Efficacy of 3D-printed brain model for the simulation of external ventricular drainage

Efficacy of 3D-printed brain model for the simulation of external ventricular drainage | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Efficacy of 3D-printed brain model for the simulation of external ventricular drainage In Sung Hwang, Sun Mo Nam, Tae Yoon Park, Yuwhan Chung, Joo Whan Kim, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8053089/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose: Three-dimensional (3D)-printed brain models for neurosurgical training are gaining popularity. This study aimed to evaluate the educational efficacy of a 3D-printed model designed specifically for external ventricular drainage (EVD) training for neurosurgical residents. Methods: A prospective study involving neurosurgical residents was conducted between March 2024 and March 2025. A total of 18 residents were involved (n = 10 in Kocher’s point group and n = 8 in the Frazier’s point group). Procedural accuracy, time, and proficiency were assessed, along with surveys, to evaluate the educational efficacy of the model. Results: Significant improvements were noted in procedural performance between the first and second simulations in terms of burr hole location, time taken for burr hole trephination and ventriculostomy, as well as overall proficiency. Residents in the Kocher’s point group showed improvements in burr hole location (p = 0.025), burr hole trephination time (mean reduction of 39.2 seconds, p = 0.003), ventriculostomy time (mean reduction of 70.6 seconds, p = 0.002), and overall proficiency (p = 0.034). The Frazier’s point group improved in burr hole trephination time (mean reduction of 37.6 seconds, p = 0.041), EVD placement accuracy (p = 0.014), and overall proficiency (p = 0.014). Surveys indicated strong residents’ satisfaction (median score 5) and high faculty rating regarding anatomical resemblance (median scores 4–5). Conclusions: In this study, the 3D-printed EVD training model significantly enhanced neurosurgical residents’ procedural skills. The result suggests substantial educational value and potential of the model as a practical alternative to traditional cadaveric training methods. Ventriculostomy Printing Three-dimensional Education Efficacy Simulation Training Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files 3.SupplementaryEVD.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8053089","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":546358994,"identity":"82fdcd15-e5f7-40b8-8945-9fa4fb88f30a","order_by":0,"name":"In Sung Hwang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"In","middleName":"Sung","lastName":"Hwang","suffix":""},{"id":546358995,"identity":"9665ceba-477b-470d-bcf1-06f81382373a","order_by":1,"name":"Sun Mo Nam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sun","middleName":"Mo","lastName":"Nam","suffix":""},{"id":546358996,"identity":"e2726233-2b3f-47ca-ae3f-01a6c2ff1171","order_by":2,"name":"Tae Yoon Park","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tae","middleName":"Yoon","lastName":"Park","suffix":""},{"id":546358997,"identity":"8ee7e05b-a6d5-4544-8b12-ac0446249d9c","order_by":3,"name":"Yuwhan Chung","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuwhan","middleName":"","lastName":"Chung","suffix":""},{"id":546358998,"identity":"6dfc0b0f-82d6-481c-8272-9797c81b90ac","order_by":4,"name":"Joo Whan Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University Children's Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joo","middleName":"Whan","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":546358999,"identity":"67de3010-7e6e-4652-b82c-6c34a5f348a7","order_by":5,"name":"Kihwan Hwang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University Bundang Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kihwan","middleName":"","lastName":"Hwang","suffix":""},{"id":546359000,"identity":"478697d6-20f4-4026-8f59-df8f3cd2d414","order_by":6,"name":"Won-Sang Cho","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Won-Sang","middleName":"","lastName":"Cho","suffix":""},{"id":546359001,"identity":"3bcec7cb-7685-4b86-b8a1-2612910b669c","order_by":7,"name":"Chul-Kee Park","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chul-Kee","middleName":"","lastName":"Park","suffix":""},{"id":546359002,"identity":"44b66325-dd35-4ab9-a2dc-6a62ad95df27","order_by":8,"name":"Chae-Yong Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University Bundang Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chae-Yong","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":546359003,"identity":"7e59cc6d-67ff-446e-9f5d-0e479f9f0b43","order_by":9,"name":"Jeong Eun Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Seoul National University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jeong","middleName":"Eun","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":546359004,"identity":"e60f36f6-ba4b-4ccd-99a9-ae83724f2339","order_by":10,"name":"Sang Joon Park","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MEDICAL IP Co. 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drainage\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ventriculostomy, Printing, Three-dimensional, Education, Efficacy, Simulation, Training","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8053089/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8053089/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePurpose: Three-dimensional (3D)-printed brain models for neurosurgical training are gaining popularity. This study aimed to evaluate the educational efficacy of a 3D-printed model designed specifically for external ventricular drainage (EVD) training for neurosurgical residents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods: A prospective study involving neurosurgical residents was conducted between March 2024 and March 2025. A total of 18 residents were involved (n = 10 in Kocher’s point group and n = 8 in the Frazier’s point group). Procedural accuracy, time, and proficiency were assessed, along with surveys, to evaluate the educational efficacy of the model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults: Significant improvements were noted in procedural performance between the first and second simulations in terms of burr hole location, time taken for burr hole trephination and ventriculostomy, as well as overall proficiency. Residents in the Kocher’s point group showed improvements in burr hole location (p = 0.025), burr hole trephination time (mean reduction of 39.2 seconds, p = 0.003), ventriculostomy time (mean reduction of 70.6 seconds, p = 0.002), and overall proficiency (p = 0.034). The Frazier’s point group improved in burr hole trephination time (mean reduction of 37.6 seconds, p = 0.041), EVD placement accuracy (p = 0.014), and overall proficiency (p = 0.014). Surveys indicated strong residents’ satisfaction (median score 5) and high faculty rating regarding anatomical resemblance (median scores 4–5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusions: In this study, the 3D-printed EVD training model significantly enhanced neurosurgical residents’ procedural skills. The result suggests substantial educational value and potential of the model as a practical alternative to traditional cadaveric training methods.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Efficacy of 3D-printed brain model for the simulation of external ventricular drainage","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-25 18:32:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8053089/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c920fae7-f3cf-4e93-a5b1-cb4cb9778477","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-12T16:38:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-25 18:32:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8053089","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8053089","identity":"rs-8053089","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}