Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and pattern of severity Seven years’ experience.

Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive... | F1000Research "use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement("iframe");r.style.cssText="display:none",r.name="__tcfapiLocator",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===n[0]?"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n="object"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772317073",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;fn,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=["pushState","replaceState"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",x="-end",A="-body",E="cb"+x,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),z("flags: "+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)("err",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)("err",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q="nr@id";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer(["setTimeout"+le,"clearTimeout"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+"-done",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,ge,"executor-err","resolve"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",m),h.on("replaceState-end",m),window.addEventListener("hashchange",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://f1000research.com/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'research'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is "complete" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event "completion" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', "PixelInitialized", {}); (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2318163,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); search file_upload Submit your research search menu close search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit your Research My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines (PSE) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Article Processing Charges Peer Review Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Newsroom Contact My Research Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In file_upload Submit your research { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516" }, "headline": "Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province:...", "datePublished": "2024-05-20T15:59:01", "dateModified": "2024-05-20T15:59:01", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Mohammad A AlGhamdi" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Anas J AlZahrani" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Shahad M AlGarni" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Salem K Albalawi" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Abdulrahman A Alnaim" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Hussain A AlGhadeer" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background Premature newborns are susceptible to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a vasoproliferative disease of the developing retinal vessels, which is a major cause of potentially avoidable blindness. Due to geographical variations in newborn care, geographic variations in the epidemiology of ROP have been observed internationally during the last several decades. There was a correlation between the severity of the condition and the number of prenatal, postnatal, and other risk factors. This study aimed to examine the incidence and risk factors associated with retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants. Methods A retrospective review of preterm newborns evaluated for retinopathy of prematurity between January 2016 and December 2022 was carried out at King Fahd Hospital of the University (KFHU), Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Infants who fulfilled the screening criteria (GA < 34 or Birth Weight (WT) ≤ 1500 g) underwent the screening test, and the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity was used to classify retinopathy of prematurity. Risk factors and demographic information regarding ROP were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 20) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Among the 200 preterm neonates that were evaluated and admitted to neonatal critical care units, 37% exhibited premature retinopathy, with 46.7% of those cases being in stage 1. The development of ROP was linked to gestational age, length of mechanical ventilation, septicemia, intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, respiratory distress syndrome, and septicemia, according to univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Conclusion The incidence of total retinopathy in premature infants in this population was 37%. Evaluating these risk factors during the screening of high-risk premature infants will help determine the appropriate timing of examinations and treatment. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516/v1", "name": "Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King..." } } ] } Home Browse Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article AlGhamdi MA, AlZahrani AJ, AlGarni SM et al. Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and pattern of severity Seven years’ experience. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :516 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146130.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and pattern of severity Seven years’ experience. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] Mohammad A AlGhamdi https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3946-2226 1 , Anas J AlZahrani 2 , Shahad M AlGarni 2 , Salem K Albalawi 2 , Abdulrahman A Alnaim 3 , Hussain A AlGhadeer https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9128-8005 4 Mohammad A AlGhamdi https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3946-2226 1 , Anas J AlZahrani 2 , [...] Shahad M AlGarni 2 , Salem K Albalawi 2 , Abdulrahman A Alnaim 3 , Hussain A AlGhadeer https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9128-8005 4 PUBLISHED 20 May 2024 Author details Author details 1 Neonatology, College of Medicine, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia 2 Pediatric, College of Medicine, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia 3 Pediatric, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia 4 Pediatrics, Maternity and Children Hospital, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia Mohammad A AlGhamdi Roles: Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Anas J AlZahrani Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration Shahad M AlGarni Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Software, Supervision, Validation Salem K Albalawi Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Abdulrahman A Alnaim Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Hussain A AlGhadeer Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Premature newborns are susceptible to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a vasoproliferative disease of the developing retinal vessels, which is a major cause of potentially avoidable blindness. Due to geographical variations in newborn care, geographic variations in the epidemiology of ROP have been observed internationally during the last several decades. There was a correlation between the severity of the condition and the number of prenatal, postnatal, and other risk factors. This study aimed to examine the incidence and risk factors associated with retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants. Methods A retrospective review of preterm newborns evaluated for retinopathy of prematurity between January 2016 and December 2022 was carried out at King Fahd Hospital of the University (KFHU), Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Infants who fulfilled the screening criteria (GA < 34 or Birth Weight (WT) ≤ 1500 g) underwent the screening test, and the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity was used to classify retinopathy of prematurity. Risk factors and demographic information regarding ROP were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 20) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Among the 200 preterm neonates that were evaluated and admitted to neonatal critical care units, 37% exhibited premature retinopathy, with 46.7% of those cases being in stage 1. The development of ROP was linked to gestational age, length of mechanical ventilation, septicemia, intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, respiratory distress syndrome, and septicemia, according to univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Conclusion The incidence of total retinopathy in premature infants in this population was 37%. Evaluating these risk factors during the screening of high-risk premature infants will help determine the appropriate timing of examinations and treatment. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Neonate, Preterm, retinopathy of prematurity, birth weight, gestational age, Saudi Arabia Corresponding Author(s) Anas J AlZahrani ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Anas J AlZahrani Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2024 AlGhamdi MA et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: AlGhamdi MA, AlZahrani AJ, AlGarni SM et al. Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and pattern of severity Seven years’ experience. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :516 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146130.1 ) First published: 20 May 2024, 13 :516 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146130.1 ) Latest published: 20 May 2024, 13 :516 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146130.1 ) Introduction One of the most significant and curable causes of childhood blindness is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a proliferative retinopathy that damages retinal blood vessels in preterm and low-birth-weight infants. 1 Retinal detachment, which results from scarring of aberrant retinal blood vessels, is the primary cause of visual impairment and blindness in patients with ROP. 2 Initially, it was speculated that ROP development was related to the complex and unreported use of oxygen supplementation in the care of premature infants placed in closed incubators for the treatment of respiratory distress. Patz et al. first described this relationship in 1952. 3 Numerous studies have indicated that this illness is multifaceted and linked to risk factors, such as low birth weight, early intrauterine age, oxygen therapy while receiving medical care in a newborn critical care unit, respiratory issues, sepsis, and multiple parity. However, because some studies believe that this condition is dependent on geographic and medical facilities, the causal association between these elements has not been definitively proven. 1 The immature vasculature develops in two stages. First, ischemia and a hyperoxic phase restrict the blood vessels in the retina. Second, this ischemia may cause mesenchymal spindle cells to produce angiogenic factors, which may then cause the development of new immature vasculature. The International Classification for ROP (ICROP) was established in 1984. According to the zones of the retina affected by the illness (1, 2, and 3), the extent of the disease as measured by clock hours (1-12), and the severity of the disease as measured by different stages (0–5), the ROP is categorized. 4 Moreover, a demarcation line, ridge with height and width, proliferation of fibrovascular cells in extra retinal tissue, partial retinal detachment, and total retinal detachment are the five phases of ROP. 2 , 4 This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ROP in the NICU at KFUH and to investigate the risk factors that influence its presence. The results of this study will provide local studies with a useful update and aid in enhancing the knowledge of how common the ROP is in our region. In addition, Demirel et al. in 69 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), A prospective cohort study was conducted between 2016 and 2017 in 69 neonatal intensive care units. The study included infants with a birth weight (BW) or gestational age (GA) of 1500 g or less, BW or GA of more than 1500 g, and an unstable clinical course. With a GA of 32 weeks or less, 964 (81%), and more than 32 weeks, 1151 (19%). Overall, 27% of the patients had ROP in some stages and 6.7% had severe ROP. In newborns with a BW of 1500 g, a lower BW, smaller GA, total number of days spent on oxygen, late-onset sepsis, frequency of red blood cell transfusions, and relative weight growth were found to be independent risk factors for severe ROP. Hence, suggestions for infants with a GA of 34 weeks or a BW of 1700 g should be screened in Turkey. To enhance newborn outcomes in Turkish NICUs, monitoring neonatal care standards, and carrying out quality improvement programs nationwide. 5 In addition, Dwivedi et al. A five-year retrospective review was conducted at the Special Newborn Care Unit in a government Medical College located in eastern Madhya Pradesh. Thirty% of the 763 infants who underwent screening for ROP had this condition. Severe ROP prevalence was 14.2% (109) in 60 (55.5%) typical cases and 30 (27.7%) aggressive posterior ROP (APROP) cases. Stage IV and V ROP were detected in 18 patients (16.6%), making it a severe ROP. The mean gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) were 31.05 weeks and 1.34 kg, respectively, and both variables were negatively correlated with severe ROP. However, among late preterm infants, defined as those born at >34 weeks of age, 10% had severe ROP. The primary screening-related factor for stage IV and V ROP was late presentation. Severe ROP was quite common in this study. The main contributing factor to ROP-related blindness is late screening presentation. 6 On the other hand, Fekri, et al. A 2021 case series study was conducted in Alavi Hospital between 2018 and 2019, including 400 infants with gestational age less than 34 weeks or birth weight of 2000 g or less. A total of 107 (26.8%) of the 400 preterm newborns investigated (57.2% male and 42.8% female) had ROP and 23 (21.5%) required therapy (5.8% of all infants studied required treatment). Zones I, II, and III were found in four (3.7%), 29 (27.1%), and 74 (69.2%) infants, respectively. Stages I, II, and III were present in 91 (85%), 11 (10.3%), and five (4.7%) babies, respectively. Parental consanguinity is linked to an increased risk of ROP. 1 Similarly, Nugud, et al. done a retrospective cohort research in Dubai hospital and it was carried out between 2012 to 2014; 611 neonates were admitted to the NICU throughout the research period, out of 163 individuals who were enrolled in the study, 44 (27%) experienced ROP, whereas 119 (73%) did not have ROP at any of the subsequent ophthalmological screening assessment. Eight patients (4.9%) had stage I ROP, 27 patients Page 4 of 5 (16%) had stage II ROP, and 9 patients (5.5%) had stage III disease. Stage IV and V illnesses were not present in any of the patients. Infants with ROP were born at a gestational age of 27 weeks; 55 patients (33.7%) experienced intracranial hemorrhage, and 14.1% developed ROP. 3 In Saudi Arabia This retrospective study was conducted at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Jeddah between January 2010 and January 2021. The study included 37 infants with ROP. The study showed a 51.4% female predominance, a mean gestational age of 27 weeks, a mean birth weight of 800 g, birth weight, and the development of ROP in the right eye were significantly correlated, as were gestational age and the development of ROP in the same eye, and 66.7% of infants who developed ROP were delivered by cesarean section. 7 Lastly, a cohort review was conducted in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from 2010 to 2014, with a total of 581 newly enrolled patients. A total of 224 newborns (38.6%) had ROP, and 22 (10.4%) had stage 3 ROP. Infants with ROP had a mean BW of 938 g and mean GA of 27 weeks at delivery. Small GA at birth, low BW, low APGAR score at one minute, and prolonged oxygen (O2) therapy duration were all significant predictors of ROP. 4 Methods Study design A retrospective cohort review enrolled all preterm infants admitted to the NICU between January 2016 and December 2022 at King Fahd Hospital of the University (KFHU). Participants The study was conducted by reviewing medical record of 201 neonate who had been admitting in NICU with the time January 2016 and December 2022 with the inclusion criteria of Gestational Age (GA) ≤ 34 or Birth Weight (WT) ≤ 1500 g, maternal age and risk factors, neonatal risk factors, and ROP staging. The records were approached confidentially, and the parents were assured that the collected data will be used only for the purpose of the research. Data collection process The data was collected using structured checklist that comprise infant characteristics: gender, age, gestational age, birth weight and history of oxygen therapy, as well as history of infant’s co-morbidities such as, apnea, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), anemia, sepsis and others; maternal factors such as maternal age and mode of delivery are included in the checklist. Study subjects’ medical files were selected by a simple random sampling method using the medical recording number. Statistical analysis Categorical variables are shown as numbers and percentages (%), whereas continuous variables are summarized as means and standard deviations. The relationship between ROP and demographic and clinical characteristics was conducted using the chi-square test as well as an independent sample t-test. Significant results were tested using a regression model to determine significant independent predictors of ROP. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. All data analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26 (SPSS, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, USA). Clinical characteristics Antenatal, natal, and postnatal risk factors for the development of ROP include maternal age, consanguinity preeclampsia or eclampsia, infants of diabetic mothers, chorioamnionitis, in vitro fertilization, multiple births, mode of delivery, sex, GA, BW, intrauterine growth retardation, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), surfactant treatment, duration of oxygen therapy, intracranial hemorrhage, congenital heart disease, early/late neonatal sepsis (clinically proven or culture positive), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), number of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In addition to jaundice, urinary tract infection, premature rupture of the membrane, and seizures can occur. Results ( Table 1 ) This study included 201 patients. The female/male ratio was similar to that in 50.2% of males. Nearly half of the mothers (49.8%) were 30 years old. More than three-quarters (77.6%) of the participants had singletons. The gestational age was 32 weeks or less (73.6%). Approximately 63.2% of the patients delivered by cesarean section. Newborns who received surfactant were approximately 60.7%, mostly one dose (72.1%). In addition, 55.7% had a duration of O 2 therapy of less than 28 days. The prevalence of patients who were diagnosed with ROP was 37.3%, mainly stage 1 (46%), unilateral (73.3%), and Zone 2 (25.3%). A total of 48.3% of premature patients received a blood transfusion, mainly two units (37.1%). Stressing the importance of follow-up screening, 30.8% only continued to follow up. The mean birth weight was 1203.9 (SD 365.7) g. In addition, the mean APGAR scores at 1, 5, and 10 minutes were 5.59, 7.67, and 7.26, respectively. Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients (n=201). Study data N (%) Gender • Male 101 (50.2%) • Female 100 (49.8%) Maternal age • ≤30 years 101 (50.2%) • >30 years 100 (49.8%) Number of babies • Single 156 (77.6%) • Twin 32 (15.9%) • Triplets 13 (06.5%) Gestational age • ≤32 weeks 148 (73.6%) • >32 weeks 53 (26.4%) Mode of delivery • Normal 74 (36.8%) • Cesarean 127 (63.2%) Surfactant • Yes 122 (60.7%) • No 79 (39.3%) Surfactant doses (n=122) • One dose 88 (72.1%) • Two doses 29 (23.8%) • Three doses 05 (04.1%) O 2 duration • 28 days 89 (44.3%) Retinopathy of prematurity • Yes 75 (37.3%) • No 126 (62.7%) Retinopathy of prematurity zone (n=75) • Unknown 45 (60.0%) • Zone 1 05 (06.7%) • Zone 2 19 (25.3%) • Zone 3 06 (08.0%) Retinopathy of prematurity stage (n=75) • Stage 1 35 (46.7%) • Stage 2 24 (32.0%) • Stage 3 16 (21.3%) Retinopathy of prematurity location (n=75) • Unilateral 55 (73.3%) • Bilateral 20 (26.7%) Received blood transfusion • Yes 97 (48.3%) • No 104 (51.7%) Number of units (n=97) • 1 unit 31 (34.8%) • 2 units 33 (37.1%) • ≥3 units 25 (28.1%) Follow up • Yes 62 (30.8%) • No 139 (69.2%) Birth weight (mean ± SD) 1203.9 ± 365.7 APGAR score 1 minute (mean ± SD) 5.59 ± 1.89 APGAR score 5 minutes (mean ± SD) 7.67 ± 1.54 APGAR score 10 minutes (mean ± SD) 7.26 ± 1.23 * ROP: retinopathy of prematurity. As shown in Table 2 , the top five most common risk factors for ROP included respiratory distress syndrome (88.1%), septicemia (87.1%), jaundice (62.7%), multiple pregnancies (51.7%), and consanguinity (49.8%). None of the patients had congenital diaphragmatic hernias or hypothyroidism. Table 2. Risk factors of ROP (n=201). Variables N (%) Respiratory distress syndrome 177 (88.1%) Septicemia 175 (87.1%) Jaundice 126 (62.7%) Multiple pregnancies 104 (51.7%) Consanguinity 100 (49.8%) Intraventricular hemorrhage 84 (41.8%) Congenital Heart disease 77 (38.3%) Urinary Tract Infection 67 (33.3%) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 34 (16.9%) Premature rupture of membranes 31 (15.4%) Necrotizing enterocolitis 30 (14.9%) Intrauterine growth retardation 30 (14.9%) In vitro fertilisation 29 (14.4%) Preeclampsia 26 (12.9%) Pregnancy-induced hypertension 23 (11.4%) Diabetes mellitus 19 (09.5%) Seizure 13 (06.5%) Pulmonary Hypertension 13 (06.5%) Pulmonary Hemorrhage 09 (04.5%) Hydrocephalus 07 (03.5%) Chorioamnionitis 06 (03.0%) Pneumothorax 06 (03.0%) Hypothyroidism 04 (02.0%) Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 0 Hyperthyroidism 0 As shown in Table 3 , the prevalence of ROP was significantly more common among those who had a gestational age of 32 weeks or less and who received surfactant, as well as duration of O2 therapy for more than 28 days. Patients who received blood transfusion, continued to follow-up, and had risk factors such as respiratory distress syndrome, Septicemia, Jaundice, consanguinity, intraventricular hemorrhage, congenital heart disease, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia showed statistically significant results compared to other risk factors. In addition, low birth weight was associated with an increased risk of ROP (p<0.001), while APGAR 1 min (p<0.001) and APGAR 5 minutes (p<0.001) were significantly lower in patients with ROP. Conversely, the difference was less significant among those with maternal diabetes (p=0.011). Table 3. Identifying factors that influence ROP (n=201). ROP Factor Yes N (%) (n=75) No N (%) (n=126) P-value § Gender Male 36 (48.0%) 65 (51.6%) Female 39 (52.0%) 61 (48.4%) 0.623 Maternal age ≤30 years 31 (41.3%) 70 (55.6%) >30 years 44 (58.7%) 56 (44.4%) 0.051 Gestational age ≤32 weeks 69 (92.0%) 79 (62.7%) >32 weeks 06 (08.0%) 47 (37.3%) <0.001 ** Mode of delivery Normal 31 (41.3%) 43 (34.1%) Cesarean 44 (58.7%) 83 (65.9%) 0.306 Surfactant Yes 68 (90.7%) 54 (42.9%) No 07 (09.3%) 72 (57.1%) <0.001 ** O 2 duration 28 days 57 (76.0%) 32 (25.4%) <0.001 ** Received blood transfusion Yes 61 (81.3%) 36 (28.6%) No 14 (18.7%) 90 (71.4%) <0.001 ** Follow up Yes 55 (73.3%) 07 (05.6%) No 20 (26.7%) 119 (94.4%) <0.001 ** Risk factors of ROP Respiratory distress syndrome 75 (100.0%) 102 (81.0%) <0.001 ** Septicemia 73 (97.3%) 102 (81.0%) <0.001 ** Jaundice 61 (81.3%) 65 (51.6%) <0.001 ** Multiple pregnancies 42 (56.0%) 62 (49.2%) 0.351 Consanguinity 63 (84.0%) 37 (29.4%) <0.001 ** Intraventricular hemorrhage 49 (65.3%) 35 (27.8%) <0.001 ** Congenital Heart disease 45 (60.0%) 32 (25.4%) <0.001 ** Urinary Tract Infection 29 (38.7%) 38 (30.2% 0.216 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 26 (34.7%) 08 (06.3%) <0.001 ** Premature rupture of membranes 12 (16.0%) 19 (15.1%) 0.861 Necrotizing enterocolitis 15 (20.0%) 15 (11.9%) 0.119 Intrauterine growth retardation 12 (16.0%) 18 (14.3%) 0.742 In vitro fertilisation 13 (17.3%) 16 (12.7%) 0.366 Preeclampsia 12 (16.0%) 14 (11.1%) 0.318 Pregnancy-induced hypertension 07 (09.3%) 16 (12.7%) 0.469 Diabetes mellitus 02 (02.7%) 17 (13.5%) 0.011 ** Seizure 07 (09.3%) 06 (04.8%) 0.203 Mean ± SD Mean ± SD P-value ‡ Birth weight in grams 979.5 ± 268.5 1337.4 ± 350.8 <0.001 ** APGAR 1 minute 4.78 ± 1.91 6.08 ± 1.71 <0.001 ** APGAR 5 minutes 7.12 ± 1.68 7.99 ± 1.36 <0.001 ** APGAR 10 minutes 7.00 ± 1.46 7.64 ± 0.67 0.191 § P-value has been calculated using Chi-square test. ‡ P-value has been calculated using independent sample t-test. ** Significant at p<0.05 level. In a univariate regression model ( Table 4 ), it was found that patients who used Surfactant were 12.9 times higher to be associated with an increased risk of ROP (OR=12.952; 95% CI=5.512 – 30.433; p<0.001). Patients who had more than 28 days of O 2 therapy use were 9.3 times more likely to have an increased risk for ROP than those who had less than 28 days of O 2 therapy (OR=9.302; 95% CI=4.786 – 18.081; p<0.001). The number of patients at follow-up was 46.7-fold higher at an increased risk of ROP (OR=46.750; 95% CI=18.665 – 117.091; p<0.001). Patients with risk factors were at increased risk for ROP, such as Septicemia (OR=8.588; 95% CI=1.968 – 37.482; p=0.004), jaundice (OR=4.089; 95% CI=2.076 – 8.054; p<0.001), consanguinity (OR=12.628; 95% CI=6.106 – 26.118; p<0.001), intraventricular hemorrhage (OR=4.900; 95% CI=2.649 – 9.063; p<0.001), congenital heart disease (OR=4.406; 95% CI=2.390 – 8.124; p<0.001), and bronchopulmonary (OR=7.827; CI=3.313 – 18.488; p 32 weeks was associated with a decreased risk of ROP compared to those ≤32 weeks (OR=0.146; 95% CI=0.059 – 0.363; p<0.001). In addition, decreased birth weight was marginally associated with an increased risk of ROP (OR=1.004; 95% CI=1.003 – 1.005; p<0.001), APGAR 1 min (OR=1.476; 95% CI=1.244 – 1.752; p<0.001), and APGAR 5 min (OR=1.474; 95% CI=1.192 – 1.823; p32 weeks 0.146 0.059 – 0.363 <0.001 ** Surfactant • Yes 12.952 5.512 – 30.433 <0.001 ** • No Ref O2 duration • 28 days 9.302 4.786 – 18.081 <0.001 ** Received blood transfusion • Yes 10.893 5.422 – 21.885 <0.001 ** • No Ref Follow up • Yes 46.750 18.665 – 117.091 <0.001 ** • No Ref Risk factors of ROP • Septicemia 8.588 1.968 – 37.482 0.004 ** • Jaundice 4.089 2.076 – 8.054 <0.001 ** • Consanguinity 12.628 6.106 – 26.118 <0.001 ** • Intraventricular hemorrhage 4.900 2.649 – 9.063 <0.001 ** • Congenital Heart disease 4.406 2.390 – 8.124 <0.001 ** • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 7.827 3.313 – 18.488 <0.001 ** • Diabetes mellitus 0.176 0.039 – 0.783 0.023 ** Birth weight in grams 1.004 1.003 – 1.005 <0.001 ** APGAR 1 minute 1.476 1.244 – 1.752 <0.001 ** APGAR 5 minutes 1.474 1.192 – 1.823 <0.001 ** ** Significant at p<0.05 level. Discussion For retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening, We adhered to the Ministry of Health Guidelines for retinopathy of premature screening. They applied recommendations to identify premature infants with a GA of less than 32 weeks and a BW of less than 1500 g as possible ROP risk individuals. The reported prevalence of ROP among at-risk newborns varies widely, ranging between 29% and 68%. 4 The prevalence of patients diagnosed with ROP was 37.3%, which is relatively similar to that reported by Al-Qahtani et al. in 2019 but substantially lower than the proportion discovered in the 2008 study by Binkhathlan et al. 4 , 8 Bokhary O. et al. Research conducted by an expert ophthalmologist separately staged ROP for each eye. According to the ICROP, stages 1, 2, and 3 are the demarcation line, ridge, and extraretinal, respectively. Both preterm eyes had a stage 1 predominance, with 18 in the right eye and 21 in the left eye, respectively. 7 We found similar results in our study: the prevalence was stage 1 (46. %), and a unilateral eye affection by (73.3%). In addition, the most involved site was zone II (25.3%), which is in contrast to a study conducted in Tabuk city, Saudi Arabia, where they found that the majority of the implicated sites (69.4%) were in zone III, with zones II and I accounting for 27.8% and 2.7%, respectively. 2 The proportion of males and females with ROP during the study period varied among the sample populations, but the variation was statistically insignificant. This is concordant with a study conducted in a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia that concluded the insignificant result of male and female ratio. 4 The are well-known primary risk factors for the development of ROP; GA, BW, and oxygen therapy. 6 A low BW and APGAR score, short GA with total number of days on oxygen were discovered to be independent risk factors for ROP in newborns. A gestational age of more than 32 weeks was at a decreased risk for ROP compared to those with 32 weeks or less. Additionally, decreased birth weight was marginally associated with an increased risk of ROP. Likewise, other studies have found the same occurrence of these risk factors. 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 This study demonstrated that packed red blood cell transfusions have a significant impact on the emergence of ROP. This is due to the decreased oxygen affinity of adult hemoglobin in packed red cells, and transfusions may enhance oxygen transport to the retina. Repeated transfusions may also lead to free iron buildup, which, as determined by the Fenton reaction, may lead to an increase in the formation of free hydroxyl radicals that could harm the retina. 9 Numerous reports have claimed that receiving blood transfusions may increase the risk of developing ROP, although according to various studies, a transfusion restriction strategy did not lower the incidence of ROP. 10 , 11 According to our research, limiting blood transfusions based on recommended threshold hemoglobin values may help lower the prevalence of ROP. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is prevalent in premature newborns. RDS affects 60% of infants weighing less than 1500 g and 80% of infants weighing less than 1000 g at birth. 12 Low O 2 and high CO 2 levels and pulmonary and metabolic acidosis are common in this population. Each of these factors is strongly correlated with the emergence of acute ROP. A study in 1992 demonstrated that surfactant therapy administered within the first 48 h of life significantly increased the survival rate of critically ill neonates. Surfactant therapy can initially increase oxygenation to 20–30 kPa, which is continuously monitored by pulse oximetry to optimize tissue oxygenation and limit the risk of hyperoxemia. Hence, we concluded that surfactant therapy is not associated with an increased incidence or severity of severe ROP in the preterm population. 13 The analysis of a study in 1994 concluded that surfactants do not contribute to more severe forms of ROP, but rather raise the risk of acquiring ROP. 14 This study showed a statistically significant association between ROP, surfactant use, and RDS in this population. Scheduling the first examination should be based on postmenstrual age (GA plus chronological age) rather than postnatal age because ROP takes a period of time to develop in very young infants. Stage 3 ROP did not develop until 31 weeks of postmenstrual age, according to prospective studies that involved infants aged 22–25 weeks GA. 15 Furthermore, the most significant factor contributing to advanced ROP was the lack of timely screening, and false results were also a significant prothem. 16 Our study showed that patients at follow-up were 46.7-fold higher at an increased risk of ROP. An ophthalmologist conducting an initial assessment should suggest subsequent screening examinations. Neonatal sepsis has been linked to the development in numerous studies. 17 , 18 In the present study, ROP in low birthweight newborns was independently associated with late-onset sepsis. Cytokines and endotoxins, which directly affect retinal angiogenesis, may play a role in sepsis. Hypotension is frequently present throughout this phase and can impede tissue perfusion and result in retinal ischemia. Consanguineous marriage was an intriguing finding in the current study and was a significant independent factor related to retinopathy in preterm infants. This is similar to Fekri Y. study which found that consanguineous marriages had a considerably greater prevalence of preterm infant retinopathy (42% vs. 22.9%) as well as linked to a 3.2-fold increase in the incidence of retinopathy in preterm infants. 1 Considering the retrospective design of the study, the sample size was relatively small, it was carried out at a single hospital, and generalization cannot be guaranteed. Multicentric prospective and longitudinal studies with adequate sample sizes are strongly advised to evaluate additional variables that affect ROP. In addition, ophthalmologists participated in a standardized process for ROP grading and follow-up plans as outpatients. Limitation This study has a few drawbacks. First and foremost, this study was unable to include all of the identified risk factors. ROP is a complex illness with many risk factors. As a result, there was a possibility of selection bias when choosing potential risk variables. Second, this study was conducted in a single neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Although the NICU is a regional referral hospital and all admitted preterm newborns receive standardized and advanced care, the number of preterm infants included was limited. Nonetheless, this study comes to a highly consistent conclusion and clearly distinguishes the risk variables for ROP development and progression. Conclusion In conclusion, retinopathy of prematurity is one of the major disorders affecting premature newborns. The incidence of ROP in our study was within the range of disease incidence in developing countries and comparable to other local investigations. The important risk factors for ROP were low BW and low GA, although the ROP screening criteria should be expanded to encompass newborns with GAs between 32 and 35 weeks. Independent risk factors that influence ROP include the use of surfactants, septicemia, consanguinity, blood transfusion, and the pattern of follow-up. It is also advised to limit the quantity and duration of O2 therapy to the absolute minimum required. To enhance newborn outcomes, it is crucial to track neonatal care standards and implement quality improvement initiatives across the country. Ethics and consent The study design was approved by Institutional Review Board – Imam Abdulrahman Bin Fisal University, Dammam Saudi Araia on 15-06-2023 which waived the requirement for obtaining informed consent with the ethical No. IRB-PGS-2023-01-244. The study participants’ information was kept confidential and anonymous. Data availability statement Underlying data Figshare: Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and pattern of severity Seven years’ experience, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.25323421.v2 . 19 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References 1. Fekri Y, Ojaghi H, Momeni N, et al. : Retinopathy of prematurity in Ardabil, North West of Iran: Prevalence and risk factors. Eur. J. Transl. Myol. 2021; 31 (4): 10063. Published 2021 Nov 10. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 2. AlBalawi HB, AlBalawi NS, AlSuhaimi NA, et al. : Incidence and Risk Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Tabuk City, KSA. Middle East Afr. J. Ophthalmol. 2020; 27 (2): 105–109. Published 2020 Jul 20. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 3. Nugud AA, Nugud S, Nugud A, et al. : Perinatal risk factors for development of retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci. 2019; 14 (3): 306–311. Published 2019 Jun 3. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 4. Al-Qahtani B, Al-Otaibi M, Alabdulajabbar K, et al. : Retinopathy of Prematurity Incidence and Risk Factors in a Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Middle East Afr. J. Ophthalmol. 2020; 26 (4): 235–239. Published 2020 Jan 29. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 5. Bas AY, Demirel N, Koc E, et al. : Incidence, risk factors and severity of retinopathy of prematurity in Turkey (TR-ROP study): a prospective, multicentre study in 69 neonatal intensive care units. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2018; 102 (12): 1711–1716. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 6. Dwivedi A, Dwivedi D, Lakhtakia S, et al. : Prevalence, risk factors and pattern of severe retinopathy of prematurity in eastern Madhya Pradesh. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 2019; 67 (6): 819–823. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 7. Bokhary OA, Abumohssin AG, Alghamdi MK, et al. : Preterm Assessment at Birth and Its Association With the Development of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP): A Tertiary Care Center Experience. Cureus. 2022; 14 (12): e33126. Published 2022 Dec 30. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 8. Binkhathlan AA, Almahmoud LA, Saleh MJ, et al. : Retinopathy of prematurity in Saudi Arabia: incidence, risk factors, and the applicability of current screening criteria. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2008; 92 (2): 167–169. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 9. Wardle SP, Drury J, Garr R, et al. : Effect of blood transfusion on lipid peroxidation in preterm infants. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002; 86 (1): 46F–448F. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 10. Hesse L, Eberl W, Schlaud M, et al. : Iron load and retinopathy of prematurity. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1997; 156 (6): 465–470. Publisher Full Text 11. Dani C, Reali MF, Bertini G, et al. : The role of blood transfusions and iron intake on retinopathy of prematurity. Early Hum. Dev. 2001; 62 (1): 57–63. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 12. Luerti M, Parazzini F, Agarossi A, et al. : Risk factors for respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. A multicenter Italian survey. Study Group for Lung Maturity of the Italian Society of Perinatal Medicine. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1993; 72 (5): 359–364. Publisher Full Text 13. Rankin SJ, Tubman TR, Halliday HL, et al. : Retinopathy of prematurity in surfactant treated infants. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1992; 76 (4): 202–204. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 14. Termote JU, Schalij-Delfos NE, Wittebol-Post D, et al. : Surfactant replacement therapy: a new risk factor in developing retinopathy of prematurity? Eur. J. Pediatr. 1994; 153 (2): 113–116. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 15. Jefferies AL: Canadian Paediatric Society, Fetus and Newborn Committee. Retinopathy of prematurity: An update on screening and management. Paediatr. Child Health. 2016; 21 (2): 101–104. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 16. Sanghi G, Dogra MR, Katoch D, et al. : Demographic profile of infants with stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity in North India: implications for screening. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2011; 18 (2): 72–74. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 17. Tolsma KW, Allred EN, Chen ML, et al. : Neonatal bacteremia and retinopathy of prematurity: the ELGAN study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 2011; 129 (12): 1555–1563. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 18. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Adams-Chapman I, et al. : Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. JAMA. 2004; 292 (19): 2357–2365. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 19. AlGhamdi M, AlZahrani A, AlGarni S, et al. : Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and pattern of severity Seven years’ experience. Dataset. figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 20 May 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Neonatology, College of Medicine, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia 2 Pediatric, College of Medicine, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia 3 Pediatric, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia 4 Pediatrics, Maternity and Children Hospital, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia Mohammad A AlGhamdi Roles: Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Anas J AlZahrani Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration Shahad M AlGarni Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Software, Supervision, Validation Salem K Albalawi Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Project Administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Abdulrahman A Alnaim Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing Hussain A AlGhadeer Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 20 May 2024, 13:516 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146130.1 Copyright © 2024 AlGhamdi MA et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article AlGhamdi MA, AlZahrani AJ, AlGarni SM et al. Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and pattern of severity Seven years’ experience. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :516 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.146130.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 20 May 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Blencowe H. Reviewer Report For: Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and pattern of severity Seven years’ experience. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :516 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.160174.r310053 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516/v1#referee-response-310053 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 10 Sep 2024 Hannah Blencowe , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.160174.r310053 This paper contains a clear description of the prevalence and risk factors for ROP in a single NICU in Saudi Arabia. The methods and results are generally clear, and conclusions appropriate. Abstract: States 200 participants, but main text ... Continue reading READ ALL This paper contains a clear description of the prevalence and risk factors for ROP in a single NICU in Saudi Arabia. The methods and results are generally clear, and conclusions appropriate. Abstract: States 200 participants, but main text 201 Introduction is currently very long and unsystematic. It would be clearer for the reader if the available evidence on prevalence of ROP in the region was summarised more succinctly, thereby reducing the length of the introduction. It would be helpful in the introduction to more clearly reference the existing literature on risk factor to justify the choice of variables to explore in the risk factor analysis. In the 1st paragraph of the introduction - line 7 it is not clear what is meant by 'early intrauterine age'. lines 8 - 9 ' However, because some studies believe that this condition is dependent on geographic and medical facilities, the causal association between these elements has not been definitively proven ' a single reference is cited, but this is not consistent with much of the other literature available on the topic. Methods: The ethics committee waived the need for ethical approval, however it is stated that ' parents were assured that the collected data would only be used for the purpose of research ' why/ how was this done? Statistical methods - only univariate analyses are undertaken. It is not clear why no multivariate analyses to adjust for other factors were considered Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Maternal, newborn, child health, stillbirth, epidemiology, public health I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Blencowe H. Reviewer Report For: Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and pattern of severity Seven years’ experience. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :516 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.160174.r310053 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516/v1#referee-response-310053 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 20 May 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 20 May 24 read Hannah Blencowe , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Blencowe H. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 10 Sep 2024 | for Version 1 Hannah Blencowe , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 0 Views copyright © 2024 Blencowe H. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This paper contains a clear description of the prevalence and risk factors for ROP in a single NICU in Saudi Arabia. The methods and results are generally clear, and conclusions appropriate. Abstract: States 200 participants, but main text 201 Introduction is currently very long and unsystematic. It would be clearer for the reader if the available evidence on prevalence of ROP in the region was summarised more succinctly, thereby reducing the length of the introduction. It would be helpful in the introduction to more clearly reference the existing literature on risk factor to justify the choice of variables to explore in the risk factor analysis. In the 1st paragraph of the introduction - line 7 it is not clear what is meant by 'early intrauterine age'. lines 8 - 9 ' However, because some studies believe that this condition is dependent on geographic and medical facilities, the causal association between these elements has not been definitively proven ' a single reference is cited, but this is not consistent with much of the other literature available on the topic. Methods: The ethics committee waived the need for ethical approval, however it is stated that ' parents were assured that the collected data would only be used for the purpose of research ' why/ how was this done? Statistical methods - only univariate analyses are undertaken. It is not clear why no multivariate analyses to adjust for other factors were considered Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Maternal, newborn, child health, stillbirth, epidemiology, public health I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Blencowe H. Peer Review Report For: Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Fahd University Hospital, Eastern Province: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and pattern of severity Seven years’ experience. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :516 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.160174.r310053) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516/v1#referee-response-310053 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with F1000Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = "Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive...".replace("'", ''); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + "&summary=" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = "https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516/v1&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = "http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('AlGhamdi MA et al.'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_expanded : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_custom : [ { name: "LinkedIn", url: linkedInUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg" }, { name: "Mendeley", url: "http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516/v1/mendeley", icon:"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg" }, { name: "Reddit", url: redditUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516", templates : { twitter : "Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at.... AlGhamdi MA et al., published by " + "@F1000Research" + ", https://f1000research.com/articles/13-516/v1" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != "undefined"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(".f1r-shares-twitter").attr("href", "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(".f1r-shares-facebook").attr("href", "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + addthis_share.url); $(".f1r-shares-linkedin").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(".f1r-shares-reddit").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(".f1r-shares-mendelay").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(".addthis_button_expanded").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== "" && count != "0") $(this).removeClass("is-hidden"); else $(this).addClass("is-hidden"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get("/articles/acj/146130/160174") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay("articles", "article", "160174"); $(document).ready(function() { $( "#frame1" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find("div"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr("title"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: ["-115", "30"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + " " }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr("title"); $("body").on("click", ".cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr("data-ref"); $(this).closest(".living-figure-list-container").find("#" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $("body").on("click", ".close-cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(".popup-window-wrapper").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on("mouseup", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(".article-metrics-popover-wrapper"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(".article-metrics-close-button").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics) { $("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(".new_figshare_widget"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load("f1000", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr("figshare_articleId") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { "318084": 0, "297476": 0, "318085": 0, "297477": 0, "318086": 0, "297478": 0, "297479": 0, "318080": 0, "318081": 0, "318082": 0, "297474": 0, "318083": 0, "297475": 0, "297480": 0, "297481": 0, "297482": 0, "297483": 0, "301972": 0, "305812": 0, "301973": 0, "301974": 0, "301975": 0, "301980": 0, "301981": 0, "301976": 0, "301977": 0, "301978": 0, "301979": 0, "310052": 0, "310053": 5, "310054": 0, "324128": 0, "310051": 0, "288436": 0, "347701": 0, "288437": 0, "347700": 0, "288438": 0, "347703": 0, "288439": 0, "347702": 0, "288444": 0, "347709": 0, "288445": 0, "347708": 0, "288440": 0, "347705": 0, "288441": 0, "347704": 0, "288442": 0, "347707": 0, "288443": 0, "347706": 0, "292948": 0, "292949": 0, "292950": 0, "292951": 0, "292946": 0, "292947": 0, "292959": 0, "292952": 0, "292953": 0, "292954": 0, "334836": 0, "334835": 0, "318077": 0, "318078": 0, "318079": 0, }; $(".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr("data-reportid"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $("#article_uuid"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = "e44bac27-c149-4070-8db8-34d2c9b2ea5c"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $("a[href*='article_uuid=']").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr("href").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr("href", newHref); }); }); An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing. Browse Gateways Collections How it Works Contact For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit Your Research Follow us © 2012-2026 F1000 Research Ltd. ISSN 2046-1402 | Legal | Partner of Research4Life • CrossRef • ORCID • FAIRSharing R.templateTests.simpleTemplate = R.template(' $text $text $text $text $text '); R.templateTests.runTests(); var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: "f1000research", displayName: "F1000Research", hostName: "f1000research.com", id: "1", editorialEmail: "[email protected]", infoEmail: "[email protected]", usePmcStats: true }); $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-authors, .dropdown-for-about, .dropdown-for-myresearch');}); // $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-referees');}); $(document).ready(function () { if ($(".cookie-warning").is(":visible")) { $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "35px"); $(".devices").addClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); } $(".cookie-warning .close-button").click(function (e) { $(".devices").removeClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "0"); }); $("#tweeter-feed .tweet-message").each(function (i, message) { var self = $(message); self.html(linkify(self.html())); }); $(".partner").on("mouseenter mouseleave", function() { $(this).find(".gray-scale, .colour").toggleClass("is-hidden"); }); }); Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $("a[id=googleSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("GOOGLE"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=facebookSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("FACEBOOK"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=orcidSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("ORCID"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });