The use of different types of organic methods and waste materials for the improvement of natural asphalt as roofing mastic and pavement asphalt

The use of different types of organic methods and waste materials for the improvement of natural asphalt as roofing mastic and pavement asphalt | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The use of different types of organic methods and waste materials for the improvement of natural asphalt as roofing mastic and pavement asphalt Rasim Farraj Muslim, Thamer Yousif Ahmed, Saadoon Obaid Eyada, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831796/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Hit city has the largest deposit of Natural Asphalt NA in Iraq. Different attempts were made to enhance the properties of NA to be used for different purposes. In this study, two types of NAs and three types of wastes were used to study how adding wastes to NA can effect on the rheological properties of the blends. Penetration, softening point and rotational viscosity tests were conducted. The results improved that adding wastes to NA has a significant effect on the rheological properties of NA by increasing the stiffness of NA. New roofing mastic can be produced by mixing 12–16% of wastes with NA. Adding 40% of hard NA to soft NA can produce new type of NA that can be used for road pavement. Asphalt. Human hair waste. Cork waste. Cartoon paper waste. Natural asphalt Figures Figure 1 1 Introduction There are several theories about the origin of oil and asphalt (bitumen) and perhaps the most accepted of these theories is that of the organic and living (animal and plant) origin of oil [1]. Iraq is among the five countries that have the largest proven oil reserves in the world with, Iraq (8.4%) [2]. Accordingly, natural asphalts (NAs) have become an important source of raw materials to meet the increasing demand for fuels and petrochemical products [3-6]. On the other hand, due to the low price of NA, that makes it an alternative material of wide industrial use [7, 8]. NAs could produce bitumen of different viscosities by mixing it with residues of heavy oil, reducing the duration of the process of bitumen production and energy consumption [9, 10]. Recently, NAs have received great attention, as they can be used to modify binders and asphalt mixtures due to their high compatibility with different grades of asphalts [11]. With these natural materials, the cost of modification could be lower compared with polymers, and other modification processes [12]. Differences in the quality of NAs depend mainly on their depositional sources (differences in chemical and mineralogical compositions) [5]. If the NA reaches the ground surface, it forms bituminous springs (open pits), and if it remains underground, it will solidify forming a solid and hard substance that is mineral asphalt (e.g., asphaltites) [7]. In Iraq, there is a great opportunity to use NAs after simple modification processes using waste materials. The NA can be found in Iraq in those regions affected by fault in earth crust which may lead to leaking of ground water from ground to the surface carrying with it asphalt materials or sedimentations in addition to salty water and sulfur [13-15]. Hit is located in Anbar province to the west of Iraq (170 Km to the west of Baghdad) is among the largest cities that contains large quantities of NA in different mines (open-pit) where it can be legally exploited (e.g., Al –Awasl , Al-Tayf , Al Abu-jeer, Al.Merj, Al-Mamorh) [16]. It is estimated that 5 mines exploit this material, most of them located in the Hit with annual production about 30000 Ton [15]. Natural asphalt mixtures tend to be sustainable and economical materials especially when mixed with waste materials. They do not need to be heated for use in road projects, reducing energy consumption and emissions. The above mentioned reason motivates the study of using NA as roofing material by mixing it with different types of wastes. Al-Timimi et.al has conducted a study on using different methods to increase the viscosity of NAs produced in Iraq to be used in road construction. They found that there is a possibility to produce an asphalt conforming to the requirements of Iraqi specifications for classes (40-50) or (60-70) asphalt used in road pavements, by mixing of NA with refined asphalt, or by heating of natural asphalt up to 163 C° for different periods [15]. Researchers started interesting in mixing of NA with wastes disposed due to construction and human activities because it has a positive effect on the environment and cost-effectiveness issues. B.A.Mahmood et.al has used plastic waste to improve the rheological properties of NA produced from Hit open-pits. They found that 20% addition of plastic waste improved the properties of NA that it can be used as roofing material [16]. Mahmood et.al also has conducted a study about using cork to enhance the properties of NA. The results revealed that 29% of cork is sufficient to make NA a good mastic that can be used as a water proofing shields for roofs [17]. B. A. Mahmoud has added 2, 4, 6 and 8% of Engine Oil Waste (EOW) to Hit NA to study the rheological properties of the blends. Different tests were conducted (penetration, viscosity, degree of flicker, solubility, and ductility). The chemical tests were also conducted such as Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy. He concluded that EOW can be recycled as a useful material in improving the properties of NA to be used for flattening purposes according to Iraqi and international standards [18]. There are different types of wastes that can be mixed with NA produced from Hit open-pits. The objective of the research Study the reological properties of different types of NAs in Hit city in Iraq. Study the effect of adding different types of waste materials on the reological properties of NA. Study the posibility of producing new roofing mastic by mixing NA with waste materials. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Hit Natural Asphalt Asphalt of Hit city is naturally formed and characterized as light stature, easy of liquidity, has high emissions of inadmissible smell such as hydrogen sulfide H 2 S, and contains a certain percentages of volatile matters. It was dried naturally by air ridding of the humidity and later drying in oven at 110 ºC to eliminate the humidity totally before conducting any measurements. Two types of NAs were collected from two open-pits in Hit city: Damaa NA (DNA). Sayali NA (SNA). The samples were collected and left in the oven over night at 110 C to be dried from water and other substances (sulfur). The rheological properties of DNA and SNA are shown in table 1. Table 1. Rheological properties of NAs type used in the study NA type Penetration, 1/10 mm @ 25 o C Softening point, o C Ductility, cm Viscosity, cP DNA 5 75 38 1100 SNA 98 42 83.3 950 2.2 Types of Wastes Three types of wastes were used in the study: Cork waste CW. It is collected from the waste of boxes and cork sheets from the markets. The CW was grinded and the materials passing sieve #75 micron were used in the preparation of blends. Paper waste PW. It is collected from the waste of boxes and paper sheets from the markets. The PW was grinded and the materials passing sieve #75 micron were used in the preparation of blends. Hair waste HW. It is collected from barber markets. The HW was grinded and the materials passing sieve #75 micron were used in the preparation of blends. Figure 1 shows the waste materials used in the preparation of the NA-Wastes blends. Figure 1. Different types of wastes used in the blends. 2.3 Samples preparation for tests First group of samples were prepared for tests by blending each of (CW, PW and HW) with SNA at (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%) respectively. The blends were mixed in a blender for 15 minutes at 140 C. Second group of samples were prepared for tests by blending DNA with SNA at (8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48 and 56%) respectively. The blends were mixed in a blender for 15 minutes at 140 C. Tests of the blends Penetration test The test was conducted according to ASTM (D5) [19]. Softening Point test It was measured according to ASTM (D36)[20]. Ductility test It was conducted according to ASTM (D113) [21]. Viscosity test The test was conducted according to ASTM (D4402) [22] using Rotational viscometer apparatus. 3 Results and Discussion The rheological properties of the first grope of blends are shown in Tables 2 to 4 . Table 3 shows the results of adding CW to SNA. It reveals that adding CW can improve the rheological properties of SNA significantly. Stiffer NA can be achieved by adding CW. A significant decrease in penetration by more than 330% when 20% of CW was added while the softening point increased by 216%. The results indicate that adding 16% of CW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type III according to international standard ASTM D312. Table 2 Results of rheological properties of CW-SNA blends. CW % Viscosity, cP Ductility, cm Softening point, o C Penetration at 25 o C, 1/10 mm 4% 1630 95 43 81 8% 1675 93 44 55 12% 2188 89 52 41 16% 2205 81 80 34 20% 2233 77 91 28 On the other hand, Table 3 shows the results of adding PW to SNA. It reveals that adding PW can improve the rheological properties of SNA significantly. Stiffer NA can be achieved by adding PW. A significant decrease in penetration by more than 217% when 20% of PW was added, while the softening point increased by 185%. The results indicate that adding 12% of PW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type I according to international standard ASTM D312. It can be concluded that less paper can be recycled to produce roofing mastic compared to cork. This means that the CW is more economic than PW. Table 3 Results of rheological properties of PW-SNA blends. CW % Viscosity, cP Ductility, cm Softening point, o C Penetration at 25 o C, 1/10 mm 4% 1885 85 45 85 8% 1821 81.3 58 68 12% 1775 78 59 57 16% 1925 73 76 46 20% 2300 69.7 78 45 It was surprised that HW has a similar effect on the rheological properties of SNA as PW. Table 4 shows the results of adding HW to SNA. It reveals that adding HW can improve the rheological properties of SNA. Stiffer NA can be achieved by adding HW. A significant decrease in penetration by more than 217% when 20% of HW was added, while the softening point increased by 145%. The results indicate that adding 16% of HW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type I according to international standard ASTM D312. It can be concluded that more hair can be recycled to produce roofing mastic compared to paper. This means that the HW is more economic than PW. Table 4 Results of rheological properties of HW-SNA blends. CW % Viscosity, cP Ductility, cm Softening point, o C Penetration at 25 o C, 1/10 mm 4% 2200 83.2 50 64 8% 2468 81.3 53 55 12% 2810 77 54 53 16% 3125 70 55 57 20% 3143 66.7 61 45 The results show that adding CW, PW and HW has a significant effect on the properties of SNA. It can enhance the stiffness of SNA by filling the gabs between asphalt molecules to make bridges that can increase the viscosity of the SNA. This can improve the ability of SNA to resist the effect of high temperature and increase shear resistance. About 12–16% of (CW, PW and HW) wastes can be recycled by mixing with waste asphalt (SNA cannot be used as roofing mastic on its original form) to produce beneficial material (roofing mastic). The results of the second grope are shown in Table 5 . The experimental program of this group is based on enhancement of SNA by adding DNA since it is stiffer than SNA so that it can be used as roofing mastic. The results indicate the fact that DNA has a positive effect on the rheological properties of SNA by increasing viscosity, softening point and decreasing penetration. Adding 56% of DNA led to decrease in penetration by 750% and increase in softening point by 145%. The results indicate that adding 40% of DNA to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type I according to international standard ASTM D312. On the same context, adding 12% of DNA to SNA was sufficient to produce asphalt type (40–50) which can be used for road pavement according to Iraqi Specification for Road and Bridge (IRRB 2003) [ 23 ]. Table 5 Results of rheological properties of DNA-SNA blends. CW % Viscosity, cP Ductility, cm Softening point, o C Penetration at 25 o C, 1/10 mm 8% 1888 145 46 71 16% 1829 143 47 55 24% 1771 140 50 47 32% 1920 139 54 27 40% 2309 136 55 25 48% 2474 121 59 14 56% 2501 107 61 13 The results of second group show that each of SNA and DNA cannot be used as roofing mastic or pavement asphalt separately until they mixed together. That means they can be considered as wastes. The results of this study proved that mixing DNA with SNA can recycle them to make a beneficial material (roofing mastic and pavement asphalt. 4 Conclusions According to the results of this study which based on experimental program for mixing different types of wastes with different types of NAs it can be concluded that: Each of DNA and SNA are not suitable in the current properties to be used as roofing mastic or pavement asphalt. They can be considered as wastes. Adding different types of wastes can improve the rheological properties of NAs. A significant decrease in penetration by more than 330% when 20% of CW was added to SNA, while the softening point increased by 216%. Adding 16% of CW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type III according to international standard ASTM D312. When 20% of PW was added to SNA a decrease in penetration by 217% and increase in softening point by 185% were achieved. The results indicate that adding 12% of PW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type I according to international standard ASTM D312. A similar effect to PW was achieved when HW was used. The results indicate that adding 16% of HW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type I according to international standard ASTM D312. Mixing 40% of DNA with SNA can improve the rheological properties of them so they can be used as roofing mastic according to international standard ASTM D312 and for road pavement according to IRRB 2003. Declarations Author Contribution Author Agreement StatementWe confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: Rasim. Author, N. M. Abd-Alghafour. Author; data collection: Thamer. Author; analysis andinterpretation of results: Rasim. Author, Saadoon. Author. Ali. Author; draft manuscriptpreparation: N. M. Abd-Alghafour. Author.Ali . Author. All authors reviewed the results and approvedthe final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements The author would like to acknowledge the contribution of the University Of Anbar ( www.uoanbar.edu.iq ) via their prestigious academic staff in supporting this research with all required technical and academic support. References D. M. Considine, "Chemical and process technology encyclopedia," 1974. I. Khusnutdinov, I. Goncharova, and A. Safiulina, "Extractive deasphalting as a method of obtaining asphalt binders and low-viscosity deasphalted hydrocarbon feedstock from natural bitumen," Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, vol. 30, pp. 69–73, 2021. N. Sviridenko, E. Krivtsov, A. Golovko, A. Dombrovskaya, and N. I. Krivtsova, "Composition of pre-ozonated high-sulfur natural bitumen cracking products," Procedia Chemistry, vol. 15, pp. 313–319, 2015. G. Gordadze, V. Kerimov, M. Giruts, A. Poshibaeva, and V. Koshelev, "Genesis of the asphaltite of the Ivanovskoe field in the Orenburg region, Russia," Fuel , vol. 216, pp. 835–842, 2018. N. Nciri and N. Cho, "Laboratory methods for identification of geologic origins of natural asphalts with special emphasis on their potential uses: The case of Trinidad Pitch and Utah Bitumen," Materials Today: Proceedings , vol. 5, pp. 25730–25739, 2018. M. M. Farhan, M. A. Rabeea, R. F. Muslim, and T. A. Zidan, "Chemical composition (saturate fraction) of western Iraq natural bitumen," Materials Today: Proceedings , vol. 42, pp. 2527–2533, 2021. R. Babagoli, M. Hasaninia, and N. Mohammad Namazi, "Laboratory evaluation of the effect of Gilsonite on the performance of stone matrix asphalt mixtures," Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 16, pp. 889–906, 2015. H. K. Esfeh, B. Ghanavati, and T. GhaleGolabi, "Properties of modified bitumen obtained from natural bitumen by adding pyrolysis fuel oil," International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, vol. 2, p. 168, 2011. G. Kayukova, А. Vakhin, A. Mikhailova, S. Petrov, and S. Sitnov, "Road bitumen's based on the vacuum residue of heavy oil and natural asphaltite: Part II–physical and mechanical properties," Petroleum Science and Technology, vol. 35, pp. 1687–1691, 2017. G. Kayukova, А. Vakhin, A. Mikhailova, S. Petrov, and S. Sitnov, "Road bitumen's based on the vacuum residue of heavy oil and natural asphaltite: Part I–chemical composition," Petroleum Science and Technology, vol. 35, pp. 1680–1686, 2017. A. Themeli, E. Chailleux, F. Farcas, C. Chazallon, B. Migault, and N. Buisson, "Molecular structure evolution of asphaltite-modified bitumens during ageing; Comparisons with equivalent petroleum bitumens," International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, vol. 10, pp. 75–83, 2017. M. Wang and C. Xing, "Evaluation of microstructural features of Buton rock asphalt components and rheological properties of pure natural asphalt modified asphalt," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 267, p. 121132, 2021. A. AL-RUFAIE and Q. AL-MUBARAK, "REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF BITUMEN DEPOSIT OF AIN JABHA & ABU JIR," 1973. M. W. Alkhafaji, S. M. Awadh, J. Connan, M. H. Engel, H. S. Al-Mimar, A. H. Al-Sulttani, et al. , "Organic geochemistry of hydrocarbon seeps associated with sulfurous spring water, western Iraq: Biodegradation, source rock and sedimentary environment," Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol. 208, p. 109556, 2022. A. A. Shakir and A. A. Mohammed, "Manufacturing of Bricks in the Past, in the Present and in the Future: A state of the Art Review," International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS), vol. 2, pp. 145–156, 2013. Y. A.-A. Bashar Abdulazeez Mahmood, Khalid Awadh Mohammed and Saadoon O. Eyada, "The Feasibility of Using Plastic Wastes to Improve the Properties of Natural Asphalt," Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences , vol. 13, pp. 8929–8934, 2018. B. A. Mahmood, M. A. Mohaisen, A. H. Mahmood, and S. O. Eyada, "Reducing the environmental impact of cork waste by improving natural Asphalt as water proofing material," Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, vol. 14, pp. 1588–1595, 2020. B. A. Mahmood, "Influence of waste engine oil addition on the properties of natural asphalt," in Journal of Physics: Conference Series , 2021, p. 012001. ASTM, "Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials," ed: ASTM, 2006. ASTM, "Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)," ed: ASTM, 2006. ASTM, "Standard Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt Materials," ed: ASTM, 2017. ASTM, "Standard Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer," ed: ASTM, 2006. I. S. f. R. a. Bridge, "Iraqi Specification for Road and Bridge ", ed: Iraqi Misistry of Housing 2003. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3831796","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":265701455,"identity":"7a02c81a-8cc8-47fa-b3bb-fc437616bc0d","order_by":0,"name":"Rasim Farraj Muslim","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University Of Anbar","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rasim","middleName":"Farraj","lastName":"Muslim","suffix":""},{"id":265701456,"identity":"fa07152c-a2a8-4e2a-8e49-31cf2f7ffd8d","order_by":1,"name":"Thamer Yousif Ahmed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University Of Anbar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thamer","middleName":"Yousif","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":265701457,"identity":"5cc37c5c-dd60-4a6a-b82f-35ae48852ea9","order_by":2,"name":"Saadoon Obaid Eyada","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Iraqi Ministry of Health","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saadoon","middleName":"Obaid","lastName":"Eyada","suffix":""},{"id":265701458,"identity":"129ae527-29a7-4058-8111-e5277cf7388f","order_by":3,"name":"N. M. Abd-Alghafour","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Iraqi Ministry of Education, University Of Anbar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"N.","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Abd-Alghafour","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-03 12:29:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831796/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831796/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49328537,"identity":"2e1999d9-d2ef-4ba8-82cd-acaea3435cd3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 18:09:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":239030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifferent types of wastes used in the blends.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3831796/v1/09903f539a40747e383c868f.jpeg"},{"id":53774190,"identity":"9f226d52-2d06-4e1b-9af0-82625cf93efe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-30 07:29:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":387730,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3831796/v1/623b2a72-5ed1-415e-bd82-0698ee0432c0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The use of different types of organic methods and waste materials for the improvement of natural asphalt as roofing mastic and pavement asphalt","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere are several theories about the origin of oil and asphalt (bitumen) and perhaps the most accepted of these theories is that of the organic and living (animal and plant) origin of oil [1]. Iraq is among the five countries that have the largest proven oil reserves in the world with, Iraq (8.4%) [2]. Accordingly, natural asphalts (NAs) have become an important source of raw materials to meet the increasing demand for fuels and petrochemical products [3-6].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, due to the low price of NA, that makes it an alternative material of wide industrial use [7, 8]. NAs could produce bitumen of different viscosities by mixing it with residues of heavy oil, reducing the duration of the process of bitumen production and energy consumption [9, 10]. Recently, NAs have received great attention, as they can be used to modify binders and asphalt mixtures due to their high compatibility with different grades of asphalts [11]. With these natural materials, the cost of modification could be lower compared with polymers, and other modification processes [12]. Differences in the quality of NAs depend mainly on their depositional sources (differences in chemical and mineralogical compositions) [5]. If the NA reaches the ground surface, it forms bituminous springs (open pits), and if it remains underground, it will solidify forming a solid and hard substance that is mineral asphalt (e.g., asphaltites) [7].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Iraq, there is a great opportunity to use NAs after simple modification processes using waste materials. The NA can be found in Iraq in those regions affected by fault in earth crust which may lead to leaking of ground water from ground to the surface carrying with it asphalt materials or sedimentations in addition to salty water and sulfur [13-15]. Hit is located in Anbar province to the west of Iraq (170 Km to the west of Baghdad) is among the largest cities that contains large quantities of NA in different mines (open-pit) where it can be legally exploited (e.g., Al \u0026ndash;Awasl , Al-Tayf , Al Abu-jeer, Al.Merj, Al-Mamorh) [16]. It is estimated that 5 mines exploit this material, most of them located in the Hit with annual production about 30000 Ton [15]. Natural asphalt mixtures tend to be sustainable and economical materials especially when mixed with waste materials. They do not need to be heated for use in road projects, reducing energy consumption and emissions. The above mentioned reason motivates the study of using NA as roofing material by mixing it with different types of wastes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAl-Timimi et.al has conducted a study on using different methods to increase the viscosity of NAs produced in Iraq to be used in road construction. They found that there is a possibility to produce an asphalt conforming to the requirements of Iraqi specifications for classes (40-50) or (60-70) asphalt used in road pavements, by mixing of NA with refined asphalt, or by heating of natural asphalt up to 163 C\u0026deg; for different periods [15].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers started interesting in mixing of NA with wastes disposed due to construction and human activities because it has a positive effect on the environment and cost-effectiveness issues. B.A.Mahmood et.al has used plastic waste to improve the rheological properties of NA produced from Hit open-pits. They found that 20% addition of plastic waste improved the properties of NA that it can be used as roofing material [16].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMahmood et.al also has conducted a study about using cork to enhance the properties of NA. The results revealed that 29% of cork is sufficient to make NA a good mastic that can be used as a water proofing shields for roofs [17].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB. A. Mahmoud has added 2, 4, 6 and 8% of Engine Oil Waste (EOW) to Hit NA to study the rheological properties of the blends. Different tests were conducted (penetration, viscosity, degree of flicker, solubility, and ductility). The chemical tests were also conducted such as Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy. He concluded that EOW can be recycled as a useful material in improving the properties of NA to be used for flattening purposes according to Iraqi and international standards [18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are different types of wastes that can be mixed with NA produced from Hit open-pits. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe objective of the research\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStudy the reological properties of different types of NAs in Hit city in Iraq.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStudy the effect of adding different types of waste materials on the reological properties of NA.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStudy the posibility of producing new roofing mastic by mixing NA with waste materials.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Hit Natural Asphalt \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsphalt of Hit city is naturally formed and characterized as light stature, easy of liquidity, has high emissions of inadmissible smell such as hydrogen sulfide H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS, and contains a certain percentages of volatile matters. It was dried naturally by air ridding of the humidity and later drying in oven at 110 \u0026ordm;C to eliminate the humidity totally before conducting any measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo types of NAs were collected from two open-pits in Hit city:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDamaa NA (DNA).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSayali NA (SNA).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe samples were collected and left in the oven over night at 110 C to be dried from water and other substances (sulfur).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rheological properties of DNA and SNA are shown in table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Rheological properties of NAs type used in the study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.021015761821367%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePenetration, 1/10 mm @ 25 \u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.914185639229423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoftening point, \u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.964973730297725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuctility, \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.914185639229423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViscosity, \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.021015761821367%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.914185639229423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.964973730297725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.914185639229423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.185639229422067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.021015761821367%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.914185639229423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.964973730297725%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.914185639229423%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Types of Wastes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThree types of wastes were used in the study:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCork waste CW. It is collected from the waste of boxes and cork sheets from the markets. The CW was grinded and the materials passing sieve #75 micron were used in the preparation of blends.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePaper waste PW. It is collected from the waste of boxes and paper sheets from the markets. The PW was grinded and the materials passing sieve #75 micron were used in the preparation of blends.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHair waste HW. It is collected from barber markets. The HW was grinded and the materials passing sieve #75 micron were used in the preparation of blends.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 shows the waste materials used in the preparation of the NA-Wastes blends.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1. Different types of wastes used in the blends.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Samples preparation for tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst group of samples were prepared for tests by blending each of (CW, PW and HW) with SNA at (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%) respectively. The blends were mixed in a blender for 15 minutes at 140 C.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond group of samples were prepared for tests by blending DNA with SNA at (8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48 and 56%) respectively. The blends were mixed in a blender for 15 minutes at 140 C.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTests of the blends\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePenetration test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe test was conducted according to ASTM (D5) [19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoftening Point test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was measured according to ASTM (D36)[20].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuctility test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was conducted according to ASTM (D113) [21].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eViscosity test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe test was conducted according to ASTM (D4402) [22] using Rotational viscometer apparatus.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe rheological properties of the first grope of blends are shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of adding CW to SNA. It reveals that adding CW can improve the rheological properties of SNA significantly. Stiffer NA can be achieved by adding CW. A significant decrease in penetration by more than 330% when 20% of CW was added while the softening point increased by 216%. The results indicate that adding 16% of CW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type III according to international standard ASTM D312.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of rheological properties of CW-SNA blends.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCW %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViscosity, cP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuctility, cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoftening point, \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenetration at 25 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 1/10 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of adding PW to SNA. It reveals that adding PW can improve the rheological properties of SNA significantly. Stiffer NA can be achieved by adding PW. A significant decrease in penetration by more than 217% when 20% of PW was added, while the softening point increased by 185%. The results indicate that adding 12% of PW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type I according to international standard ASTM D312.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can be concluded that less paper can be recycled to produce roofing mastic compared to cork. This means that the CW is more economic than PW.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of rheological properties of PW-SNA blends.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCW %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViscosity, cP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuctility, cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoftening point, \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenetration at 25 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 1/10 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1885\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was surprised that HW has a similar effect on the rheological properties of SNA as PW. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of adding HW to SNA. It reveals that adding HW can improve the rheological properties of SNA. Stiffer NA can be achieved by adding HW. A significant decrease in penetration by more than 217% when 20% of HW was added, while the softening point increased by 145%. The results indicate that adding 16% of HW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type I according to international standard ASTM D312.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can be concluded that more hair can be recycled to produce roofing mastic compared to paper. This means that the HW is more economic than PW.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of rheological properties of HW-SNA blends.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCW %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViscosity, cP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuctility, cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoftening point, \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenetration at 25 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 1/10 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2468\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results show that adding CW, PW and HW has a significant effect on the properties of SNA. It can enhance the stiffness of SNA by filling the gabs between asphalt molecules to make bridges that can increase the viscosity of the SNA. This can improve the ability of SNA to resist the effect of high temperature and increase shear resistance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout 12\u0026ndash;16% of (CW, PW and HW) wastes can be recycled by mixing with waste asphalt (SNA cannot be used as roofing mastic on its original form) to produce beneficial material (roofing mastic).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the second grope are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The experimental program of this group is based on enhancement of SNA by adding DNA since it is stiffer than SNA so that it can be used as roofing mastic. The results indicate the fact that DNA has a positive effect on the rheological properties of SNA by increasing viscosity, softening point and decreasing penetration. Adding 56% of DNA led to decrease in penetration by 750% and increase in softening point by 145%. The results indicate that adding 40% of DNA to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type I according to international standard ASTM D312.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the same context, adding 12% of DNA to SNA was sufficient to produce asphalt type (40\u0026ndash;50) which can be used for road pavement according to Iraqi Specification for Road and Bridge (IRRB 2003) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of rheological properties of DNA-SNA blends.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCW %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViscosity, cP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuctility, cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoftening point, \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenetration at 25 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, 1/10 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1888\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1771\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2501\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of second group show that each of SNA and DNA cannot be used as roofing mastic or pavement asphalt separately until they mixed together. That means they can be considered as wastes. The results of this study proved that mixing DNA with SNA can recycle them to make a beneficial material (roofing mastic and pavement asphalt.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the results of this study which based on experimental program for mixing different types of wastes with different types of NAs it can be concluded that:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEach of DNA and SNA are not suitable in the current properties to be used as roofing mastic or pavement asphalt. They can be considered as wastes.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdding different types of wastes can improve the rheological properties of NAs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA significant decrease in penetration by more than 330% when 20% of CW was added to SNA, while the softening point increased by 216%. Adding 16% of CW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type III according to international standard ASTM D312.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWhen 20% of PW was added to SNA a decrease in penetration by 217% and increase in softening point by 185% were achieved. The results indicate that adding 12% of PW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type I according to international standard ASTM D312.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA similar effect to PW was achieved when HW was used. The results indicate that adding 16% of HW to SNA can produce roofing mastic Type I according to international standard ASTM D312.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMixing 40% of DNA with SNA can improve the rheological properties of them so they can be used as roofing mastic according to international standard ASTM D312 and for road pavement according to IRRB 2003.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor Agreement StatementWe confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: Rasim. Author, N. M. Abd-Alghafour. Author; data collection: Thamer. Author; analysis andinterpretation of results: Rasim. Author, Saadoon. Author. Ali. Author; draft manuscriptpreparation: N. M. Abd-Alghafour. Author.Ali . Author. All authors reviewed the results and approvedthe final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author would like to acknowledge the contribution of the University Of Anbar (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ewww.uoanbar.edu.iq\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.uoanbar.edu.iq\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) via their prestigious academic staff in supporting this research with all required technical and academic support.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD. M. Considine, \"Chemical and process technology encyclopedia,\" 1974.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eI. Khusnutdinov, I. Goncharova, and A. 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Bridge, \"Iraqi Specification for Road and Bridge \", ed: Iraqi Misistry of Housing 2003.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Asphalt. Human hair waste. Cork waste. Cartoon paper waste. Natural asphalt","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831796/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831796/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eHit city has the largest deposit of Natural Asphalt NA in Iraq. Different attempts were made to enhance the properties of NA to be used for different purposes. In this study, two types of NAs and three types of wastes were used to study how adding wastes to NA can effect on the rheological properties of the blends. Penetration, softening point and rotational viscosity tests were conducted. The results improved that adding wastes to NA has a significant effect on the rheological properties of NA by increasing the stiffness of NA. New roofing mastic can be produced by mixing 12\u0026ndash;16% of wastes with NA. Adding 40% of hard NA to soft NA can produce new type of NA that can be used for road pavement.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The use of different types of organic methods and waste materials for the improvement of natural asphalt as roofing mastic and pavement asphalt","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-08 18:09:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3831796/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5ec93d6e-e8fd-43f0-a01d-9290068de431","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-30T07:29:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-08 18:09:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3831796","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3831796","identity":"rs-3831796","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}