Simple Method for Ficus Trees Trimming Biowaste Reuse in Production of Biochar as Soil Improvement Material for Drylands

Simple Method for Ficus Trees Trimming Biowaste Reuse in Production of Biochar as Soil Improvement Material for Drylands | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Simple Method for Ficus Trees Trimming Biowaste Reuse in Production of Biochar as Soil Improvement Material for Drylands Mohamed Kamal Genedy, Mohamed El-Hosseiny ElNadi, Mahmoud Mohamed Abdelmomen, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4944782/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Biochar was created using a simple low-cost kiln that was designed to process any biowaste. The kiln consisted of an inside cylindrical chamber of total capacity 0.272 m 3 . The temperature of pyrolysis may be raised to 550°C at a rate of 5°C per minute. We looked at five residence times (2,2.5,3,4, and 5 hours) to see how temperature affected the quality of the biochars. The surfaces of the generated biochars were measured for elemental compositions, chemical and physical characteristics, and elemental analysis. The production of trimmings from Ficus trees dropped as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 500°C. As the temperature of pyrolysis increased, the output of volatile matter also dropped. As the pyrolysis temperature rose, so did the ash content and fixed C in biochar from Ficus trees trimmings. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Hydrology Figures Figure 1 1. INTRODUCTION Biochar, which belongs to the class of materials known as black carbon and contains substances of properties such as slightly charred biomass, charcoal, and soot, is the solid product that remains after biomass is heated to temperatures typically between 300°C and 700°C under total or partial absence of oxygen [1,2]. Worldwide, there are still a lot of old-fashioned biochar practices being found. The most well-known examples now are the ancient Asian practice of adding rice husk charcoal to agricultural soils [3]. and the formation of the Amazonian soils known as dark earths, which are rich in organic matter and extremely fertile in comparison to the nearby native soils. Research into new evidence for these ancient practices is becoming more and more popular, as seen in the hunt for African dark earths [4]. Agricultural wastes, rice husks, paper products, animal manures, and even urban green waste can all be used as feedstock to produce biochar [5]. It is important to understand how different production conditions can lead to different types of biochar, and how these charcoals interact with different types of soil. This understanding is a key element for designing any successful biochar system. The International Bio-Coal Initiative (IBI) is leading an ongoing effort to develop a standard for describing biochar [5]. There are many ways to produce biochar, ranging from home-based cookstoves to large-scale industrial pyrolysis plants that produce both bioenergy and biochar. The size and requirements of the system will ultimately determine its impact [6,7]. According to [8]. systems that create biochar are categorized as either gasifiers or pyrolizers. Depending on the technique employed, these systems generate three distinct products: solid biochar, gaseous syngas, and liquid by-product called bio-oil. Utilizing kilns or retorts, pyrolysis systems keep oxygen out while enabling the pyrolysis gasses to escape and be collected for burning. Additionally, pyrolysis systems can be categorized as slow, rapid, or flash. rapid pyrolysis yields more oils and liquids, whilst slow pyrolysis often produces more syngas. Flash pyrolysis, on the other hand, primarily produces charcoal. In general, gasification systems provide less biochar than pyrolysis since they are primarily designed to create gas, not oil or biochar. Numerous studies have reported on the possible impacts of biochar on agricultural production and soil fertility [9,10]. According to [11,12]. research, putting biochar to soil as a substitute for burning fossil fuels can cut greenhouse gas emissions by two to five times. Applying biochar to soil would be the obvious choice for its final use if the producer's goal was to mitigate the effects of climate change. Furthermore, while applying biochar to soil, there are two important factors to take into account: choosing the right biochar type for the limitations of the soil and the actual application techniques. This conclusion is expanded upon by the global model used by Woolf et al. (2010) to quantify the entire impact of sustainable biochar to climate change mitigation. It finds that, when applied to soil, biochar has more promise for mitigation than as an energy source—but only if it increases soil productivity or lowers soil emissions of greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide. According to [13] , there will probably be two different kinds of biochar production systems: more complex and significantly more expensive pyrolysis reactors that produce syngas, biochar, and bio-oils for additional energy conversion, as well as a basic kiln or retort type of pyrolysis unit for producing biochar only. Using basic kiln and/or retort type pyrolyzers is probably the quickest approach to manufacture significant quantities of biochar in the near term. Fast pyrolysis can produce 75% liquid, 12% char, and 13% gas on a dry yield basis [14]. A feedstock with a moisture level of less than 10% must be sufficiently dry in order to avoid having too much water in the final bio-oil product. The temperature range for rapid pyrolysis is 10-200 K/s; however, due to mass and heat transmission constraints, only tiny particles may be employed [15]. Thus, the primary objective of this project is to develop a cost-effective improved flash biochar pyrolyser for agronomic systems and small-scale production. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS This research was made at Sanitary laboratory field pilots, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. The design made using the suitable size for one community. Unit sizing according to design was as followed: Inner part steel tank (40*68) cm at a height of 20 cm. Outer part steel tank (60*88) cm. Two copper valve (2) in. One copper valve (3/4) in. Quench steel tank (30*30) cm, surrounded by cooling pipes (1/8) inch. Bio-oil steel tank (30*30) cm. Water tank (30*30) cm. with pump to complete quench system. Using 4 m of Galvanized Steel pipes with diameter 2 inch Figure (1) Dimensions and engineering drawing of biochar production unit 3. OPERATION PROGRAM Operating the pilot several runs with different operating periods from 2 to 5 hours with intervals 0.5–1.0 hr with fixed preparation time 15 minutes using raw biowaste ficus trees trimming to guarantee result. Samples of biochar were taken and analyzed for its characteristics. The following measurements were made for each sample at the laboratory of dry land institute, ASU, Cairo, Egypt. Burning Time (hr.) Weight of Raw (kg) Biochar Weight (kg) Biochar yield (%) Moisture content (%) Volatile Matter (%) Ash Content (%) Fixed Carbone O.M % O.C % 11. Total Nitrogen % 12. Total phosphorus % 13. Total Potassium % 4. FIELD RESULTS The analysis of the resulted biochar is presented in table (1) Table (1) Resulted Biochar analysis Burning Time (hr.) 2 (hr.) 2.5 (hr.) 3 (hr.) 4 (hr.) 5 (hr.) Weight of Raw (kg) 3 3 3 3 3 Biochar Weight (kg) 1.83 1.75 1.50 1.20 0.96 Biochar yield (%) 61.00 58.33 50.00 40.00 32.00 Moisture content(%) 3.74 2.39 1.31 1.01 0.55 Volatile Matter (%) 23.30 22.92 21.06 20.00 17.53 Ash Content (%) 29.40 30.16 30.50 30.79 31.00 Fixed Carbone 43.56 44.53 47.13 48.20 50.92 O.M % 2.75 4.13 12.04 12.38 1.03 O.C % 1.60 2.40 7.00 7.20 0.60 Total Nitrogen % 0.58 0.57 0.43 0.46 0.67 Total phosphorus % 0.25 0.17 0.11 0.03 0.34 Total Potassium % 2.69 2.3 2.14 0.34 1.93 5. DISCUSSION The Organic Matter in Biochar is continually increasing until the burning time 3 hrs. and then gradually decrease as a percent. With the increase in temperature and time in the pyrolysis process in isolation from oxygen, leading to a change in the primary properties of biochar, such as infectious content as well as the percentage of organic matter, with the increase in the time that the raw material is spent in the pyrolysis chamber, the proportion of organic matter is increased to a certain limit and then continues to decline because all organic matter in the raw material is gradually burned and biochar gradually turns into ash. and the ideal situation at 3 hours and 34 min. The Organic Carbon in Biochar is continually increasing until the burning time 3 hrs. and then gradually decrease, as a percent. As time increases in the pyrolysis process by isolating it from oxygen, it changes the percentage of organic carbon, and with a further increase in the time that the raw material spends in the pyrolysis chamber, the percentage of organic carbon increases to a certain extent, as all organic materials are burned, including the organic carbon in the Raw material. and the ideal situation at 3 hours and 34 min. The Total Nitrogen of Biochar continues to decrease until the burning time 3 hrs. And then gradually increase as a percent increased. The behavior of the N content did not alter continuously; it climbed up to 450°C and then started to drop at 650°C. The acquired data exhibited a strong trend in agreement with data produced [ 16 , 17 ]. demonstrating the formation of highly condensed components at higher temperatures. However, as demonstrated [ 18 ] same production conditions of biochar from rice straw at the same temperature and residence time produced greater values. The disparity in outcomes could potentially stem from variations in pyrolysis techniques. and the ideal situation at 3 hours and 15 min., and The Maximum of the curve at 5 hours. The Total Potassium in Biochar is continually decreasing until the burning time 4 hrs and then gradually as a percent. The Minimum value at 4 hours, and the ideal value at 2 hours increase until the burning time 1.5 hrs. And then continues to decrease until the burning time 2 hrs. gradually increase as a percent. 6. CONCLUSION Ficus trees trimming biowaste were successfully treated using the newly designed biochar’s pyrolysis method to generate biochar’s. The biochar production process yielded results that were in line with earlier studies. The temperature variation of 500 c during pyrolysis resulted in the most notable modifications to the biochar output, volatile matter, ash content, and fixed C. The fact that volatile matter reduced as the pyrolysis temperature rose may indicate that a greater temperature has an impact on the process' stability. Because of its high ash content, rice straw biochar has the potential to be used as an extra source of fertilizer. The concentrations of N, P, and K in the biochar varied dramatically during the course of the five pyrolysis times. Biochar made from Ficus trees trimming has several uses; it may be used as an adsorbent, an ion exchange resin, briquettes, ceramics, concrete, catalyst, and even help in the creation of biofuel and CO2 capture. Because of its adaptability, SCB biochar presents itself as a viable resource for addressing the world's energy demands while fostering environmental and financial sustainability. This study explores the use of SCB biochar in soil amendment, water and air purification, and catalysis by delving into several pyrolysis processes. Activation methods are used for improvement because physical and surface features, such as surface area and functional groups, have a substantial impact on its appropriateness for a variety of applications. Biochar is a scalable wastewater treatment option because it is more effective than other techniques in removing pollutants from aqueous solutions. Although there are several examples of successful implementation, broader acceptance will require enhanced life cycle analysis and cost assessments, bolstering the argument for Ficus trees trimming biochar as a sustainable feedstock for novel product creation. Declarations SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Not Applicable ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the following individuals and organizations for their contributions to this research project. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my research supervisors, Dr. Mohamed El-Hosseiny, Dr. Mahmoud Mohamed, and Dr. Amira Mohamed for their guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this study. Funding: The authors have not received any funding concerning this article. Competing interests: There are no competing interests in this study. Ethics approval and consent to participate: In this specific research project, it does not apply since it is not considered that there are ethical conflicts. Consent to participate All authors consent to participate in the research project. Consent for publication All authors consent to publish the article in question. Availability of data and material: Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors Mohamed El-Hosseiny, [email protected] Mahmoud Mohamed, [email protected] Nany Aly Hassan1 , [email protected] Mohamed kamal, [email protected] Authors’ contributions: MKG (Mohamed Kamal Genedy): participate by 35% by doing the experimental work of this research. MH (Mohamed El-Hosseiny ElNadi): participate by 25% by suggesting the research idea, and the general supervision. MM (Mahmoud Mohamed Abdelmomen): participate by 35% by analysis of results, and revising this manuscript. NAH (Nany Aly Hassan): participate by 5% by analysis of results, and writing and editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Lehmann, J. et al. Biochar Effects on Soil Biota: A Review. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43 (9), 1812–1836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022 (2011). Masiello, C. A. New Directions in Black Carbon Organic Geochemistry. Marine Chemistry 92: 201–13. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARCHEM . 2004. 06.043. Ogawa, M. & Okimori, Y. Pioneering Works in Biochar Research, Japan. Aust. J. Soil Res. 48 , 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR10006 (2010). Fairhead, J. & Leach, M. Amazonian Dark Earths in Africa? Chap. 13 of Amazonian Dark Earths: Wim Sombroek’s Vision, edited by W. I. Woods, W. Teixeira, J. Lehmann, C. Steiner, A. M. G. A. Winkler Prins, and L. Rebellato. Springer Science. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9031-8_13 IBI. Developing Guidelines for Specifications of Biochars. IBI(International Biochar Initiative ). (2012). http://www.biocharinternational.org/characterization standard Whitman, T., Nicholson, C. F., Torres, D. & Lehmann, J. Climate Change Impact of Biochar Cook Stoves in Western Kenyan Farm Households: System Dynamics Model Analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (8), 3687. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es103301k (2011). Hammond, J., Shackley, S., Sohi, S. P. & Brownsort, P. Prospective Life Cycle Carbon Abatement for Pyrolysis Biochar Systems in the UK. Energy Policy . 39 , 2646–2655 (2011). https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/enepol/v39y2011i5p2646-2655.html Scholz, S. M., Sembres, T., Roberts, K., Whitman, T., Wilson, K. & Johannes Lehmann Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries: Leveraging Current Knowledge and Exploring Future Potential for Climate-Smart Agriculture. World Bank Studies (World Bank, 2014). https://doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7 Sohi, S. P., Lopez-Capel, E., Bol, R. & Krull, E. A Review of Biochar and Its Use and Function in Soil. Adv. Agron. 105 , 47–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(10)05002-9 (2010). Verheijen, F. G. A., Jeffery, S., van der Bastos, A. C. M. & Diafas, I. Biochar Application to Soils: A Critical Scientific Review of Effects on Soil Properties, Processes, and Functions. EUR 24099 EN, Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. (2010). http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC55799 Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. Biochar Systems. In Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, edited by J. Lehmann and S. Joseph, 14 68. London: Earthscan. (2009). Gaunt, J. L. & Lehmann, J. Energy Balance and Emissions Associated with Biochar Sequestration and Pyrolysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 , 4152–4158. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071361i (2008). Rasul, F. et al. Biochar for Agriculture in Pakistan. In: (ed Lichtfouse, E.) Sustainable Agriculture Reviews. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 22. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48006-0_4 . (2017). Bridgwater, A. V. Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass. Chem. Eng. J. 91 (2–3), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(02)00140 (2003). Mohan, D., Pittman, C. U. Jr & Steele, P. H. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy Fuels . 20 (3), 848–889 (2006). Thammasom, N., Vityakon, P., Lawongsa, P. & Saenjan, P. Biochar and rice straw have different effects on soil productivity, greenhouse gas emission and carbon sequestration in Northeast Thailand paddy soil. Agriculture and Natural Resources 50 (3), p: 192–198. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres . 2016. 01.003. Weixiang, W. et al. Chemical characterization of rice straw-derived biochar for soil amendment, Biomass and Bioenergy 47, P: 268–276. (2012). Peng, X., Ye, L. L., Wang, C. H., Zhou, H. & Sun, B. Temperature- and duration-dependent rice straw-derived biochar: characteristics and its effects on soil properties of an ultisol in southern China. Soil. Till Res. 112 , 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.01.002 (2012). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4944782","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":352854465,"identity":"d1c96c94-5668-45e3-9c31-68a8b4e8390c","order_by":0,"name":"Mohamed Kamal Genedy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIie3OMWuDQBTA8XccmOXE9Ulo+hWedCl08KsohboYyOhULrTokrSrgX6Iduuo3Cqko6NZOmXIKK2F6uZywbHQ+w/H3cGP9wBMpj+Yw9m6OSW4GP0F54mbceXl1fXVdEJ7625uPyahnExACUJbYvQ8zz6g7RQ4s5jg9KUX7EEQue+43L1UK7ZNFbibI7Hdk55wLijwKly+1nEAtlRAdUzc3uiJ1ZMiTDHye8K6fjF/ID9niOBWKMsUA8Ko4MLqp2BPoNUT5FwxWaGX1zGoizQSWH2uyq3UE39fZt9dcn/p5NHhcOxuFk52+9a0nZ6Md6RiOIdrwdJJZNaMHtOmmEwm0//oF+vRVHofANMAAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"Kamal","lastName":"Genedy","suffix":""},{"id":352854466,"identity":"70387c71-fd03-4764-a6f2-5c3535ebec34","order_by":1,"name":"Mohamed El-Hosseiny ElNadi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"El-Hosseiny","lastName":"ElNadi","suffix":""},{"id":352854467,"identity":"6b03198e-1ead-4466-872e-300613f2f702","order_by":2,"name":"Mahmoud Mohamed Abdelmomen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahmoud","middleName":"Mohamed","lastName":"Abdelmomen","suffix":""},{"id":352854468,"identity":"9363b98e-6e5c-42a0-ab31-9eb344ce5e54","order_by":3,"name":"Nany Aly Hassan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ain Shams University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nany","middleName":"Aly","lastName":"Hassan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-20 11:53:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4944782/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4944782/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":65612699,"identity":"fac31242-0192-46d2-b592-fa916eb20635","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-30 13:39:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":225277,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDimensions and engineering drawing of biochar production unit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4944782/v1/82c4b5dcf94499e7f0e83250.jpeg"},{"id":77875720,"identity":"e1a56e2b-5f0f-40f7-b24b-bd0d247f0f96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-06 11:17:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":991839,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4944782/v1/1b95d75e-b0ae-4c7c-b1df-6f7ccf7e6a63.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSimple Method for Ficus Trees Trimming Biowaste Reuse in Production of Biochar as Soil Improvement Material for Drylands\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eBiochar, which belongs to the class of materials known as black carbon and contains substances of properties such as slightly charred biomass, charcoal, and soot, is the solid product that remains after biomass is heated to temperatures typically between 300\u0026deg;C and 700\u0026deg;C under total or partial absence of oxygen \u003cstrong\u003e[1,2].\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWorldwide, there are still a lot of old-fashioned biochar practices being found. The most well-known examples now are the ancient Asian practice of adding rice husk charcoal to agricultural soils \u003cstrong\u003e[3].\u003c/strong\u003e and the formation of the Amazonian soils known as dark earths, which are rich in organic matter and extremely fertile in comparison to the nearby native soils.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch into new evidence for these ancient practices is becoming more and more popular, as seen in the hunt for African dark earths \u003cstrong\u003e[4].\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAgricultural wastes, rice husks, paper products, animal manures, and even urban green waste can all be used as feedstock to produce biochar \u003cstrong\u003e[5].\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is important to understand how different production conditions can lead to different types of biochar, and how these charcoals interact with different types of soil.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis understanding is a key element for designing any successful biochar system. The International Bio-Coal Initiative (IBI) is leading an ongoing effort to develop a standard for describing biochar \u003cstrong\u003e[5].\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are many ways to produce biochar, ranging from home-based cookstoves to large-scale industrial pyrolysis plants that produce both bioenergy and biochar.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe size and requirements of the system will ultimately determine its impact \u003cstrong\u003e[6,7].\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to \u003cstrong\u003e[8].\u003c/strong\u003e systems that create biochar are categorized as either gasifiers or pyrolizers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepending on the technique employed, these systems generate three distinct products: solid biochar, gaseous syngas, and liquid by-product called bio-oil.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUtilizing kilns or retorts, pyrolysis systems keep oxygen out while enabling the pyrolysis gasses to escape and be collected for burning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Additionally, pyrolysis systems can be categorized as slow, rapid, or flash. rapid pyrolysis yields more oils and liquids, whilst slow pyrolysis often produces more syngas.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlash pyrolysis, on the other hand, primarily produces charcoal. In general, gasification systems provide less biochar than pyrolysis since they are primarily designed to create gas, not oil or biochar.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumerous studies have reported on the possible impacts of biochar on agricultural production and soil fertility \u003cstrong\u003e[9,10].\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;[11,12].\u003c/strong\u003e research, putting biochar to soil as a substitute for burning fossil fuels can cut greenhouse gas emissions by two to five times.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApplying biochar to soil would be the obvious choice for its final use if the producer\u0026apos;s goal was to mitigate the effects of climate change.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, while applying biochar to soil, there are two important factors to take into account: choosing the right biochar type for the limitations of the soil and the actual application techniques.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis conclusion is expanded upon by the global model used by Woolf et al. (2010) to quantify the entire impact of sustainable biochar to climate change mitigation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt finds that, when applied to soil, biochar has more promise for mitigation than as an energy source\u0026mdash;but only if it increases soil productivity or lowers soil emissions of greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to \u003cstrong\u003e[13]\u003c/strong\u003e, there will probably be two different kinds of biochar production systems: more complex and significantly more expensive pyrolysis reactors that produce syngas, biochar, and bio-oils for additional energy conversion, as well as a basic kiln or retort type of pyrolysis unit for producing biochar only.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing basic kiln and/or retort type pyrolyzers is probably the quickest approach to manufacture significant quantities of biochar in the near term.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Fast pyrolysis can produce 75% liquid, 12% char, and 13% gas on a dry yield basis \u003cstrong\u003e[14].\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA feedstock with a moisture level of less than 10% must be sufficiently dry in order to avoid having too much water in the final bio-oil product.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe temperature range for rapid pyrolysis is 10-200 K/s; however, due to mass and heat transmission constraints, only tiny particles may be employed \u003cstrong\u003e[15].\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, the primary objective of this project is to develop a cost-effective improved flash biochar pyrolyser for agronomic systems and small-scale production.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research was made at Sanitary laboratory field pilots, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe design made using the suitable size for one community. Unit sizing according to design was as followed:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eInner part steel tank (40*68) cm at a height of 20 cm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eOuter part steel tank (60*88) cm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo copper valve (2) in.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne copper valve (3/4) in.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuench steel tank (30*30) cm, surrounded by cooling pipes (1/8) inch.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBio-oil steel tank (30*30) cm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater tank (30*30) cm. with pump to complete quench system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e Using 4 m of Galvanized Steel pipes with diameter 2 inch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure (1) Dimensions and engineering drawing of biochar production unit\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. OPERATION PROGRAM","content":"\u003cp\u003eOperating the pilot several runs with different operating periods from 2 to 5 hours with intervals 0.5\u0026ndash;1.0 hr with fixed preparation time 15 minutes using raw biowaste ficus trees trimming to guarantee result.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples of biochar were taken and analyzed for its characteristics. The following measurements were made for each sample at the laboratory of dry land institute, ASU, Cairo, Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurning Time (hr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight of Raw (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar Weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar yield (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture content (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolatile Matter (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh Content (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFixed Carbone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eO.M %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eO.C %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e11. Total Nitrogen %\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003e12. Total phosphorus %\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003e13. Total Potassium %\u003c/h3\u003e\n"},{"header":"4. FIELD RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the resulted biochar is presented in table (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(1) Resulted Biochar analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurning Time (hr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (hr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 (hr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (hr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (hr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (hr.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight of Raw (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar Weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiochar yield (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e58.33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMoisture content(%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.74\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.39\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.01\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVolatile Matter (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.92\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21.06\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17.53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAsh Content (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30.16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30.79\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFixed Carbone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e44.53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e47.13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48.20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50.92\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eO.M %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.04\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.38\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eO.C %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal Nitrogen %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.58\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.57\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.43\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal phosphorus %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal Potassium %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.69\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.34\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.93\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Organic Matter in Biochar is continually increasing until the burning time 3 hrs. and then gradually decrease as a percent. With the increase in temperature and time in the pyrolysis process in isolation from oxygen, leading to a change in the primary properties of biochar, such as infectious content as well as the percentage of organic matter, with the increase in the time that the raw material is spent in the pyrolysis chamber, the proportion of organic matter is increased to a certain limit and then continues to decline because all organic matter in the raw material is gradually burned and biochar gradually turns into ash. and the ideal situation at 3 hours and 34 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Organic Carbon in Biochar is continually increasing until the burning time 3 hrs. and then gradually decrease, as a percent. As time increases in the pyrolysis process by isolating it from oxygen, it changes the percentage of organic carbon, and with a further increase in the time that the raw material spends in the pyrolysis chamber, the percentage of organic carbon increases to a certain extent, as all organic materials are burned, including the organic carbon in the Raw material. and the ideal situation at 3 hours and 34 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Total Nitrogen of Biochar continues to decrease until the burning time 3 hrs. And then gradually increase as a percent increased. The behavior of the N content did not alter continuously; it climbed up to 450\u0026deg;C and then started to drop at 650\u0026deg;C. The acquired data exhibited a strong trend in agreement with data produced [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. demonstrating the formation of highly condensed components at higher temperatures. However, as demonstrated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] same production conditions of biochar from rice straw at the same temperature and residence time produced greater values. The disparity in outcomes could potentially stem from variations in pyrolysis techniques. and the ideal situation at 3 hours and 15 min., and The Maximum of the curve at 5 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Total Potassium in Biochar is continually decreasing until the burning time 4 hrs and then gradually as a percent. The Minimum value at 4 hours, and the ideal value at 2 hours increase until the burning time 1.5 hrs. And then continues to decrease until the burning time 2 hrs. gradually increase as a percent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eFicus trees trimming biowaste were successfully treated using the newly designed biochar\u0026rsquo;s pyrolysis method to generate biochar\u0026rsquo;s. The biochar production process yielded results that were in line with earlier studies. The temperature variation of 500 c during pyrolysis resulted in the most notable modifications to the biochar output, volatile matter, ash content, and fixed C. The fact that volatile matter reduced as the pyrolysis temperature rose may indicate that a greater temperature has an impact on the process' stability. Because of its high ash content, rice straw biochar has the potential to be used as an extra source of fertilizer. The concentrations of N, P, and K in the biochar varied dramatically during the course of the five pyrolysis times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar made from Ficus trees trimming has several uses; it may be used as an adsorbent, an ion exchange resin, briquettes, ceramics, concrete, catalyst, and even help in the creation of biofuel and CO2 capture. Because of its adaptability, SCB biochar presents itself as a viable resource for addressing the world's energy demands while fostering environmental and financial sustainability. This study explores the use of SCB biochar in soil amendment, water and air purification, and catalysis by delving into several pyrolysis processes. Activation methods are used for improvement because physical and surface features, such as surface area and functional groups, have a substantial impact on its appropriateness for a variety of applications. Biochar is a scalable wastewater treatment option because it is more effective than other techniques in removing pollutants from aqueous solutions. Although there are several examples of successful implementation, broader acceptance will require enhanced life cycle analysis and cost assessments, bolstering the argument for Ficus trees trimming biochar as a sustainable feedstock for novel product creation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSUPPLEMENTARY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eINFORMATION\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI would like to acknowledge the following individuals and organizations for their contributions to this research project. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my research supervisors, Dr. Mohamed El-Hosseiny, Dr. Mahmoud Mohamed, and Dr. Amira Mohamed for their guidance, support, and encouragement throughout this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have not\u0026nbsp;received any funding\u0026nbsp;concerning this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThere are no competing interests in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e In this specific research project, it does not apply since it is not considered that there are ethical conflicts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e All authors consent to participate in the research project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e All authors consent to publish the article in question.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEnquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMohamed El-Hosseiny, [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMahmoud Mohamed, [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNany Aly Hassan1\u003csup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\[email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMohamed kamal, [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMKG (Mohamed Kamal Genedy): participate by 35% by doing the experimental work of this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMH (Mohamed El-Hosseiny ElNadi): participate by 25% by suggesting the research idea, and the general supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMM (Mahmoud Mohamed Abdelmomen): participate by 35% by analysis of results, and revising this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNAH (Nany Aly Hassan): participate by 5% by analysis of results, and writing and editing of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLehmann, J. et al. 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(2012).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePeng, X., Ye, L. L., Wang, C. H., Zhou, H. \u0026amp; Sun, B. Temperature- and duration-dependent rice straw-derived biochar: characteristics and its effects on soil properties of an ultisol in southern China. \u003cem\u003eSoil. Till Res.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e112\u003c/b\u003e, 159\u0026ndash;166. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.01.002\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.still.2011.01.002\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2012).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4944782/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4944782/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBiochar was created using a simple low-cost kiln that was designed to process any biowaste. The kiln consisted of an inside cylindrical chamber of total capacity 0.272 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The temperature of pyrolysis may be raised to 550\u0026deg;C at a rate of 5\u0026deg;C per minute. We looked at five residence times (2,2.5,3,4, and 5 hours) to see how temperature affected the quality of the biochars.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe surfaces of the generated biochars were measured for elemental compositions, chemical and physical characteristics, and elemental analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe production of trimmings from Ficus trees dropped as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 500\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the temperature of pyrolysis increased, the output of volatile matter also dropped. As the pyrolysis temperature rose, so did the ash content and fixed C in biochar from Ficus trees trimmings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Simple Method for Ficus Trees Trimming Biowaste Reuse in Production of Biochar as Soil Improvement Material for Drylands","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-30 13:39:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4944782/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6570c4ac-49d3-449b-9e66-e03e07b0e8a3","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 30th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":38368920,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":38368921,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences"},{"id":38368922,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Hydrology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-06T11:08:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-30 13:39:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4944782","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4944782","identity":"rs-4944782","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}