Ozone-based advanced oxidation for removal of antibiotic amoxicillin from aqueous environment: operational parameters, kinetic and economic evaluation

Ozone-based advanced oxidation for removal of antibiotic amoxicillin from aqueous environment: operational parameters, kinetic and economic evaluation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Ozone-based advanced oxidation for removal of antibiotic amoxicillin from aqueous environment: operational parameters, kinetic and economic evaluation Mohammad Mehdi Malek Mohammadi, Naeimeh Jodeiri, Hamed Bakhshi, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8243956/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Antibiotics are among pollutants detected in aquatic environments including effluents of wastewater treatment plants, surface and groundwater and also drinking water. Long term exposure to these compounds pose a threat not only to the health of human but also for aquatic organisms. This study investigates the removal of amoxicillin from aqueous environments using ozone and O 3 /H 2 O 2 as advanced oxidation processes. Operational parameters including pH, amoxicillin concentration, reaction time and input ozone flow rate were systematically varied to determine optimal conditions. Results indicate favorable amoxicillin removal efficacy under optimal conditions: a reaction time of 30 minutes, pH of 10, amoxicillin concentration of 50 ppm, and input ozone flow rate of 500 mL/min, yielding an 89% removal efficiency alongside reductions of 21.93% in COD and 43.03% in TOC. Additionally, the O 3 /H 2 O 2 process was explored to enhance antibiotic removal efficiency. Maximum removal efficiency of approximately 97% for amoxicillin was achieved under optimal conditions with H 2 O 2 dosage of 4 mL. Application of tert-butanol as radical scavenger confirmed the vital role of hydroxyl radicals in amoxicillin decomposition. Kinetic analysis revealed that both processes adhere to first-order kinetics. A cost analysis for these processes was performed to give an insight into the costs associated with these processes in large scale. Physical sciences/Chemistry Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences antibiotics amoxicillin kinetic ozonation O3/H2O2 advanced oxidation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Dec, 2025 Editor invited by journal 09 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 05 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 30 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8243956","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":560311121,"identity":"f739e74b-3836-4e83-8907-9678164aa875","order_by":0,"name":"Mohammad Mehdi Malek Mohammadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sahand University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Mehdi Malek","lastName":"Mohammadi","suffix":""},{"id":560311122,"identity":"7da81a64-ee67-4cca-8776-fad45fa5c2c2","order_by":1,"name":"Naeimeh 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evaluation","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"antibiotics, amoxicillin, kinetic, ozonation, O3/H2O2, advanced oxidation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8243956/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8243956/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAntibiotics are among pollutants detected in aquatic environments including effluents of wastewater treatment plants, surface and groundwater and also drinking water. Long term exposure to these compounds pose a threat not only to the health of human but also for aquatic organisms. This study investigates the removal of amoxicillin from aqueous environments using ozone and O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as advanced oxidation processes. Operational parameters including pH, amoxicillin concentration, reaction time and input ozone flow rate were systematically varied to determine optimal conditions. Results indicate favorable amoxicillin removal efficacy under optimal conditions: a reaction time of 30 minutes, pH of 10, amoxicillin concentration of 50 ppm, and input ozone flow rate of 500 mL/min, yielding an 89% removal efficiency alongside reductions of 21.93% in COD and 43.03% in TOC. Additionally, the O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e process was explored to enhance antibiotic removal efficiency. Maximum removal efficiency of approximately 97% for amoxicillin was achieved under optimal conditions with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e dosage of 4 mL. Application of tert-butanol as radical scavenger confirmed the vital role of hydroxyl radicals in amoxicillin decomposition. Kinetic analysis revealed that both processes adhere to first-order kinetics. A cost analysis for these processes was performed to give an insight into the costs associated with these processes in large scale.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ozone-based advanced oxidation for removal of antibiotic amoxicillin from aqueous environment: operational parameters, kinetic and economic evaluation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-16 17:06:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8243956/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-29T05:19:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"80545539601237092598378683118245655126","date":"2025-12-16T12:04:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-15T05:54:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-11T13:30:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"304043504933839032699132704122381564273","date":"2025-12-11T12:01:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"157265370323347597092128365862562858352","date":"2025-12-11T12:00:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"282797934966012079535260677856129917607","date":"2025-12-11T08:59:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"329299294527328639102837334426814528597","date":"2025-12-11T08:47:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-11T08:16:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T18:25:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-05T10:57:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-05T10:51:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-11-30T18:44:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"473175f2-1efb-449c-9dda-c976b84ad570","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":59641689,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":59641690,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-05T13:23:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-16 17:06:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8243956","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8243956","identity":"rs-8243956","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}