Holst JJ et al (2015) Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primer [Internet]. Jul 23 [cited 2025 Jul 24];1(1). 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Int J Mol Sci 24(10):9085\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaruah RR, Patle D (2025) Computational and biological perspective of phytoconstituents and their synthetic derivatives in antidiabetic therapy. Lett Drug Des Discovery 22(5):100060\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"diabetes mellitus, antidiabetic activity, plants, lamiaceae, mentha, mint","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7396223/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7396223/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, with various genetic and lifestyle causes. The limitations associated with conventional therapies, such as adverse affects and decreasing efficacy over time, warrant the need for exploration of better treatments. This gap is filled by plants with biologically active phytochemicals, readily available in natural environments and uncostly. \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e species, including those of the genus \u003cem\u003eMentha\u003c/em\u003e, have been studied in this context, demonstrating potential as antidiabetic agents. With the vast amount of scholarly information available, review articles are helpful for consolidation, synthesis, and convenience; a rapid review also accelerates this process, adapting the methods of a systematic review. Screened from 10,106 documents from databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, MDPI, ProQuest\u0026rsquo;s Global Health Library, and Sage Journals sourced in March 2025, this rapid review evaluates 15 modern research articles with evidence of the antidiabetic potential of \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e species through the guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Further experimentation is warranted in \u003cem\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/em\u003e species especially to explore synergy with other plants, though existing data stimulates optimism for the future of diabetes treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mint Condition: Lamiaceae (Mentha) Species as Antidiabetic Agents","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-20 08:56:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7396223/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9491d652-1181-49bd-ad6e-1be635c06a98","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":53284831,"name":"Endocrinology \u0026 Metabolism"},{"id":53284832,"name":"Clinical Pharmacology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-20T08:56:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-20 08:56:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7396223","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7396223","identity":"rs-7396223","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}