Genetic diversity for the edible dormouse, Glis glis (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Romania, based on mitochondrial DNA

Genetic diversity for the edible dormouse, Glis glis (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Romania, based on mitochondrial DNA | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Genetic diversity for the edible dormouse, Glis glis (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Romania, based on mitochondrial DNA Ramona-Andreea Bivoleanu, Răzvan Zaharia, Eliana Sevianu, Ioan Alexandru Rădac, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6567202/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 May, 2026 Read the published version in European Journal of Wildlife Research → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study explores the genetic diversity of the edible dormouse ( Glis glis ), a rodent species closely associated with deciduous and mixed woodlands rich in oak and beech trees. The research investigates the phylogeographic patterns and genetic structure of G. glis, particularly focusing on the genetic diversity within Romanian populations and their relationship to other European lineages. The study utilises mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences to analyze genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships. We collected 117 samples from various Romanian forest populations and combined them with the existing GenBank data to provide a broader geographical context. The study confirms the existence of distinct phylogenetic lineages within Glis glis , highlighting a pattern of low to moderate genetic diversity within the Romanian populations. Five haplotypes were identified across the analysed Romanian populations. Two of these were shared with other European populations, one of them being the most common haplotype in the European lineage. The remaining three haplotypes were unique to Romania, one being found in Gorj County (South Romania), and the other two in forests from Dobrogea (South-Eastern Romania). The widespread Hap_2 was shared between three populations, but no haplotype was found to be present in all four Romanian populations. The findings contribute to the understanding of the genetic structure of this species and have implications for future conservation planning. Gliridae cytochrome b phylogeny genetic diversity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Commonly referred to as the fat or edible dormouse, Glis glis (Linnaeus, 1766), is an arboreal and nocturnal rodent of the family Gliridae. It is a widely distributed mammal associated with deciduous and mixed woodland consisting of oaks and beeches, occurring from sea level to 1545 meters across Western, Central, and Southeastern Europe (except for France, the Atlantic coasts of the Low Countries and Denmark), Northwest Turkey, the Caucasus, Northern Iran, and Southwestern Turkmenistan (Morris 1997 , Holden-Musser, M.E., et al. 2016, Aulagnier et al. 2018 ). Based only on multiple phenotypic characteristics (e.g., colour, dimensions) encountered throughout its geographical distribution, over twenty name forms have been proposed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which were all considered to be conspecific with Glis glis , by several authors, starting with Miller ( 1912 ). The current view of it as a monotypic species is being challenged. The growing body of evidence highlighting substantial genetic and morphological differentiation (Hürner et al. 2010 , Naderi et al. 2014 , Koren et al. 2015 , Ahmadi et al. 2018 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 ) has led to a revision of the taxonomic status of Glis glis , and the recognition of two species in the genus Glis (Kryštufek et al. 2021 ). Glis glis (Linnaeus,1766) exhibits a predominantly European distribution, whereas Glis persicus (Erxleben, 1777) is primarily found within the Hyrcanian forests in Iran. Glis persicus was proposed as a separate species, being supported by both genetic and morphological differences, particularly in reproductive structures (Kryštufek et al. 2021 ). Another subspecies Glis glis italicus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1898), endemic to central and southern Italy and Sicily, was proposed to be elevated as a distinct species, but there are more issues that have to be addressed to resolve the situation (Lo Brutto et al. 2011 , Gippoliti 2013 , Gippoliti and Groves 2018 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 ). In Romania, the first reference to the Gliridae species, including Glis glis (mentioned as syn. Glis esculentus ), was made in 1818 (Leonhard 1818 ). Since then, this group has received little attention in comparison with the recognition it received in other countries. Its distribution is strongly bound to deciduous forests, with oak and beech, or mixed with coniferous, up to altitudes of approximately 2000m. It can also be seen in rocky areas, orchards and areas with shrubs, near the forests (Popescu and Dumitru 2001 ). Forest habitat fragmentation significantly impacts the genetic variability of dormice, particularly affecting species like the edible dormouse ( Glis glis ) and other glirids like the hazel dormouse ( Muscardinus avellanarius ). Fragmentation leads to isolated populations, reduced gene flow, and potential inbreeding, which can ultimately threaten the genetic health and survival of these species, often outside protected areas (Crooks et al. 2017 , Lino et al. 2019 , Hawlitschek et al. 2023 ). Analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in the scarce genetic studies conducted on G. glis reveal a notably low level of genetic diversity within the species (Dabert et al. 2009 , Hürner et al. 2010 , Segelbacher et al. 2010 , Lo Brutto et al. 2011 , Castiglia et al. 2012 , Helvaci et al. 2012 , Herdegen et al. 2016 ). Fragmentation results in isolated dormouse populations, as seen in studies from Germany and Poland, where dormice from fragmented forests showed significant genetic isolation compared to those in continuous forests (Fietz et al. 2014 , Moska et al. 2016 , 2023 ). Limited gene flow was identified in edible dormouse populations from Poland, which showed a low genetic diversity in highly fragmented regions, suggesting that fragmentation severely restricts genetic exchange (Herdegen et al. 2016 ). In Italy, the hazel dormouse exhibited strong genetic structuring in fragmented landscapes, indicating limited gene flow between subpopulations (Bani et al. 2017 ). Genetic diversity and differentiation tend to be lower in fragmented habitats. For instance, dormice in fragmented Polish forests showed low heterozygosity and allelic richness, indicating reduced genetic variability (Moska et al. 2023 ). Studies in Turkey revealed genetic homogeneity across the Eurasian range of the edible dormouse, but phenotypic differentiation suggested recent post-glacial isolation due to fragmentation (Helvaci et al. 2012 ). In Italy, fragmented populations of the hazel dormouse showed lower observed heterozygosity and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, further highlighting the impact of fragmentation on genetic diversity (Bani et al. 2017 ). Fragmentation can also lead to an increase in inbreeding and genetic drift. In the hazel dormouse, high inbreeding coefficients and genetic drift were observed in fragmented landscapes, with limited migration among subpopulations (Herdegen et al. 2016 , Bani et al. 2018 ). The genetic consequences of fragmentation necessitate conservation strategies to enhance connectivity. For example, creating ecological networks and habitat corridors and managing hedgerows can improve connectivity and immigration in isolated dormouse populations, facilitating gene flow and reducing genetic isolation (Bani et al. 2018 , Krivonogov et al. 2020 ). The negative impacts of forest fragmentation on dormice are evident; in addition to this, other studies suggest that historical factors and past climatic events also play a role in shaping genetic structures. The genetic differentiation observed in dormice populations may also reflect historical patterns of post-glacial colonisation and adaptation to environmental gradients (Herdegen et al. 2016 , Michaux et al. 2019 ). This perspective highlights the complexity of genetic variability in dormice, where both contemporary fragmentation and historical processes contribute to current genetic patterns. The consistent finding of remarkable genetic homogeneity across the Eurasian range of G. glis in studies highlights the critical need to understand the species' genetic diversity, not only for effective habitat conservation but also for reconstructing its evolutionary past and anticipating its future (Helvaci et al. 2012 , Herdegen et al. 2016 , Moska et al. 2016 ). Consequently, this study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of edible dormouse populations within the Romanian Carpathian Basin. Understanding the genetic structure of these populations would contribute to the increasing body of knowledge regarding the species' genetic variability and inform future conservation strategies for Glis glis . Material and methods Study area and sample collection A total of 117 Glis glis samples were gathered from two primary sources: our field research efforts and the Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History collection, from Bucharest. We placed 50 wooden nestboxes, with dimensions of 14×14×21 cm and 20×20×30 cm, with an entrance of 3.5 and 4 cm, positioned 2–2.5 m above ground, facing the tree trunk, in 3 Romanian forests: 20 in Roșia, Hunedoara County (46°01'03.7"N, 23°05'59.3"E), in 2018, 15 in Dumbrăveni Forest, Constanța County (43°58'18.6"N, 27°59'31.7"E), and 15 in Negureni Forest, Constanța County (44°04'47.2"N, 27°44'52.8"E), between 2021 and 2023. We collected hair samples from individuals found in wooden nestboxes, a non-invasive method, with minimal handling, stress and potential harm to the edible dormice (Lefort et al. 2022 ). Also, tissue samples were collected from individuals deposited in the Mammal Collection of the Grigore Antipa National Museum, in Bucharest, originating from Tișiței Gorge, Vrancea County (45°56'25.3"N, 26°35'09.4"E), Vaserului Valley, Maramureș County (47°47'17.2"N, 24°41'41.5"E), Piscoiu, Gorj County (44°49'29.7"N, 23°43'31.0" E) and Lotru Valley, Vâlcea County (45°26'12.4"N, 23°52'20.7"E). All 117 hair and tissue samples were collected from Glis glis species and placed individually in 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes with 96% ethanol. The tubes were then stored at -20 degrees C. Within the Romanian samples, 114 samples are grouped in four populations, Negureni (45 samples), Dumbraveni (57 samples), Rosia (7 samples) and Piscoiu (5 samples) (Table 1 ). To evaluate the phylogenetic connections between Romanian and other Glis population samples, we pooled our newly generated data with existing sequence data for this species from prior research, available on GenBank (Hürner et al. 2010 , Castiglia et al. 2012 , Naderi et al. 2014 , Koren et al. 2015 , Moska et al. 2016 ). We used QGIS 3.42.0 (QGIS.org 2025 ) to make a detailed map of the samples collected for this species, present in GenBank, by overlapping them with the IUCN Red List Distribution of the species Glis glis (IUCN 2016 ) (Fig. 1 ). Molecular laboratory analyses Total genomic DNA was extracted using the ISOLATE II Genomic DNA Kit from Meridian Bioscience, as well as the QIAGEN DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. DNA quality and concentration were verified using the Nanodrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). A DNA fragment of the mitochondrial cytb marker was amplified and then sequenced, to generate a 713 bp fragment, using specific G. glis primers, FGlis1 and RGlis1 (Hürner et al. 2010 ). PCR was done using 4–6 µl of genomic DNA, a final concentration of 2 pM/µl from each primer, 20 µl of 2x AccuStart II PCR SuperMix (Quantabio LLC) and sterile water, up to a final volume of 40µl. The conditions set for the PCR were an initial denaturation step for 4 minutes at 95 degrees, followed by 39 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 52°C for 60 s and 70°C for 90 s and a final extension at 70°C for 15 min. The PCR products were visualised on a 1,5% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide (EtBr). The products were then purified using Wizard® SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega) and sent to sequencing at Macrogen-Europe Inc. (Amsterdam, Netherlands). Data analyses, Phylogenetic and Genetic structure reconstruction Since the cytochrome b (cytb) gene is the only genetic region with data available for all recognised lineages of this species, our phylogenetic reconstructions were consequently limited to this mitochondrial marker. We used 35 additional cytb sequences of Glis glis , ten sequences of G lis persicus and ten others from various Gliridae species as outgroup, downloaded from GenBank (Table 1 ). Table 1 List of Glis samples and other Gliridae used analysed in this study. The locality index, species, locality, number of samples (n), haplotype, lineage, GenBank codes and references for the samples are presented. The Locality index was used only for the sampling localities of Glis glis and Glis persicus and is correlated with the numbers shown in Fig. 1 Locality index Species Locality N Haplotype Lineage GenBank codes Reference 1 Glis glis România: Roșia, Hunedoara County 7 Hap_2 European lineage submitted this paper 2 Glis glis România: Dumbrăveni, Constanța County 44 5 7 Hap_2 Hap_3 Hap_4 European lineage submitted this paper 3 Glis glis România: Negureni, Constanța County 38 6 1 Hap_2 Hap_3 Hap_5 European lineage submitted this paper 4 Glis glis România: Piscoiu, Gorj County 5 Hap_1 European lineage submitted this paper 5 Glis glis România: Tișiței Gorge, Vrancea County 1 Hap_2 European lineage submitted this paper 6 Glis glis România: Făina, Vaserului Valley, Maramureș County 1 Hap_2 European lineage submitted this paper 7 Glis glis România: Lotrului Gorge, Vâlcea County 1 Hap_2 European lineage submitted this paper Glis glis - 1 Hap_20 European lineage AJ225031 (Bentz and Montgelard 1999 ) 8 Glis glis Spain: Cantabria 1 Hap_21 European lineage FM160651 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 9 Glis glis Belgium: Gaume 4 Hap_21 European lineage FM160651 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) Glis glis Germany: Grumst 2 Hap_21 European lineage FM160651 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 10 Glis glis Germany: Bellings-Sterbfritz-Weinberg 5 Hap_21 European lineage FM160651 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 11 Glis glis Spain: Lugo 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 12 Glis glis Spain: Navarra 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 13 Glis glis Spain: Arties 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 )0 14 Glis glis Spain: Montseny and Montnegre Natural Park (MNP) 5 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 15 Glis glis Spain: Gresolet (+ StJulia) 4 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 16 Glis glis Spain: Vidra (+ Grevulosa) 6 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 69 Glis glis United Kingdom: Tring 5 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 17 Glis glis France: Py 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 18 Glis glis France: Montarnaud 4 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 9 Glis glis Belgium: Gaume 5 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 )0 20 Glis glis Switzerland: Lausanne 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 21 Glis glis Switzerland: Sundlauenen 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 22 Glis glis Switzerland: Lago Maggiore 4 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 23 Glis glis Italy: Torino-Viu 5 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 24 Glis glis Italy: Druento 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 25 Glis glis Italy: Asti 2 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 26 Glis glis Italy: Asiago 2 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 27 Glis glis Slovenia: Mt. Krim 5 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 28 Glis glis Slovenia: Semič 3 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 29 Glis glis Slovenia: Mt. Pohorje 2 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 30 Glis glis Croatia: Mt. Svilaja 5 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 31 Glis glis Czech Republic: Mt. Jeseniki 2 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 32 Glis glis Bosnia and Herzegovina: Mt. Zelengora 7 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 33 Glis glis Montenegro: Šavnik-Nikšić 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 34 Glis glis Hungary: Nanaly 7 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 35 Glis glis Latvia: Gaujas 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 36 Glis glis Latvia: Turaida 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 37 Glis glis Latvia: Skriveri 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 38 Glis glis Turkey: Istranca 2 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 39 Glis glis Turkey: Uludag 1 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 40 Glis glis Russia: Zhiguli Forest 5 Hap_2 European lineage FM160652 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 14 Glis glis Spain: Montseny and Montnegre Natural Park (MNP) 4 Hap_28 European lineage FM160653 (Hürner et al. 2010 )0 41 Glis glis France: Vercors 2 Hap_5 European lineage FM160654 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 42 Glis glis France: St-Maxime 1 Hap_29 European lineage FM160655 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 43 Glis glis Italy: Aspromonte 1 Hap_17 Italian lineage FM160660 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 44 Glis glis Macedonia: Mt. Galičica 1 Hap_18 Macedonian lineage FM160664 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 45 Glis glis Alonissos, greece 1 Hap_16 Greek lineage JQ241278 (Castiglia et al. 2012 ) 46 Glis glis Russia: Adygei Republic, Belorechensk 1 Hap_2 European lineage KF699243 GenBank Glis persicus Iran 1 Hap_9 Iranian lineages KF931103 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 48 Glis persicus Iran: Kotakomah 1 Hap_10 Iranian lineages KF931104 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 47 Glis persicus Iran: Noshadeh-Pellesara 1 Hap_13 Iranian lineages KF931105 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 47 Glis persicus Iran: Noshadeh-Pellesara 1 Hap_13 Iranian lineages KF931105 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 48 Glis persicus Iran: Kotakomah 1 Hap_11 Iranian lineages KF931106 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 48 Glis persicus Iran: Kotakomah 1 Hap_12 Iranian lineages KF931107 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 47 Glis persicus Iran: Noshadeh-Pellesara 1 Hap_8 Iranian lineages KF931108 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 48 Glis persicus Iran: Kotakomah 1 Hap_12 Iranian lineages KF931109 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 47 Glis persicus Iran: Noshadeh-Pellesara 1 Hap_15 Iranian lineages KF931110 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 49 Glis persicus Iran: Nour 1 Hap_7 Iranian lineages KF931111 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 49 Glis persicus Iran: Nour 1 Hap_6 Iranian lineages KF931112 (Naderi et al. 2014 ) 50 Glis glis Croatia:Krk Is. 1 Hap_26 European lineage KJ850421 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 50 Glis glis Croatia:Krk Is. 5 Hap_27 European lineage KJ850422 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 57 Glis glis Croatia:Mljet Is. 1 Hap_25 European lineage KJ850423 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 57 Glis glis Croatia:Mljet Is. 1 Hap_24 European lineage KJ850424 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 51 Glis glis Croatia:Peljeŝac 2 Hap_30 European lineage KJ850425 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 51 Glis glis Croatia:Peljeŝac 2 Hap_22 European lineage KJ850426 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 52 Glis glis Serbia: Kladovo 1 Hap_2 European lineage KJ850427 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 53 Glis glis Croatia: Krŝete, Istria 2 Hap_2 European lineage KJ850427 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 54 Glis glis Croatia: Cres 7 Hap_2 European lineage KJ850427 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 55 Glis glis Croatia: Korĉula Is. 9 Hap_2 European lineage KJ850427 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 56 Glis glis Croatia: Havar Is. 3 Hap_2 European lineage KJ850427 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 57 Glis glis Croatia: Mljet Is. 2 Hap_2 European lineage KJ850427 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 58 Glis glis Croatia: Braĉ Is. 20 Hap_31 European lineage KJ850428 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 55 Glis glis Croatia: Korĉula Is. 1 Hap_32 European lineage KJ850429 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 59 Glis glis Macedonia: Mt. Karađica 1 Hap_18 Macedonian lineage KJ850430 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 60 Glis glis Macedonia: Bituša 1 Hap_18 Macedonian lineage KJ850431 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 61 Glis glis Macedonia: Mavrovo 1 Hap_18 Macedonian lineage KJ850431 (Koren et al. 2015 ) 62 Glis glis Poland: Stołowe Mountains National Park 20 Hap_2 European lineage KM061382 (Moska et al. 2016 ) 62 Glis glis Poland: Stołowe Mountains National Park 19 Hap_33 European lineage KM061383 (Moska et al. 2016 ) Glis glis Poland - Hap_2 European lineage KT922160 (Herdegen et al. 2016 ) Glis glis Poland - Hap_34 European lineage KT922161 (Herdegen et al. 2016 ) 63 Glis glis Russia: Nizhny Novgorod oblast, Staraya Pustyn’ 1 Hap_19 European lineage MK335777 (Popova et al. 2021 ) 66 Glis glis France: Montpellier 1 Hap_23 European lineage NC_001892 (Reyes et al. 1998 ) 64 Glis glis Tűrkiye: Giresun 1 Hap_35 European lineage PQ533847 (İbiş et al. 2025 ) 65 Glis glis Tűrkiye: Kapidağ, Balikesir 1 Hap_2 European lineage PQ533848 (İbiş et al. 2025 ) 66 Glis glis France: Montpellier 1 Hap_19 European lineage AJ001562 (Reyes et al. 1998 ) 67 Glis glis Italy: Bologna 2 European lineage FM160656 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 68 Glis glis Sicily: Madonie 2 Sicilian lineage FM160661 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 68 Glis glis Sicily: Madonie 2 Sicilian lineage FM160662 (Hürner et al. 2010 ) 69 Glis glis United Kingdom: Tring 2 European lineage FM160665 (Hürner et al. 2010 )10 Muscardinus avellanarius - 1 outgroup MN935778 GenBank Muscardinus avellanarius - 1 outgroup MT410887 GenBank Dryomys nitedula Iran: Razligh village 1 outgroup MN974281 (Mahmoudi et al. 2023 ) Dryomys nitedula Russia: Rostov region, Serafimovich 1 outgroup KF699238 GenBank Glirulus japonicus Japan: Yabu, Hyogo Pref. 1 outgroup AB630283 (Yasuda et al. 2012 ) Glirulus japonicus Japan: Wakasa, Tottori Pref. 1 outgroup AB630285 (Yasuda et al. 2012 ) Glirulus japonicus Japan: Okinoshima, Oki Dogo I., Shimane Pref. 1 outgroup AB630288 (Yasuda et al. 2012 ) Graphiurus kelleni - 1 outgroup HE978360 (Fabre et al. 2013 ) Eliomys melanurus Morocco: Ouezzane 1 outgroup HE614010 (Perez et al. 2013 ) Eliomys quercinus Spain: El Serrat, Ordino, Andorra 1 outgroup JX457816 (Barbosa et al. 2013 ) Sequences were aligned and edited using CodonCode aligner software (CodonCode Corporation, Dedham, MA, USA) and MEGA v.11(Tamura et al. 2021 ). We performed phylogenetic reconstructions using the maximum-likelihood algorithm (Felsenstein 1981 ), implemented in MEGA v.11 (Tamura et al. 2021 ) and a Bayesian Inference approach using BEAST v1.8.0 (Suchard et al. 2018 ). MEGA v.11 was also used to determine the best DNA model of substitutions for our set, and a GTR model with a gamma distributed rate variation among sites was chosen, based on Information Criterion (BIC) and corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). The robustness of the phylogenetic tests was assessed using a nonparametric bootstrap test with 1000 replicates for the maximum likelihood approach and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) for the Bayesian inference. The BEAST analysis was performed with two independent runs of 15 000 000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo, sampled every 1000 generations. Another three software, part of the BEAST package, were used: Tracer v1.6, in order to check the effective sample size (ESS) lower bound for two independent runs, LogCombiner v1.8.0 was used to combine the tree files, and TreeAnnotator v1.8.0 was used to generate the maximum clade credibility tree with mean heights. Burn-in was set at 10%, and 2000 of the initial sampled trees were discarded, and the Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPPs) and divergence times for the tree nodes were taken from a 50% majority rule consensus tree. We used the Eliomys quercinus/Eliomys melanurus divergence at 7 ± 0.9 million years ago (Voloch and Schrago 2012 , Çolak et al. 2025 , İbiş et al. 2025 ). Both phylogenetic trees were visualised using FigTree v1.8.0 (Rambaut, 2013 ). Relationships among sequences from different populations were assessed by haplotype networks constructed under a median-joining algorithm (Bandelt et al. 1999 ), implemented in PopART (Leigh and Bryant 2015 ). Haplotype diversity (h), nucleotide diversity (p) (Nei 1987 ) and their standard deviations (Tajima 1993 ) were estimated using DnaSP v6 (Rozas et al. 2017 ). Arlequin version 3.5.1.2 (Excoffier and Lischer 2010 ) was used to perform AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) to identify the sources of variation and investigate the genetic structure of subpopulations. Kimura–2-Parameter (K2P) model, with 1000 bootstrap replicates, was used to calculate genetic distances between populations in MEGA X version 10.1 (Kumar et al. 2018 ). Results Sequence variation and genetic diversity We analysed a set of 162 Cytb sequences from Glis specimens, 713bp long, with 10 sequences as outgroup. We identified a total of 117 segregation sites, with 95 parsimony informative sites and an average nucleotide composition of 27.9% T, 13.1% C, 32.5% A, and 26.5% G, as well as a 6.6 transitional pairs to transversional pairs substitution ratio. The sequences yielded 37 haplotypes, 10 haplotypes for Glis persicus and 27 for Glis glis. Only the Glis persicus sequences available in GenBank, haplotypes from Ahmadi et al. ( 2018 ) were not available. Haplotype (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi) differ for the two species, with higher values in Glis persicus (Table 2 ). We identified 22 haplotypes within the European lineage, with moderate to high values for nucleotide (Hd = 0.459) and haplotype diversity (Pi = 0.0112), similar to those observed from other studies (Hürner et al. 2010 , Naderi et al. 2014 , Koren et al. 2015 , Ahmadi et al. 2018 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 ) (Table 2 ). In 117 individuals of the four Romanian populations, only 4 polymorphic sites, all parsimony-informative, were identified. Overall, the four populations exhibited moderate haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.382), due to the unique haplotypes, but the nucleotide diversity was relatively low (Pi = 0,0008). Table 2 List of the genetic diversity estimates of Glis glis populations: N (number of individuals), S (segregation sites), P (parsimony informative sites), H (number of haplotypes), Hd (haplotype diversity), Pi (nucleotide diversity), (standard deviation), Fs (Fu's test Fs statistics), D (Tajima's D test) Population N S P H Hd ± SD Pi ± SD Fs D Rosia 7 0 0 1 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 0 Piscoiu 5 0 0 1 0 ± 0 0 ± 0 0 0 Negureni 45 3 3 3 0.311 ± 0.082 0.00078 ± 0.00022 0.552 -0.3904 Dumbraveni 57 2 2 3 0.385 ± 0.073 0.00077 ± 0.00016 0.66 0.46428 Romania 117 4 4 5 0.382 ± 0.054 0.00081 ± 0.00013 -0.960 -0.44626 European lineage 145 31 15 22 0.459 ± 0.051 0.00112 ± 0.00019 -26.612 -2.54225 Glis glis 152 77 49 27 0.508 ± 0.050 0.00378 ± 0.00111 -14.208 -2.59917 Glis persicus 10 19 7 10 1 ± 0.045 0.00726 ± 0.00148 -5.772 -1.07328 Glis 162 117 95 37 0.567 ± 0.047 0.01570 ± 0.00353 -2.751 -1.68964 Haplotype network analysis The haplotype network was constructed without many of the Sicilian and the Italian samples, due to the shortness and lack of data in the sequences, but it still shows four of the five Glis glis lineages, Greek, Macedonian, Italian and European. The Greek lineage is represented by a single sequence from the Aegean Island of Alonissos, found at 23 mutational steps from the European haplogroup. The Macedonian lineage is represented by three sequences from four sites, and the Italian lineage is represented by one sequence from Aspromonte, both grouped in one haplotype each, found at 15 and respectively 14 mutational steps, from the nearest European haplotype. The European lineage has a classic star-shaped form, with Hap_2 at its center, while the rest being one or two mutational steps away from it (Fig. 2 ). The samples from Romania are all grouped in the European haplogroup. Due to its central position in the network and exhibiting the highest frequency, we can consider haplotype Hap_2 as the ancestral haplotype for the European clade. Among the other haplotypes, Hap_20 and Hap_19 are three and five mutational steps from the dominant haplotype of the haplogroup. Hap_2 (52,89%) was found in 49 localities from Europe, followed by Ha_21 (4,30%) found in four populations from Western Europe and Spain. Phylogenetic analysis The two different phylogenetic approaches yielded nearly identical phylogenetic trees (Fig. 4 , Fig. A1). Bayesan Inference and Maximum likelihood trees had consistent topologies with other phylogenetic results for the fat dormice, retrieving two distinct clades attributed to the two Glis species, Glis persicus (Erxleben 1777) with the Iranian haplotypes grouped in the second clade and Glis glis (Linnaeus 1766), with all the other identified haplotypes in the first clade (Naderi et al. 2014 , Koren et al. 2015 , Ahmadi et al. 2018 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 ) (Fig. 4 , Fig. A1). Phylogenetic analysis identified the five lineages discovered previously in the first clade: European, Italian, Macedonian, Greek and Sicilian and as mentioned by other studies, these lineages didn’t share any haplotypes. (Hürner et al. 2010 , Castiglia et al. 2012 , Naderi et al. 2014 , Koren et al. 2015 , Ahmadi et al. 2018 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 ). In the Iranian clade, two separate lineages were distinct, one Western and one Eastern Iranian lineage, as stated by Ahmadi et al. ( 2018 ). Demographic history We reevaluated the demographic history of the European lineage using the available samples. We obtained a skewed unimodal distribution, generally associated with a recent population expansion scenario, as suggested previously by Hürner et al. ( 2010 ) and Koren et al. ( 2015 ) Overall, Tajima’s D (D = − 2.5422, p < 0.001) and Fu’s Fs (Fs = − 26.612; p < 0.02) neutrality test values had negative values, further supporting the population expansion theory, indicating an excess of rare alleles and that the population is subjected to positive selection or a selective sweep (Table 2 ). The mismatch distribution (Fig. 3 ) and negative Tajima’s D value for the Romanian populations indicated an excess of rare alleles and also sudden population expansion (Table 2 ). According to haplotype mismatch distribution analysis, Tajima’s D value for the Romanian populations Rosia and Piscoiu populations was zero, indicating a stable population and no graphics were generated. Meanwhile, D values for the Negureni population were negative and for the Dumbraveni population were positive, both with values close to zero and a significance level p > 0.01. Both populations had bimodal mismatch distributions, usually associated with constant population size. Genetic Distances and Analysis of Molecular Variance Genetic distances ranged from 1.71% to 5,55% between Glis glis lineages and from 0–0.61% within lineages (Table 5 ). Genetic structure between the Glis populations was analysed using AMOVA. We ran separate AMOVA analyses, comparing the four Romanian population groups between them and then between different combinations of groups (i.e. Romanian populations and European populations, Eastern Romanian populations and Western Romanian populations). The results showed little significant genetic differentiation between the four Romanian populations and the European populations. There is a 20% variance between populations from Eastern Romania and populations from Western Romania (Table 3 , Table 4 ), with an FST among populations of 0.3288. Table 3 Fst values calculated for the four Romanian populations Populations Piscoiu Negureni Dumbrăveni Roșia Piscoiu - Negureni 0.78348 - Dumbrăveni 0.79176 0.00111 - Roșia 1 0.10299 0.17799 - Table 4 Results of AMOVA in Glis populations, d.f.: Degree of freedom Groups Source Df SS Variance components Total variance (%) FST P value Romanian populations Among populations 1 0.25 -0.00123 -0.3 FST: -0.00303 0.70088 Within populations 257 104.383 0.40616 100.3 Eastern and Western Romanian populations Among groups 1 2.423 0.07622 20.1 FSC: 0.16001 0 Among populations 2 3.231 0.04849 12.79 FST: 0.32882 0.00293 Within populations 110 28 0.25455 67.12 FCT: 0.20097 0.34604 Romanian populations and European Populations Among groups 1 0.25 -0.04830 -11.86 FSC: 0.14682 0 Among populations 3 5.653 0.06689 16.42 FST: 0.04565 0 Within populations 254 98.729 0.3887 95.44 FCT: -0.11858 0.80743 Divergence time estimation Molecular dating using Bayesian Inference estimated that the divergence between Glis glis lineages began 8.27 million years ago Mya in the late Miocene (Fig. 4 ). The first lineage that split was the Sicilian one, followed by the Greek (5.023 Mya), the Macedonian and the Italian lines (3.387 Mya), which diverged in the Pliocene era. The time estimates obtained from these dating analyses are higher than those reported in prior research concerning the evolutionary timescale of lineages within the genus Glis by Naderi et al. ( 2014 ) and Ahmadi et al. ( 2018 ). Table 5 Mean genetic distances within and between the main mitochondrial lineages of Glis species, calculated based on K2P genetic divergence. Numbers below the diagonal represent the K2P mean genetic distance between the main lineages, values above the diagonal represent the standard deviation of the mean genetic distances and on the diagonal are presented the values of the mean genetic distance within the lineages Nr.crt Clade European Italian Macedonian Greek Sicilian Glis glis Glis persicus 1 European 0.0012± 0.0004 0.005434 0.005356 0.007293 0.009801 0.000004 0.013057 2 Italian 0.018539 nc 0.005014 0.007191 0.009847 0.005204 0.012891 3 Macedonian 0.018572 0.017145 0.00000 0.006621 0.009335 0.005054 0.012370 Greek 0.039159 0.037767 0.033215 nc 0.009896 0.007074 0.012363 7 Sicilian 0.055131 0.055529 0.050363 0.056033 0.0061± 0.0031 0.009681 0.013047 5 Glis glis 0.000004 0.017753 0.017533 0.038012 0.054289 0.00284±0.0005 0.012941 6 Glis persicus 0.118958 0.112559 0.109244 0.106405 0.099396 0.117831 0.00733±0.00181 Discussion Phylogeographic patterns and genetic divergence The phylogenetic tree generated in this study, as well as the considerable genetic distance between the European and Iranian lineages (average K2P 11.7%), corroborated the designation of Glis persicus as a distinct species within the Glis genus (Ahmadi et al. 2018 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 ). Also, the phylogenetic reconstruction is consistent with other findings by (Hürner et al. 2010 , Castiglia et al. 2012 , Naderi et al. 2014 , Koren et al. 2015 , Moska et al. 2016 , Ahmadi et al. 2018 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 ). In the past, approximately nine subspecies have been described for Glis glis : Glis glis glis (Linnaeus,1766), G. g. italicus (Barrett-Hamilton, 1898), G. g. melonii (Thomas, 1907), G. g. pyrenaicus (Cabrera, 1908 ), G.g. minutus (Martino, 1930), G. g. argenteus (Zimmermann, 1953 ), G. g. orientalis (Nehring, 1903), G. g. germanicus (Violani in Zava, 1955) and G. g. persicus (Erxleben, 1777) (Kryštufek and Flajšman 2007 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 ). Based on both molecular and comprehensive morphological analyses, in the study of Mori et al. ( 2024 ) only five subspecies were mentioned: G. g. glis – in Europe, G.g. minutus – in North Macedonia, G.g. pindicus - in Alonissos island, G. g. italicus – in Central and Southern Italy, G.g. insularis – in Sicily (Hürner et al. 2010 , Lo Brutto et al. 2011 , Castiglia et al. 2012 , Koren et al. 2015 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 , Mori et al. 2024 ). The five subspecies of Glis glis are in concordance with the five phylogenetical distinct lineages described by other studies that concentrated on molecular data (Hürner et al. 2010 , Castiglia et al. 2012 , Naderi et al. 2014 , Koren et al. 2015 , Moska et al. 2016 , Ahmadi et al. 2018 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 , Mori et al. 2024 ). Thus, the European lineage encompasses a broad range across Europe, while the Italian lineage is specifically derived from the Apennine Peninsula, as well as the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. The Macedonian lineage is localised in North Macedonia, and the Greek lineage is identified on the Island of Alonissos. Lastly, the Sicilian lineage is concentrated in the eastern region of Sicily (Hürner et al. 2010 , Lo Brutto et al. 2011 , Castiglia et al. 2012 , Naderi et al. 2014 , Koren et al. 2015 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 ). For Glis persicus , molecular studies by Ahmadi et al. ( 2018 ) revealed a complex evolutionary history with two sub-lineages, the Western Iranian one, found in Ardabil, Gilan, Mazandaran and probably in Azerbaijan and the Eastern Iranian sub-lineage, located in Golestan. Both the high genetic divergence (K2P = 2.1) and the haplotype network supported the idea that cryptic genetic divergence, driven by differing reproductive strategies, has led to the distinct genetic structures in the Hyrcanian Forests from Iran (Ahmadi et al. 2018 ). Our analysis positioned the Sicilian haplotype as basal to all others with strong support (posterior probability (PP) = 1, bootstrap support value (BP) = 99) in accordance with Naderi et al. ( 2014 ), Koren et al. ( 2015 ), Ahmadi et al. ( 2018 ) and Kryštufek et al. ( 2021 ). The Alonissos haplotype, forming the Greek lineage, made its own cluster, but with lesser statistical support (PP = 0.999 and BP = 84.1). The Macedonian and the Italian haplotypes formed a separate cluster as suggested by Hürner et al. ( 2010 ), but with a very low support (PP = 0.564). Reconstructions made by Castiglia et al. ( 2012 ), Naderi et al. ( 2014 ), Koren et al. ( 2015 ) and Ahmadi et al. ( 2018 ) proved that the Macedonian haplotype forms its own distinct lineage, and the Italian haplotype is more related to the European cluster. However, Moska et al. ( 2016 ) obtained a different topology, positioning the Macedonian haplotype as basal to all others. The marked genetic richness observed in Glis persicus mirrors the significant divergence seen among the lineages of Glis glis , with K2P genetic distances ranging from 1.85–5.55%, a pattern linked to the presence of glacial refugia in both the Mediterranean, e.g., Italian and Balkan peninsulas (Hürner et al. 2010 , Castiglia et al. 2012 , Koren et al. 2015 ) and the Hyrcanian Forests (Naderi et al. 2014 , Ahmadi et al. 2018 ). In contrast, within each lineage, genetic variation is limited, varying from K2P = 0% to K2P = 0,61% in the Sicilian lineage. For example, the genetic variation within the European lineage (K2P = 0.12%) is low across the European distribution of G. glis , a pattern likely resulting from a post-glacial northward expansion that is consistent with the "hedgehog” pattern of dispersal as proposed by Schmitt ( 2007 ). The Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles, especially the Last Glacial Maximum, dated around 24–15 thousand years ago, have significantly shaped the distribution and genetic structure of the warm-adapted species, which were restricted to refugia, especially in Europe. The glacial refugia were geographically restricted areas where plant and animal populations survived the harsh climatic conditions (cold and dry circumstances), and later acted as sources for recolonisation and expansion on the continent after the melting of the ice sheets and climatic amelioration (Jancewicz and Falkowska 2017 , Wendt et al. 2021 , García-Rodríguez et al. 2024 , Hošek et al. 2024 ). Initially, theories on glacial refugia focused on the Iberian, Apennine, and Balkan peninsulas in southern Europe (Hewitt 1999 , Schmitt 2007 ). This view was based on the assumption that only these Mediterranean regions provided favourable conditions for the survival of temperate species (Hürner et al. 2010 , Koren et al. 2015 , Jancewicz and Falkowska 2017 , García-Rodríguez et al. 2024 , Mori et al. 2024 ). The hypothesis often suggested that populations expanding northward from these refugia underwent periodic bottlenecks, resulting in lower genetic diversity in recently colonised areas, as for the majority of Glis glis range. Our analyses are concordant with other studies that the widespread genetic homogeneity in the European lineage is best explained by an expansion from a single refugium, dated around 2,000 years ago (Hürner et al. 2010 , Naderi et al. 2014 , Mori et al. 2024 ). Recent theories based on fossil evidence and extensive molecular research have revealed a more complex picture of glacial refugia and postglacial expansion, including the existence of extra-Mediterranean refugia: the Carpathians, Crimea, Ural, Caucasus, Russian Plain, the Alps, the Hyrcanian region from northern Iran and Central Europe. Also, it is believed that small northern cryptic areas with favourable microclimates and habitats existed at higher altitudes (Mitka et al. 2014 , Koren et al. 2015 , Jancewicz and Falkowska 2017 , Wendt et al. 2021 , Hošek et al. 2024 ). The Carpathians were believed to be a “refugia-within-refugia” zone. This concept, supported by palaeobotanical, phylogeographical and paleontological evidence, suggests that many European species did not survive in one large area but in multiple suitable small areas within the Western and Eastern Carpathians, at an altitude of 650 m above sea level in the mountains and approximately 300 m above sea level in Podolia (Mitka et al. 2014 , Wielstra et al. 2017 ). The importance of glacial refugia in Glis glis and post-glacial dispersal has already been discussed in several papers (Hürner et al. 2010 , Naderi et al. 2014 , Ahmadi et al. 2018 , Kryštufek et al. 2021 ), but the bimodal mismatch distribution pattern of populations from Romania (Negureni and Dumbrăveni) suggests that the oak forests from Dobrogea proved an optimal habitat for this species. Genetic diversity and population structure Genetic diversity proved to be low to moderate in our set of cytb sequences, from the 117 Romanian samples of Glis glis individuals. The highest values of sequence variation and genetic diversity were observed in south-eastern populations of Negureni (Hd = 0,311, Pi = 0,00078) and Dumbrăveni (Hd = 0,385, Pi = 0,00077) forests, whereas the lowest values were observed in Roșia and Piscoiu populations with only one haplotype (Table 2 ). Our findings are consistent with other studies on edible dormouse that used nuclear molecular markers like microsatellites. Most studies found a low level of heterozygosity, with a few alleles per microsatellite locus (Hürner et al. 2010 , Segelbacher et al. 2010 , Moska et al. 2016 ). În Mediterranean populations, as well as in Central Europe, slightly elevated values of heterozygosity and allelic richness were obtained (Dabert et al. 2009 , Hürner et al. 2010 , Michaux et al. 2019 ). Mitochondrial markers, especially the cytochrome b (cytb) gene, are widely used genetic markers in mammalian studies. Cytb is important for studying genetic diversity due to its ease of amplification, variability especially at the third codon position, making it suitable for and population structure within species and detection of intraspecific polymorphisms and gene flow patterns (Feng and Zhou 2017 , Chen et al. 2019 , 2022 , Cuadrado et al. 2024 ). In most European populations, only one mitochondrial haplotype was found, the most widespread being Hap_2, in accordance with previous studies (Hürner et al. 2010 , Koren et al. 2015 ). In the four Romanian populations, we identified five haplotypes (Hap_1- Hap_5), two of which were shared with other European populations, the widespread Hap_2 and Hap_5, and with a population from Vercours, France. The other three haplotypes were private to Romanian populations, Hap_1 found only in Piscoiu forest, Hap_4 found only in Dumbrăveni forest, and Hap_3 shared by Dumbrăveni and Negureni forest (Table 1 Fig. 1 ). For the shared haplotypes, 91 out of 117 (78.45%) individuals belong to Hap_2 in three populations (excluding Piscoiu population), and 12 individuals shared Hap_3, but no common haplotype was shared across all four populations. Fst values calculated between the four Romanian populations had high values (F ST =0,0011–1), with the highest value between the Roșia and Piscoiu, suggesting a population structure. AMOVA analysis showed a strong population structure between Dobrogea populations and the ones from the western part of Romania (F SC = 0,016). However, the high Fst values suggest that cytb is not the best marker for determining genetic structure in Glis glis populations and should be accompanied by nuclear markers and faster-evolving markers such as microsatellites and SNP. Michaux et al. ( 2019 ) and Moska et al. ( 2016 ) explained the population history and structure, as well as the low level of genetic diversity of the European population of G. glis , as mainly due to the anthropogenic factors such as forest exploitation and urbanisation leading to habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. The edible dormouse's low dispersal abilities and dependence on specific habitats like deciduous oak and beech forests (Popescu and Dumitru 2001 ) mean that deforestation-induced habitat fragmentation has impeded genetic exchange among its populations. Our research is the first extensive molecular study of the edible dormouse phylogeography in Romania. No previous information about the genetic structure of Romanian populations is available. Understanding the genetic diversity of specialist species like Glis glis inhabiting fragmented habitats is vital for implementing sound conservation strategies. To obtain a more complete picture of their genetic structure, it is advantageous to utilise both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers, which provide complementary insights due to the distinct evolutionary pressures they experience. Statements and Declarations Author contributions Conceptualisation: Elena Iulia Iorgu, Ramona-Andreea Bivoleanu, Gabriel Bogdan Chișamera; Methodology: Ramona-Andreea Bivoleanu, Răzvan Zaharia, Eliana Sevianu, Ioan Alexandru Rădac, Oana Paula Popa, Gabriel Bogdan Chișamera, Ioana Cobzaru, Elena Iulia Iorgu; Formal anlysis and investigation: Ramona –Andreea Bivoleanu, Elena Iulia Iorgu; Ioan Alexandru Rădac; Writing - original draft preparation: Ramona –Andreea Bivoleanu, Elena Iulia Iorgu, Răzvan Zaharia; Writing - review and editing: Oana Paula Popa, Dumitru Murariu, Eliana Sevianu; Supervision: Dumitru Murariu, Elena Iulia Iorgu Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the generous support and assistance provided by the National Natural History Museum "Grigore Antipa". We extend our sincere appreciation to the museum staff for granting us access to their valuable collections. Their commitment and resources were instrumental in the successful completion of this research. We also want to thank Ionuț Ștefan Iorgu, Răzvan Popescu-Mirceni, Viorel Dumitru Gavril, and Cătălin Răzvan Stanciu for their advice and support. Funding G.C. and I.C. were funded by project no. RO1567-IBB09/2025 from the Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy Conflicts of Interest. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, interpretation of data, or in the decision to publish the results. Institutional approval statements. All samples used in the study were collected under the permit of the National Forestry Administration, Romania, as follows: 21977/DCP/31.03.2017. Experimental studies were conducted under the decision of the Ethics Committee of the University of Bucharest, registration number: 182/ 17.04.2025. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. 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Suchard MA, Lemey P, Baele G, Ayres DL, Drummond AJ, Rambaut A (2018) Bayesian phylogenetic and phylodynamic data integration using BEAST 1.10. Virus Evolution 4. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/vey016 Tajima F (1993) Simple methods for testing the molecular evolutionary clock hypothesis. Genetics 135: 599–607. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/135.2.599 Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S (2021) MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Battistuzzi FU (Ed.). Molecular Biology and Evolution 38: 3022–3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120 Voloch CM, Schrago CG (2012) Impact of the Partitioning Scheme on Divergence Times Inferred from Mammalian Genomic Data Sets. Evolutionary Bioinformatics 8: EBO.S9627. https://doi.org/10.4137/EBO.S9627 Wendt M, Husemann M, Kramp K, Schmitt T (2021) Reconstruction of forest dynamics in the Western Palaearctic based on phylogeographic analysis of the ringlet butterfly Erebia aethiops. Scientific Reports 11: 201. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79376-x Wielstra B, ZieliŃski P, Babik W (2017) The Carpathians hosted extra-Mediterranean refugia-within-refugia during the Pleistocene Ice Age: genomic evidence from two newt genera. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 122: 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx087 Yasuda SP, Iwabuchi M, Aiba H, Minato S, Mitsuishi K, Tsuchiya K, Suzuki H (2012) Spatial Framework of Nine Distinct Local Populations of the Japanese Dormouse Glirulus japonicus Based on Matrilineal Cytochrome b and Patrilineal SRY Gene Sequences. Zoological Science 29: 111–120. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.29.111 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Fântânele 30, 400294, Cluj-Napoca","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eliana","middleName":"","lastName":"Sevianu","suffix":""},{"id":465707794,"identity":"3d8b50db-0654-4440-bd99-1e21f1032c72","order_by":3,"name":"Ioan Alexandru Rădac","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Biology; Faculty of Chemistry; Biology; Geography; West University of Timișoara; 16A Pestalozzi Street; 300115 Timișoara","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ioan","middleName":"Alexandru","lastName":"Rădac","suffix":""},{"id":465707796,"identity":"8ca7bed0-cec3-46c0-9fb9-5057e180b6f5","order_by":4,"name":"Oana Paula Popa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Muzeul National de Istorie Naturală “Grigore Antipa”, Sos. Kiseleff No.1, 011341 Bucharest","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oana","middleName":"Paula","lastName":"Popa","suffix":""},{"id":465707797,"identity":"d08d025b-2d66-45e1-b556-36f0bb4df559","order_by":5,"name":"Dumitru Murariu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Romanian Academy, Calea Victoriei no. 125, 010071 Bucharest","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dumitru","middleName":"","lastName":"Murariu","suffix":""},{"id":465707798,"identity":"ea34c5b1-265a-4fa0-8f4e-1f0455ba66b3","order_by":6,"name":"Gabriel Bogdan Chișamera","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Biology – Bucharest, Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independenței, 060031 Bucharest","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gabriel","middleName":"Bogdan","lastName":"Chișamera","suffix":""},{"id":465707799,"identity":"3cef9950-3933-4e4f-8e16-9cc284a5dd1a","order_by":7,"name":"Ioana Cobzaru","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Biology – Bucharest, Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independenței, 060031 Bucharest","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ioana","middleName":"","lastName":"Cobzaru","suffix":""},{"id":465707800,"identity":"8dae8b2f-b890-4514-9f67-61619ca58563","order_by":8,"name":"Elena Iulia Iorgu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Ștefan cel Mare, Universitatii Street, no 13, Suceava","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elena","middleName":"Iulia","lastName":"Iorgu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-30 18:08:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6567202/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6567202/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-026-02098-4","type":"published","date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83883641,"identity":"3b6526b5-e5ed-4118-9218-448883d78ee7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-04 06:14:58","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":189972,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSampling sites of Glis species. The map shows the geographical distribution of the samples analized in this study, both our samples and GenBank ones. The symbols indicate six genetic haplogroups, and the numbers are associated with the localities from Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6567202/v1/ef17914bd47aac5901e46873.png"},{"id":83882774,"identity":"1948a5b1-3ee2-43ed-ac4b-ab26b29c403e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-04 06:06:58","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMedian-joining network of haplotypes for Glis glis and Glis persicus. The circle diameters are proportional to the number of taxa.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6567202/v1/753437ab61c99a44d74610a5.png"},{"id":83882775,"identity":"ac940aaa-f8f8-45f2-a145-39b86f428f12","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-04 06:06:58","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":109925,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMismatch distribution calculated for Glis glis, Glis persicus, European clade of glis Glis, all Romanian samples and each of the two Romanian populations analysed.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6567202/v1/faafa24f99264573792291c8.png"},{"id":83883642,"identity":"dd8cb619-ec24-40be-b802-e671315c750b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-04 06:14:58","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79043,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic tree and divergence dating results based on the Bayesian Inference analyses\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6567202/v1/7e644638f3a3445b9a36b09e.png"},{"id":109010939,"identity":"40c4d345-828e-4ced-af2b-9824d06bc825","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-11 16:36:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1493312,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6567202/v1/ea9cb733-9ea8-435a-be05-6a047ca08ebe.pdf"},{"id":83882780,"identity":"d8f67e32-1c16-4a03-a026-0b566c4e4daf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-04 06:06:58","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":229467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6567202/v1/2714be81663db397310201ec.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Genetic diversity for the edible dormouse, Glis glis (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Romania, based on mitochondrial DNA","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCommonly referred to as the fat or edible dormouse, \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus, 1766), is an arboreal and nocturnal rodent of the family Gliridae. It is a widely distributed mammal associated with deciduous and mixed woodland consisting of oaks and beeches, occurring from sea level to 1545 meters across Western, Central, and Southeastern Europe (except for France, the Atlantic coasts of the Low Countries and Denmark), Northwest Turkey, the Caucasus, Northern Iran, and Southwestern Turkmenistan (Morris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e, Holden-Musser, M.E., et al. 2016, Aulagnier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased only on multiple phenotypic characteristics (e.g., colour, dimensions) encountered throughout its geographical distribution, over twenty name forms have been proposed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which were all considered to be conspecific with \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e, by several authors, starting with Miller (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1912\u003c/span\u003e). The current view of it as a monotypic species is being challenged. The growing body of evidence highlighting substantial genetic and morphological differentiation (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Ahmadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) has led to a revision of the taxonomic status of \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e, and the recognition of two species in the genus \u003cem\u003eGlis\u003c/em\u003e (Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus,1766) exhibits a predominantly European distribution, whereas \u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e (Erxleben, 1777) is primarily found within the Hyrcanian forests in Iran. \u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e was proposed as a separate species, being supported by both genetic and morphological differences, particularly in reproductive structures (Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Another subspecies \u003cem\u003eGlis glis italicus\u003c/em\u003e (Barrett-Hamilton, 1898), endemic to central and southern Italy and Sicily, was proposed to be elevated as a distinct species, but there are more issues that have to be addressed to resolve the situation (Lo Brutto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Gippoliti \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Gippoliti and Groves \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Romania, the first reference to the Gliridae species, including \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e (mentioned as syn. \u003cem\u003eGlis esculentus\u003c/em\u003e), was made in 1818 (Leonhard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1818\u003c/span\u003e). Since then, this group has received little attention in comparison with the recognition it received in other countries. Its distribution is strongly bound to deciduous forests, with oak and beech, or mixed with coniferous, up to altitudes of approximately 2000m. It can also be seen in rocky areas, orchards and areas with shrubs, near the forests (Popescu and Dumitru \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForest habitat fragmentation significantly impacts the genetic variability of dormice, particularly affecting species like the edible dormouse (\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e) and other glirids like the hazel dormouse (\u003cem\u003eMuscardinus avellanarius\u003c/em\u003e). Fragmentation leads to isolated populations, reduced gene flow, and potential inbreeding, which can ultimately threaten the genetic health and survival of these species, often outside protected areas (Crooks et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Lino et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, Hawlitschek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in the scarce genetic studies conducted on \u003cem\u003eG. glis\u003c/em\u003e reveal a notably low level of genetic diversity within the species (Dabert et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Segelbacher et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Lo Brutto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Castiglia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Helvaci et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Herdegen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Fragmentation results in isolated dormouse populations, as seen in studies from Germany and Poland, where dormice from fragmented forests showed significant genetic isolation compared to those in continuous forests (Fietz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Moska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Limited gene flow was identified in edible dormouse populations from Poland, which showed a low genetic diversity in highly fragmented regions, suggesting that fragmentation severely restricts genetic exchange (Herdegen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In Italy, the hazel dormouse exhibited strong genetic structuring in fragmented landscapes, indicating limited gene flow between subpopulations (Bani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic diversity and differentiation tend to be lower in fragmented habitats. For instance, dormice in fragmented Polish forests showed low heterozygosity and allelic richness, indicating reduced genetic variability (Moska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Studies in Turkey revealed genetic homogeneity across the Eurasian range of the edible dormouse, but phenotypic differentiation suggested recent post-glacial isolation due to fragmentation (Helvaci et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In Italy, fragmented populations of the hazel dormouse showed lower observed heterozygosity and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, further highlighting the impact of fragmentation on genetic diversity (Bani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Fragmentation can also lead to an increase in inbreeding and genetic drift. In the hazel dormouse, high inbreeding coefficients and genetic drift were observed in fragmented landscapes, with limited migration among subpopulations (Herdegen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Bani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genetic consequences of fragmentation necessitate conservation strategies to enhance connectivity. For example, creating ecological networks and habitat corridors and managing hedgerows can improve connectivity and immigration in isolated dormouse populations, facilitating gene flow and reducing genetic isolation (Bani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Krivonogov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe negative impacts of forest fragmentation on dormice are evident; in addition to this, other studies suggest that historical factors and past climatic events also play a role in shaping genetic structures. The genetic differentiation observed in dormice populations may also reflect historical patterns of post-glacial colonisation and adaptation to environmental gradients (Herdegen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Michaux et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This perspective highlights the complexity of genetic variability in dormice, where both contemporary fragmentation and historical processes contribute to current genetic patterns. The consistent finding of remarkable genetic homogeneity across the Eurasian range of \u003cem\u003eG. glis\u003c/em\u003e in studies highlights the critical need to understand the species' genetic diversity, not only for effective habitat conservation but also for reconstructing its evolutionary past and anticipating its future (Helvaci et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Herdegen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Moska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsequently, this study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of edible dormouse populations within the Romanian Carpathian Basin. Understanding the genetic structure of these populations would contribute to the increasing body of knowledge regarding the species' genetic variability and inform future conservation strategies for \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area and sample collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 117 \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e samples were gathered from two primary sources: our field research efforts and the Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History collection, from Bucharest. We placed 50 wooden nestboxes, with dimensions of 14\u0026times;14\u0026times;21 cm and 20\u0026times;20\u0026times;30 cm, with an entrance of 3.5 and 4 cm, positioned 2\u0026ndash;2.5 m above ground, facing the tree trunk, in 3 Romanian forests: 20 in Roșia, Hunedoara County (46\u0026deg;01'03.7\"N, 23\u0026deg;05'59.3\"E), in 2018, 15 in Dumbrăveni Forest, Constanța County (43\u0026deg;58'18.6\"N, 27\u0026deg;59'31.7\"E), and 15 in Negureni Forest, Constanța County (44\u0026deg;04'47.2\"N, 27\u0026deg;44'52.8\"E), between 2021 and 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe collected hair samples from individuals found in wooden nestboxes, a non-invasive method, with minimal handling, stress and potential harm to the edible dormice (Lefort et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, tissue samples were collected from individuals deposited in the Mammal Collection of the Grigore Antipa National Museum, in Bucharest, originating from Tișiței Gorge, Vrancea County (45\u0026deg;56'25.3\"N, 26\u0026deg;35'09.4\"E), Vaserului Valley, Maramureș County (47\u0026deg;47'17.2\"N, 24\u0026deg;41'41.5\"E), Piscoiu, Gorj County (44\u0026deg;49'29.7\"N, 23\u0026deg;43'31.0\" E) and Lotru Valley, V\u0026acirc;lcea County (45\u0026deg;26'12.4\"N, 23\u0026deg;52'20.7\"E).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll 117 hair and tissue samples were collected from \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e species and placed individually in 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes with 96% ethanol. The tubes were then stored at -20 degrees C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the Romanian samples, 114 samples are grouped in four populations, Negureni (45 samples), Dumbraveni (57 samples), Rosia (7 samples) and Piscoiu (5 samples) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the phylogenetic connections between Romanian and other \u003cem\u003eGlis\u003c/em\u003e population samples, we pooled our newly generated data with existing sequence data for this species from prior research, available on GenBank (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Castiglia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Moska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). We used QGIS 3.42.0 (QGIS.org \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) to make a detailed map of the samples collected for this species, present in GenBank, by overlapping them with the IUCN Red List Distribution of the species \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e (IUCN \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMolecular laboratory analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal genomic DNA was extracted using the ISOLATE II Genomic DNA Kit from Meridian Bioscience, as well as the QIAGEN DNeasy Blood \u0026amp; Tissue Kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions. DNA quality and concentration were verified using the Nanodrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). A DNA fragment of the mitochondrial cytb marker was amplified and then sequenced, to generate a 713 bp fragment, using specific \u003cem\u003eG. glis\u003c/em\u003e primers, FGlis1 and RGlis1 (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). PCR was done using 4\u0026ndash;6 \u0026micro;l of genomic DNA, a final concentration of 2 pM/\u0026micro;l from each primer, 20 \u0026micro;l of 2x AccuStart II PCR SuperMix (Quantabio LLC) and sterile water, up to a final volume of 40\u0026micro;l. The conditions set for the PCR were an initial denaturation step for 4 minutes at 95 degrees, followed by 39 cycles of 94\u0026deg;C for 30 s, 52\u0026deg;C for 60 s and 70\u0026deg;C for 90 s and a final extension at 70\u0026deg;C for 15 min. The PCR products were visualised on a 1,5% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide (EtBr). The products were then purified using Wizard\u0026reg; SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega) and sent to sequencing at Macrogen-Europe Inc. (Amsterdam, Netherlands).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData analyses, Phylogenetic and Genetic structure reconstruction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince the cytochrome b (cytb) gene is the only genetic region with data available for all recognised lineages of this species, our phylogenetic reconstructions were consequently limited to this mitochondrial marker. We used 35 additional cytb sequences of \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e, ten sequences of G\u003cem\u003elis persicus\u003c/em\u003e and ten others from various Gliridae species as outgroup, downloaded from GenBank (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Glis samples and other Gliridae used analysed in this study. The locality index, species, locality, number of samples (n), haplotype, lineage, GenBank codes and references for the samples are presented. The Locality index was used only for the sampling localities of Glis glis and Glis persicus and is correlated with the numbers shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocality index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaplotype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenBank codes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRom\u0026acirc;nia: Roșia, Hunedoara County\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esubmitted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethis paper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRom\u0026acirc;nia: Dumbrăveni, Constanța County\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_3 \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esubmitted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethis paper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRom\u0026acirc;nia: Negureni, Constanța County\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2 \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esubmitted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethis paper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRom\u0026acirc;nia: Piscoiu, Gorj County\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esubmitted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethis paper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRom\u0026acirc;nia: Tișiței Gorge, Vrancea County\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esubmitted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethis paper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRom\u0026acirc;nia: Făina, Vaserului Valley, Maramureș County\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esubmitted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethis paper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRom\u0026acirc;nia: Lotrului Gorge, V\u0026acirc;lcea County\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esubmitted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethis paper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAJ225031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bentz and Montgelard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpain: Cantabria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelgium: Gaume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermany: Grumst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGermany: Bellings-Sterbfritz-Weinberg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160651\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpain: Lugo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpain: Navarra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpain: Arties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpain: Montseny and Montnegre Natural Park (MNP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpain: Gresolet (+\u0026thinsp;StJulia)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpain: Vidra (+\u0026thinsp;Grevulosa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e69\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom: Tring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e17\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrance: Py\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e18\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrance: Montarnaud\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelgium: Gaume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwitzerland: Lausanne\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwitzerland: Sundlauenen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwitzerland: Lago Maggiore\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaly: Torino-Viu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaly: Druento\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaly: Asti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e26\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaly: Asiago\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e27\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlovenia: Mt. Krim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e28\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlovenia: Semič\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e29\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlovenia: Mt. Pohorje\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia: Mt. Svilaja\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e31\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCzech Republic: Mt. Jeseniki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e32\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBosnia and Herzegovina: Mt. Zelengora\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e33\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMontenegro: Šavnik-Nikšić\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e34\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHungary: Nanaly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e35\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatvia: Gaujas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatvia: Turaida\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e37\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatvia: Skriveri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e38\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurkey: Istranca\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e39\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurkey: Uludag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e40\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRussia: Zhiguli Forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpain: Montseny and Montnegre Natural Park (MNP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e41\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrance: Vercors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e42\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrance: St-Maxime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e43\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaly: Aspromonte\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItalian lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e44\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacedonia: Mt. Galičica\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacedonian lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160664\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e45\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlonissos, greece\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJQ241278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Castiglia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e46\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRussia: Adygei Republic, Belorechensk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF699243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenBank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e48\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Kotakomah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Noshadeh-Pellesara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Noshadeh-Pellesara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e48\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Kotakomah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e48\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Kotakomah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Noshadeh-Pellesara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e48\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Kotakomah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Noshadeh-Pellesara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e49\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Nour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e49\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Nour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian lineages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF931112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e50\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia:Krk Is.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e50\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia:Krk Is.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e57\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia:Mljet Is.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e57\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia:Mljet Is.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e51\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia:Peljeŝac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e51\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia:Peljeŝac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e52\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerbia: Kladovo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e53\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia: Krŝete, Istria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e54\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia: Cres\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e55\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia: Korĉula Is.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e56\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia: Havar Is.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e57\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia: Mljet Is.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e58\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia: Braĉ Is.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e55\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroatia: Korĉula Is.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e59\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacedonia: Mt. Karađica\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacedonian lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e60\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacedonia: Bituša\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacedonian lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e61\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacedonia: Mavrovo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacedonian lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKJ850431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e62\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoland: Stołowe Mountains National Park\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKM061382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Moska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e62\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoland: Stołowe Mountains National Park\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKM061383\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Moska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT922160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Herdegen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKT922161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Herdegen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e63\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRussia: Nizhny Novgorod oblast, Staraya Pustyn\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMK335777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Popova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e66\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrance: Montpellier\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNC_001892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Reyes et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e64\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTűrkiye: Giresun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ533847\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(İbiş et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e65\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTűrkiye: Kapidağ, Balikesir\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQ533848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(İbiş et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e66\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrance: Montpellier\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHap_19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAJ001562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Reyes et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e67\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItaly: Bologna\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e68\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSicily: Madonie\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSicilian lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160661\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e68\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSicily: Madonie\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSicilian lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160662\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e69\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom: Tring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFM160665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMuscardinus avellanarius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoutgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN935778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenBank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMuscardinus avellanarius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoutgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMT410887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenBank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDryomys nitedula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran: Razligh village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoutgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMN974281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mahmoudi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDryomys nitedula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRussia: Rostov region, Serafimovich\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoutgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF699238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenBank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlirulus japonicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJapan: Yabu, Hyogo Pref.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoutgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB630283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Yasuda et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlirulus japonicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJapan: Wakasa, Tottori Pref.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoutgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB630285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Yasuda et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlirulus japonicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJapan: Okinoshima, Oki Dogo I., Shimane Pref.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoutgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAB630288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Yasuda et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGraphiurus kelleni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoutgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHE978360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Fabre et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEliomys melanurus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorocco: Ouezzane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoutgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHE614010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Perez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEliomys quercinus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpain: El Serrat, Ordino, Andorra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoutgroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJX457816\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Barbosa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequences were aligned and edited using CodonCode aligner software (CodonCode Corporation, Dedham, MA, USA) and MEGA v.11(Tamura et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe performed phylogenetic reconstructions using the maximum-likelihood algorithm (Felsenstein \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e), implemented in MEGA v.11 (Tamura et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) and a Bayesian Inference approach using BEAST v1.8.0 (Suchard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). MEGA v.11 was also used to determine the best DNA model of substitutions for our set, and a GTR model with a gamma distributed rate variation among sites was chosen, based on Information Criterion (BIC) and corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). The robustness of the phylogenetic tests was assessed using a nonparametric bootstrap test with 1000 replicates for the maximum likelihood approach and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) for the Bayesian inference.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe BEAST analysis was performed with two independent runs of 15 000 000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo, sampled every 1000 generations. Another three software, part of the BEAST package, were used: Tracer v1.6, in order to check the effective sample size (ESS) lower bound for two independent runs, LogCombiner v1.8.0 was used to combine the tree files, and TreeAnnotator v1.8.0 was used to generate the maximum clade credibility tree with mean heights. Burn-in was set at 10%, and 2000 of the initial sampled trees were discarded, and the Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPPs) and divergence times for the tree nodes were taken from a 50% majority rule consensus tree. We used the \u003cem\u003eEliomys quercinus/Eliomys melanurus\u003c/em\u003e divergence at 7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u0026nbsp;million years ago (Voloch and Schrago \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, \u0026Ccedil;olak et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e, İbiş et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Both phylogenetic trees were visualised using FigTree v1.8.0 (Rambaut, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationships among sequences from different populations were assessed by haplotype networks constructed under a median-joining algorithm (Bandelt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), implemented in PopART (Leigh and Bryant \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHaplotype diversity (h), nucleotide diversity (p) (Nei \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) and their standard deviations (Tajima \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) were estimated using DnaSP v6 (Rozas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Arlequin version 3.5.1.2 (Excoffier and Lischer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) was used to perform AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) to identify the sources of variation and investigate the genetic structure of subpopulations. Kimura\u0026ndash;2-Parameter (K2P) model, with 1000 bootstrap replicates, was used to calculate genetic distances between populations in MEGA X version 10.1 (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSequence variation and genetic diversity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe analysed a set of 162 Cytb sequences from \u003cem\u003eGlis\u003c/em\u003e specimens, 713bp long, with 10 sequences as outgroup. We identified a total of 117 segregation sites, with 95 parsimony informative sites and an average nucleotide composition of 27.9% T, 13.1% C, 32.5% A, and 26.5% G, as well as a 6.6 transitional pairs to transversional pairs substitution ratio.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe sequences yielded 37 haplotypes, 10 haplotypes for \u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e and 27 for \u003cem\u003eGlis glis.\u003c/em\u003e Only the \u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e sequences available in GenBank, haplotypes from Ahmadi et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) were not available. Haplotype (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi) differ for the two species, with higher values in \u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). We identified 22 haplotypes within the European lineage, with moderate to high values for nucleotide (Hd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.459) and haplotype diversity (Pi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0112), similar to those observed from other studies (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Naderi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Ahmadi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Kry\u0026scaron;tufek et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In 117 individuals of the four Romanian populations, only 4 polymorphic sites, all parsimony-informative, were identified. Overall, the four populations exhibited moderate haplotype diversity (Hd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.382), due to the unique haplotypes, but the nucleotide diversity was relatively low (Pi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,0008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eList of the genetic diversity estimates of Glis glis populations: N (number of individuals), S (segregation sites), P (parsimony informative sites), H (number of haplotypes), Hd (haplotype diversity), Pi (nucleotide diversity), (standard deviation), Fs (Fu\u0026apos;s test Fs statistics), D (Tajima\u0026apos;s D test)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePopulation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHd\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePi\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRosia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiscoiu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegureni\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.311\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00078\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.552\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3904\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDumbraveni\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.385\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00077\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRomania\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.382\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00081\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.44626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEuropean lineage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.459\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00112\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-26.612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.54225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.508\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00378\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.59917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00726\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.772\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.07328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.567\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01570\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.68964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eHaplotype network analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe haplotype network was constructed without many of the Sicilian and the Italian samples, due to the shortness and lack of data in the sequences, but it still shows four of the five \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e lineages, Greek, Macedonian, Italian and European. The Greek lineage is represented by a single sequence from the Aegean Island of Alonissos, found at 23 mutational steps from the European haplogroup. The Macedonian lineage is represented by three sequences from four sites, and the Italian lineage is represented by one sequence from Aspromonte, both grouped in one haplotype each, found at 15 and respectively 14 mutational steps, from the nearest European haplotype.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe European lineage has a classic star-shaped form, with Hap_2 at its center, while the rest being one or two mutational steps away from it (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The samples from Romania are all grouped in the European haplogroup. Due to its central position in the network and exhibiting the highest frequency, we can consider haplotype Hap_2 as the ancestral haplotype for the European clade. Among the other haplotypes, Hap_20 and Hap_19 are three and five mutational steps from the dominant haplotype of the haplogroup. Hap_2 (52,89%) was found in 49 localities from Europe, followed by Ha_21 (4,30%) found in four populations from Western Europe and Spain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhylogenetic analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe two different phylogenetic approaches yielded nearly identical phylogenetic trees (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Fig. A1). Bayesan Inference and Maximum likelihood trees had consistent topologies with other phylogenetic results for the fat dormice, retrieving two distinct clades attributed to the two \u003cem\u003eGlis\u003c/em\u003e species, \u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e (Erxleben 1777) with the Iranian haplotypes grouped in the second clade and \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus 1766), with all the other identified haplotypes in the first clade (Naderi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Ahmadi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Kry\u0026scaron;tufek et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Fig. A1). Phylogenetic analysis identified the five lineages discovered previously in the first clade: European, Italian, Macedonian, Greek and Sicilian and as mentioned by other studies, these lineages didn\u0026rsquo;t share any haplotypes. (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Castiglia et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Naderi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Ahmadi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Kry\u0026scaron;tufek et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In the Iranian clade, two separate lineages were distinct, one Western and one Eastern Iranian lineage, as stated by Ahmadi et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDemographic history\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe reevaluated the demographic history of the European lineage using the available samples. We obtained a skewed unimodal distribution, generally associated with a recent population expansion scenario, as suggested previously by H\u0026uuml;rner et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) and Koren et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) Overall, Tajima\u0026rsquo;s D (D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.5422, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and Fu\u0026rsquo;s Fs (Fs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;26.612; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.02) neutrality test values had negative values, further supporting the population expansion theory, indicating an excess of rare alleles and that the population is subjected to positive selection or a selective sweep (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The mismatch distribution (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and negative Tajima\u0026rsquo;s D value for the Romanian populations indicated an excess of rare alleles and also sudden population expansion (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). According to haplotype mismatch distribution analysis, Tajima\u0026rsquo;s D value for the Romanian populations Rosia and Piscoiu populations was zero, indicating a stable population and no graphics were generated. Meanwhile, D values for the Negureni population were negative and for the Dumbraveni population were positive, both with values close to zero and a significance level p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.01. Both populations had bimodal mismatch distributions, usually associated with constant population size.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eGenetic Distances and Analysis of Molecular Variance\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenetic distances ranged from 1.71% to 5,55% between \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e lineages and from 0\u0026ndash;0.61% within lineages (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Genetic structure between the \u003cem\u003eGlis\u003c/em\u003e populations was analysed using AMOVA. We ran separate AMOVA analyses, comparing the four Romanian population groups between them and then between different combinations of groups (i.e. Romanian populations and European populations, Eastern Romanian populations and Western Romanian populations). The results showed little significant genetic differentiation between the four Romanian populations and the European populations. There is a 20% variance between populations from Eastern Romania and populations from Western Romania (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), with an FST among populations of 0.3288.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFst values calculated for the four Romanian populations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePopulations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePiscoiu\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegureni\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDumbrăveni\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoșia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePiscoiu\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegureni\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78348\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDumbrăveni\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoșia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResults of AMOVA in Glis populations, d.f.: Degree of freedom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariance components\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal variance (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRomanian populations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong populations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.00123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFST: -0.00303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWithin populations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40616\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEastern and Western Romanian populations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.423\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07622\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFSC: 0.16001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong populations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFST: 0.32882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWithin populations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25455\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFCT: 0.20097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRomanian populations and European Populations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFSC: 0.14682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong populations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFST: 0.04565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWithin populations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.729\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFCT: -0.11858\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eDivergence time estimation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMolecular dating using Bayesian Inference estimated that the divergence between \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e lineages began 8.27\u0026nbsp;million years ago Mya in the late Miocene (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The first lineage that split was the Sicilian one, followed by the Greek (5.023 Mya), the Macedonian and the Italian lines (3.387 Mya), which diverged in the Pliocene era. The time estimates obtained from these dating analyses are higher than those reported in prior research concerning the evolutionary timescale of lineages within the genus \u003cem\u003eGlis\u003c/em\u003e by Naderi et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and Ahmadi et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 5 Mean genetic distances within and between the main mitochondrial lineages of Glis species, calculated based on K2P genetic divergence. Numbers below the diagonal represent the K2P mean genetic distance between the main lineages, values above the diagonal represent the standard deviation of the mean genetic distances and on the diagonal are presented the values of the mean genetic distance within the lineages\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border: none;border-collapse: collapse;width: 624px;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:26.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNr.crt\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:65.55pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eClade\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.117831\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:50.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background: #F2F2F2;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:25.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.00733\u0026plusmn;0.00181\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhylogeographic patterns and genetic divergence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe phylogenetic tree generated in this study, as well as the considerable genetic distance between the European and Iranian lineages (average K2P 11.7%), corroborated the designation of \u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e as a distinct species within the \u003cem\u003eGlis\u003c/em\u003e genus (Ahmadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Also, the phylogenetic reconstruction is consistent with other findings by (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Castiglia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Moska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Ahmadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In the past, approximately nine subspecies have been described for \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eGlis glis glis\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus,1766), \u003cem\u003eG. g. italicus\u003c/em\u003e (Barrett-Hamilton, 1898), \u003cem\u003eG. g. melonii\u003c/em\u003e (Thomas, 1907), \u003cem\u003eG. g. pyrenaicus\u003c/em\u003e (Cabrera, 1908\u003cem\u003e), G.g. minutus\u003c/em\u003e (Martino, 1930), \u003cem\u003eG. g. argenteus\u003c/em\u003e (Zimmermann, 1953\u003cem\u003e), G. g. orientalis\u003c/em\u003e (Nehring, 1903), \u003cem\u003eG. g. germanicus\u003c/em\u003e (Violani in Zava, 1955) and \u003cem\u003eG. g. persicus\u003c/em\u003e (Erxleben, 1777) (Kryštufek and Flajšman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e, Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on both molecular and comprehensive morphological analyses, in the study of Mori et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) only five subspecies were mentioned: \u003cem\u003eG. g. glis\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; in Europe, \u003cem\u003eG.g. minutus\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; in North Macedonia, \u003cem\u003eG.g. pindicus\u003c/em\u003e - in Alonissos island, \u003cem\u003eG. g. italicus\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; in Central and Southern Italy, \u003cem\u003eG.g. insularis\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; in Sicily (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Lo Brutto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Castiglia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Mori et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The five subspecies of \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e are in concordance with the five phylogenetical distinct lineages described by other studies that concentrated on molecular data (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Castiglia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Moska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Ahmadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Mori et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the European lineage encompasses a broad range across Europe, while the Italian lineage is specifically derived from the Apennine Peninsula, as well as the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. The Macedonian lineage is localised in North Macedonia, and the Greek lineage is identified on the Island of Alonissos. Lastly, the Sicilian lineage is concentrated in the eastern region of Sicily (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Lo Brutto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Castiglia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). For \u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e, molecular studies by Ahmadi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) revealed a complex evolutionary history with two sub-lineages, the Western Iranian one, found in Ardabil, Gilan, Mazandaran and probably in Azerbaijan and the Eastern Iranian sub-lineage, located in Golestan. Both the high genetic divergence (K2P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.1) and the haplotype network supported the idea that cryptic genetic divergence, driven by differing reproductive strategies, has led to the distinct genetic structures in the Hyrcanian Forests from Iran (Ahmadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur analysis positioned the Sicilian haplotype as basal to all others with strong support (posterior probability (PP)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, bootstrap support value (BP)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;99) in accordance with Naderi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), Koren et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), Ahmadi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and Kryštufek et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The Alonissos haplotype, forming the Greek lineage, made its own cluster, but with lesser statistical support (PP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.999 and BP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;84.1). The Macedonian and the Italian haplotypes formed a separate cluster as suggested by H\u0026uuml;rner et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), but with a very low support (PP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.564). Reconstructions made by Castiglia et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), Naderi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), Koren et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and Ahmadi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) proved that the Macedonian haplotype forms its own distinct lineage, and the Italian haplotype is more related to the European cluster. However, Moska et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) obtained a different topology, positioning the Macedonian haplotype as basal to all others.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe marked genetic richness observed in \u003cem\u003eGlis persicus\u003c/em\u003e mirrors the significant divergence seen among the lineages of \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e, with K2P genetic distances ranging from 1.85\u0026ndash;5.55%, a pattern linked to the presence of glacial refugia in both the Mediterranean, e.g., Italian and Balkan peninsulas (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Castiglia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and the Hyrcanian Forests (Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Ahmadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, within each lineage, genetic variation is limited, varying from K2P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0% to K2P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,61% in the Sicilian lineage. For example, the genetic variation within the European lineage (K2P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.12%) is low across the European distribution of \u003cem\u003eG. glis\u003c/em\u003e, a pattern likely resulting from a post-glacial northward expansion that is consistent with the \"hedgehog\u0026rdquo; pattern of dispersal as proposed by Schmitt (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles, especially the Last Glacial Maximum, dated around 24\u0026ndash;15 thousand years ago, have significantly shaped the distribution and genetic structure of the warm-adapted species, which were restricted to refugia, especially in Europe. The glacial refugia were geographically restricted areas where plant and animal populations survived the harsh climatic conditions (cold and dry circumstances), and later acted as sources for recolonisation and expansion on the continent after the melting of the ice sheets and climatic amelioration (Jancewicz and Falkowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Wendt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Garc\u0026iacute;a-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Hošek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Initially, theories on glacial refugia focused on the Iberian, Apennine, and Balkan peninsulas in southern Europe (Hewitt \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e, Schmitt \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). This view was based on the assumption that only these Mediterranean regions provided favourable conditions for the survival of temperate species (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Jancewicz and Falkowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Garc\u0026iacute;a-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Mori et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The hypothesis often suggested that populations expanding northward from these refugia underwent periodic bottlenecks, resulting in lower genetic diversity in recently colonised areas, as for the majority of \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e range. Our analyses are concordant with other studies that the widespread genetic homogeneity in the European lineage is best explained by an expansion from a single refugium, dated around 2,000 years ago (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Mori et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent theories based on fossil evidence and extensive molecular research have revealed a more complex picture of glacial refugia and postglacial expansion, including the existence of extra-Mediterranean refugia: the Carpathians, Crimea, Ural, Caucasus, Russian Plain, the Alps, the Hyrcanian region from northern Iran and Central Europe. Also, it is believed that small northern cryptic areas with favourable microclimates and habitats existed at higher altitudes (Mitka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Jancewicz and Falkowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Wendt et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Hošek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The Carpathians were believed to be a \u0026ldquo;refugia-within-refugia\u0026rdquo; zone. This concept, supported by palaeobotanical, phylogeographical and paleontological evidence, suggests that many European species did not survive in one large area but in multiple suitable small areas within the Western and Eastern Carpathians, at an altitude of 650 m above sea level in the mountains and approximately 300 m above sea level in Podolia (Mitka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Wielstra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The importance of glacial refugia in \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e and post-glacial dispersal has already been discussed in several papers (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Naderi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, Ahmadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Kryštufek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), but the bimodal mismatch distribution pattern of populations from Romania (Negureni and Dumbrăveni) suggests that the oak forests from Dobrogea proved an optimal habitat for this species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGenetic diversity and population structure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic diversity proved to be low to moderate in our set of cytb sequences, from the 117 Romanian samples of \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e individuals. The highest values of sequence variation and genetic diversity were observed in south-eastern populations of Negureni (Hd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,311, Pi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,00078) and Dumbrăveni (Hd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,385, Pi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,00077) forests, whereas the lowest values were observed in Roșia and Piscoiu populations with only one haplotype (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Our findings are consistent with other studies on edible dormouse that used nuclear molecular markers like microsatellites. Most studies found a low level of heterozygosity, with a few alleles per microsatellite locus (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Segelbacher et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Moska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). \u0026Icirc;n Mediterranean populations, as well as in Central Europe, slightly elevated values of heterozygosity and allelic richness were obtained (Dabert et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Michaux et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Mitochondrial markers, especially the cytochrome b (cytb) gene, are widely used genetic markers in mammalian studies. Cytb is important for studying genetic diversity due to its ease of amplification, variability especially at the third codon position, making it suitable for and population structure within species and detection of intraspecific polymorphisms and gene flow patterns (Feng and Zhou \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Cuadrado et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In most European populations, only one mitochondrial haplotype was found, the most widespread being Hap_2, in accordance with previous studies (H\u0026uuml;rner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Koren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In the four Romanian populations, we identified five haplotypes (Hap_1- Hap_5), two of which were shared with other European populations, the widespread Hap_2 and Hap_5, and with a population from Vercours, France. The other three haplotypes were private to Romanian populations, Hap_1 found only in Piscoiu forest, Hap_4 found only in Dumbrăveni forest, and Hap_3 shared by Dumbrăveni and Negureni forest (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). For the shared haplotypes, 91 out of 117 (78.45%) individuals belong to Hap_2 in three populations (excluding Piscoiu population), and 12 individuals shared Hap_3, but no common haplotype was shared across all four populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFst values calculated between the four Romanian populations had high values (F\u003csub\u003eST\u003c/sub\u003e =0,0011\u0026ndash;1), with the highest value between the Roșia and Piscoiu, suggesting a population structure. AMOVA analysis showed a strong population structure between Dobrogea populations and the ones from the western part of Romania (F\u003csub\u003eSC\u003c/sub\u003e = 0,016). However, the high Fst values suggest that cytb is not the best marker for determining genetic structure in \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e populations and should be accompanied by nuclear markers and faster-evolving markers such as microsatellites and SNP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMichaux et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and Moska et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) explained the population history and structure, as well as the low level of genetic diversity of the European population of \u003cem\u003eG. glis\u003c/em\u003e, as mainly due to the anthropogenic factors such as forest exploitation and urbanisation leading to habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. The edible dormouse's low dispersal abilities and dependence on specific habitats like deciduous oak and beech forests (Popescu and Dumitru \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) mean that deforestation-induced habitat fragmentation has impeded genetic exchange among its populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur research is the first extensive molecular study of the edible dormouse phylogeography in Romania. No previous information about the genetic structure of Romanian populations is available. Understanding the genetic diversity of specialist species like \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e inhabiting fragmented habitats is vital for implementing sound conservation strategies. To obtain a more complete picture of their genetic structure, it is advantageous to utilise both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers, which provide complementary insights due to the distinct evolutionary pressures they experience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Statements and Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualisation: Elena Iulia Iorgu, Ramona-Andreea Bivoleanu, Gabriel Bogdan Chișamera; Methodology: Ramona-Andreea Bivoleanu, Răzvan Zaharia, Eliana Sevianu, Ioan Alexandru Rădac, Oana Paula Popa, Gabriel Bogdan Chișamera, Ioana Cobzaru, Elena Iulia Iorgu; Formal anlysis and investigation: Ramona –Andreea Bivoleanu, Elena Iulia Iorgu; Ioan Alexandru Rădac; \u0026nbsp;Writing - original draft preparation: Ramona –Andreea Bivoleanu, Elena Iulia Iorgu, Răzvan Zaharia; Writing - review and editing: Oana Paula Popa, Dumitru Murariu, Eliana Sevianu; Supervision: Dumitru Murariu, Elena Iulia Iorgu\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe gratefully acknowledge the generous support and assistance provided by the National Natural History Museum \"Grigore Antipa\". We extend our sincere appreciation to the museum staff for granting us access to their valuable collections. Their commitment and resources were instrumental in the successful completion of this research. We also want to thank Ionuț Ștefan Iorgu, Răzvan Popescu-Mirceni, Viorel Dumitru Gavril, and Cătălin Răzvan Stanciu for their advice and support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eG.C. and I.C. were funded by project no. RO1567-IBB09/2025 from the Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConflicts of Interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, interpretation of data, or in the decision to publish the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eInstitutional approval statements.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eAll samples used in the study were collected under the permit of the National Forestry Administration, Romania, as follows: 21977/DCP/31.03.2017. Experimental studies were conducted under the decision of the Ethics Committee of the University of Bucharest, registration number: 182/ 17.04.2025.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eInformed Consent Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eData Availability Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eMaterials (tissues, hair samples) used in this study are available in the Scientific Collection of the Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequence data are available at the GenBank nucleotide database.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAhmadi M, Naderi M, Kaboli M, Nazarizadeh M, Karami M, Beitollahi SM (2018) Evolutionary applications of phylogenetically-informed ecological niche modelling (ENM) to explore cryptic diversification over cryptic refugia. 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Zoological Science 29: 111\u0026ndash;120. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.29.111 \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-wildlife-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejwr","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Wildlife Research](http://link.springer.com/journal/10344)","snPcode":"10344","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10344/3","title":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Gliridae, cytochrome b, phylogeny, genetic diversity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6567202/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6567202/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the genetic diversity of the edible dormouse (\u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e), a rodent species closely associated with deciduous and mixed woodlands rich in oak and beech trees. The research investigates the phylogeographic patterns and genetic structure of \u003cem\u003eG. glis,\u003c/em\u003e particularly focusing on the genetic diversity within Romanian populations and their relationship to other European lineages. The study utilises mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences to analyze genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships. We collected 117 samples from various Romanian forest populations and combined them with the existing GenBank data to provide a broader geographical context.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study confirms the existence of distinct phylogenetic lineages within \u003cem\u003eGlis glis\u003c/em\u003e, highlighting a pattern of low to moderate genetic diversity within the Romanian populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFive haplotypes were identified across the analysed Romanian populations. Two of these were shared with other European populations, one of them being the most common haplotype in the European lineage. The remaining three haplotypes were unique to Romania, one being found in Gorj County (South Romania), and the other two in forests from Dobrogea (South-Eastern Romania). The widespread Hap_2 was shared between three populations, but no haplotype was found to be present in all four Romanian populations. The findings contribute to the understanding of the genetic structure of this species and have implications for future conservation planning.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Genetic diversity for the edible dormouse, Glis glis (Rodentia: Gliridae) in Romania, based on mitochondrial DNA","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-04 06:06:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6567202/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-20T15:42:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T09:19:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-10T10:11:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"18048892066217984378863202148586852325","date":"2025-06-05T07:42:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"190427862617881035822942101443801819826","date":"2025-06-03T07:52:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-02T13:26:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-05T06:13:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-02T23:40:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","date":"2025-04-30T17:58:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-wildlife-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejwr","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Wildlife Research](http://link.springer.com/journal/10344)","snPcode":"10344","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10344/3","title":"European Journal of Wildlife Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fa8b2865-87da-4b9d-a190-65299e520dee","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-12T16:27:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6567202","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-026-02098-4","journal":{"identity":"european-journal-of-wildlife-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"European Journal of Wildlife Research"},"publishedOn":"2026-05-09 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 9th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-04 06:06:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10344-026-02098-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-026-02098-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6567202","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6567202","identity":"rs-6567202","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}